CN1163799C - 电子照相的光电导体 - Google Patents
电子照相的光电导体 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1163799C CN1163799C CNB971141223A CN97114122A CN1163799C CN 1163799 C CN1163799 C CN 1163799C CN B971141223 A CNB971141223 A CN B971141223A CN 97114122 A CN97114122 A CN 97114122A CN 1163799 C CN1163799 C CN 1163799C
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- phthalocyanine
- photoconductor
- triazine
- except
- mole
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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- -1 phthalocyanine compound Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- XQZYPMVTSDWCCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalonitrile Chemical compound N#CC1=CC=CC=C1C#N XQZYPMVTSDWCCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229920006391 phthalonitrile polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 155
- IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalocyanine Chemical class N1C(N=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C(N=C3C4=CC=CC=C4C(=N4)N3)=N2)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1N=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C4=N1 IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 141
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 38
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 37
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 33
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910052755 nonmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 abstract description 43
- JYEUMXHLPRZUAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3-triazine Chemical compound C1=CN=NN=C1 JYEUMXHLPRZUAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 126
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 100
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 77
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 24
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 23
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- YRZZLAGRKZIJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxyvanadium phthalocyanine Chemical compound [V+2]=O.C12=CC=CC=C2C(N=C2[N-]C(C3=CC=CC=C32)=N2)=NC1=NC([C]1C=CC=CC1=1)=NC=1N=C1[C]3C=CC=CC3=C2[N-]1 YRZZLAGRKZIJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
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- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
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- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 9
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
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- 239000004419 Panlite Substances 0.000 description 4
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- HUMNYLRZRPPJDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzenecarboxaldehyde Natural products O=CC1=CC=CC=C1 HUMNYLRZRPPJDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-benzoquinone Chemical compound O=C1C=CC(=O)C=C1 AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000299 Nylon 12 Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000305 Nylon 6,10 Polymers 0.000 description 2
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- 229920001328 Polyvinylidene chloride Polymers 0.000 description 2
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000180 alkyd Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 2
- MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C21 MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- TZYHIGCKINZLPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N azepan-2-one;hexane-1,6-diamine;hexanedioic acid Chemical compound NCCCCCCN.O=C1CCCCCN1.OC(=O)CCCCC(O)=O TZYHIGCKINZLPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanium tetrachloride Chemical class Cl[Ti](Cl)(Cl)Cl XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 2
