CN1159720A - 在蜂窝状移动电话系统中用于控制传输功率的方法和装置 - Google Patents

在蜂窝状移动电话系统中用于控制传输功率的方法和装置 Download PDF

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CN1159720A
CN1159720A CN96120301A CN96120301A CN1159720A CN 1159720 A CN1159720 A CN 1159720A CN 96120301 A CN96120301 A CN 96120301A CN 96120301 A CN96120301 A CN 96120301A CN 1159720 A CN1159720 A CN 1159720A
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克莱因S·吉尔豪森
R·派多万尼
C·E·惠特雷三世
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Abstract

蜂窝状移动电话系统中的一种功率控制系统。网孔发送的作为在移动单元接收的信号功率被测量，以相应于被接收信号功率增加和减少的相反方式，在移动单元调整发射机功率，还可以使用一个功率控制反馈方案；在网孔与移动单元通话的状态下，移动单元发送的作为在网孔接收的功率被测量，相应于网孔站接收的信号功率的偏差，在网孔站产生一个命令信号，并发送给移动单元，用于进一步调整移动单元的发射机功率。

Description

在蜂窝状移动电话系统中 用于控制传输功率的方法和装置
本申请是申请日为90年11月7日、申请号为93119710.4、与本申请相同发明名称的发明专利申请的分案申请。
本发明涉及电话系统，特别是涉及一种新的和改进的在码分多址(CDMA)蜂窝状移动电话系统中用于控制传输功率的方法和装置。
使用码分多址(CDMA)调制技术是便于在通信中出现大量系统用户的通信技术手段之一。虽然已经知道一些其它技术，如时分多址(TDMA)、频分多址(FDMA)和幅度调制(AM)方案，如幅度压缩单边带(ACSSB)技术，但是CD-MA技术大大地优于上述其它技术。在美国专利申请No.06/921261中公开了一种在多址通信系统中使用CDMA技术，该申请的申请日为1986年10月17日，题目为“使用卫星或陆地中继器的扩频多址通信系统”，现在的美国专利号No.4901307转让给本发明的受让人，该公开一并作为参考。
在刚才提到的专利中，公开了一种多址技术，这里有大量的移动电话系统用户，每一个用户有一个收发信机，它使用码分多址(CDMA)扩频通信信号，通过卫星中继器或陆地基站(也象熟知的网孔站或用作短的网孔)进行通信。在使用CDMA通信中，频谱能够重用多次，这样可以增加系统内用户容量。使用CD-MA比使用其他多址技术能获得多得多的特殊效益。在CDMA系统中，用控制每个移动用户发射机的功率，可以实现增加系统容量，以便降低对其他系统用户的干扰。
在CDMA通信技术的卫星应用中，移动单元的收发信机测量经卫星中继器接收到的信号功率电平，利用该功率测量，并根据卫星转发器下行发送功率电平和移动单元接收机灵敏度的情况，移动单元收发信机能够估计移动单元和卫星之间信道的通路衰耗。然后，根据通路衰耗测量的大小、发送数据速率和卫星接收的灵敏度，移动电台收发信机确定合适的发射功率，用于移动单元和卫星之间的信号传输。
由移动单元发送到卫星的信号，由卫星转发到中心控制系统地面站。中心站测量接收的信号功率，该信号是由每个有源移动单元收发信机发送的信号。然后，中心站确定接收的功率电平与需要维持希望通信的功率电平之间的编差。最好是所希望的功率电平是需要维持通信质量的最低功率电平，以便降低系统干扰。
然后，中心站发送一个功率控制指令信号至每个移动用户，以便调整或“微调”移动单元的发射功率。移动单元使用该指令信号来改变发射功率电平至要求维持希望通信的最低电平。因为信道条件的改变，典型地，由于移动单元的移动，根据移动单元接收机功率测量和从主站的功率控制反馈，连续地重新调整发送功率电平，以便维持合适的功率电平。从中心站来的功率控制反馈一般是很慢的，由于通过卫星需要有约1/2秒传播时间的往返时延。
卫星或陆地基站系统之间的一个重要差别是分离移动单元和卫星或网孔站的相对距离。卫星与陆地系统比较，它的另一个重要差别是出现在这些信道中的衰减类型。因此，在研究陆地的系统功率控制中，这些差别要求非常精细。
在卫星/移动单元信道中，如卫星信道，通常卫星中继器被安置在地理同步的地球轨道。由于所有的移动单元距卫星中继器接近相同的距离，因此，它们经历了几乎相同的传播衰耗。而且，卫星信道有这样的传播衰耗特性，它近似遵循反平方律，即传播衰耗反比于所使用的移动单元和卫星中继器之间距离的平方。因此，由于距离变化使卫星信道通路衰耗的偏差，典型地约为1-2dB。
与卫星信道对比，陆地的/移动单元信道，即陆地信道，移动单元和网孔站之间的距离能有可观地变化。例如，一个移动单元可能放置在距网孔站5英里的距离，而另一个移动单元可能放置在距网孔站几英尺的距离。其距离的变化可超过一百比一。陆地信道经受的传播衰耗特性象卫星信道一样。但是，在陆地信道传播衰耗特性反比于四次方律，即通路的衰耗反比例于通路距离的四次方。因此，在一个具有半径为5公里的网孔中，通路衰耗变化可能达到约超过80dB。
