CN1068198A - 可变形镜光闸装置 - Google Patents

可变形镜光闸装置 Download PDF

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CN1068198A
CN1068198A CN92103085A CN92103085A CN1068198A CN 1068198 A CN1068198 A CN 1068198A CN 92103085 A CN92103085 A CN 92103085A CN 92103085 A CN92103085 A CN 92103085A CN 1068198 A CN1068198 A CN 1068198A
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CN1041020C (zh
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米歇尔·A·米尼亚尔
杰佛尼·B·桑普塞尔
玛克·博伊塞尔
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Texas Instruments Inc
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G02B6/3596With planar waveguide arrangement, i.e. in a substrate, regardless if actuating mechanism is outside the substrate
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24Coupling light guides
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B26/00Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements
    • G02B26/08Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light
    • G02B26/0816Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light by means of one or more reflecting elements
    • G02B26/0833Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light by means of one or more reflecting elements the reflecting element being a micromechanical device, e.g. a MEMS mirror, DMD
    • G02B26/0841Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light by means of one or more reflecting elements the reflecting element being a micromechanical device, e.g. a MEMS mirror, DMD the reflecting element being moved or deformed by electrostatic means
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G02B6/354Switching arrangements, i.e. number of input/output ports and interconnection types
    • G02B6/35442D constellations, i.e. with switching elements and switched beams located in a plane
    • G02B6/35481xN switch, i.e. one input and a selectable single output of N possible outputs
    • G02B6/35521x1 switch, e.g. on/off switch
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G02B6/351Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements
    • G02B6/353Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements the optical element being a shutter, baffle, beam dump or opaque element
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G02B6/3564Mechanical details of the actuation mechanism associated with the moving element or mounting mechanism details
    • G02B6/3568Mechanical details of the actuation mechanism associated with the moving element or mounting mechanism details characterised by the actuating force
    • G02B6/357Electrostatic force
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G02B6/3564Mechanical details of the actuation mechanism associated with the moving element or mounting mechanism details
    • G02B6/3584Mechanical details of the actuation mechanism associated with the moving element or mounting mechanism details constructional details of an associated actuator having a MEMS construction, i.e. constructed using semiconductor technology such as etching

Abstract

一种装置,它包括一含有一电极(38a、38b)及电 极和一可单独偏移的元件(32)之间的间隙的微型机 械开关,上述偏移元件(32)有一连在它下面的垂直光 闸(40),当电极被寻址时,可偏移元件(32)的运动引 起光闸升高或降低。这样一种装置可起开关作用。 它公开了一种使用在波导中的实施例及制造方法。

