CN105279217A - 可重构内容对象 - Google Patents

可重构内容对象 Download PDF

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CN105279217A
CN105279217A CN201510378380.7A CN201510378380A CN105279217A CN 105279217 A CN105279217 A CN 105279217A CN 201510378380 A CN201510378380 A CN 201510378380A CN 105279217 A CN105279217 A CN 105279217A
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CN105279217B (zh
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M·E·莫斯科
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Cisco Technology Inc
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Palo Alto Research Center Inc
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F16/00—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
    • G06F16/30—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor of unstructured textual data
    • G06F16/33—Querying
    • G06F16/332—Query formulation
    • G06F16/3322—Query formulation using system suggestions
    • G06F16/3323—Query formulation using system suggestions using document space presentation or visualization, e.g. category, hierarchy or range presentation and selection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/32—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials
    • H04L9/3247—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials involving digital signatures
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F16/00—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
    • G06F16/20—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor of structured data, e.g. relational data
    • G06F16/28—Databases characterised by their database models, e.g. relational or object models
    • G06F16/289—Object oriented databases
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F16/00—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
    • G06F16/30—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor of unstructured textual data
    • G06F16/38—Retrieval characterised by using metadata, e.g. metadata not derived from the content or metadata generated manually
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F16/00—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
    • G06F16/90—Details of database functions independent of the retrieved data types
    • G06F16/901—Indexing; Data structures therefor; Storage structures
    • G06F16/9017—Indexing; Data structures therefor; Storage structures using directory or table look-up
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L41/00—Arrangements for maintenance, administration or management of data switching networks, e.g. of packet switching networks
