CN1225658C - 电容测量 - Google Patents

电容测量 Download PDF

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CN1225658C
CN1225658C CN02104511.9A CN02104511A CN1225658C CN 1225658 C CN1225658 C CN 1225658C CN 02104511 A CN02104511 A CN 02104511A CN 1225658 C CN1225658 C CN 1225658C
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CN1369713A (zh
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J·M·伦德
小B·恩
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Fluke Corp
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01RMEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R27/00Arrangements for measuring resistance, reactance, impedance, or electric characteristics derived therefrom
    • G01R27/02Measuring real or complex resistance, reactance, impedance, or other two-pole characteristics derived therefrom, e.g. time constant
    • G01R27/26Measuring inductance or capacitance; Measuring quality factor, e.g. by using the resonance method; Measuring loss factor; Measuring dielectric constants ; Measuring impedance or related variables
    • G01R27/2605Measuring capacitance

Abstract

本发明提供了一种测量电容的装置和方法,其中已知值的电荷包被提供给未知值的电容器,直到确定最终电压,并根据已知的总电荷和测量的电压计算所述电容。

Description

电容测量
技术领域
本发明一般涉及电容测量,尤其涉及这样一种电容测量,其中通过对未知值的电容器提供已知值的电荷包,直到确定最终电压,然后根据已知的总电荷和测量的电压计算电容。
技术背景
电容测量是测量仪器例如数字万用表的一个重要特征。被转让给Fluke公司的美国专利5073757和5136251披露了一种测量小电容和大电容的方法,其中使未知值的电容器在其RC速率下完全充电到一个参考电压,与此同时,在双斜率积分模数转换器(ADC)的存储电容器上积累与充电电流成比例的电流。小电容可以在ADC的一个积分周期内完全充电,而大电容则需要几个积分周期才能完全充电。在两种情况下,在积分ADC的存储电容器上存储的成比例的电荷在由存储的电荷的数量表示的时间间隔内在“去积分”周期期间被除去,并且测量所述的时间,从而给出电容值的指示。
技术背景
这些现有技术的电容测量技术是不满意的,这是由于其过长的测量时间,因为必须等待未知值的电容器被完全充电,从而导致提出了一种在1999,3,12申请的序列号为09/267504的待批美国专利中披露的一种电容测量系统,其中使用恒流源产生被测电容器上的线性斜率电压。这使得能够测量微分电压(ΔV)和微分时间(ΔT),并由二者的比计算电容。虽然测量速度和精度在一个宽的测量范围内有了改进,但是使用复杂的多斜率的模数转换器收集所需的参数是一个相当慢的过程。
所有这些现有技术的方法的问题在于,因为电容值是未知的,所以付出相当多的努力搜索可以进行测量的范围。此外,尤其是在给定范围的下端,因为分辨率压缩而可能使电容值失真。
发明概述
按照本发明,提供一种用于测量电容的装置和方法,其中对未知值的电容器供应已知值的电荷包,直到确定最终电压,并且根据已知的总电荷和测量的电压计算电容。
通过结合附图阅读下面的说明,本领域技术人员可以清楚地看出本发明的其它目的特点和优点。
附图说明
图1表示用于帮助理解本发明的和电容器相关的电流和电压的关系曲线;
图2是按照本发明的电容测量系统的原理图;
图3是适用于图2的系统中的可编程的恒流源的示意图;以及
图4是表示图2的系统的操作的流程图。
本发明的详细说明
图1用于帮助理解本发明的原理,其中表示和电容器相关的电流和电压的关系。教科书上给出的电容的定义是一种电流和电压的关系i=C de/dt,由此,电容器电压可以被定义为 e ( t ) = 1 C ∫ idt . 这提供了对于熟知的一种概念的理解,即,如果提供给电容器的电流是恒定的,则电容器的电压随着电容器对所述恒定电流随时间积分而线性地改变。这可以由图1看出,其中在时间间隔ΔT内提供的恒定电流i产生一个斜坡电压ΔV。此外,电流在任何时间间隔内的积分是在电容器上积累的电荷Q,或者Q=∫idt。因而,可以说,由图1的电流波形包围的面积便等于电荷Q。最后,因为Q=CV,可以看出,如果积累的电荷Q和电容器两端的电压ΔV已知,则可以计算电容值C。
图2是按照本发明的用于测量连接在输入端12的电容器的电容值的电容测量系统的原理图。和输入端12相连的还有可编程的恒流源14,放电开关16,比较器18,以及模数转换器(ADC)20。微处理器(μP)24在操作上和所有这些装置相连,微处理器包括相关的存储器26和显示装置28。