Description

本发明涉及一种与可变形镜装置(DMD8)基本上相似的结构,特别涉及一种具有可单独偏移的元件的装置。
可变形镜装置(DMD8)通常由一悬挂在一阵列或一系列电极之上的反射表面组成。在一些情况下,反射表面是一薄膜,本发明涉及的DMD8的类型是另一种。它的反射表面分成若干可单独控制的镜片,这些镜片互相分离,
这些DMD8通常是这样制成的:在一基底上构成一电极阵列;用一聚合物间隔层覆盖该电极阵列;用金属覆盖上述间隔层;而该金属被制成图案,以便构成入口孔及构成单个镜片和铰链(hing);然后将该间隔层蚀刻掉并留下间隔层的某些部分以支持镜金属。在一些DMD结构中,全部间隔层都被去除,而用金属柱来支持镜片。这样构成的单独镜片包括一寻址电极,至少一个支持柱和悬挂在电极上的空气隙之上的一个镜片。
这类装置的一些结构是悬臂梁,扭转梁和挠曲梁。悬臂梁DMD有一支持在它的一边的镜片。该镜片由一个薄的铰链(支点)支持着,以便其有运动的自由度。当空气隙下面的电极被用电气方式寻址时,该镜片被静电作用吸向电极并依靠它的铰链向下偏移。扭转梁DMD由布置在镜片两边的两个铰链支持着。这种典型的DMD有两个寻址电极。当其中一个电极被寻址时,镜片被静电作用吸向那个电极,从而引起该镜片倾斜到设有寻址的电极的那一边,并绕由上述两铰链所确定的中央梁发生扭转。挠曲梁DMD有四个铰链,各设在四个边的一边。当设置在该挠曲梁的正下方的一个电极被寻址时,镜片以活塞运动那样的方式偏移。
这些装置可在许多领域里应用,例如打印机、显示系统、交换网络及其它许多方面。DMD装置的结构可广泛应用作为开关或控制器。
本发明的目的和优点很明显,且在以后的描述中将部分表现出来,本发明是通过提供一种提升或降低一金属光闸(Shutter)的结构来完成的。该结构由一基底(基片)、一电极和一悬挂在该电极之上的空气隙的上方的可反射光的金属元件组成。该金属元件有一固定于其上的垂直结构。当该电极被寻址时,上述金属元件偏移,同时引起上述附着的垂直结构与金属元件一起运动。
该装置是按下列步骤制造的:在一基底上构成一电极;用一有机聚合物间隔层覆盖该晶片;在上述间隔层上制作图案并用金属覆盖;在该金属上制作图案并蚀刻以构成铰链(转动支点)和可动的金属元件,该金属元件包括垂直地固定于其上的结构;然后该薄片被分割且去除阻隔层以便金属元件在空气隙上运动。
图1是表示制造光闸装置的流程图;
图2a是表示一扭转梁光闸装置的顶视图;
图2b是光闸在上方时扭转梁装置的侧视图;
图2c是光闸在下方时扭转梁装置的侧视图;
图3a是表示另一种扭转梁光闸装置的侧视图;
图3b是另一种扭转梁光闸装置的顶视图;
图4a表示一挠曲梁光闸装置的侧视图;
图4b表示一桡曲梁光闸装置的顶视图;
图5a是一悬臂梁光闸装置的顶视图;
图5b是一悬臂梁光闸装置的侧视图;
图6是一用来作为波导开关的光闸装置的截面图;
图7a是制造金属光闸装置的另一种流程图;以及
图7b表示另一种光闸装置。
基本的DMD结构可作改变以用于多种目的。因为它容易偏移,所以特别适用于作为可控制的光闸装置,该装置有一垂直结构固定于金属元件的下面或顶面,它随着金属元件运动而运动。为了构成叫做光闸的垂直结构,DMD的制造过程需作一些变动。
