CN1196095C - 一种亮度反馈平板显示器 - Google Patents

一种亮度反馈平板显示器 Download PDF

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CN1196095C
CN1196095C CNB011411260A CN01141126A CN1196095C CN 1196095 C CN1196095 C CN 1196095C CN B011411260 A CNB011411260 A CN B011411260A CN 01141126 A CN01141126 A CN 01141126A CN 1196095 C CN1196095 C CN 1196095C
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image display
emitting diode
light emitting
light
display
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R·S·科克
邓青云
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Global OLED Technology LLC
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    • H10K59/13—Active-matrix OLED [AMOLED] displays comprising photosensors that control luminance
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Abstract

一种图像显示器，包括基底；排列于基底上的发光器；和排列于基底上并直接与发光器光耦合的光传感器。

Description

一种亮度反馈平板显示器
发明领域
本发明涉及到固态平板显示设备，特别是这种显示设备具有利用每一个像素的光学反馈信息来优化显示器中每一个像素亮度的功能。
发明背景
作为一种优良的平板数字显示设备，固态有机发光二极管(OLED)图像显示设备受到大量关注。这种显示设备利用电流通过有机材料薄膜而发光。所发射光的颜色和电流到光的能量转换效率由有机薄膜材料的组成决定。而且，专有地，这种显示设备可以由支持其他与OLED显示设备类似的光学设备组合的透明材料制成。在1998年7月7日授予Hung等人的美国专利5,776,623中，描述了这样一个系统。
OLED材料也可以响应电磁辐射，当它在电路中有适当偏移时，可以产生一个依赖于外界光照的电流。例如，在1999年7月27日授予Wei等人的美国专利5,929,845中，描述了一个利用有机场致发光工具可同时发射和探测光的系统。尽管透明有机发射材料可能只能发射频率范围有限的光，但可以在OLED设备结构中加入其他吸收材料以吸收非常宽的光谱并对光产生光电响应。其他设备和材料，如硅光二极管也对光对有光反应。
由于有机材料的不稳定性，在连续操作的情况下，OLED设备的发光效率经常会大幅下降。这种不稳定性可能是由于扰动，温度变化，湿度或其他环境压力而造成的。发光效率可定义为每平方米以坎德拉为单位的光输出量与每平方米以安培为单位的流经OLED的电流之比。这样，OLED发光效率的降低意味着为了达到相同的亮度，必须加大流经OLED的电流。而且，显示设备电流的控制是有问题的，特别是与电压控制相比，电流控制线路更复杂，这就增大了显示器中支撑电子技术的复杂度。
为解决上述的一些问题，现有技术对优化具体的显示系统作了一些尝试。例如，1993年6月1日授予Webb等人的美国专利5,216,504中，描述了一种用于视频监视器的可以校准或优化显示的数字控制设备，这种设备可以人工输入，也可以由计算机自动控制。
