CN1113527C - 插入和提取数字水印的方法 - Google Patents

插入和提取数字水印的方法 Download PDF

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CN1113527C
CN1113527C CN97122207A CN97122207A CN1113527C CN 1113527 C CN1113527 C CN 1113527C CN 97122207 A CN97122207 A CN 97122207A CN 97122207 A CN97122207 A CN 97122207A CN 1113527 C CN1113527 C CN 1113527C
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CN1189042A (zh
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J·J·科克斯
M·L·米勒尔
田中和佳
若州丰
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NEC Embedded Products Ltd
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Abstract

包括图象、视频和音频数据的数据数字水印，通过分别插入水印到数据的分区或子图象中来完成。类似的，该水印分别被从数据的分段中提取出来。

Description

插入和提取数字水印的方法
本发明涉及包括图象、视频信号以及多媒体数据的数据数字水印(watermarking)。特别地，本发明涉及为了水印的目的对嵌入信号的插入和提取，这里的插入和提取过程被反复提供给数据的分区。当这些分区对应用于MPEG和JPEG压缩和解压的8×8象素块时，水印处理与这些压缩算法紧密耦合而实现了非常有效的计算量的节约。
数字化媒体的迅速扩散，正如图象、视频信号以及多媒体数据一样正在给防护系统建立一种需要，以方便资料源的鉴别。
内容提供者即数字数据形式成果的所有人，需要将信号放入视频信号/图象/多媒体数据里面，以后能够通过软件和/或硬件设备检测出来，达到鉴定版权所有权的授权、控制和管理的目的。
例如，一个代码信号可能被插入数据以指明该数据不能被拷贝。嵌入信号会保证图象的清晰度，增强通用信号转换且抗干扰。另外，必须对系统提供的数据速率加以考虑，尽管目前的要求是相当低的-每帧几个比特。
在美国专利申请No.08/534,894中，1995年9月28日提交，题名为“多媒体数据安全传播频谱水印”和转让给本发明的同一受让人，此处参照编入，它提出了一个安全传播频谱水印方法，该方法将一个水印信号嵌入一个图象的知觉标志区域，达到鉴别文本处理者和/或所有者的目的。这种方法的优点是水印非常难于去除。实际上，如果原始图象或数据适应于比较的话，这种方法只允许水印被读出。这是因为水印的原始频谱通过一个非线性倍增处理被整形为图象的频谱并且这一整形频谱在被匹配过滤检测之前必须被消除，并且水印被插入到N个最大的频谱系数中，在加上水印之后不保留它的秩序。由此，这种方法不允许软件和硬件装置直接读出嵌入信号。
在Cox以及其他人所著的题为“多媒体的安全频谱水印”的文章在http：//www.neci.nj.com/tr/index.html(No.95-10技术报告)中可得到，叙述了传播频谱水印，为了水印的目的给数字数据嵌入了一个伪随机噪声序列。
上面的先前水印提取技术需要从水印图象频谱里扣除初始图象频谱。当不能得到适用的初始图象或初始图象频谱时就限定了这种方法的使用。对要求读出嵌入信息决定那种仪器操作或拒绝操作的第三类仪器提供者而言，这种应用具有很大困难。