图1表示制造过程的流程图。在步骤10,必须确定该光闸装置是否用在波导中,因为用于波导的装置要求的最初制造步骤不同。如果回答是“否”,则通过线路12直接进行步骤14。在步骤14,在基底上构成电极,该基底可以是硅或砷化镓。电极能通过许多方法形成,其中之一是通过淀积一金属层,在其上制作图案再蚀刻这一系列步骤完成。其它方法包括在多晶硅上形成电极以及扩散或移植形成电极。电极形成之后,则该过程进行步骤16,步骤16是用一聚合物间隔层复盖该薄片。作为该步骤的一部分,根据装置的类型,聚合物上可制成图案,以便当金属沉淀在它上面时,可形成支持柱和光闸。下一个步骤18是通过沉淀金属层,制作图案和蚀刻,来形成金属元件、铰链和光闸。第一层金属是制铰链用的薄层。该薄层也填充沟道以便形成柱,(如果要用支柱的话),并填充局部沟道以形成光闸。然后用二氧化硅覆盖该薄金属层,上述二氧化硅被制成图案以便覆盖铰链。一厚金属层然后被设置并用二氧化硅遮掩以形成金属元件。最后,整个结构被蚀刻并且除了在第二个掩模留下来限定金属元件的地方以外,厚金属被去除。除了在留下的厚金属的下面以及铰链被遮掩的地方以外,薄金属都被去除。光闸可相对于金属元件梁有各种不同的取向。其中一些取向是垂直的、对角线、偏心的和不偏心的。其中一些以后将作讨论。如果该装置使用沟道,那么铰链/梁金属会充填它们,构成支持柱。在步骤20,可能通过锯开晶片而将该晶片分成许多单个装置。晶片被分割后,聚合物间隔层在步骤22中被去除。如果希望得到带有金属支持柱的结构,全部聚合物间隔层都应被去除。如果没有制成沟道图案,那么一部分聚合物间隔层将留下来去支持金属元件。这样就允许金属元件在将它们与电极分离开的空气隙上方自由移动。最后,在步骤23,该装置被封装。另一条可采用的路径是24,这是如果光闸装置是用在波导中的情形。该过程是通过路径24从步骤10进行到步骤26。在步骤26,波导的较低层在基底上形成。在步骤28,形成波导芯层,接着步骤30形成较上层。较上的波导层被制成图案,在波导芯层蚀刻一间隙。然后该过程延续到步骤14,按照上面描述过的过程进行。两种最终结构之间差别仅是:第一结构的DMD的光闸悬挂在基底一电极的上方;第二结构的DMD的光闸悬挂在一电极的上方,使得该光闸在电极被寻址时进入波导间隙。
图2a表示一扭转梁光闸装置的顶视图。金属元件32由铰链36a和36b悬挂在寻址电极38a和38b的上方。铰链36a和36b本身分别由柱34a和34b支持着,在该例子中,金属光闸40悬挂在波导42中的间隙44的上方,该装置的侧视图如图2b所示。金属元件32在该状态下没被寻址,此时光闸40悬在波导间隙44之上。当图2b中被波导42遮住的寻址电极38b被寻址时,金属元件向电极偏转,同时使光闸40降低到波导间隙44内,如图2c所示。这样可阻止任何光通过波导间隙传输,因而该装置象一接通/断开的开关一样工作。另外,DMD光闸可装配得使其在未寻址状态下,光闸处在波导间隙内(即“切断”)。在该情况下,当在金属元件与光闸相对的另一侧的电极38a被寻址时,金属元件向另一面倾斜,从而使光闸升出波导间隙,这样寻址状态下可使光通过该间隙而传输(即“接通”)。
另外,该装置能以模拟方式工作。光闸偏移的距离能由加到寻址电极上的电压量控制。采用该方法,光闸能部分降低以便采用模拟方式限制传输的光量到任何一水平,即从全部传输到完全切断。该方法与先前的寻址方法有差别,原先方法的传输衰减是数字化的,即只有全部通过或切断。