卫星信道典型地所经受衰减呈现瑞桑(Rician)特性。因此，接收的信号包括一个直接的分量和具有雷利(Rayleigh)衰落统计多次反射分量之和。直接分量和反射分量之间的功率比典型地约为6-10dB，它取决于移动单元的特性和移动单元周围的环境。
卫星信道与陆地信道相对比，陆地信道经受的信号衰落，典型地，包括雷利衰落分量，无直接分量。因此，陆地信道比卫星信道呈现更严重的衰落环境，而卫星信道中瑞桑衰落是一种具有支配地位的衰落特性。
在陆地信道信号中的雷利衰落特性是由来自实际环境许多不同特征的反射而产生的。因而，一个信号从许多方向，具有不同的时延，几乎同时到达一个移动单元接收机。通常，把甚高频(UHF)频带用于移动无线电通信，包括那些蜂窝状移动电话系统，在不同通路上传播的信号可能会出现有效的相位差，有出现信号破坏性相加的可能性，有时出现深衰落。
陆地信道衰落是移动单元实际位置很强的函数，移动单元位置小的变化就能改变所有信号传播通路的实际时延，其位置的变化进一步对每个通路产生不同的相位。这样，通过环境，移动单元的位置能够产生很迅速的衰落过程。例如，在850MHz蜂窝无线频带中，这种衰落典型地可快至汽车速度的每小时每公里每秒一个衰落(fade)，该量级的衰落可以强烈地损害陆地信道中的信号，产生差的通信质量。然而，附加的发射机功率能够用于克服衰落问题。
陆地的蜂窝状电话系统典型地需要一个全双工信道，为了能够使双向的电话谈话同时工作，如像传统的有线电话系统一样，这种全双工无线信道通常使用一个频带，作为出界链路，也就是从网孔发射机至移动单元接收机的传输。对于入界链路使用不同的频带，也就是从移动单元发射机至网孔接收机的传输。因此，该频带分离能够使一个移动单元发射机和接收机同时工作，而没有来自发射机对接收机的反馈或干扰。
使用不同的频带具有的重要意义在于对网孔站和移动单元发射机的功率控制。使用不同的频带产生多经衰落，对入界和出界信道单独处理。移动单元不能简单测量出界信道通路衰耗，及假定入界信道呈现相同的通路衰减。
因此，本发明的目的是提供一种用于控制陆地信道发射机功率的新的和改进的方法和装置，以便克服有害的衰落，不产生无需的系统干扰，因为该干扰有害地影响整个系统容量。
在陆地CDMA蜂窝状电话系统中，总是希望控制移动单元的发射机功率，以便在网孔接收机处得到来自每个网孔和在网孔内工作的每个移动单元发射机的正常的接收信号功率。应该控制在网孔复盖区域内的所有移动单元发射机的发射功率，因此，在网孔站处接收的总信号功率应当等于网孔内大量发射的移动单元复用在一起的移动单元发射信号的正常接收机功率。该功率还要加上在该网孔处接收来自临近网孔中移动单元的杂音功率。
网孔站的CDMA接收机分别地工作，用变换来自相应于其中一个单元发射机的宽带CDMA信号成为载有信号的窄带数字信息。同时，另一个接收的CDMA信号没有被选择，保持其宽带杂音信号。网孔接收机的比特误码率性能这样来确定，即用希望信号的功率与在网孔接收机上收到的不希望的信号功率之比来确定，也就是，由所选择的移动单元发射机发射的希望信号的接收信号功率与由另一个移动单元发射机发射的不希望信号的接收信号功率之比。带宽减小处理，相关处理，结果产生通常所称的“处理增益”，会增加信号杂音干扰比，从一个负值增到一个正值，这样在可接受的比特误码率之内就能够工作。
在陆地CDMA蜂窝状移动电话系统中，从同时的电话呼叫的数量来看，特别希望系统达到最大容量，电话呼叫是指在给定系统带宽之内可以处理的电话呼叫。如果控制每个移动单元发射机的功率，使得发送信号以最小的信号杂音干扰比(该比值能允许可接受的数据恢复)到达网孔接收机，则系统容量可为最大。如果由移动单元发送的信号以太低的功率电平到达网孔接收机，则比特误码率太高，而不允许高质量的通信。另一方面，如果移动单元发射的信号以太高的功率电平被网孔接收机接收，而与该特定的移动单元通信将是可接受的。但是，该高功率信号干扰其他移动单元发射的信号，而这些信号共用相同的信道，即带宽。这些干扰反过来可能影响同其他移动单元的通信，除非减少通信移动单元的总数量。
在蜂窝状移动电话信道UHF频带内，信号的通路衰耗可用两个独立的现象，平均通路衰耗和衰落来表征。平均通路衰耗可用对数正态分布统计地来描述，它的平均值正比于通路距离四次平方的倒数，而且，它的标准偏差近似等于8dB。第二个现象是衰落过程，是由信号的多经传播产生的，它用雷利分布来表征。平均通路衰耗是一个对数分布，可以认为其出界和入界频带是一样的，对于传统的蜂窝状移动电话系统是这样的。但是，如上所述，对于入界和出界链路频带而言，雷利衰落是独立的现象。平均通路衰耗的对数正态分布是相对于位置慢变化的函数，相反，雷利分布为位置的函数，其变化相对地快。
在本发明中，在一个蜂窝状移动电话系统上，实现了用CDMA方法使多个用户接入。在这样的一个系统中，在一个区域内的所有网孔发送一个相同频率和码的“导频”信号。在CDMA系统中使用导频信号已熟知了。在这种特殊应用中，由移动单元使用的导频信号用于移动单元接收机的初始同步。导频信号也用于作为相位和频率和时间基准，用于解调由网孔站发射的数字话音信号。
