CN1062637C - 在钻孔中形成套管的方法 - Google Patents

在钻孔中形成套管的方法 Download PDF

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CN1062637C
CN1062637C CN96191468A CN96191468A CN1062637C CN 1062637 C CN1062637 C CN 1062637C CN 96191468 A CN96191468 A CN 96191468A CN 96191468 A CN96191468 A CN 96191468A CN 1062637 C CN1062637 C CN 1062637C
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达列特·S·吉尔
威廉莫斯·C·M·洛贝克
罗伯特·B·斯图尔德
雅格布斯·P·M·范弗利特
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Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/02—Subsoil filtering
    • E21B43/10—Setting of casings, screens, liners or the like in wells
    • E21B43/103—Setting of casings, screens, liners or the like in wells of expandable casings, screens, liners, or the like
    • E21B43/108—Expandable screens or perforated liners
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B33/00—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells
    • E21B33/10—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells in the borehole
    • E21B33/13—Methods or devices for cementing, for plugging holes, crevices, or the like
    • E21B33/14—Methods or devices for cementing, for plugging holes, crevices, or the like for cementing casings into boreholes
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/02—Subsoil filtering
    • E21B43/10—Setting of casings, screens, liners or the like in wells
    • E21B43/103—Setting of casings, screens, liners or the like in wells of expandable casings, screens, liners, or the like

Abstract

本发明涉及一种在地下岩层的钻孔中形成套管的方法。该方法包括以下步骤：(a)将管形衬管(11)装在钻孔(1)中，该衬管可在钻孔中径向膨胀，使得在其径向膨胀位置的衬管具有许多开孔(12)，该开孔沿衬管的纵方向叠置；(b)使衬管在钻孔中径向膨胀；(c)在步骤(b)之前或在其后，将可硬化的流体密封材料(13)注入到钻孔中，使密封材料充满上述开孔，因而基本上封闭上述开孔。选择密封材料使其可以在上述开孔中硬化，因而增强了衬管的抗压强度。