在R.D.Preuss以及其他人的题为“嵌入信号传输”的美国专利No.5,319,735里，数字信息被编码形成一代码符号序列。这个代码符号序列通过产生代表代码符号序列的一个对应传播频谱代码信号序列被嵌入一个音频信号里。代码信号的频率分量本质上限定于位于音频信号和代码信号连续部分的带宽内的一个预选信号传输带，代码信号连续部分对应于连续代码符号。在每个时间点，对应频率范围的音频信号频率分量电平的一个预选比例，音频信号被分成一个包含信号传输带的连续频率且代码信号被动态滤波作为一个分解函数提供具有各自频率分量电平的一个改进代码信号。这个改进代码信号和音频信号被组合以提供一个被嵌入数字信息的合成音频信号。这个音频分量当时被记录在一个记录媒体上或者另外提交给一个传输信道。这种处理方式的两个关键部分是频谱整形和频谱均衡，分别出现在插入和提取级，因此，允许提取嵌入信号而不进入未加水印的原始数据。
在美国专利申请No.08/708,331，1996、9、4提交，由Cox所著的题为“用于嵌入信号的一个传播频谱水印”里，此处结合参考，叙述了一种方法，不使用原始数据或未加水印的数据版，从加有水印的图象或视频信号里提取嵌入数据的水印。这个工作可以看作是Preuss以及其他人从音频范畴到图象和视频信号的原始工作的一个延伸。
这种为嵌入信号传输给一个图象和图象数据加水印的方法需要经过计算全部图象DCT(分离余弦转换)和其反变换。计算DCT最快的算法是NlogN倍，这里N是图象的象素量。然而，让N＝512×512，计算的需要量仍很高，实际上，假设编码和提取过程必须按视频信号速率出现，即是每秒30帧。这个方法大约是需要给MPEG解压计算的30倍。
完成实时视频信号水印的一个可行方法是给每个第Nth帧一个水印。然而，成果的所有者希望保护每一个视频信号帧。还有，如果知道那些帧包含了嵌入信号，很容易消除这些帧而在视频信号里丝毫看不见退化。
在美国专利申请No.08/715,953，1996、9、19提交由Cox所著的题为“使用MPEG/SPEG系数给图象数据加水印”里，此处结合参考，叙述了一种可能的方法，它是将水印插入n×n图象(子图象)块里，这里n＜＜N。此时，计算量是(N/n)nlogn＝Nlogn。
让N＝512×512＝218且n＝8×8＝26，渐进线的节约仅是因数3。然而，当考虑高速缓冲存储器、环路打开及其它因素出现时，在整个图象上计算DCT的传统花费可能很高。因此，实际的差别可以接近一个30包节约。更重要的，如果块的大小选为8×8，即是与MPEG图象压缩中使用的一样大小，此时，与那些MPEG压缩和解压算法紧密耦合水印插入和提取过程是可能的。那麽，由于大多数计算消耗涉及DCT及其反变换的计算和这些步骤已经象压缩和解压算法部分一样计算过了，可以大大降低计算量。此时，水印的增加成本很小，典型地低于与MPEG结合计算需要量的5％。
本发明通过与前述不同的方式在子图象里存储水印信息以及从子图象里提取水印信息，提高了08/715,953申请里叙述的发明的可靠性。
本发明通过系统地改变水印信号成分插入各子图像的顺序，通过只将水印信号的一部分插入每一个子图象，以及在水印检测期间，通过合并在子图象组中发现的水印信号，在测试与任何预先确定的水印的关系之前重构原始水印信号。
为了检测，一个反变换被提供给每一个子图象去重构存储在那个子图象里的水印信息。之后，结果信号一起被平均以重构整个水印，并且降低噪声。最后，这个重构的水印与一组预先设定的水印信号比较确定哪一个被插入图象。
本发明的一个首要目的是将水印的子集(SUBSET)插入到被加水印的数据分区的一个子集中。
本发明的另一个目的是提供一个数字水印系统，在这里通过从水印数据的分区里平均已打上水印的信号提取一个水印，且随后将结果信号相关联以确定水印。
本发明的再另一个目的是提供一个数字水印系统，在这里水印包括两个部分，一个校验部分以及一个同步部分，以便于提高水印的提取可靠性。