在本发明中，每一个移动单元估计从网孔站到移动单元发送信号的通路衰耗。为了获得该信号通路衰耗估计，应该测量在移动单元收到的网孔站发送的信号功率电平。这样移动单元测量从正在与移动单元通信的那个网孔站接收的导频信号功率。移动单元还测量在移动单元处接收的所有网孔站发射信号的功率电平和。功率电平和测量如像后面进一步详细描述的那样，需要处理这样的一种情况，即移动单元可能临时地获得比较好的通路，比较远的网孔比通常优先选用的最近的网孔还好。
出界链路通路衰耗估计使用非线性滤波器滤波。在估计过程中非线性的目的是允许快速地响应信道的突然改善，而允许慢得多的响应信道的突然降级。移动单元响应信道的突然改善，这样突然降低移动单元发射机的发射功率。如果一个移动单元的信道突然改善，那么网孔站从该移动单元接收的信号将突然地增加功率。这种突然地增加功率将产生对共用相同带宽信道的所有信号的附加干扰。快速响应突然的改善，将降低系统的干扰。
信道突然改善的一个典型例子出现在，当运动着的一个移动单元通过由大的建筑物或其他障碍物遮蔽的区域，并且然后移出遮蔽区的时候。由于汽车移动使信道的改善能够在约几十毫秒中发生信道改善。由于移动单元驶出遮蔽区，由移动单元接收的出界链路信号将突然地增加强度。
在移动单元处出界链路通路衰耗估计是为了使移动单元调整移动单元发射机功率。这样，接收的信号越强，移动单元发射机的功率将越低。从网孔站接收的强信号表示移动单元或是靠近网孔站，或者是有至网孔站的特别好的通路。强信号的接收意味着，对于网孔移动单元正常的接收功率而言，需要相对小的移动单元发射机功率电平。
在临时的情况下，信道已经突然地降级，则希望移动单元发射机功率允许很慢地增加，这种慢慢增加移动单元发射机功率也是所希望的，以便阻止移动单元发射机功率无必要地迅速增加。因为，这种功率增加对所有其他移动单元会有干扰。因此，为了避免所有移动单元信道的降级，一个移动单元信道临时降级是能容忍的。
在信道突然降级的情况下，非线性滤波器避免移动的发射机功率以高速率的增加，去响应移动单元接收信号的信号功率的突然降低。移动单元发射机发射功率增加的速率，一般必须限制至从网孔站发送闭环功率调整指令的速率，(如下所述)能够降低移动单元发射机发射的功率的速率。利用产生功率调整指令的网孔站，将避免增加的电平大大地高于通信所需要的电平，特别是，仅在出界链路通路而不在入界链路通路中出现突然地信道降级时。
应当注意到，不希望简单地使用慢速响应移动单元发射机功率的控制，试图从由于距离和地形产生的慢速衰落中分离出快的雷利衰落。在移动单元发射机的功率控制中的慢速响应是不希望的，因为，突然改善和衰减的可能性同等地影响入界和出界信道。如果响应突然改善，使用滤波器，它将慢慢地下降，然后，当移动单元发射机功率出现极度变化并对其他移动用户产生干扰时，将会频繁出现上述情况。因此，本发明在估计通路衰耗中使用了两个时间常数和非线性法。
除了测量移动单元的接收的信号强度之外，为了用于移动单元的处理器，还希望知道网孔站发射机的功率和天线增益(EIRP)，网孔站的G/T(接收天线增益G被接收机杂音电平T除)，移动单元天线增益和与该网孔站有效的呼叫数目。该信息允许移动单元处理器适当地计算对于本地功率设定函数的参考功率电平。这种计算是用计算网孔站至移动链路功率预算来完成的，并求解出通路衰耗。然后，该通路衰耗估计用于移动的网孔链路预算方程，求解出为产生希望的信号电平而需要的移动单元发射的功率。这种能力允许系统具有相应于网孔大小的不同EIRP电平的网孔站。例如，一个小半径网孔不需要发射像一个大半径网孔那样高的功率电平。但是，当移动单元距一个低功率网孔为一定的距离时，它将接收一个比来自高功率网孔更弱的信号。该移动单元对短距离的必要性来说更能响应较高的发射功率。因此，具有每个网孔发送信息的需要性，正是其功率控制的特性。
网孔站发送的信息有，网孔站的EIRP，G/T和在一个网孔建立信道的有效呼叫数。当首先获得系统同步时，移动单元接收该信息，当来自公共电话交换网的呼叫打算用移动单元寻呼而空闲时，继续监视该信道。移动单元天线增益存储在移动单元的存储器中，这时该移动单元安装在汽车里。
如上所述，移动单元发射机的功率还受来自网孔站信号的控制。每一个网孔站接收机测量在网孔站接收到的来自与该网孔通信的每一个移动单元的信号强度。测得的信号强度同作为特殊移动单元所希望的信号强度相比较。产生一个功率调整指令，以出界链路数据或话音信道发送至移动单元，寻址至相应的移动单元。响应于网孔站功率调整指令，移动单元以预定量，通常1dB，增加或减少移动单元发射机的功率。
网孔发射机以相对高的速率，典型地为每毫秒约1个指令，发送功率调整指令。功率调整指令的传输速率必须是高的，足以允许跟踪入界链路通路的雷利衰落。进一步地希望出界链路通路雷利衰落加在被跟踪的入界链路通路信号上。每毫秒1个指令，对于850MHz频带的移动通信，每小时25-50英里范围的车速，跟踪衰落过程是合适的。重要的是，确定功率调整指令的等待时间和使其传输减至最小，以便在移动单元接收和响应信号之前，信道条件将没有多大变化。
总之，由于两个雷利衰落(入界和出界)通路的独立性，移动单元发射机功率受来自网孔站功率调整指令的控制。每一网孔接受机测量从每个移动单元接收的信号强度。测得的信号强度同作为特定移动单元的希望的信号强度相比较，并且产生一个功率调整信号。该功率调整信号以出界数据或话音信道，发送至移动单元，并寻址至上述移动单元。该功率调整指令与移动单元向估计值组合，得到移动单元发射机功率的最后值。