一些系统集成了用户控制的控制机能使得操作更有灵活性或在不同条件下性能更佳。例如，在CRT和LCD显示设备中，经常需要有亮度和对比度控制。这些控制通过利用显示器内的参考像素，由设备本身提供的信息来完成。1992年10月20日授予Eaton等人的美国专利5,157,525中，描述了采用包含LCD参考元素的反馈排列控制独立的参考像素以维持对比度或绝对亮度的预选值的方法。这种反馈信息由LCD光探测器材料的平均传递性决定，传递性的测量由光探测器完成。1999年6月8日授予Hansen等人的美国专利5,910,792中，比较了电流流经抵抗层时和采用了为温度降低提供反馈补偿的电流源时亮度的不同。这种方法的一个问题是这种反馈不能直接反映出像素本身的发射率，或是显示器中像素不同类型(如颜色)的寻址问题。通过测量显示设备输出的光并构造设备用校准表的外设传感器，也可以校准显示设备。以1994年11月6日授予Bohan等人的美国专利5,371,537为例。这种方法的问题在于在校准过程中，传感器设备造成显示模糊，操作不具备实时性。
发明概述
因此，在发射显示中，需要一种改进的探测方法用于光的发射和控制。
根据本发明，满足需要的一种图像显示器包括基底；排列于基底上的发光器和排列于基底上，直接与发光器光学耦合的光传感器。
本发明的优点在于改进了发射数字图像显示设备的性能。通过集成光探测能力与反馈逻辑来控制发射器的操作特性，可以提高设备寿命，亮度，发光一致性并降低功耗。
附图简述
图1为根据本发明的一种具有反馈和控制电路的显示设备示意图；
图2为根据本发明显示设备的一种优选实施例剖面图；
图3为根据本发明显示设备的一种供选择实施例剖面图；
图4为根据本发明显示设备的另一种供选择实施例剖面图；
图5为根据本发明的一种显示设备中发光和吸收光的示意图；
图6为根据本发明的另一种显示设备中发光和吸收光的示意图；
图7为根据本发明带有模拟补偿电路的显示设备示意图；
图8为根据本发明带有数字补偿电路的显示设备示意图；
图9为根据本发明计算补偿值的流程图；
图10为根据本发明的模拟补偿电路中计算补偿值的示意图；
图11为现有技术中一种发射LED的电路图。
发明详述
本发明是一种具有可寻址发光像素的固体显示设备，本发明通过使用集成于显示器中的光探测器直接与显示器中发光二极管光耦合，克服了现有技术的一些问题。光探测器依靠发光器发射的光来产生电流。作为一种反馈机制，这个电流用于控制流经发光像素的电流以完成预期的光输出。
设备操作过程如下。图1的显示系统10包括有反馈控制设备14的显示器12和驱动显示器的控制器16。如图所示，控制器16可以是模拟设备，如图，也可以是包括存储指令集和数据的存储器18和中央处理单元20的计算机。控制器通过分别用信号22，24，26表示的数据，地址和控制信号，将数据写入特定的显示器单元。多路信号分解器28用于地址线的解码。显示器中光传感器产生的反馈信号30加入反馈电路40，作用，输出信号32加入控制器。显示器中发光像素的电源由线路34提供并与图11中的Vdd线路相连。图11所示为一种简单的发射LED线路，其中Vdd电源线通过驱动晶体管104为LED102供电。驱动晶体管104用于响应电容106中存储的电荷，电容106中存储的电荷由晶体管108分别响应数据线22和选择线110上的信号积累而成。选择线110上的信号分别由地址线24和控制线26上的信号以传统方式形成。
如图2，3或4任意所示，光传感器通过在与显示设备相邻的位置上放置光耦合光响应材料而工作。在这些图中，发射层44与光传感器层50光耦合在一起。在每一层的任意一侧有电极；42和46用于发射层，48和52用于光传感层。这些部分沉积于基底40上，并由外罩54密封起来。考虑到光传感层，发射层的物理布局根据制作流程，材料和电路设计的不同而有所区别。在图2中，发射材料排列于光传感材料50和基底40之间。图3所示发射层44紧邻于光传感层50。图4所示光传感材料在发射层44和基底40之间，在这种情况下，外罩只是发射层的一部分。要么基底40要么外罩54必须是透明的以保证来自发射层的光能够透过。出于相同原因，光透过的任意电极都必须是透明的。透明电极可以由氧化锡稼和其他众所周知的材料制成。为了最大化的利用光，层40或54采用不透明，反射性的材料制成。
实际上发光材料可以组成一种以上的辅助层，例如，空穴传送层和发射层，这些均用专一层44表示。众所周知的，发光材料是独立发光区域的像素，通过联接像素的行和列，电极用于独立像素的编址。在图1中，不同的电极用于选择像素并通过信号线22，24和26的输入将信息写入像素点。
同样的，光传感材料也可以组成若干层。在图1中，反馈信号30由电极48和52产生。注意在图2中，用点划线将光传感材料50与电极48和52分为几部分，这代表可以将可设定地址的元件分成独立的几部分。不难看出，本发明公开的设备光传感层或者是约束像素的，或者是独立的。