- 238000001771 vacuum deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- QGKMIGUHVLGJBR-UHFFFAOYSA-M (4z)-1-(3-methylbutyl)-4-[[1-(3-methylbutyl)quinolin-1-ium-4-yl]methylidene]quinoline;iodide Chemical compound [I-].C12=CC=CC=C2N(CCC(C)C)C=CC1=CC1=CC=[N+](CCC(C)C)C2=CC=CC=C12 QGKMIGUHVLGJBR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- YYGNTYWPHWGJRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N (6E,10E,14E,18E)-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-2,6,10,14,18,22-hexaene Chemical compound CC(C)=CCCC(C)=CCCC(C)=CCCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)C YYGNTYWPHWGJRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FIDRAVVQGKNYQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrotriazine Chemical compound C1NNNC=C1 FIDRAVVQGKNYQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYADHXFMURLYQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,4-triazine Chemical compound C1=CN=NC=N1 FYADHXFMURLYQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RFFLAFLAYFXFSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dichlorobenzene Chemical class ClC1=CC=CC=C1Cl RFFLAFLAYFXFSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WUPHOULIZUERAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(oxolan-2-yl)propanoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC1CCCO1 WUPHOULIZUERAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CUFNKYGDVFVPHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Azulene Natural products C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC2=C1 CUFNKYGDVFVPHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrazine Chemical compound NN OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000000177 Indigofera tinctoria Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- JHWNWJKBPDFINM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Laurolactam Chemical compound O=C1CCCCCCCCCCCN1 JHWNWJKBPDFINM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- PRAKJMSDJKAYCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecahydrosqualene Natural products CC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C PRAKJMSDJKAYCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
- G03G15/02—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for laying down a uniform charge, e.g. for sensitising; Corona discharge devices
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
- G03G5/06—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being organic
- G03G5/0664—Dyes
- G03G5/0696—Phthalocyanines
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
- G03G5/06—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being organic
- G03G5/07—Polymeric photoconductive materials
- G03G5/075—Polymeric photoconductive materials obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- G03G5/076—Polymeric photoconductive materials obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds having a photoconductive moiety in the polymer backbone
Abstract
Description
实例(EX.)或对照实例(com.) | 表面电荷保留率(%) |
实例1 | 97.3 |
实例2 | 96.1 |
实例3 | 96.9 |
实例4 | 96.2 |
实例5 | 97.1 |
实例6 | 96.9 |
实例7 | 96.4 |
实例8 | 96.1 |
实例9 | 97.4 |
实例10 | 97.2 |
对照实例1 | 90.3 |
对照实例2 | 88.1 |
对照实例3 | 90.7 |
对照实例4 | 89.5 |
实例(EX.)或对照实例(Com.) | 表面电荷保留率(%) |
实例11 | 98.1 |
实例12 | 97.0 |
实例13 | 97.7 |
实例14 | 97.6 |
实例15 | 97.3 |
实例16 | 97.8 |
实例17 | 97.7 |
实例18 | 97.2 |
实例19 | 97.6 |
实例20 | 98.0 |
对照实例5 | 91.1 |
对照实例6 | 89.5 |
对照实例7 | 91.4 |
对照实例8 | 89.9 |
实例(EX.)或对照实例(Com.) | 表面电荷保留率(%) |
实例21 | 96.1 |
实例22 | 95.3 |
实例23 | 95.4 |
实例24 | 96.1 |
实例25 | 95.8 |
实例26 | 95.4 |
实例27 | 95.8 |
实例28 | 95.2 |
实例29 | 96.3 |
实例30 | 96.5 |
对照实例9 | 88.8 |
对照实例10 | 89.4 |
对照实例11 | 89.5 |
对照实例12 | 88.3 |
实例(EX.)或对照实例(Com.) | 表面电荷保留率(%) |
实例31 | 96.3 |
实例32 | 95.2 |
实例33 | 95.9 |
实例34 | 95.8 |
实例35 | 95.6 |
实例36 | 95.2 |
实例37 | 95.4 |
实例38 | 94.9 |
实例39 | 95.9 |
实例40 | 96.0 |
对照实例13 | 88.6 |
对照实例14 | 89.1 |
对照实例15 | 88.9 |
对照实例16 | 87.8 |
实例(EX.)或对照实例(Com.) | 表面电荷保留率(%) |
实例41 | 96.1 |
实例42 | 95.5 |
实例43 | 95.8 |
实例44 | 96.2 |
实例45 | 95.4 |
实例46 | 95.5 |
实例47 | 95.0 |
实例48 | 94.7 |
实例49 | 96.2 |
实例50 | 95.6 |
对照实例17 | 88.1 |
对照实例18 | 89.5 |
对照实例19 | 88.7 |
对照实例20 | 87.6 |
实例(EX.)或对照实例(Com.) | 表面电荷保留率(%) |
实例51 | 96.3 |
实例52 | 95.9 |
实例53 | 95.6 |
实例54 | 95.8 |
实例55 | 95.6 |
实例56 | 95.6 |
实例57 | 94.9 |
实例58 | 94.6 |
实例59 | 96.0 |
实例60 | 95.5 |
对照实例21 | 88.4 |
对照实例22 | 89.6 |
对照实例23 | 88.2 |
对照实例24 | 87.4 |
实例(EX.)或对照实例(Com.) | 表面电荷保留率(%) |
实例61 | 96.4 |