虽然图2的所有电路元件对于本领域技术人员是熟知的,但是下面详细说明恒流源14的细节,以便充分理解其用途。关于实现可编程的恒流源的一种方式是,实际上,它是一个电荷包发生器,这是因为,其在一个规定的时间间隔(dt)内提供给电容器10一定量的恒定电流(i)。合适的可编程的恒流源的细节如图3所示。其中示出了多个恒流发生器30A,30B,30C,...,30n,每个产生一个不同的或预定值的的恒定电流。这些值可以按照任何所需的顺序增加,例如,以二进制(binary)序列,如,1微安(μA),2μA,4μA,8μA,等等,或者以任何其它的顺序,如1μA,2μA,5μA,10μA等等,根据可以使用的具体系统和可得到的合适的时间间隔而定。各个与门32A,32B,32C,...,32n和相应的恒流源发生器30A,30B,30C,...,30n相连。每个与门32A-32n的一个输入来自n选一选择器34,其可以是一个合适的地址计数器,用于从恒流源发生器30A-30N中选择一个恒流源。每个与门32A-32n的另一个输入来自可选择的脉宽发生器36,当所述脉宽发生器被启动时,则提供选择的或预定宽度的脉冲,从而在一个精确的已知时间间隔内选通被选择的恒流源发生器。n选一选择器34和脉宽发生器36的输入由微处理器24提供。因而,可以看出,为了向电容器10发送一个电荷包q0,微处理器24选择一个要选通的电流发生器和用于提供所需的值q0=∫idt的时间间隔作为可编程恒流源14的输出。
下面参照图4所示的程序说明用于确定电容器10的电容值的图2所示的系统的操作。
在步40,微处理器24对系统进行初始化。比较器8的正输入端借助于施加一个VREF(0)被设置为略高于0V,并使放电开关16闭合。在电容器10上的任何电压通过开关16被放掉。
在步42,微处理器24通过监视比较器18的输出检查电容器10是否被放电。如果电容器电压低于在步40设置的门限值,则比较器18的输出为高,从而向微处理器24发信号表示,电容器电压小于VREF(0)。然后,放电开关16被断开。
应当指出,此处使用比较器18作为电压监视装置,通过和门限电压的比较,用于监视电容器电压。本领域技术人员应当理解,比较器可以用高速ADC代替,并且电压门限值可以被设置在和微处理器24相关的固件或软件中。
在步44,由ADC 20测量电容器10上的电压VC(0),并被存储在存储器26中。考虑到介电吸收作用,可以调整实际的读出时间,所述吸收作用能够引起电容器电压的轻微增加,这是因为小量的电荷在电容器的物理成分内重新分布。在这种情况下,开关16将再次闭合一个短的时间间隔,以便除去剩余电荷,然后再打开,使得读出新的VC(0)
此外,如果比较器18被高速ADC代替,则所述高速ADC可以具有双重作用,即比较器18和ADC 20由一个高速ADC代替。程序可以表示门限已被满足,并存储了ADC读数。
在步46,微处理器24通过选择一个可编程的恒流源14的合适的电流电平和时间间隔的组合选择一个最低的可用的电荷包值q0,并设置比较器18在略低于规定的ADC 20的全程输入的一半的电压VREF处切断。
在步48,微处理器24使来自可编程的电流源14的电流在一个已知的时间间隔内流入电容器10,从而把电荷包q0置于电容器上,同时监视电压比较器18的输出。
在步50,如果电压比较器18不切断,则意味着提供给电容器10的电荷包不足以产生达到在步46设置的切断值的电压。如果电压比较器切断,则意味着被放置在电容器10上的电荷产生了一个等于或大于在步46设置的切断电平的电压。
在步52,如果电压比较器18在电荷q0被放置在其上之后不切断,则重复步48,使得电容器具有被放置在其上的Q=q0+q0的电荷。如果提供给电容器10的新的电荷包仍然不足以产生达到切断电平的电压,则微处理器24选择一个电流值/时间间隔的组合,以便提供一个新的电荷包q1=2q0,并把这个电荷包送到电容器10。步48,50,和52被重复,直到在电容器10上的总电荷Q产生一个使比较器18切断的电压,这表示由电容器10产生的电压处于ADC 20的规定的操作窗口的全程的一半和全程之间的某个点上。微处理器24保持跟踪提供给电容器10的电荷包,并把总电荷Q存储在存储器26中。
如果比较器18在一个能够进行若干次尝试以便找到将产生足以使比较器18切断的电流电平/时间间隔的组合的预定的时间间隔之后没有切断,则所述尝试结束,因为这意味着该电容器由于某个原因不接收电荷。
在步54,在比较器18切断之后,微处理器24则启动ADC 20测量在电容器10上的最终电压VC(F)。在一个短的时间之后,可以进行第二次读数,以便证实最终的电压VC(F)和第一个相同,因为如果略低,则表示电容器漏电,其中少量的电荷漏掉了。
在步56,微处理器24按照下式对于qn=q1+q2+...+qn-1的情况计算电容:
C = Q T ΔV = ∑ n = 0 N q n V Cfinal - V Cstart ,
此外,对于二进制(binary)序列,可以表示为下述的QT=q02(N-1),其中q0是最小的电荷包,N是为使比较器18表示已超过在步46设置的切断电平所需的充电周期数。
从下表可以看出,在电容器10上的总电荷Q以二进制(binary)序列增加:
  充电周期电量总电荷Q   1q0q0   2q02q0   32q04q0   44q08q0   58q016q0   6,16q032q0   等......
这个电荷序列使具有一个宽的电容值范围,例如8个十进制(decade)的值的电容器能够很快地被确定,而不用搜索合适的电容范围。此外,因为电容器以一系列步骤从接近0充电到ADC操作窗口的上半部内的一个电压,即在半程和全程之间的一个电压,所以在测量范围内,分辨率是恒定的。在测量范围的两端没有分辨率压缩。此处所述的技术的动态范围只由在产生电荷包时使用的电流值和时间间隔限制,因而取决于可编程的电流发生器14的能力。例如,假定由ADC 20获得的最初和最终的电压测量计算的ΔV=1.00V,对于Qmin=q0=0.5μA×200μsec=100皮库仑(pCoulomb),可以测量100pF的电容。在另一方面,利用1mA的电流源在大约5秒钟内可以测量10000μF的电容。这表示可以覆盖8个十进制(decade)的电容值范围(从100pF到10000μF),或者如果需要三位数的分辨率,则需覆盖6个十进制(decade)的范围。
因而,可以看出,自动规定电容测量的范围自动地成为此处所述的方法的一部分,而不需要查找量程的程序和技术。因为电容器从一个初始电压值被充电到一个最终的电压值,并且由电容器上的总电荷确定电容值,所以避免了在电容范围的两端具有的电容值的分辨率压缩,相对于现有技术,这是一个显著的改进。同样,也避免了在RC时间常数曲线的高端具有的值的压缩。此外,可以检测由于介电吸收而引起的有缺陷的电容器和漏电的电容器。
虽然上面说明了本发明的优选实施例,但是,显然,对于本领域技术人员,不脱离本发明的范围和构思,可以作出各种改变和改型。例如,电压比较器18可以利用高速ADC代替,用于确定开始和最终电压。因此,预计所附的权利要求能够覆盖在本发明的范围内的这些改变和改型。