本发明进一步的其它目的将在结合附图的以下述叙述后变得更加直观。
图1是一个水印插入过程的一个示意框图；
图2是根据本发明表示一个水印插入过程的一个示意框图；
图3是一个水印提取过程的一个示意框图；
图4是根据本发明表示一个水印提取过程的一个示意框图；
图5是表示用于子图象矢量的一个折线图案的示意图；
图6是表示PN序列旋转的一个示意图；
图7是以平均项的空间关系表示一个8×8块的示意图；
图8是根据本发明表示插入水印的一种方法的一个示意框图；以及
图9是根据本发明表示提取水印的一种方法的一个示意框图。
现在参考图，尤其是图1到图4，表示用于在数字数据例如图象里插入和检测水印的一种普通方法的示意图。
在下面叙述里，将以图象数据或图象作为参考。当发明对图象数据和图象有应用性时，将会知道这里的叙述以及发明本身能平等地应用于视频信号、图象以及多媒体数据，并且，会知道术语“图象”和“图象数据”包括能应用的这些术语。按照此处所用，会知道“水印”包括嵌入数据、符号、图象、说明或其它指示信息。
在下面叙述里，将以美国专利申请No.08/534,894分别象INSERT-ORIGINAL和EXTRACT-ORIGINAL一样用于在图象里插入和提取或检测一个水印所叙述的过程为参考。将以美国专利申请No.08/708,331，1996、9、4提交，分别象INSERT-WHOLE和EXTRACT-WHOLE一样用于在图象里插入和提取或检测一个水印所叙述的过程为参考。并且，将以美国专利申请No.08/715,953分别象INSERT-MPEG-A和EXTRACT-MPEG-A一样用于在图象里插入和提取或检测一个水印所叙述的过程为参考。
图1表示一个将水印插入图象的INSRET-WHOLE过程的示意框图。从一个字母表选择的一个有限的序列符号里的水印，被提供作为一个误差校正编码器10的一个输入，编码器10将这个序列转换为包含冗余信息的另一个序列。编码器10的输出提供给一个PN变换器11，它将编码水印的每个符号变换成一个预先确定的伪随机噪声(PN)代码。PN变换器11的输出被提供给一个频谱转换器12，它将伪随机噪声序列转换到频域。优选的转换是通过分离余弦(DCT)变换，然而，快速FOURIER转换，子波型分离和类似的技术也可以用于频率转换。同时，被加上水印的数据被提供给另一个频谱转换器13。之后，两个频谱转换器12和13的输出被提供作为一个频谱形成电路14的输入，频谱形成电路14改进由频谱转换器12来的伪随机噪声代码的频谱特性，并在水印加给图象数据时掩蔽水印。由频谱转换器13来的被加上水印的已转换的频谱数据也被提供作为一个延迟器15的一个输入。之后，频谱形成电路14的输出在加法器16被加给延迟器15的输出。加法器的输出提供给一个反相转换器17。反相转换的结果是已加上水印的数据。
通过将已加上水印的数据分割成多重块，例如8×8象素子图象或子分区，INSERT-MPEG-A不同于INSERT-WHOLE。那麽，按照上述方法，每个数据块都有插入的水印。也就是说，对于每个8×8子图象或子分区，一个伪随机量(PN)序列在适当的频谱整形后被插入DCT系数。这个过程在所有那些子图象或分区里被重复。子图象或分区的大小最好是8×8，不过它也可以为其它大小，如2×2，3×3，4×4或16×16。