图3a表示扭转梁光闸装置的另一个实施例。在该结构中,铰链36a和36b的轴垂直于波导42的轴。光闸44也垂直于波导42的轴,但仍悬挂在间隙44之上。图3b是表示寻址电极38b位置的顶视图。与上面讨论的结构相似,当电极38b被寻址时,光闸从未编址的“接通”(ON)状态倾斜到波导42中,充填间隙44,阻碍光的传输,变成“切断”(OFF)状态。
图4a是表示桡曲梁光闸装置。金属元件32对角线悬挂在间隙之上,并由四个铰链支持。从顶视图4b看到光闸40在金属元件32中央。光闸40垂直于波导42中的间隙44悬挂。注意这里仅有一个寻址电址电极38,它位于金属元件下面的大部分区域。当电极38被寻址时,金属元件依靠它的铰链46a、46b、46c和46d向下移动,这样就象先前的装置那样,使光闸40进入间隙44。
另一个实施例是悬臂梁光闸装置,如图5a表示。铰链36仅支持金属元件32的一边。电极与桡曲梁的电极相似,它位于金属元件下面的大部分区域,图5b是该装置的侧视图。而且,悬臂梁光闸装置的运行方式与先前描述的其它装置相似。
图2a、2b和2c的扭转梁光闸/波导装置的中央的截面图如图6所示。层48是基底上形成的较底层。波导芯层50在较低层的上方。较上层52建在该芯层之上。寻址电极38a和38b在该实施例中是在层52的上。电极也可放在其他地方,只要它们与金属元件相近,并能引起它们偏转。光闸40从金属元件42下垂至间隙44。跨越间隙54的距离能被做到所需的任何尺寸。在一具体的实施例中,间隙是1μm宽。芯层52由一0.25μm厚的Si3N4层组成。夹在两层2.5μm厚的SiO2层之间。另一个可能的结构是光闸设置在元件的上方,而不是悬挂在元件的下面。该实施例能被适用于上面讨论的任何一种装置。这种变换的结构如图7a的扭转梁所示。可动的金属元件在其上方有光闸结构40,在该实施例中,波导42的轴是在金属元件结构的一边。当电极38a被用电的方式寻址时,金属元件向它倾斜,将光闸40降低使其进入间隙44。如上面所讨论,该装置也能以模拟方式工作,其中倾斜的距离即光通过的量由所加电压的量控制。
图7b是光闸设置的装置上表面的光电栅装置制造过程的流程图。除了在三个主要流程步骤上,该流程基本上与图1所示的流程相似。在图7b中,第一个区别是在步骤56,该步骤将间隔层覆盖到晶片上。如果需要的话在阻隔层上可制作带有供淀积支柱用的沟道的图案。如图1中所示的那样。用于淀积光闸的局部沟道可省略。在该实施例中,光闸并不悬挂在金属元件的下方。下一个差别在步骤58,此时,形成铰链和元件。在图1中,铰链,元件和光闸可通过设置一薄的金属层,在其上加掩模,设置一厚的金属层,再在其上加掩模,然后蚀刻所有金属来形成。本过程除了第一层不充填局部沟道以形成光闸外,其余与图1所示的过程相似。另外,金属层的最后蚀刻并不在此步骤完成。步骤60可加入到图1的过程中。因为此时光闸仍然没有形成。因此这个步骤是必需的。在步骤58中形成的金属层由薄金属、掩模、厚金属和另一掩模所组成。但还没有进行蚀刻。在步骤60,可沉积另一金属层并加上掩模以形成光闸。然后所有的三个金属层和掩模被蚀刻掉。在光闸处留下三层,在金属元件处留下两层,而在铰链处留下一层。每一层的厚度可调整以形成一最佳结构。
本结构作为一开关的应用已越出波导的范围。在其它许多方面也可应用该类型的装置。该结构的切换速度和紧凑性使得它优于目前使用的许多微型机械开关。
这样,尽管至此只对DMD光闸装置的一特别的实施例作了描述。这些具体的说明并不是作为下列权利要求书所保护的本发明的范围的限制。