实例62 | 95.7 |
实例63 | 95.8 |
实例64 | 95.6 |
实例65 | 95.7 |
实例66 | 95.8 |
实例67 | 95.2 |
实例68 | 94.9 |
实例69 | 95.8 |
实例70 | 95.4 |
对照实例25 | 89.3 |
对照实例26 | 88.9 |
对照实例27 | 87.9 |
对照实例28 | 88.3 |
实例(EX.)或对照实例(Com.) | 表面电荷保留率(%) |
实例71 | 95.7 |
实例72 | 96.1 |
实例73 | 95.7 |
实例74 | 95.1 |
实例75 | 96.2 |
实例76 | 95.7 |
实例77 | 95.5 |
实例78 | 94.9 |
实例79 | 95.4 |
实例80 | 95.6 |
对照实例29 | 89.7 |
对照实例30 | 89.2 |
对照实例31 | 88.4 |
对照实例32 | 87.9 |
实例(EX.)或对照实例(Com.) | 表面电荷保留率(%) |
实例81 | 96.4 |
实例82 | 96.0 |
实例83 | 95.5 |
实例84 | 95.6 |
实例85 | 96.2 |
实例86 | 96.1 |
实例87 | 95.8 |
实例88 | 95.5 |
实例89 | 95.7 |
实例90 | 95.4 |
对照实例33 | 88.1 |
对照实例34 | 88.3 |
对照实例35 | 88.7 |
对照实例36 | 89.1 |
Claims (9)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP285020/96 | 1996-10-28 | ||
JP8285020A JPH10133402A (ja) | 1996-10-28 | 1996-10-28 | 電子写真用感光体 |
JP285020/1996 | 1996-10-28 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN1184956A CN1184956A (zh) | 1998-06-17 |
CN1163799C true CN1163799C (zh) | 2004-08-25 |
Family
ID=17686122
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CNB971141223A Expired - Lifetime CN1163799C (zh) | 1996-10-28 | 1997-10-28 | 电子照相的光电导体 |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5876889A (zh) |
JP (1) | JPH10133402A (zh) |
KR (1) | KR100444364B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1163799C (zh) |
DE (1) | DE19747556B4 (zh) |
Families Citing this family (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6245472B1 (en) | 1997-09-12 | 2001-06-12 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Phthalocyanine compounds, process for production thereof and electrophotographic photosensitive member using the compounds |
KR100389765B1 (ko) * | 1998-06-15 | 2003-11-14 | 제일모직주식회사 | 프탈로시아닌 조성물 및 이것을 포함하는 전자사진방식의 감광체 |
JP3453330B2 (ja) * | 1999-09-01 | 2003-10-06 | シャープ株式会社 | 電子写真感光体 |
JP4178698B2 (ja) * | 1999-11-24 | 2008-11-12 | 富士電機デバイステクノロジー株式会社 | 電子写真用感光体およびその製造方法 |
US6866977B2 (en) | 2000-05-19 | 2005-03-15 | Eastman Kodak Company | Photoconductive elements having a polymeric barrier layer |
US6593046B2 (en) | 2000-05-19 | 2003-07-15 | Heidelberger Druckmaschinen Ag | Photoconductive elements having a polymeric barrier layer |
JP2002055471A (ja) * | 2000-05-31 | 2002-02-20 | Fuji Denki Gazo Device Kk | 電子写真用感光体およびその製造方法 |
EP1255167B1 (en) * | 2001-04-12 | 2013-11-13 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Porphyrin compound, and electrophotographic photosensitive member, process-cartridge and apparatus using the compound |
JP3941720B2 (ja) * | 2002-04-11 | 2007-07-04 | 富士電機デバイステクノロジー株式会社 | 電子写真用感光体およびその製造方法 |
US20080187850A1 (en) * | 2007-02-06 | 2008-08-07 | Xerox Corporation | Tunable electrophotographic imaging member and method of making same |
AU2007224400B2 (en) * | 2007-10-12 | 2014-10-02 | The University Of Southern California | Organic photosenstive optoelectronic devices containing tetra-azaporphyrins |
CN103207193A (zh) * | 2013-04-23 | 2013-07-17 | 武汉科技大学 | 双层复合材料的上层材料x射线衍射谱的获取方法 |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3926629A (en) * | 1970-03-11 | 1975-12-16 | Xerox Corp | Electrophotographic method and plate employing a phthaldcyanine polymer |
JPH06236056A (ja) * | 1993-02-10 | 1994-08-23 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | 電子写真感光体 |
US5369203A (en) * | 1993-04-21 | 1994-11-29 | Hay; Allan S. | Polymeric phthalocyanines and precursors therefor |
-
1996
- 1996-10-28 JP JP8285020A patent/JPH10133402A/ja active Pending
-
1997
- 1997-10-28 DE DE19747556A patent/DE19747556B4/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-10-28 US US08/958,928 patent/US5876889A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-10-28 CN CNB971141223A patent/CN1163799C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-10-28 KR KR1019970055508A patent/KR100444364B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR19980033226A (ko) | 1998-07-25 |
DE19747556B4 (de) | 2007-09-13 |
JPH10133402A (ja) | 1998-05-22 |
KR100444364B1 (ko) | 2005-01-17 |
DE19747556A1 (de) | 1998-04-30 |
US5876889A (en) | 1999-03-02 |
CN1184956A (zh) | 1998-06-17 |
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