图2是根据本发明的教导表示一个水印插入过程的一个示意框图。按如与结合图1所述一样的方式通过误差校正编码器20、PN变换电路21、以及频谱转换电路22，水印信号被处理为一个噪声频谱信号。然而，与INSERT-WHOLE或INSERT-MPEG-A不同，此时的水印用作一个水印分段器23的输入，水印分段器23有计划地将水印分成几个子水印。原始水印的任何部分都可能冗余地出现在结果子水印的几个里。同时，已加上水印的数据被用作给数据分段器24的一个输入。分段器24将数据分成块或分区，如8×8子图象，象在INSERT-MPEG-A里的一样。每一个由水印分段器23输出的子水印通过水印插入器25a、25b等等中的一个插入一个数据块。水印插入器25a、26b等等的使用过程，与图1里结合水印插入器18的所述过程是一样的。也就是，在频谱整形后每个子水印被加在一个频谱转换数据块里，并且结果数据被转换到空间域。最后，从水印插入器25、26等等来的水印数据块通过数据组合电路26组合以产生水印数据。
图3表示EXTRACT-WHOLE过程的简要框图。该水印图象，视频信号或多媒体数据首先被输入到频谱归一化器30以消除任何在先完成的频谱形状。如果该数据包含一个水印，那麽频谱归一化器30的输出将与那个水印(该信号输入图1所示的频谱形成电路14)的PN代码的频谱变换相类似。频谱归一化器30的输出作为几个相关器31a、31b等等的一个输入，相关器31a、31b用代表编码的水印可能包含的不同符号的PN代码测试水印(即是，每个相关器测试一个通过如图1所示的PN变换电路11用来编码一个符号的一个PN代码)。相关器31a、31b的输出作为一个判定电路32的输入，判定电路32确定最可能的符号序列。最后，这个序列通过一个误差校正器33被校正，校正器33执行图1所示通过误差校正编码器10完成的反相编码。这个结果就是被提取的水印。
在EXTRACT-MPEG-A里，一个其中将提取水印的数据首先被分成几个块，如8×8子图象，正如在INSERT-MPEG-A里的一样。每个子图象来的信号被归一化作为类似于图3里相关器31a、31b的一组相关器的输入。相关器的输出与其它子图象里对应相关器的输出被平均，并且平均相关结果被输入给判定电路32用于按照上述的后面处理。
图4是根据本发明的教导表示一个水印提取过程的一个示意框图。已加上水印的数据首先被数据分段器40分成块。它们对应于图2里用于插入过程期间的数据分段器24。每个数据块提供给相关的频谱归一化器41a、41b等等，以产生类似于被插入相关数据块的子水印的一个信号。这些插入了子水印的信号被输入给水印组合电路42。在组合电路42里冗余地出现在几个子水印里的部分水印被平均以降低噪声。水印组合电路42的输出被作为一个符号分离器43的输入，符号分离器43将水印分成很多部分，且每一个对应编码水印信号(图2里误差校正编码器20的输出)的一个符号。
这些由分离器43来的符号作为相关的鉴别器44a、44b等等的输入，每一个鉴别器都包括一组相关器和判定电路，如图3所示。水印鉴别器的输出是从用于原始编码水印信号的字母里来的。已鉴别符号被符号组合电路45重新聚集成一个完全的编码水印。最后，编码水印结果被误差校正器46解码。
现在详细叙述插入和提取过程。在INSERT-ORIGINAL和EXTRACT-ORIGINAL里，目的是在提取时可得到原始的图象的时候将一个信号PN(伪随机值)序列嵌入一个图象里。与PN序列有关的信息被假定与原始图象和嵌入水印的频谱位置一起被存储在一个数据库里。水印单元的位置必须被记录，植入通过N最大系数接近N知觉最明显区。然而，对于加水印的过程这个秩序并不是不变的。N最大系数在插入水印前后可以不同。
为了解决这个问题，本发明在频谱的预先确定位置里安放了一个水印，典型地第一个N系数。然而，如果水印提供给普通的信号转换如象压缩、定标等等，尽管那些位置属于频谱最明显的区，任何预先确定的位置都能使用，
一般的说，嵌入的信息是一个从字母表A(即是二进制数字或ASCII符号)里取出的一m符号序列。这个数据补充以添加符号用于误差检测和校正。每个符号被扩展频谱调整，将每个符号变换成众所周知的一个小片(chip)的唯一的PN序列。每个小片上的比特数是预置的，小片越长，检测的信噪比越高，但这要牺牲信号带宽。