以一个实施例为例，用每毫秒重写一个或多个用户数据比特的方法，发送功率调整指令信号。在CDMA系统中利用的调制系统能够为用户数据比特提供校正编码。用功率调整指令重写，作为信道比特误码或消除来处理，并且用误码校正来校正，如象移动单元接收机中的解码。对功率调整指令比特进行误码校正编码，在许多情况下，不可能是所希望的，因为在接收中产生了增加等待时间并响应于功率调整指令。也可以想象到，不对用户数据信道符号重写，而使用时分复用来传输功率调整指令比特。
网孔控制器或处理器可用于确定所希望的信号强度，该信号为由每个移动单元发射，在网孔站接收的信号。所希望的信号强度电平值供给每一个网孔接收机。该希望的信号强度值用于同测得的信号强度值相比较，用于产生功率调整指令。
利用一个系统控制器来指挥每个网孔处理器，达到所使用的希望的信号强度值。正常的功率电平可以上下调整，以适应网孔平均条件的变化。例如，放置在异常的杂音位置或地理区域的网孔可能能够使用比正常入界功率电平较高的电平。但是，这种在网孔内工作的较高的功率电平，将产生较高的干扰电平，对该网孔最临近的网孔干扰。这种干扰可用允许临近网孔小的增加入界链路功率的办法来补偿。这样，在临近网孔中增加的入界功率将小于由于移动用户在高杂音环境网孔通信所增加的功率。进一步明白，网孔处理器可以监视平均比特误码率。系统控制器可使用该数据，来指挥网孔处理器建立一个合适的入界链路功率电平保证可接受的优质通信。
还希望提供一种装置，用于控制由网孔发射的每个数据信号中使用的相对功率，响应由每个移动单元发送的控制信息。提供这种控制的主要原因是适应这样的现实，即在一定的位置，从网孔至移动单元出界信道链路可能是特别有缺陷的。如果不增加发送到该移动单元的功率，通信质量可能变为不可接受的。这种位置的一个例子是这样的一个地点，即到一个或两个邻近的网孔的通路衰耗是近似相同于与移动单元通信的网孔的通路衰耗。在这样的一个位置，总的干扰由移动单元在相对接近其网孔的位置产生的干扰增加三倍。此外，来自这些邻近网孔的干扰将不衰落，与所希望的信号相一致，如像来自希望的网孔的干扰的情况一样。这种情况可能需要3-4dB的附加信号功率，以便获得合适的性能。
另一种情况，移动单元可能是放置在一些强的多通路信号到达的地方，产生比正常干扰更大的干扰。在这种情况下，相对于干扰增加希望信号的功率，可以允许可接受的性能。平时，移动单元可放置在信号/干扰比异常好的地方。在这种情况下，网孔站可使用比正常发射机功率低的功率发射希望的信号，以便降低对由系统发射的其他信号的干扰。
为了达到上述目的，最佳的实施例包括在移动单元接收机具有信号/干扰测量能力。这种测量通过把希望的信号功率同总的干扰和杂音功率进行比较来实现。如果测量的比值低于预定值，移动单元发送一个请求至网孔站，请求网孔站发送附加的功率。如果测量的比值超过了预定值，移动单元发送一个请求用于降低发射功率。
网孔站从每个移动单元接收功率调整请求信号，并且用调整功率来响应，即用预定的量值分配给相应的网孔发射信号。其调整量通常是小的，约0.5dB，或12％。功率变化速率可能稍微低于从移动单元至网孔入界链路上使用的值。大概每声码器帧一次，或通常每15毫秒一次。调整量的动态范围也限制在低于正常值4dB至高于正常值6dB。
网通站还必须考虑所有移动单元产生的功率需求，以决定是否响应任何特殊移动单元的请求。例如，如果网孔站承载的容量对附加功率的请求可以答应，但仅6％或更低，而不是12％。在这种情况下，功率降低的请求仍应答应在正常的12％变化。
通过下面连同附图及整个相应的参考符号详细的描述，本发明的特征和优点将变得更为明显，其中：
图1是一个举例性移动蜂窝状电话系统概况示意图；
图2A-2D表示一组曲线图，表示移动单元接收的信号强度和发射的功率为距离的函数；
图3是一个特别涉及具有本发明的功率控制特征的网孔站的方框图；
图4是一个特别涉及具有本发明的功率控制特征的移动单元的方框图；
图5是一个进一步详细说明图4的移动单元功率控制特征的方框图；和
图6是一个进一步详细说明图3的网孔站功率控制特征的方框图。
图1说明了一种包含有本发明的举例性蜂窝状移动电话系统。图1所说明的系统，该系统利用了在系统移动用户和网孔之间通信的CDMA调制技术。大城市的蜂窝状系统可能有几千个网孔站，为几十万个移动电话服务。使用CD-MA技术，在同样大小的一个系统中，与现行的FM调制蜂窝状系统相对比，确实便于增加用户容量。
在图1中，系统控制器和开关10，典型地包括合适的接口和用于向网孔站提供系统控制信息的处理硬件。控制器10控制从公共交换电话网(PSTN)至合适的网孔站的电话呼叫路由，用于传输到合适的移动单元。控制器10还控制从移动单元来经过一个网孔站到PSTN的呼叫路由。控制器10可以经过合适的网孔站指挥移动用户之间的呼叫，因为这种移动单元典型地不能直接地与另一个移动单元通信。
控制器10可经各种装置，如象专用电话线，光纤链路或无线频率通信，连接至网孔站。在图1中，说明了两个举例性的网孔站12和14，以及两个举例性的移动单元16和18，这些移动单元含有蜂窝状电话。箭头20a-20b和22a-22b分别规定为网孔站12和移动单元16和18之间可能的通信链路。类似地，箭头24a-24b和箭头26a-26b分别规定为网孔站14和移动单元18和16之间可能的通信链路。网孔站12和14通常用等功率发射。