Description

在钻孔中形成套管的方法
本发明涉及在地下岩层的钻孔中形成套管的方法，这种钻孔可以是例如生产石油、天然气或水的井孔。传统上在钻出这种井孔时需要在钻孔中安装许多套管，以防止钻孔壁的坍塌和防止钻井液不希望地流入地下结构中或防止流体从地下结构流到钻孔中。钻孔是分段钻出的，因此预定放在较下面钻孔区段的套管将通过先前已装好的上部钻孔区段的套管。这种方法的后果是，下部区段的套管其直径小于上部区段导管的直径。因此套管形成嵌套配置，套管直径沿向下方向减小。在套管的外表面和钻孔壁之间形成环形水泥，以使套管和钻孔壁之间密封。这种嵌套式配置的结果是，在井孔的上部分需要相当大的钻孔直径。这种大口径的钻孔由于需要大型套管处理设备、大的钻头、大量钻孔液和钻出  大量岩屑而成本增高。另外，由于需要灌注水泥和让其固化而增加钻井时间。
国际专利申请WO 93/25799公开一种在地下岩层的一段钻孔中形成套管的方法，在这种方法中，将呈套管形式的管形件装在这段钻孔中，然后用扩管锥体径向扩管。一直对套管进行扩管，直到套管接触到钻孔壁并使周围的岩石结构发生弹性形变。当在钻井期间发生井壁冲刷或遇到碎性地质结构时，可在冲刷位置或碎性结构处在围绕套管的环形空间中灌注水泥。
虽然此已知方法可以克服传统套管中后装套管部分其直径沿向下方向减少的问题，但仍需要一咱在钻孔中形成套管的方法，在这种方法中只需要用较低的负载来膨胀管形部件并达到套管和周围地层结构之间的改进的密封。
在WO 93/25800中将一种油层衬管(生产衬管)应用在钻孔中，该油层衬管具有纵向叠置开口，可以在钻孔中进行径向膨胀。该油层衬管在生产碳氢化合物流体期间起着过滤器的作用，该碳氢化合物从四周地层渗出，流入到衬管内。在这种油层衬管中重要的是，在衬管的内部和四周地层之间应保持流体连通，即重要的是应避免在油层衬管和周围土层之间出现堵塞。这与本发明的目的相反，本发明旨在改进套管与周围地下结构之间的密封性。本发明的另一目的是提供一种形成套管的方法，该方法形成的套管具有改进的抗坍塌性。本发明的再一个目的是提供一种形成套管的方法，该套管在钻孔的上部区段和下部区段之间其钻孔直径差别较小。
按照本发明，提供一种在地下岩层的钻孔中形成套管的方法，该方法包括以下步骤：
(a)将管形衬管装在钻孔中，该衬管可以在钻孔中进行径向膨胀，使得在使衬管进行径向膨胀期间，该衬管上将产生许多开孔，这些开孔沿衬管的纵方向叠置；
(b)使衬管在钻孔内进行径向膨胀；
(c)或者在步骤(b)之前或者在其后，将一批可硬化的流体密封材料注入钻孔中，使密封材料充满上述开孔，并密封上述开孔，密封材料可以在上述开孔中硬化，从而增加衬管的抗压强度。
这样，本发明的方法可以应用直径均匀的套管段，所以可以避免像常规套管配置中那样的后加套管段的嵌套配置。采用本发明的方法，可在衬管和钻孔壁之间获得可靠的密封，而且衬管的开孔可使衬管进行较大的径向膨胀。在密封材料硬化之后，开孔中充满密封材料的衬管便形成连续的增强的井孔套管。衬管采用适当方法用钢制作，可以作成为例如连接的衬管段或卷管。
另外，和用已知方法膨胀实体套管所需要的力相比，只需要相当低的径向力便可膨胀衬管。
本发明方法另一个优点是，膨胀之后的衬管其最后直径大于所用膨胀工具的直径。永久的最后直径和膨胀工具的最大直径的差称作永久的剩余膨胀。
在径向膨胀衬管之后用适当方法将密封材料装入钻孔中。
采用加有增强纤维的密封材料可以进一步增强衬管。
在一部分上述密封材料还存在于衬管内部的情况下，可以在密封材料硬化之后采用例如钻去这部分密封材料的方法从已膨胀后衬管的内部将之除去。
衬管可以径向膨胀直到它接触钻孔壁，或者直到在衬管和钻孔壁之间保持一个环形空间，因而可硬化的流体密封材料可伸入上述环形空间。
下面参照附图，作为举例详细说明本发明，附图是：
图1示意示出钻孔的纵向横截面，该钻孔具有未加套管的部分，在该部分将设置一种套管，该套管包括具有纵向叠置开孔的衬管；
图2示出图1的一部分，其中衬管的一部分已被膨胀。
图1中示出钻入地下岩层2的钻孔1的下部。钻孔1具有加套管部分5和未加套管部分10，在加套管部分中钻孔1具有利用水泥层7固定于钻孔1的壁上的套管6。
在钻孔1的未加套管部分10中，钢的衬管11具有纵向叠置开孔，该衬管已下放到选定位置。在本例情况下已下放到套管6的端部。衬管的开孔为纵向槽口12的形式，使得衬管11形成带槽口的衬管，它具有叠置(交错)的纵向槽口12。为清楚起见，不是所有槽口12都带有参考编号。带槽口衬管11的上端通过适当连接装置(未示出)固定于套管6的下端。
在下一步骤中，将可硬化的密封材料即与纤维(未示出)混合的水泥放入有槽口的衬管11。该水泥形成钻孔1中水泥团13。水泥的一部分通过衬管11的槽口12和绕过带槽口衬管11的下端流入在带槽口衬管11和钻孔1的壁之间的环形空间，另一部分水泥仍留在带槽口衬管11的内部。
在钻孔1中放入水泥后用扩管锥体15膨胀带槽口的衬管11。带槽口衬管11已被下放到拉索15的下端，靠在扩管锥体15上。为了膨胀有槽口的衬管11，牵引拉索16使扩管锥体15向上移动，穿过带槽口的衬管11。沿锥体15移动通过带槽口衬管11的方向扩管锥体15是渐缩的锥形。在本例情况下，扩管锥体15是向上渐缩的锥形扩管锥体。扩管锥体15的最大直径大于带槽口衬管11的内径。
图2示出已部分膨胀的带槽口衬管11，其中，带槽口衬管的下部已经膨胀。与图1中的部件相同的部件具有相同的参考编号。槽口形变到用编号12’表示的开口。当扩管锥体15移动通过带槽口衬管11时，存在于带槽口衬管11内部的水泥被扩管锥体15挤压，通过槽口12进入环形空间14。因为由于衬管11的膨胀，环形空间14已变得更小，所以水泥被挤压到靠着钻孔1的壁，而且已膨胀的衬管11也恰当时嵌入在水泥中。
在带槽口衬管11的整个长度已被径向膨胀之后，使水泥团13的水泥变硬，因而形成用钢增强的水泥套管，而纤维对套管又提供另外的增强作用。存在于带槽口衬管11内部的部分已硬化水泥团13可以除去，方法是使钻杆下钻，进入槽口衬管11，钻去这部分水泥团13。由此得到的由钢增强的套管可以制止钻孔周围岩石结构的坍塌和防止岩石结构因钻更深的孔区段期间所形成的高井孔压力而破裂。钢增强水泥套管的另一个优点是钢衬管在钻更深的钻孔区段时可以防止水泥磨损。
扩管锥体可以采用另外方式使其在扩管期间向下移动通过衬管，代替向上运动通过衬管。在另一个可替换实施例中应用了可收缩和可膨胀的锥体。首先将衬管下放到钻孔中，随后固定，然后将呈收缩形式的扩管锥体下放到衬管中。接着使扩管锥体膨胀并向上牵引，使衬管膨胀。
本发明的方法可以应用于垂直的钻孔区段、偏斜的钻孔区段或水平的钻孔区段。
可以应用具有滚子的扩管锥体而不用上述锥形的扩管锥体，该滚子在扩管锥体转动时可以沿衬管的内表面滚动，因此扩管锥体在转动同时可轴向移动穿过衬管。
在另一个可替换实施例中，扩管锥体构成一种液压扩管工具，当向该工具提供选择的流体压力时，该扩管工具便径向胀大，因此本发明方法的步骤(b)包括向该工具提供上述选定的压力。
可以采用任何一种可硬化的密封材料来形成密封材料体，例如采用水泥如波特兰(Portland)水泥或高炉渣水泥，或采用树脂如环氧树脂。另外可以采用任何合适的在与固化剂接触时可以固化的树脂，例如在衬管的外表面或内表面形成第一树脂层和第二固化剂层，在衬管膨胀期，这两层便受挤压进入衬管的开孔，相互混合，由此固化剂使树脂固化。
可以使密封材料流过衬管、绕过带槽口衬管的下端而流入在衬管和钻孔壁之间的环形空间，即通过这样的方法将密封材料放入该环形空间。但也可以采用另一种方式使密封材料沿相反方向流动，即通过环形空间，绕衬管的下端进入衬管。
在上述说明中，衬管具有许多槽口，因此在径向膨胀衬管期间槽口变宽形成开孔。如果在径向膨胀之前需从衬管中抽出流体，则可以在进行这种衬管的膨胀之前利用例如聚氨酯密封材料密封该槽口。
在另一个实施例中，衬管具有许多壁厚减小的部分，因此在进行衬管的径向膨胀期间，各个壁厚减小的部分被剪切开，形成一个上述开孔。例如各个壁厚减小的部分可以为在衬管壁上形成的凹槽。每个凹槽最好沿衬管纵方向延伸。