PN序列的能量频谱是白的，即是平坦的，并且，因此将被整形以与噪声一致，即被嵌入的水印的图象/视频信号/音频信号/或多媒体数据。这就是频谱整形，必须从先前方法里改进，这样提取过程不再需要原始图象。水印频谱的每个系数将被图象频谱系数里能量的局部平均定标而不是被系数本身，即
fi′＝fi+αavg(|fi|)Wi    (1)
平均计算是绝对系数值的平均而不是它们系数自身。这是有效地测定存在于每个频率的平均能量。另外一些计算平均的过程可能是，例如用几个帧或局部邻域的8×8块的平均来计算。
这个平均用几个方法获得。它可以是一个二维区的平均。另一方面，二维频谱可以被取样以形成一个一维向量并可形成一维局部平均。二维8×8DCT系数的一维向量已经作为MPEGII的部分完成。这个平均可以是一个简易的盒子或是通过邻域加权的平均。
对于视频数据，也能提供在几个帧里频谱系数的时间平均。然而，由于在提取器的频谱归一化级需要几个帧以计算平均，因此就不可能隔离保护各个视频帧。由于这个原因，本发明将视频信号作为一个很大一组静止图象来处理。以此方式，甚至各个视频帧的挎贝也被保护了。
为了提取水印，有必要执行频谱归一化，在这里前述的已执行频谱整形过程被反变换。在本发明里，原始的未加水印的信号是不能得到的。因此，频率系数的平均能量avg(|fi|)近似为已加水印信号的平均值avg(|fi|)。
avg(|fi|)≌avg(|fi′|)              (2)
由于αavg(|fi|)Wi＜＜fi，它接近与实际，此处Wi是水印分量，且α是典型值在0.1和0.01之间的一个常数。
之后，归一化级将接收信号里的每个系数(fi′)除以邻域里的平均值avg(|fi’|)。
这就是 f i ′ avg ( | f i ′ | ) = f i + αavg ( | f i | ) W i avg ( | f i ′ | ) = f i avg ( | f i ′ | ) + α W i - - - ( 3 )
第一项，等式(3)的右边(RHS)，
Figure C9712220700132
被认为是一个噪声项。该项在美国专利申请No.08/534,894所述系统里不存在，因为利用了未加水印的系数，可以消除这项。第二项，αwi是现在能用常规相关检测的原始水印信号。
如果水印能从任何单个的8×8块里提取出来，检波器的可靠性就非常低。然而，如果从每个8×8块提取出来的水印首先被加在一起并且已平均水印被提供给相关器，那麽就可得到优秀的响应特性。这点不同于美国专利申请No.08/715,953所述的方法，它里面相关产生在每个块内并且每个相关器的输出被一起平均。本发明找到了提高检测响应和有效地降低了与每个块相关的所需计算量。
实际上本发明更优选地对字母表里的每个符号有一个唯一PN序列。这种方法能相对稳定地限幅，因为检波器的输出随图象里的8×8子图象块量线性地减少。对于已嵌入用于APS(模拟保护系统)和CGMS(拷贝操作管理系统)的信号的DVD(数字视频盘片)，将有一个8或16PN序列的总量。
在512×512图象里8×8块的量是4096，假设将16个符号中超过一个符号嵌入一个图象或一个视频信号帧里。例如，假定所述是将128个符号中一个嵌入一个图象里。有必要完成128个并行相关。计算上可以处理，但是植入每个相关仪器的硬件会变得复杂的多。另一个可能的方法是只用两个二进制符号。把超过一个PN序列和每个二进制符号或位联系起来以便故意地增加消除水印的难度会更好。在这种情况，只有两个相关器且一个二进制串可被嵌入图象。由于检测器输出低，原始位误差率将会很高。然而，用误差校正代码能够降低可接收的水平，例如Reed-Solomon(RS)。RS代码能够稳定地破坏由于图象的限定可能出现的突发误差。也可使用其它误差校正代码。
当使用这种方法的时候，接收机有必要知道编码块的开始地址。开始地址可能不明显，特别是在图象已经受到限位的支配时。然而，也可使用常规的同步方法；如在每个块前加上一个特别的或唯一的符号或符号串。