在优选实施例中，发光材料44由有机LED材料制成。例如，外罩板54可以是涂以瓷釉的钢板，塑料或玻璃。光传感材料50可以由半导体材料组成，其沉积物和处理与显示元素兼容，如传统的结晶硅，合成硅或无定型硅。也可以使用任何与光传感材料兼容的材料，例如，层50可以由排列于电极48和52之间的有机材料组成以利于反射光。
根据制作流程，首先应当构造光传感层。而且，在图2的电极46和48之间，图4的电极42和52之间，应当有附加的透明电绝缘层，如玻璃。或者，根据本身性质和提供给发射与光传感层的信号极性，可以将这两个连续的电极层合成一个层。在任何情况下，这种集成过程均简化了设备构成，强化了设备整体的稳定性。
图5所示为简单的，图2相对应的激活状态，触点42和46为发射材料44供电。一部分发射材料44发射的光60被发射出去；另一部分光直接被光传感材料吸收。光可以被显示器的基底40或外罩54反射，穿过发射材料44被光传感材料50吸收。经由电极48和52，产生的电流被集中。通过内部全反射(按照光线62发射的角度)或面板与发射层的接触面反射(如光线64)，或面板与空气的接触面反射(如光线66)，或其他光耦合机能，光传感器与发光器进行光耦合。电极(图5没有给出)也提供了反射机制。
外界光70也可以透过发射层，基底或覆盖物进入光传感材料50。然后耦合光和外界光被光传感材料50吸收并根据探测到的光的亮度产生电流。这个电流就是图1中的反馈信号30。图6所示为图4相对应的同样排列。注意在任何情况下，由于层是透明的，光可以通过基底40或外罩54发射出去。
众所周知，显示设备中每一个像素均由寻址信号选择。同样，可以用相同的或不同的寻址信号选择每一个光传感器元素。例如，传统的显示设备，存储设备或图像设备如CCD均使用相同的技术。可以选择单独的光传感元素(与显示像素元素相同)，或成组的选择。可以依据物理或逻辑方法对光传感元素编组分派更大区域的入射光，同时减少信息的特殊性和支持逻辑与内部联接的必要性。(在图2中用点划线表示。)在极端情况下，可以将光传感元素组成一个大元素，其电流代表了整个显示设备光耦合光。
对来自光传感元素电流的探测为光探测提供反馈。总而言之，可以把电流产生比作产生预期亮度(参考)的先验知识。接着，增大或减小驱动显示材料的电流直到光传感层流出的电流与预期电流相匹配。当匹配时，发光器产生的电流达到预期值。注意随着时间的延续，发光器的效率越来越低，发射的光越来越少，光电电流减小，引起驱动电流增大以补偿光输出的减少。
数字图像显示设备用于发射不同级别或亮度的光，典型的为256或1024级(在传统的二进制数字计算机系统中为8bits或10bits)。每一级都与特定量的，产生相应亮度的能量相联系，可以为每一个显示级别生成一个参考级，控制每一个亮度级别下的光输出，使其达到预期的高准确度。这些参考值还可以补偿任意特定发射显示材料中亮度/能量曲线的不规则。参考值可通过不同渠道获得，如发射器性能模型，示范显示器的估量或对现有相同显示器的试验。
不同的显示材料用于产生不同颜色的光，不同材料的效率和特性均不相同。如同每一个亮度级需要独立的参考项，每一种颜色也需要校准。在专一的反馈光传感元素情况下，简单起见，一次只加一种颜色，为每一种颜色估计参考值。如果是数字设备，颜色和亮度的校准仅仅需要一个3入口256的查找表(8bit系统，三种颜色)。在本领域这是很普通的技术。如果光传感元素针对像素的子群，反馈校准机制(如查找表)必须也应针对子群。
至少有两种适用于反馈控制的机制。在图7所示第一种机制中，反馈电路14将来自显示器的反馈电流30集合成单反馈信号32。接着控制器16将此信号与代表显示器预期输出亮度值的标准信号相比较。随后升高或降低Vdd信号34的电压，直到反馈电流与预期亮度值相匹配。在这种情况下，信号34由控制设备16处理并可以由模拟电路如电压控制器80控制。同样的，在最简单的情况下，由操作放大器82完成比较，可以把操作放大器82的值设为固定值，此值代表了示范设备的最优操作电压值，也可以根据其他规则选择合适的值。
反馈信号的集成有几种不同方式。在最简单的情况下，单一的每一个亮度值代表了显示器发射的每一个灰度级范围内的亮度。如果这个亮度与期望的显示亮度匹配，不必做任何改变。如果由于材料的干扰或其他原因，显示器不能发射适量的光，可调整数据值使显示器发射更多的光。参考图8，可以通过使用查找表84达到调整的目的，这项技术是众所周知的。