移动单元16测量在通路20a和26a上由网孔站12和14发射的导频信号的总接收功率。同样，移动单元18测量在通路22a和24a上由网孔站12和14发射的导频信号的总接收功率。移动单元16和18的每一个移动单元，在接收机中测量导频信号的功率，这里的信号为宽带信号。因此，该功率的测量是在具有伪噪声扩频信号的接收信号校正之前进行的。
当移动单元16更靠近于网孔站12时，接收的信号功率将由传播通路20a上的信号来控制。当移动单元16更靠近网孔站14时，接收的信号功率将由传播通路26a上的信号来控制。类似地，当移动单元18更靠近于网孔站14时，接收的信号功率将由传播支路24a上的信号来控制。当移动单元18更靠近于网孔站12时，接收的信号功率将由传播通路22a上的信号来控制。
移动单元16和18的每一个移动单元使用合成的测量，与网孔发射机功率和移动单元天线增益消息一起，来估计至最近网孔站的通路衰耗。估计的通路衰耗，与移动天线增益和网孔站G/T的消息一起，用于确定正常的发射机功率，该功率是为了在网孔接收机中得到希望的载波/杂音比而需要的。移动单元和网孔参数的消息或是固定在存储器中或是用网孔信息广播信号发送出去，建立信道，来指示一个特殊网孔站的其它标称状态。
由于移动单元正常发射功率确定的结果，不存在雷利衰落，并假定正确的测量，移动单元发射的信号以精确的所希望的载波/杂音比到达最近的网孔。这样以最小量的移动单元发射功率，将获得所希望的性能。移动单元发射功率的最小化，在CDMA系统中是重要的，因为，每一个移动单元产生的干扰，会干扰系统中每一个其他的移动单元。在最小的移动单元发射功率的系统中，系统干扰将处于最小，这样，允许附加的移动用户来共用频带。因此，系统容量和特殊的效率为最大。
图2A说明了雷利衰落为距离的函数，及对在移动单元接收的网孔发射信号的强度影响。平均通路衰耗用曲线30表示，该衰耗主要由网孔站与移动单元之间的距离的四次方和它们之间的地形形状来决定。随着移动单元和网孔站之间距离的增加，对于固定功率发射网孔信号而言，则在移动单元处接收的信号功率减少。对于链路的两个方向来说，其平均通路衰耗是相同的，典型地，平均通路衰耗呈现对数正态分布。
除了慢变化的对数正态平均通路衰耗之外，由于多通路信号传播的存在，产生了围线平均通路衰耗迅速衰落的上升或下降。这些信号以随机的相位和幅度从这些多通路到达，结果呈雷利衰落特性。图2A所示的曲线32表示由于雷利衰落而产生的信号通路衰耗的变化。雷利衰落对网孔/移动单元通信链路的两个方向(即出界和入界)来说，典型地是独立的。例如，当出界信道是衰落的时候，在同一时间，入界信道不是必须在衰落。
图2B表示移动单元发射机的功率调整到相应于图2A的链路通路信号强度。在图2B中曲线34表示相应于图2A曲线30的平均通路衰耗所希望的平均发射功率。类似地，曲线36为响应图2A曲线32表示的雷利衰落相应的移动单元发射机功率。当雷利衰落信号，图2A的曲线32所示，信号的强度而减小时，发射功率产生迅速的增加。这种发射机功率迅速向上偏移对整个系统性能产生有害的影响。因此，本发明预想使用非线性滤波器来控制迅速向上偏移或增加，而且还控制发射机的功率，本发明还利用来自网孔的闭环功率调整反馈，来调整移动单元的发射机功率。
图2C表示没有考虑网孔闭环功率调整反馈时，相应于图2A的移动单元的发射机功率。在图2C中，希望的平均发射功率用曲线34表示，相应于图2A的曲线30的移动单元接收信号的强度。曲线38表示在本发明的功率控制中利用非线性滤波器的发射机功率。
发射机功率迅速向上偏移，如象图2C的虚线所示，并且相应于图2B的曲线36的向上偏移都大大地降低了。在曲线38中，通过设定发射机功率与固定值增加的比率，而大大地降低了向上的偏移。发射机功率相对于希望的发射功率产生的变化受动态范围和变化速率两种因素的限制。该限制允许闭环功率调整反馈处理以低得多的控制数据速率更容易地实现，而且更有效。曲线38所示的发射功率允许以比增加速率大得多的速率而降低。
随着距离的增加，从标记点D1-D3发射机功率稍微快地降低，相应于信道的迅速改善。标记点D2-D3距离之间的信道降级，相应于发射机功率增加。降级的变化不是那么有效，因为，非线性滤波器的最大速率限制了发射机功率增加的速率。
随着距离的增加，从距离标记点D3-D4，信道降级比非线性滤波器将允许发射机功率的增加要快得多。在此期间，发射机功率以非线性滤波器允许的最大速率增加。在由标记D4-D5指示的距离变化期间，信道开始改善。但是，随着信道质量的改善，发射机功率继续以最大速率增加，直至发射机功率足以满足如标记D5处所希望的电平。
希望消除发射机功率的向上偏移，这种偏移可能产生不少要的系统干扰。如果出现一个比较好的通路至另一个网孔站，它将在系统中产生不必要的干扰，因此用限制发射机功率增加的速率可保持通信质量。
图2D是一个说明网孔接收的信号功率强度相对于移动单元传输距离的曲线图，移动单元离开网孔站移动。曲线40表示在网孔站接收来自移动单元发射的信号所希望的平均接收的信号功率。希望平均的接收信号功率为固定电平，及最少需要保证与一个移动单元的优质通信链路。在移动单元处进行校正，校正在网孔发射信号中的雷利衰落。
移动单元发射的信号在到达网孔接收机之前经受了雷利衰落。因而，在网孔接收的信号是一个固定平均接收功率电平的信号，但是，仍具有入界信道的雷利衰落加到上面。曲线42代表在入界信号上出现的雷利衰落。