为了插入一个水印，每个8×8块被看作一个单独的子图象或分区。子图象的DCT被计算且两维DCT在图5所示的折线特性曲线里被矢量向，尽管其它特性曲线也是可能的。这两级指定了多数计算但仍是部分MPEG编码过程。下面，用前面的等式1，一个PN噪声序列{W1，111，Wn}被插入DCT系数。PN序列的长度不能大于64(在一个8×8块里)且一般更短些，在11到25的范围里。如果一个单独的代码被插入图象，那麽相同的PN序列也被插入每个720×480/64-5400个块里。然而，在这个过程这个位置可能会有一个变化。在每行。块内，PN序列按照先前插入序列块的一个频率系数周期地旋转。类似地，PN序列按照一个频率系数在每个新行周期地旋转。图6是旋转的顺序。
这些旋转或移动的目的是改善水印提取级的响应特性。早期设备显示某些DCT系数的估值比其它的要困难得多。这些系数所在的地址从图象到图象变化。然而，在一个图象之内，系数可以一贯地弱。自然，没有移动的话，一个或多个已估值的水印系数相对其它水印系数可能显著地劣化，因此，就降低了检测器的效能。相反地，移位有效地降低了弱的DCT系数对单个水印系数的影响，并且检测器的效能明显地提高。注意，任何周期案都可以使用。
一旦水印的旋转发生，进一步的改进更具用途。首先，水印的长度现在可以比64大得多。其次，对于每个块，仅有水印(假定为5)系数的一个小子集被插入第一个5DCT系数(除去d.c项)。由于旋转，一个不同的水印子集被插入相邻的8×8块里。最后，具有总成的水印插入，MPEG编码器就能继续进行后面的压缩级。
注意，水印也可以在MPEG量化级后被插入以减少水印的失真。MPEG-2完成被称为“画折线(Zigzagging)”的一个一维矢量化，它允许一个简单的3×1盒子在系数(除去d.c项)上完成平均。
实际上，如果用最靠近d.c项的2个四连接系数来执行平均计算，则性能还会提高，如图7所示上面左边的两个系数。
水印检测首先用等式1从每个8×8的块里提取PN噪声序列开始。对于每个块，PN序列按照一个频率系数周期地在相反方向移动位置，并计算所有块的平均值。实际上，这个过程可以递增计算并且不需要所有提取水印的临时存储器。也可以提供一个加权平均计算，此处的权是根据它们对一个普通信号变换如低通滤波器里的转换灵敏度来确定的。最后，平均水印经由相关器与原始PN序列相比较。在列方向移动水印的原因现在是很明显的。如果图象被限定在一个随机的块范围内，那麽已计算的平均水印将按一个量简单旋转，这就是一个限定一个部分图象地址的函数。相关能在所有水印的排列(典型地，11到25)上完成。由相关器输出的最大值用于判决。提取级在图4里叙述。读出水印所有旋转的最大相关输出能使判定电路出现噪声。为了改善这点，水印被分成两片，一个同步部分，长度是K以及一个一个鉴别部分N-K。那麽，当水印象以前那样被提取的时候，相关首先仅在这个水印的同步部分的所有旋转里被执行。最大相关输出被标记，然后水印的鉴别部分旋转对应的量并在水印的鉴别部分完成第二个相关。这个过程极大地改善了系统的整个可靠性。在实验的过程中，发现一些水印比同样图象里的另外一些水印完成得好。这是由在水印的同步和鉴别部分二者之间的相关统计的变化引起的。理想地，这两个部分有非常低的相关。然而，在水印性能差的几种情况里，是由于两个部分间的意外相关造成的。
本发明提供了一种改进的加数字水印的方法，水印的提取需要原始数据从而在没有未加水印或原始数据里能启动水印提取。本发明最好使用MPEG/JPEG系数。一个图象典型地被分为8×8块子图象或分区并且每个子图象被处理并组合结果得到提取的水印。这个结果是有非常高可靠性的水印的提取。
上述发明提高了先前技术：INSERT-WHOLE，INSERT-MPEG-A，EXTRACT-WHOLE，以及EXTRECT-MPEG-A算法，对本领域技术人员显而易见的是，同样的提高可以提供给用于在图象数据里插入和提取水印的任何算法。本发明更全面的观点如图8和9所示。