Claims (4)

1.一种用于测量电容器的电容的方法,包括以下步骤:
(a)至少部分地放电所述电容器并测量其上的电压以便获得初始电压;
(b)选择一个恒定的电流值和一个时间间隔,以提供具有预定值的电荷包;
(c)将所述电荷包传递到所述电容器,从而产生与总的累积电荷成比例的电压;
(d)将所述电容器的电压与预定最小电压比较,以便判断该电容器的电压是否超过所述预定最小电压;
(e)如果所述预定最小电压超过所述电容器的电压,则返回步骤(b),以提供所述总的累积电荷和所述电容器上对应的最终电压,其中可以选择不同的恒定电流值和不同的时间间隔,以提供具有不同预定值的电荷包;以及
(f)通过从所述最终电压减去所述初始电压而获得一个差值电压,并用所述差值电压除所述电容器上的所述总的积累电荷来计算所述电容。
2.如权利要求1所述的用于测量电容器的电容的方法,其中一个第一电荷包的预定值与一个第二电荷包的预定值不同。
3.如权利要求2所述的用于测量电容器的电容的方法,其中一个第一选定的恒定电流值与一个第二选定的恒定电流值不同。
4.如权利要求2所述的用于测量电容器的电容的方法,其中一个第一选定的时间间隔与一个第二选定的时间间隔不同。
CN02104511.9A 2001-02-07 2002-02-07 电容测量 Expired - Fee Related CN1225658C (zh)

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