    • H04L41/12—Discovery or management of network topologies
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
    • H04L63/12—Applying verification of the received information
    • H04L63/123—Applying verification of the received information received data contents, e.g. message integrity
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
    • H04L63/20—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for managing network security; network security policies in general
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/50—Network services
    • H04L67/56—Provisioning of proxy services
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L65/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services for supporting real-time applications in data packet communication
    • H04L65/60—Network streaming of media packets
    • H04L65/61—Network streaming of media packets for supporting one-way streaming services, e.g. Internet radio
    • H04L65/612—Network streaming of media packets for supporting one-way streaming services, e.g. Internet radio for unicast
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/01—Protocols
    • H04L67/04—Protocols specially adapted for terminals or networks with limited capabilities; specially adapted for terminal portability

Abstract

本发明的一个实施例提供一种用于使用一组可重构对象在网络上投递内容块的系统。在操作期间，所述系统获得包含一组规则的元数据文件；基于所述元数据文件中包含的所述规则组产生用于所述内容块的所述可重构对象组；对所述可重构对象组以加密方式进行签名以获得一组经签名可重构对象；并且在所述网络上将所述经签名可重构对象组连同所述元数据文件一起投递给接收者，由此使得所述接收者能够选取并存储所述内容块的副本，并且接着根据所述所存储的所述内容块的副本和所述元数据文件重构所述经签名可重构对象组。

Description

可重构内容对象
技术领域
本发明大体上涉及内容中心网络(CCN)。更确切地说，本发明涉及一种用于在内容中心网络(CCN)中实施可重构内容对象的系统和方法。
背景技术
因特网和电子商务的激增持续激发网络行业中的革命性改变。当今，从在线电影观看到每日新闻投递、零售销售和即时通讯，大量的信息交换是在线进行的。越来越多数目的因特网应用也在变成移动的。然而，当前因特网在主要基于位置的寻址方案上操作。两种最普遍存在的协议：因特网协议(IP)和以太网协议，都是基于末端主机的地址。也就是说，内容的消费者仅可通过从通常与物理对象或位置相关联的地址(例如，IP地址或以太网媒体接入控制(MAC)地址)明确请求内容来接收所述内容。此限制性寻址方案正逐渐变得更不足以满足不断改变的网络需求。
近年来，行业中已经提出了信息中心网络(ICN)架构，其中直接对内容进行命名和寻址。示例性ICN架构：内容中心联网(CCN)，引入了新的内容传输方法。并非在应用级将网络业务视为内容在其上行进的端到端对话，而是基于内容的唯一名称来请求或返回内容，并且网络负责将内容从提供者路由到消费者。应注意，内容包含可以在通信系统中传输的数据，包含例如文本、图像、视频和/或音频等任何形式的数据。消费者和提供者可以是在计算机旁的人或在CCN内部或外部的自动化过程。一条内容可指代整个内容或内容的相应部分。例如，报纸文章可能由体现为数据包的多条内容表示。一条内容也可以与元数据相关联，所述元数据以例如验证数据、创建日期、内容所有者等信息来描述或增补这条内容。
在CCN中，需要内容块的接收者的中间节点高速缓冲存储接收到的热点内容以对未来的请求作出响应。然而，CCN的自验证性质要求以随时可用的形式和内容对象形式两者来存储所述内容，从而使得存储大量经复制数据组。
发明内容
本发明的一个实施例提供一种用于使用一组可重构对象在网络上投递内容块的系统。在操作期间，所述系统获得包含一组规则的元数据文件；基于元数据文件中包含的所述规则组产生用于内容块的可重构对象组；对所述可重构对象组以加密方式进行签名以获得一组经签名可重构对象；并且在网络上将所述经签名可重构对象组连同元数据文件一起投递给接收者，由此使得接收者能够选取并存储内容块的副本，并且接着根据所存储的内容块的副本和元数据文件重构所述经签名可重构对象组。