图8表示一个用于插入水印的普通方法的流程框图。这个普通方法使用了基于非数据块的水印插入算法，此后称作“基础插入算法”。水印编码器80将水印变换为一种适应基础插入算法的格式。例如，如果基础算法象图1所示那样，那麽水印编码器80对应水印编码器19，包括误差校正编码器10，PN变换电路11，以及频谱转换器12。然而，如果使用不同基础插入算法，那麽水印编码器80可以完成水印的不同转换。从水印编码器80来的编码水印被输入给水印分段器81，水印分段器81将水印分成一组子水印。原始水印的任何部分都可能冗余地出现在几个结果子水印里。待加上水印的数据输入给数据分段器82，数据分段器82将数据分成分区。每个分水印通过水印插入器83a，83b等被插入一个相应的数据分区。水印插入器执行基础插入算法，那样，如果基础插入算法象图1所示那样，那麽每个水印插入器83a，83b等，对应水印插入器18，包括一个频谱转换器13，一个频谱形成电路14，一个延迟器15，一个加法器16，以及一个反变换器17。然而，如果使用不同基础插入算法，那麽水印插入器83a，83b等可以使用插入子水印到被加水印的分区的不同方法。水印插入器的输出被组合在组合器84里以提供加上水印的数据。
图9表示一个对应普通的提取算法的流程框图。这个算法使用“基础提取算法”，对应于在将水印插入到被加上水印(图8)的数据里使用的基础插入算法。图9里的算法实际上与图4所示的算法是一样，除了在通常情况下频谱归一化器41a等被水印提取器91a等代替执行基础提取算法以外。这就是，如果使用的基础插入算法是图1所示的算法，则在图9中的水印提取器91a等将是图4中的归一化器41a等。
至此，已经图示及描述了一种用于插入水印和从已加水印的数据中提取水印的、不使用数据的未加水印版本的一种系统，对本领域的技术人员来说，在不背离随后所附的权利要求所限定的本发明的精神和教导的情况下，可以作出各种改变和变形。

Claims (28)

1.一种用于向待加水印的数据中插入水印信号的方法包括以下步骤：
将待加水印的数据分成多个分区；
在每个分区中计算待加水印的频率系数；
通过将水印信号变换为PN(伪随机噪声)序列对要插入的水印信号进行扩播频谱调制；
将PN序列作为数据的每个频率系数的平均功率函数进行频谱整形；以及
将每个频谱整形后的PN序列插入每个分区的数据中预定的系数。
2.如权利要求1所述的用于向待加水印的数据中插入水印信号的方法，特征在于所述的插入是在数据经过MPEG量化处理后被执行。
3.如权利要求1所述的用于向待加水印的数据中插入水印信号的方法，特征在于所述的频率系数是DCT(离散余弦变换)系数。
4.如权利要求3所述的用于向待加水印的数据中插入水印信号的方法，特征在于所述的分区是8×8的象素块。
5.如权利要求4所述的用于向待加水印的数据中插入水印信号的方法，特征在于所述的插入是在数据经过MPEG量化处理后被执行。
6.如权利要求1所述的用于向待加水印的数据中插入水印信号的方法，特征在于所述的分区是8×8的象素块。
7.如权利要求6所述的用于向待加水印的数据中插入水印信号的方法，特征在于所述的插入是在数据经过MPEG量化处理后被执行。
8.如权利要求6所述的用于向待加水印的数据中插入水印信号的方法，特征在于所述的水印信号的频率系数在将每个频谱整形PN序列插入到该分区之前旋转(ROTATED)。
9.如权利要求8所述的用于向待加水印的数据中插入水印信号的方法，特征在于所述的插入是在数据经过MPEG量化处理后被执行。
10.如权利要求8所述的用于向待加水印的数据中插入水印信号的方法，特征在于只有水印信号频率系数的一个子集(SUBSET)被插入到任何一个分区中。