Claims (17)

1．一种在地下岩层的钻孔中形成套管的方法，该方法包括以下步骤：
(a)将管形衬管装在钻孔中，该衬管可以在钻孔中进行径向膨胀，使得在使衬管进行径向膨胀期间，该衬管上将产生许多开孔，这些开孔沿衬管的纵方向叠置；
(b)使衬管在钻孔内进行径向膨胀；
(c)或者在步骤(b)之前或者在其后，将一批可硬化的流体密封材料注入钻孔中，使密封材料充满上述开孔，并密封上述开孔，密封材料可以在上述开孔中硬化，从而增加衬管的抗压强度。
2．如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，在使衬管径向膨胀之后将所述密封材料注入到钻孔中。
3．如权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，所述密封材料具有增强纤维，该纤维在密封材料固化之后增强密封材料的强度。
4．如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，一部分所述密封材料伸入衬管的内部，通过使钻杆在已膨胀的衬管中转动的方法可以从上述衬管的上述内部除去这部分密封材料。
5．如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，用扩管锥体径向膨胀该衬管，该扩管锥体的最大直径大于衬管在膨胀之前的内径，该扩管锥体沿轴向移动通过该衬管。
6．如权利要求5所述的方法，其特征在于，该扩管锥体具有滚子，当该扩管锥体在衬管中转动时该滚子沿衬管的内表面滚动，因此扩管锥体在衬管中转动的同时轴向移动通过该衬管。
7．如权利要求5所述的方法，其特征在于，该扩管锥体形成液压膨胀工具，在将预定的流体压力输送到工具时该工具便径向膨胀，因而使衬管径向膨胀。
8．如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，可硬化的密封材料选自水泥和树脂。
9．如权利要求8所述的方法，其特征在于，所述水泥选自波特兰水泥和高炉渣水泥，所述树脂选自环氧树脂和同固化剂接触时可硬化的树脂。
10．如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，衬管具有许多壁厚减小的部分，在衬管径向膨胀期间，各个壁厚减小的部分被剪切开而形成一个上述开孔。
11．如权利要求10所述的方法，其特征在于，壁厚减小的各个部分为衬管壁上形成的凹槽。
12．如权利要求11所述的方法，其特征在于，各个凹槽沿衬管的纵方向延伸。
13．如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，衬管具有许多槽口，当衬管径向膨胀时各个槽口变宽形成一个上述开孔。
14．如权利要求13所述的方法，其特征在于，上述槽口沿衬管的纵方向延伸。
15．如权利要求13或14所述的方法，其特征在于，在衬管径向膨胀之前密封槽口，从而使流体可以流过衬管。
16．如权利要求15所述的方法，其特征在于，该槽口用聚氨酯密封材料密封。
17．如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，使衬管在钻孔中膨胀之后，在衬管和钻孔壁之间形成一个环形空间，由此所述可硬化的流体密封材料可伸入上述环形空间。
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US5667011A (en) 1997-09-16
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CA2209224A1 (en) 1996-07-25
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ATE179239T1 (de) 1999-05-15
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