在此实施例的变型中，所述规则组包含以下各者中的一或多者：用以指定如何划分内容块的规则，其中内容块的相应信息块形成对应可重构对象的有效负载；用以界定命名约定的规则；用以指定签名密钥的规则；用以指定是否包含安全目录的规则；以及用以指定如何基于所述可重构对象组产生安全目录的规则。
在另一变型中，对所述可重构对象组以加密方式进行签名包括使用所指定的签名密钥对每一可重构对象进行签名。
在另一变型中，对所述可重构对象组以加密方式进行签名包括使用所指定的签名密钥对安全目录进行签名。
在此实施例的变型中，网络是内容中心网络(CCN)，并且所述可重构对象组符合CCN标准。
本发明的一个实施例提供一种用于重构表示内容块的一组可重构对象的系统。在操作期间，所述系统接收一组经签名可重构对象和相关联元数据文件，从接收到的经签名可重构对象组中选取有效负载和一或多个签名，使用所选取的有效负载汇编内容块的副本，存储内容块的副本、元数据文件以及所选取的一或多个签名。接着，所述系统舍弃接收到的经签名可重构对象组。响应于接收对内容块的请求，所述系统基于内容块的副本、元数据文件以及所选取的一或多个签名重构所述经签名可重构对象组。
在此实施例的变型中，所述规则组包含以下各者中的一或多者：用以指定如何划分内容块的规则，其中内容块的相应信息块形成对应可重构对象的有效负载；用以界定命名约定的规则；用以指定签名密钥的规则；用以指定是否包含安全目录的规则；以及用以指定如何基于所述可重构对象组产生安全目录的规则。
在另一变型中，从所述接收到的经签名可重构对象组中选取一或多个签名包括从每一经签名可重构对象中选取签名。所述系统基于所指定的签名密钥进一步校验所述签名。
在另一变型中，重构所述经签名可重构对象组包括将所选取的签名插入到每一可重构对象中。
在另一变型中，从所述接收到的经签名可重构对象组中选取一或多个签名包括从安全目录中选取签名。所述系统基于所指定的签名密钥校验所述签名。
在另一变型中，所述系统舍弃安全目录以及所述接收到的经签名可重构对象组。响应于接收对内容块的请求，所述系统基于用以指定如何产生安全目录的规则重新产生安全目录。
在另一变型中，重构所述经签名可重构对象组包括将所选取的签名插入到重新产生的安全目录中。
在此实施例的变型中，网络是内容中心网络(CCN)，其中所述可重构对象组符合CCN标准。
附图说明
图1图解说明根据本发明的实施例的示例性网络架构。
图2呈现图解说明内容中心网络(CCN)中的示例性内容对象的简图。
图3A呈现图解说明根据本发明的实施例内容公布者如何创建用于内容块的一组可重构内容对象的简图。
图3B呈现图解说明根据本发明的实施例对在网络上传送的内容请求作出的示例性响应的简图。
图3C呈现图解说明根据本发明的实施例如何重新汇编可重构内容对象的简图。
图4A呈现图解说明根据本发明的实施例内容公布者如何创建一组可重构内容对象的简图。
图4B呈现图解说明根据本发明的实施例对在网络上传送的内容请求作出的示例性响应的简图。
图4C呈现图解说明根据本发明的实施例如何连同安全目录一起重新汇编可重构内容对象的简图。
图5呈现图解说明根据本发明的实施例创建一组可重构内容对象的过程的流程图。
图6呈现图解说明根据本发明的实施例存储内容块以及与内容块相关联的重构信息的过程的流程图。
图7呈现图解说明根据本发明的实施例重构与内容块相关联的一组内容对象的过程的流程图。
图8图解说明根据本发明的实施例用以实施可重构内容对象的示例性系统。
在图式中，相同参考标号指代相同图式元件。
具体实施方式
概述
本发明的实施例提供一种用于实施可重构内容对象的系统和方法。更确切地说，系统使用一组元数据来描述如何在CCN网络上作为内容对象公布用户数据。元数据指定每一内容对象中包含的字节的数目、所用的时戳、用于命名内容对象的约定、以及可以在内容对象中包含的其它参数。当节点在网络上公布一条内容时，其基于元数据文件中包含的一组规则构建一组内容对象，并且创建一组签名，针对每一内容对象一个签名。请求内容块的第一请求者连同含有用户数据和原始公布者的签名的内容对象一起接收元数据文件。第一请求者从接收到的内容对象中选取用户数据，并且以由相关联应用程序随时可用的形式存储所选取的用户数据，而不是存储所有内容对象。请求者还存储接收到的元数据以及加密签名。当不同请求者从第一请求者请求内容块时，第一请求者可以基于用户数据以及元数据中包含的信息重构原始内容对象组，并且将加密签名配对到对应内容对象。经重构内容对象以及元数据文件可以被传输到不同请求者，接着所述不同请求者可以在需要时使用、存储以及重传所述用户数据。以此方式，本发明的实施例允许节点使用超出原始文件大小的最小额外存储装置来以其原始形式(没有CCN标头)存储接收到的内容，同时仍然能够完全复制如通过内容发布者发布的原始内容对象组。应注意，短语“完全复制”意味着内容对象直到它们基于散列的自验证名称都是相同的。
一般来说，CCN使用两种类型的消息：兴趣和内容对象。兴趣携载分层结构化的可变长度标识符(HSVLI)，也称为内容对象的“名称”或“CCN名称”，并用作对于所述对象的请求。如果网络元件(例如，路由器)接收到对同一名称的多个兴趣，那么其可聚合那些兴趣。沿着具有匹配内容对象的兴趣的路径的网络元件可以高速缓冲存储且返回所述对象，从而满足所述兴趣。内容对象遵循兴趣的反向路径到所述兴趣的起点。在其它信息之中，内容对象含有相同HSVLI、对象的有效负载以及用以将HSVLI绑定到有效负载的加密信息。
本发明中使用的术语大体上定义如下(但其解释不限于此)：