此外，有这样一种可能性，即在链路没有衰落，但是入界链路有严重衰落的地方，移动单元进入休息状态。这样的条件将中断通信，除非利用附加的机器补偿入界信道的雷利衰落。在网孔站利用闭环功率调整指令处理是这样的一种机器，用于调整移动单元的发射功率，以便补偿入界信道的雷利衰落。在图2D中，曲线44表示当补偿入界和出界信道的平均支路衰减和雷利衰落时，在网孔站接收的移动单元发射的信号功率。从图2D可以看出，除了用闭环控制使衰落过程减至最小的严重衰落之外，曲线44很接近于曲线40。
在图3中，天线52用于接收多个移动单元发送的信号，然后，把该信号供给模拟接收机54进行放大，频率下变换和接收的RF信号的IF处理。从接收机54输出的模拟信号供给多个接收机模块，提取指导用户的信息信号，产生功率调整指令和用于传输的用户输入信息信号的调制。通信中使用的这样一个模块有一个特殊的移动单元，如移动单元N，该移动单元是模块50。这样，接收机54的输出供给包括模块50的多个这样的模块。
模块50包括数字数据接收机56，用户数字基带电路58，接收功率测量电路60和发射调制器62。数字数据接收机56接收宽带扩频信号，用于校正和去扩展，移动单元N发送的信号为窄带信号，用于转移到一个与移动单元N通信的指定的接收者。数字数据接收机56提供窄带数字信号至用户数字基带电路58。数字数据接收机56还提供窄带信号至接收功率测量电路60。
接收功率测量电路60测量从移动单元N接收的信号电平。接收功率测量电路60响应测量的功率电平产生一个功率调指命令，该指令输入到发射调制器62，用于传输到移动单元N。如上所述，功率调整指令的数据比特由移动单元N在调整移动单元的发射功率中使用。
当接收的功率测量值大于由网孔站处理器(未画出)提供的预置电平时，产生一个合适的功率调整指令。如果接收的功率测量值低于预置电平，产生功率调整指令数据比特，并指出需要增加的移动单元发射机功率。类似地，如果接收的测量值大于预置电平，产生功率调整指令，这样就降低移动单元的发射机功率。利用功率调整指令来维持网孔站正常的接收功率电平。
从数字数据接收机56来的输出信号供给用户数字基带电路58，该电路是用于经系统控制器和开关连接到指定的接收者的接口。类似地，基带电路58接收指定为移动单元N的用户信息信号，并把它供给发射调制器62。
发射调制器62扩频调制，用于传输至移动单元N的用户可寻址的信息信号。发射调制器62还从接收功率测量电路60接收功率调整指令数据比特。该功率调整指令数据比特也由发射调制器62进行扩频调制，用于传输到移动单元N。发射调制器62提供扩频调制信号至加法器64，该加法器把扩频信号与在网孔站中的其它模块发射调制器混合。
混合的扩频信号输入到加法器66，在加法器66该信号同导频信号发生器68提供的导频信号混合。然后，把这些混合信号提供给用于把IF频带变到RF频带的频率上变换的电路(未画出)并放大。然后，把RF信号提供用于传输的天线52。虽然没有示出，但发射功率控制电路可配置在加法器66和天线52之间。该电路在网孔处理器的控制下响应由移动单元发射的功率调整指令信号，该信号在网孔接收机被解调，并提供给网孔控制处理器，连接至该电路。
在图4中，移动单元，如移动单元N，包括一个天线70，用于收集网孔站发射的信号和辐射移动单元产生的CDMA信号，移动单元N利用天线70，模拟接收机72和数字数据接收机74，接收导频信号，建立信道信号和移动单元N的寻地信号。接收机72放大并且频率下变换接收的射频CDMA信号为IF信号并对中频IF信号滤波。IF信号输出到数字数据接收机74，用于数字处理。接收机72还包括对接收信号混合功率进行模拟测量的电路。该功率测量用于产生一个反馈信号，该信号给发射功率控制电路76，用于控制发射的功率。
数字数据接收机74用于解除扩频并将相关的接收信号寻址至移动单元N。接收机74还从由网孔产生的功率调整指令中分离数字数据。该功率调整指令数据比特发送到控制处理器78。处理器78响应功率调整指令数据比特产生一个发射功率控制指令，该指令供给发射功率控制电路80。处理器78还提供一个电平设定指令给发射功率控制电路76。进一步地有关接收机72，发射功率控制电路76和80，和处理器的相互作用的详细情况，参见图5的进一步详细描述。
接收机74还提供如数字编码话音数据给用于解码的用户数字基带电路82和与用户的接口。基带电路82包括用于连接接收机74和发射调制器84至用户手机(未画出)的接口硬件。
被发射的数据通过基带电路82提供，在那编码并送给发射调制器84。该数据根据指定的扩展码由发射调制器84扩频调制。扩频信号从发射调制器84输出到发射功率控制电路80。根据由控制处理器78提供的发射功率控制指令，调整信号的功率。该功率调整信号从发射功率控制电路80供给发射功率控制电路76，该电路根据模拟测量控制信号调整该信号。虽然图中示出了两个分离的单元用于控制发射功率，但是，功率电平可用单个可变增益的放大器来调整，该放大器具有两个输入控制信号，它们在加到可变增益放大器之前被混合。但是，在图示的实施例中，以分离的元件表示两个控制功能。
在图4所示的功率控制电路的工作中，接收机72测量从所有网孔站接收的所有信号的组合功率电平。这些功率电平测量结果用于控制功率电平，它由发射功率控制电路76来设置。发射功率控制电路76包括这样的电路，在该电路中，如前面所述，用非线性滤波器限制增加发射功率的速率。所设置的增加的速率不应快于这样的速率，即发射功率控制电路80能响应自网孔站的一系列下降指令，扭转功率下降，如接收机74和处理器78处理的那样。