11.如权利要求10所述的用于向待加水印的数据中插入水印信号的方法，特征在于所述的水印信号包括同步部分和鉴别部分。
12.如权利要求11所述的用于向待加水印的数据中插入水印信号的方法，特征在于所述的插入是在数据经过MPEG量化处理后被执行。
13.如权利要求11所述的用于向待加水印的数据中插入水印信号的方法，特征在于同步部分和鉴别部分在相互之间有很少的相关。
14.如权利要求1所述的用于向待加水印的数据中插入水印信号的方法，特征在于作为平均功率的函数的频谱整形是典型通过二维频率系数的Z字形变换(zigzagging)而从一维向量获得的系数的3×1窗口。
15.如权利要求1所述的用于向待加水印的数据中插入水印信号的方法，特征在于的频谱整形是基于与DC项最接近的两个四连接频谱系数的一个平均功率函数。
16.一种用于从向已加水印的数据中提取水印的方法，包括以下步骤：
接收已加水印的数据的分区；
对来自每个分区的水印数据进行频谱归一化以产生各自的归一化信号；
将来自每个分区的各自的归一化信号进行组合以产生一个单个水印；
用相应于预定符号的预定PN(伪随机噪声)序列对该单个水印进行相关以对在每个分区中的每个预定PN序列提供相关信号；
确定哪一个相关信号与当前的符号最接近；以及
提取与水印对应的最可能的当前符号的序列。
17.如权利要求16所述的用于从已加水印的数据中提取水印的方法，特征在于的分区是用于MPEG编码和解码的8×8的块。
18.如权利要求17所述的用于从已加水印的数据中提取水印的方法，特征在于所述的将来自每个分区的归一化信号进行组合以产生一个单个水印，包括去除块之间的水印的相对旋转。
19.如权利要求18所述的用于从已加水印的数据中提取水印的方法，特征在于还包括随后的对插入到每个块中的部分水印的重组。
20.如权利要求19所述的用于从已加水印的数据中提取水印的方法，特征在于进一步包括以频率频谱之内的地址为基础加权水印系数，这里的加权是一个每个频率系数对普通信号转换的灵敏度的函数。
21.如权利要求16所述的用于从已加水印的数据中提取水印的方法，进一步包括对提取水印的所有旋默许多位相互关联和选择最大值。
22.如权利要求16所述的用于从已加水印的数据中提取水印的方法，特许征在于进一步包括对水印的同步部分的所有旋转移位进行相关以确定最大值和随后对水印的鉴别部分旋转一个与同步部分旋转的相同的量，以在鉴别部分和预定PN序列进行相关之前获得该最大值。
23.如权利要求16所述的用于从已加水印的数据中提取水印的方法，特征在于：所述确定哪一个相关信号与在每一个分区中的当前的符号最接近的步骤用于提供一个提取的符号流；然后对提取的符号流误差校正。
24.如权利要求23所述的用于从已加水印的数据中提取水印的方法，特征在于所述误差校正是Reed Solomon误差校正。
25.一种用于向待加水印的数据中插入水印信号的方法，包括以下步骤：
将待加水印的数据分成多个分区；
将水印信号分成多个子水印，特征在于水印的部分包含在一个以上的子水印中；以及
将所述的多个子水印插入到所述的多个分区中。
26.如权利要求25所述的用于向待加水印的数据中插入水印信号的方法，特征在于每个子水印被插入相应的分区，因此每个分区包含至少一个子水印。
27.一种用于从已加水印的数据中提取水印的方法，包括以下步骤：
接收水印的数据的多个分区；
从所述多个分区的每个分区中提取子水印；以及
将从所有分区提取的子水印进行组合和平均，以获得一个与该水印信号相当的信号。
28.如权利要求27所述的用于从已加水印的数据中提取水印的方法，还包括以下步骤：
将与该水印信号相当的信号分成多个符号信号；
用一组预定信号相关每个符号信号；
确定哪个预定信号与每个符号信号最相应；以及
组合该最相应的符号信号以产生水印信号。
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