Claims (38)

1、一种可偏移装置,其特征在于它包括:
a.一基底;
b.一在上述基底上形成的电极;
c.至少一个在上述电极的旁边、且在上述基底上形成的支持结构;
d.一位于上述电极上方、与支持结构相连接的可动金属元件;
e.一在上述电极和上述元件之间的空气间隙;以及
f.一与上述元件相连接的垂直结构。
2、如权利要求1所述的装置,其特征在于上述基底是硅。
3、如权利要求1所述的装置,其特征在于上述基底是砷化镓。
4、如权利要求1所述的装置,其特征在于上述电极是金属。
5、如权利要求1所述的装置,其特征在于上述电极是多晶硅。
6、如权利要求1所述的装置,其特征在于上述支持结构包含一金属柱。
7、如权利要求1所述的装置,其特征在于上述支持结构由有机聚合物构成。
8、如权利要求1所述的装置,其特征在于上述表面通过一铰链与上述支持结构相连接。
9、如权利要求1所述的装置,其特征在于上述表面通过两个铰链与上述支持结构相连接。
10、如权利要求1所述的装置,其特征在于上述表面与上述支持结构通过四个铰链相连接。
11、一种制造方法,其特征在于它包括:
a.在一基底上形成电极;
b.用聚合物间隔层覆盖上述电极;
c.在上述间隔层上制作图案;
d.在上述间隔层上形成金属层;
e.在上述金属层上制作图案,以便形成铰链、金属元件和垂直地固定于上述金属元件的底面的结构;
f.将上述基底分割成许多单个装置;
g.从上述装置中去除一部分间隔层;以及
h.封装上述单个装置。
12、如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于上述形成电极的步骤包括沉积金属、在其上制作图案和蚀刻该金属。
13、如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于上述形成电极的步骤包括将某种材料扩散进去以作为电极。
14、如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于上述形成电极的步骤包括用多晶硅形成电极。
15、如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于上述在所述间隔层上制作图案的步骤包括在上述间隔层上制作带有局部沟道的图案。
16、如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于上述形成金属层的步骤包括在上述垫片上淀积金属。
17、如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于上述形成一金属层的步骤包括在上述间隔层上淀积上述金属之前,在上述间隔层上制作带有沟道的图案。
18、如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于上述分割步骤包括锯开上述晶片。
19、如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于上述去除步骤包括基本上去除全部间隔层。
20、如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于上述去除步骤包括去除一部分间隔层且留下一部分上述间隔层作为支持结构。
21、一种可偏移装置,其特征在于它包括:
a.一基底;
b.一在上述基底上的下包层;
c.一在上述下包层上的波导芯层;
d.一在上述波导芯层上的上包层;
e.一包含一金属元件和一固定于上述金属元件的垂直结构的可变形金属元件结构;上述结构悬挂在上述波导芯层的上方,并与上述芯层由一空气间隙隔开;以及
f.一用来对上述金属元件进行电气寻址的与上述空气间隙相邻的电极。
22、如权利要求21所述的装置,其特征在于上述基底是硅。
23、如权利要求21所述的装置,其特征在于上述下包层是氧化硅。
24、如权利要求21所述的装置,其特征在于上述波导芯层是四氮化三硅。
25、如权利要求21所述的装置,其特征在于上述上包层是氧化硅。
26、一种制造方法,其特征在于,它包括:
a.在一基底上形成一电极;
b.用一聚合物间隔层覆盖上述电极;
c.在上述间隔层上形成一金属层;
d.在金属层上制作图案以形成铰链和金属元件;
e.在上述金属层上形成一金属光闸层;
f.在上述光闸层上制作图案;
g.去除一部分上述金属层和上述光闸层;
h.将上述基底分割成许多单个装置;
i.从上述装置中去除一部分上述间隔层;以及
j.封装上述单个装置。
27、如权利要求26所述的方法,其特征在于上述形成电极的步骤包括淀积金属、在其上制作图案和蚀刻该金属。
28、如权利要求26所述的方法,其特征在于上述形成电极的步骤包括将某种材料扩散进去,以作为一电极。
29、如权利要求26所述的方法,其特征在于上述形成电极的步骤包括用多晶硅构成上述电极。
30、如权利要求26所述的方法,其特征在于上述形成电极的步骤包括在上述间隔层上淀积金属。
31、如权利要求26所述的方法,其特征在于上述形成金属层的步骤包括在上述间隔层上淀积上述金属层之前在上述间隔层上制作带有沟道的图案。
32、如权利要求26所述的方法,其特征在于上述在上述金属层上制作图案的步骤包括在上述金属层上加掩模。
33、如权利要求26所述的方法,其特征在于上述形成上述光闸金属层包括在上述金属层上淀积上述光闸层。
34、如权利要求26所述的方法,其特征在于在上述光闸层上制作图案包括在上述光闸层上加掩模。
35、如权利要求26所述的方法,其特征在于上述去除部分上述光闸层和金属层的步骤包括蚀刻上述层。
36、如权利要求26所述的方法,其特征在于上述分割步骤包括锯开上述晶片。
37、如权利要求26所述的方法,其特征在于上述去除步骤包括基本上去除全部间隔层。
38、如权利要求26所述的方法,其特征在于上述去除步骤包括去除一部分上述间隔层并留下一部分间隔层作为支持结构。
CN92103085A 1991-04-26 1992-04-23 可变形镜光闸装置 Expired - Fee Related CN1041020C (zh)

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US07/691,920 US5226099A (en) 1991-04-26 1991-04-26 Digital micromirror shutter device
US691,920 1991-04-26

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