图5进一步更详细地表示出了参照图4所讨论的移动单元N的功率控制方法。在图5中，从天线上接收的RF信号供给频率下变换器90，该变换器把接收的RF信号变换为IF频率。IF频率信号连接到带通滤波器92，该滤波器把出界的频率分量从信号中除去。
滤波后的信号从滤波器92输出到可变增益IF放大器，该放大器把信号放大。放大的信号从放大器94输出到模拟/数字(A/D)变换器(未画出)，对该信号进行数字信号处理操作。放大器94的输出还连接到自动增益控制(AGC)检测器电路96。
AGC检测器电路96产生一个增益控制信号，该信号连接至放大器94的增益控制输入端。该增益控制信号用于控制放大器94的增益，以便维持固定的平均功率电平，作为从放大器94至A/D变换器的输出。
AGC检测器电路96还提供一个输出到比较器98的一个输入端。比较器98的另一个输入端由从移动单元处理器(未画出)来的电平设置信号来提供。该电平设置信号表示希望的发射机基准功率电平。用比较器98把这些输入信号比较，产生的比较信号提供给一个非线性滤波器电路100。该比较信号相应于接收的功率测量值与希望的移动单元发射机功率电平之间的偏差。
滤波器100可能配置成简单的电阻—二极管—电容电路。例如，输入端电路是一个由两个电阻共用的公共结点，每个电阻的另一端分别连接到二极管。二极管在它们同电阻的连接中反向连接，并且每个二极管的另一端连接在一起，以一个公共的结点作为滤波器的输出。一个电容连接在二极管的公共结点与地之间。设计的滤波器电路限制功率增加速率，使其低于每毫秒1dB。功率下降的速率典型地设置为比功率增加速率约快10倍，即每毫秒10dB。滤波器100的输出作为功率电平控制信号输入到可变增益IF放电器102的增益控制输入端。
AGC检测器电路96，比较器98和滤波器100估计接收的移动单元的信号功率和需用于移动单元发射机的功率校正。该校正是用于在出界信道衰落的条件下维持希望的发射机功率电平，衰落条件对入界信道是共同的。
图4的发射调制器电路84提供低功率的IF频率扩频信号至变增益IF放大器104的一个输入端，放大器104的增益由来自处理器78(图4)的功率电平控制信号来控制。该功率电平控制信号来自闭环功率调整指令信号，该指令信号由网孔站发射，并由移动单元处理，如参照图4所描述的那样。
功率调整指令信号包括被存储在移动单元处理器中的一系列增加功率和降低功率的命令。移动单元控制处理器从增加控制电平设置开始到达一个正常值。每个功率上升命令增加的增益控制命令值，相应于放大器增益大约增加1dB。每个功率下降命令减少的增益控制命令值，相应于放大器增益大约减少1dB。增益控制命令作为功率电平控制信号在加到放大器104之前通过一个数/模(D/A)变换器(未示出)转换成模拟的形式。
移动单元参考功率电平可以存在控制处理器的存贮器中。在可供选择的方案中，移动单元参考功率电平可以包含在发送给移动单元的信号之内，该信号命令数据被数字数据接收器分离，并且被控制处理器译成设置电平。作为从控制处理器提供的该信号，在输入到比较器98之前，由一个数/模(D/A)变换器(未示出)进行变换。
放大器104的输出作为一个输入提供给放大器102。如前所述，放大器102也是一个具有按照来自滤波器100的功率电平控制信号确定增益的可变增益IF放大器。这样，用于发送的信号根据由功率电平控制信号设置的增益被放大。来自放大器102的被放大的信号输出进一步被放大并且频率被转换成用于发送的射频频率。然后该射频频率馈送到发送天线。
图6更详细地示出了如图3所示的网孔的功率控制原理图。在图6中，网孔接收由移动单元发送的信号。被接收的信号由网孔模拟接收器和相应于移动单元N的网孔处理。
在数字数据接收器(图3中的接收器56)中，被接收的模拟信号通过A/D转换器110从模拟转换成数字形式。来自A/D转换器的数字信号输出被提供到伪随机噪声(PN)相关器112，在相关器112中信号与PN发生器114提供的一个PN信号相关处理。PN相关器112的输出提供给一个快速Hadamard变换数字滤波器114，在该滤波器中信号被滤波。滤波器114的输出被提供给一个用户数据解码电路116，该电路116把用户数据提供给用户数字基带电路。解码器116提供最大的变换滤波器符号(Symbols)给功率平均器电路118。功率平均器电路利用公知的数字技术对超过一毫秒间隔的最大变换输出进行平均。
每个平均功率电平的指示信号是来自功率平均器118的输出，该指示信号提供给比较器120。该比较器120还接收一个指示期望的接收功率电平的功率电平设置信号。该期望的接收功率电平由网孔的控制处理器设置。比较器120比较这两个输入信号，并且提供一个指示平均功率电平与期望的功率电平的偏差的输出信号。该信号被输出给增加功率/降低功率命令发生器122。发生器122响应该比较结果，产生一个增加功率或降低功率的命令。功率命令发生器122提供该功率控制命令给网孔发送调制器，用于移动单元N的发射机功率的发送和控制。
如果在网孔接收的功率高于移动单元N期望的功率，那么就产生一个降低功率的命令并发送到移动单元N。但是，如果在网孔接收的功率太低，那么就产生一个增加功率的命令并且被发送。增加/降低的命令以高速率传送，在实施例中，通常每秒1,000条命令。以每个命令一比特，功率命令的整理操作(overhead)同一个高质量数字话音信号的比特率相比是不重要的。