补偿信号应该与其所代表的像素元素的反馈相对应。如果仅一种信号代表整个设备的输出，可以用一个确定量调整每一个数据的值。如果每一个亮度级有一个单独的反馈值，则每一个亮度级对应的数据值是可调的。如果每一种颜色有单独的反馈值，则可以用一个确定量调整每一种颜色。依据获得反馈的不同，有不同方式组合这些数据值。而且，在显示器中，依据像素的地址得到其反馈值的方法优于仅仅依据亮度级。这样每一个像素有一个单独的定制其输出的表。不过要注意，这些表的大小增长的很快。如果不希望使用查找表，也可以将所期望的性能建模，用方程式计算校准值。这种方法降低了存储器的存储量，但是执行速度较慢。查找表和计算方法都是现有技术，是许多计算机控制系统的标准部分。总之，反馈校准可以连续进行也可以周期进行，可以在系统正在工作时进行，或是引导或安装进行。当设备显示的是已知的亮度值时，只需要进行反馈测量。
注意，本发明无需通过电流控制器控制显示材料，而只需通过电压控制驱动显示，这样简化了控制电路，而且还补偿了显示材料可能的效率变化。
实现光传感材料从显示到外界光光耦合是很重要的。这种情况下必须采用适当的补偿。最简单的区分外界光与显示光的机制是首先估量外界光电流。对发光像素应用零电流实现起来比较简单，这样像素不发光。任何残留的光电电流均由外界辐射引起，任何的参考值的调整是由于这种残留电流。可以在显示设备加电时，或正在使用中周期地进行这种参考值的调整。
这种参考值的调整也可以用于对周围环境改变的自动补偿。当在黑暗的环境中(外界辐射很小)，显示设备无需和在明亮的环境中(更多的外界辐射)一样亮。如果对显示设备的光输出进行周期性的重校准，甚至在外界光线改变时，在外界光和显示光之间有一个固定的差值。依次在黑暗的环境中减少不必要的显示亮度，在明亮的环境中提高显示设备的可见度，这样可以提高显示设备的寿命。如果依据像素地址进行亮度补偿，则可能以不同的方式校正显示器中不同的部分，如校正显示器中阴暗部分。
图9所示的流程图为计算每一个亮度级的查找表数值的简单过程。首先开启设备120，显示122空白的图像(黑屏)或屏幕。测量反馈电流124并表示外界光。接着显示器在其可以发射126的每一个亮度输出级循环，并且在每一级测量反馈电流128(实际电流)。反馈电流表示了外界光与给出亮度级发射的光的总和。接着从与期望的光级别对应的期望电流(参考值)加上外界电流的和中减去实际电流值得到校正电流130。将校正电流与参考电流值相加的和转换成对应的亮度级132放在表134中作为原始的亮度级别测量。然后显示器进行校正亮度级别的操作136。如果外界光为零，则实际值与参考值相等，查找表数值等于参考值，这就说查找表值是理想的，无需校正(表的输出等于表的输入)。下列方程式描述了计算过程，其中函数F表示从测量的电流到相应的亮度级别i的换算。
Ti＝F(REFCURRENTi+(REFCURRENTi+AMBIENTCURRENT-ACTUALCURRENTi))
此计算利用控制电路16及其元件18和20进行。
当使用电压控制器和单反馈值的情况下，可以使用模拟器件计算整个校正值(如图7所示的操作放大器和电压控制器)。图10所示更为详细。从理想参考值90与外界值92的和中减去实际值32，并将此值作为电压控制器额定电压的校正输入。这些模拟校正技术和设备在此领域是众所周知的。如果需要对外界照明进行补偿，首先应使用上文所述的控制器16采集数值并存储。无论采用模拟或数字的校正，均需要不断的调整校正值，进行迭代运算。在这种情况下，需要用已知的校正值测量实际值并计算和应用校正值的差值。
可以将显示元素之下的光传感区域限制为像素的子群。这样可以减少支持反馈所需的底层逻辑结构，但需要假定显示器一部分的校正同样适用于其他部分。
反馈电路可以作为显示设备直接集成到同样的基底上，或者作为显示器的外设。总之，直接把电路集成到显示设备中可使性能更优，准确度更高，但这不是所有显示设备所期望的。(例如，像素技术和制作过程禁止电路与逻辑的集成。)本发明可同时用于有源和无源矩阵显示设备中。
1988年9月6日授予Tang等人的美国专利4,769,292和1991年10月29日授予VanSlyke等人的美国专利5,061,569公开的包括小分子合成物OLEDs的有机发光二极管(OLEDs)提供了一个合适的显示设备创造技术平台。对于本领域技术人员来说，许多OLED材料的组成和区别是显而易见的，可用于制造本发明所包括的设备。
本发明提供了一种高集成度，体积小，重量轻，可提供光学反馈的发射显示设备。这种反馈科延长设备的寿命，降低能耗并使应用更为灵活。

Claims (30)

1.一种发光图像显示器，包括：
a)基底；