功率调整命令反馈补偿入界信道的变化，这种变化是独立于出界信道的。这种独立的入界信道变化在出界信道是测量不到的。因而，基于出界信道的通路损耗估计和相应的发送器功率调整不能反映入界信道的变化。这样，功率调整命令反馈被用于补偿基于入界信道通路损耗的移动单元发送器功率的调整，这种入界信道损耗在出界信道是不存在。
在情况大大地改变之前，对于到达移动单元的命令最好的是使用闭环控制处理。本发明在网孔中提供了一种新颖和独特的功率控制电路，用于把测量和发送的延迟和等待时间减至最小。在移动单元中的功率控制电路(模拟控制并且数字命令响应)，在蜂窝状移动电话系统中提供了一种大大改进了的功率控制处理。
上述最佳实施例的提供能使技术熟练的人制造和使用本发明。对于技术熟练的人来说，上述实施例的各种改进将是不困难的，并且它的一般原理可以被应用到其他的方案中而无需进行创造。因此，本发明不受这里所示实施例限制的，但是，本发明能被应用到更广的范围，而与这里公开的原理和新颖的特征是不矛盾的。

Claims (6)

1.一种无线收发信机，它具有一个接收机(72，74)，用于接收和解调作为由一个网孔台(12，14)发送到一个特定用户的包含扩频信号(20a，22a，24a，26a)的出界信息和一个发射机(84)，用于发送一个包含扩频信号的入界(20b，22b，24b，26b)信息到所说的网孔站(12，14)，以便转送给另一个被要求的用户，所说的无线收发信机具有一个功率控制系统，对于所说的作为在所说的网孔台(12，14)接收的入界(20b，22b，24b，26b)扩频信号，用于控制发射机(84)信号功率在一个预定的电平，其特征在于，所说的功率控制系统包括：
耦合到所说的接收机(72，74)的控制处理器装置(78)，用于从所说的接收机(72，74)接收在所说的出界扩频信号(20a，22a，24a，26a)中传送的功率调整命令；相应于每个所说的功率调整命令，存储相对于一个预定的闭环功率电平值的数值；产生一个相应的闭环功率电平控制信号，所说的控制处理器(78)根据一个预定的开环功率电平值进一步用于产生一个开环功率电平信号；
有效地耦合到所说的发射机(84)的第一放大器装置(102)，用于接收所说的闭环功率电平控制信号，和以由所说的闭环功率电平控制信号决定的一个第一增益，放大入界扩频信号；
耦合到所说的接收机(72，74)的自动增益控制装置(96)，用于测量一个由所说的接收机(72，74)接收的信号的组合信号功率，并且提供一个相应的功率测量信号；
比较器装置(98)，用于接收和比较所说的功率测量信号和所说的开环功率电平信号，并且提供一个相应的比较信号；
滤波器装置(100)，用于接收所说的比较信号，非线性地限制所说的被接收的比较信号的变化率，并且提供一个相应的开环功率电平控制信号；和
有效地耦合到所说的发射机(84)的第二放大器装置(104)，用于接收所说的开环功率电平控制信号，和以由所说的开环功率电平控制信号决定的一个第二增益放大所说的入界扩频信号。
2.如权利要求1的无线收发信机，其特征在于，所说的接收机具有一个模拟接收机部分(72)和一个数字接收机部分(74)，耦合到所说的模拟接收机部分(72)的自动增益控制装置(96)用于测量所有被接收的出界扩频信号的宽带信号功率。
3.如权利要求1的无线收发信机，其特征在于，所说的滤波器装置(100)提供一个所说的比较信号增加的变化率，该增加的变化率大于所说的比较信号的减少变化率。
4.如权利要求1的无线收发信机，其特征在于，被测量信号功率的增加相当于所说的比较信号和相应的开环功率控制电平信号的增加，所说的第二放大器装置(104)对此作出响应，从而减少所说的第二增益；并且被测量信号功率的减少相当于所说的比较信号和相应的开环功率控制电平信号的减少，所说的第二放大器装置(104)对此作出响应，从而增加所说的第二增益。
5.如权利要求2的无线收发信机，其特征在于，所说的数字接收机部分(74)从所说的出界扩频信号(20a，22a，24a，26a)中提取所说的功率调整命令，并且所说的控制处理器装置(78)被耦合到所说的数字接收机部分(74)，用于接收所说的功率调整命令，以便产生所说的闭环功率电平控制信号，其中每个功率调整命令影响着一个所说的闭环功率电平控制信号的变化，所说的第一放大器装置(102)响应每一个所说的闭环功率电平控制信号的变化，以便提供一个相应的所说的第一增益的变化。
6.如权利要求5的无线收发信机，其特征在于，每个所说的第一增益的变化都相当于所说发射机(84)增益的一个预定分贝值的变化。
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CN1086895C (zh) 2002-06-26
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CN1090107A (zh) 1994-07-27
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AU6728390A (en) 1991-05-31
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