b)形成在所述基底上的可寻址发光二极管阵列，所述发光二极管包括一层发光层和位于所述发光层两侧的电极层，这些层都沉积在所述基底上；
c)在图象方式模式下，驱动所述发光二极管发光的驱动电路；
d)形成在所述基底上的一个或多个光传感器，所述光传感器包括一层光传感器层和位于所述光传感器层两侧的电极层，这些层都沉积在所述基底上，所述光传感器层可直接与阵列中的发光二极管的发光层光耦合，以探测发光二极管发射的光并据此产生反馈信号；和
e)反馈控制电路，响应所述反馈信号以控制所述驱动电路，以对显示器的每一个亮度级来控制所期望的光输出。
2.根据权利要求1的图像显示器，其中的基底为透明的且透光器发出的光穿过透明基底。
3.根据权利要求1的图像显示器，其中的透明外罩将图像显示器密封起来且发光二极管发出的光穿过透明外罩。
4.根据权利要求1的图像显示器，其中的光传感器为有机光导体。
5.根据权利要求1的图像显示器，其中的光传感器由硅材料制成。
6.根据权利要求1的图像显示器，其中的发光二极管为有机发光二极管。
7.根据权利要求1的图像显示器，其中的发光二极管为光学透明的。
8.根据权利要求1的图像显示器，其中的光传感器为光学透明的。
9.根据权利要求1的图像显示器，其中的发光二极管的阵列和一个或多个光传感器在基底上彼此相邻排列。
10.根据权利要求1的图像显示器，其中的发光二极管排列于一个或多个光传感器和基底之间。
11.根据权利要求1的图像显示器，其中的一个或多个光传感器排列于发光二极管和基底之间。
12.根据权利要求1的图像显示器，其中的一个或多个光传感器与发光二极管被光学透明材料隔离开。
13.根据权利要求12的图像显示器，其中的光学透明材料是电绝缘的。
14.根据权利要求12的图像显示器，其中的光学透明材料是导电的。
15.根据权利要求1的图像显示器，其中的反馈控制电路将反馈信号与参考信号相比较并产生一个修改信号值，此值用于驱动电路修改发光二极管的输出。
16.根据权利要求15的图像显示器，其中的独立参考信号用于发光二极管产生的每一个不同的亮度级别。
17.根据权利要求15的图像显示器，其中的发光二极管包括可以发射不同颜色光的发射器，其中的独立参考信号用于发光二极管发出的每一种不同的颜色。
18.根据权利要求15的图像显示器，其中的反馈控制电路产生一个专一的反馈信号，而其中的驱动电路根据反馈信号调整发光二极管电源的电压。
19.根据权利要求15的图像显示器，其中的反馈控制电路为每一个发光二极管产生独立的反馈控制信号。
20.根据权利要求15的图像显示器，其中的馈控制电路与基底集成在一起。
21.根据权利要求15的图像显示器，其中的驱动控制电路包括查找表，该表包含有已修改的信号值。
22.根据权利要求21的图像显示器，其中的发光二极管包括可以发射不同颜色光的发射器，其中的驱动控制电路包含有每一种颜色的查找表。
23.根据权利要求21的图像显示器，其中的发光二极管包括可以发射不同亮度光的发射器，其中的查找表包含有每一个亮度的信号值。
24.根据权利要求15的图像显示器，其中的显示器还包括对到达传感器的外界光的补偿功能。
25.根据权利要求21的图像显示器，其中的驱动电路还包括周期性更新查找表的功能。
26.根据权利要求21的图像显示器，其中的反馈控制电路可更改查找表中的信号值。
27.根据权利要求1的图像显示器，其中的显示器包括专一的探测任意发光二极管所发光的光传感器。
28.根据权利要求1的图像显示器，其中的显示器包括多数光传感器中的每一个探测独立的一组发光二极管发出的光。
29.根据权利要求1的图像显示器，其中显示器包括每一个发光二极管对应一个光传感器探测发光二极管发出的光。
30.根据权利要求1的图像显示器，其中的一个或多个光传感器排列于基底上。
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DE60100732T2 (de) 2004-08-05
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EP1194013B1 (en) 2003-09-10
CN1347074A (zh) 2002-05-01
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EP1194013A1 (en) 2002-04-03

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