“HSVLI”：分层结构化的可变长度标识符，也称为名称。它是名称组成部分的有序列表，其可以是可变长度八位位组串。使用人可读形式，其可以用例如ccnx：/path/part的格式表示。HSVLI也可以是人不可读的。如上所述，HSVLI指代内容，且需要HSVLI能够表示用于内容的有组织结构且至少部分对人有意义。HSVLI的个别组成部分可具有任意长度。此外，HSVLI可以具有明确定界的组成部分，可以包含任何字节序列，且不限于人可读字符。最长前缀匹配查找在转发具有HSVLI的包时是重要的。例如，指示对“/parc/home/bob”的兴趣的HSVLI将匹配“/parc/home/bob/test.txt”和“/parc/home/bob/bar.txt”两者。在名称组成部分的数目方面，最长匹配被视为最佳的，因为它是最特定的。HSVLI的详细描述可以在由发明人范·L·雅各布森(VanL.Jacobson)和詹姆斯·D·桑顿(JamesD.Thornton)在2009年9月23日递交的发明名称为“用于转发具有分层结构化的可变长度标识符的包的系统(SYSTEMFORFORWARDINGAPACKETWITHAHIERARCHICHALLYSTRUCTUREDVARIABLE-LENGTHIDENTIFIER)”的第8，160,069号美国专利(代理人案号PARC-20090115Q)中找到。
“兴趣”：对内容对象的请求。兴趣指定HSVLI名称前缀和其它任选的选择器，所述选择器可用以在具有相同名称前缀的多个对象当中进行挑选。其名称与兴趣名称前缀(以及任选地其它所请求的参数，例如公布者密钥-ID匹配)匹配的任何内容对象都满足所述兴趣。
“内容对象”：响应于兴趣而发送的数据对象。其具有经由加密签名而绑定在一起的HSVLI名称和内容有效负载。任选地，所有内容对象具有由内容对象的SHA-256摘要组成的隐式终端名称组成部分。在一个实施例中，隐式摘要不在线上传送，而是在需要时在每一跃点处计算。应注意，内容对象与内容组成部分不同。内容对象具有在CCN方案下的具体界定的结构并且其大小通常是网络包的大小(对于广域网约1500字节、对于局域网约8000字节，并且具有碎片)，而内容组成部分是用于指代文件的一般术语，其可以是网页的内嵌对象。例如，网页可以包含多种内嵌对象，例如图像或视频文件。每一内嵌对象是内容组成部分并且可以跨越多个内容对象。
如之前所提及，HSVLI指示一条内容，是分层结构化的，且包含从最一般层级到最特定层级排序的连续组成部分。相应HSVLI的长度是不固定的。在内容中心网络中，不同于常规IP网络，包可以通过HSVLI来识别。例如，“abcd/bob/papers/ccn/news”可以是内容的名称且识别对应包，即，在名为“ABCD”的组织处针对名为“Bob”的用户的来自“ccn”论文集合的“news”文章。为了请求一条内容，节点通过内容的名称来表达(例如，广播)对所述内容的兴趣。对一条内容的兴趣可以是根据所述内容的名称或标识符对所述内容的查询。内容如果在网络中是可用的，则从存储内容的任何节点将所述内容发回到请求节点。路由基础结构将兴趣智能地传播到很可能具有所述信息的预期节点，且随后沿着所述兴趣消息穿越的反向路径携载可用的内容返回。基本上，内容对象遵循兴趣消息留下的路径记录，并且因而到达请求节点。
图1图解说明根据本发明的实施例的示例性网络架构。在此实例中，网络180包括节点100到145。网络中的每一节点耦合到一或多个其它节点。网络连接185是此类连接的实例。网络连接展示为实线，但每一线也可以表示可将一个节点耦合到另一节点的子网或超网。网络180可以是内容中心的本地网、超网或子网。这些网络中的每一者可经互连以使得一个网络中的节点可以到达其它网络中的节点。网络连接可以是宽带、无线、电话、卫星或任何类型的网络连接。节点可以是计算机系统、终端表示用户和/或可以产生兴趣或发起内容的装置。
根据本发明的实施例，消费者可以产生对一条内容的兴趣且将所述兴趣转发到网络180中的节点。所述条内容可以由可位于网络内部或外部的公布者或内容提供者存储在网络180中的节点处。例如，在图1中，对一条内容的兴趣起源于节点105处。如果所述内容在所述节点处不可用，那么所述兴趣流动到耦合到第一节点的一或多个节点。例如，在图1中，兴趣流动(兴趣流150)到并不具有可用的所述内容的节点115。接着，兴趣从节点115流动(兴趣流155)到同样不具有所述内容的节点125。随后兴趣流动(兴趣流160)到确实具有可用的所述内容的节点130。内容对象的流随后反向地回溯其路径(内容流165、170和175)直到其到达节点105为止，在所述节点处投递所述内容。在所述内容流中可涉及例如验证等其它过程。
在网络180中，在内容持有者(节点130)与兴趣产生节点(节点105)之间的路径中的任何数目的中间节点(节点100到145)可以参与在内容在网络上行进时高速缓冲存储所述内容的本地副本。高速缓冲存储通过隐式地共享对本地高速缓冲存储内容的存取而减少对位于接近其它订户处的第二订户的网络负载。
在CCN中，内容呈内容对象形式流过网络，其中每一内容对象是具有明确界定格式和大小的数据包。图2呈现图解说明内容中心网络(CCN)中的示例性内容对象的简图。在图2中，内容对象200包含名称组成部分202、密钥-ID组成部分204、任选的密钥组成部分206、有效负载组成部分208、其它组成部分以及签名组成部分212。名称组成部分202是非加密的用户分配的字符串，其可以是呈人可读形式的HSVLI或简单的名称。密钥-ID组成部分204识别用以对内容对象200进行签名的公开密钥。公开密钥可以任选地作为密钥组成部分206包含在内容对象200中。有效负载组成部分208包含用户数据。内容对象200还可以包含其它组成部分(在图2中未示出)，例如指示最后一次修改的时间的时间戳字段。签名组成部分212是用以绑定内容对象200中的所有其它组成部分的加密签名。可以使用RSA方案产生签名。例如，内容的公布者可以使用其私用密钥产生签名，所述签名是使用公开密钥206可校验的。应注意，所述签名通常由对内容对象200的散列(减去签名组成部分212)进行签名而产生，而不是对所有字节进行签名，所述散列示出为签名散列210。
当请求者在CCN上请求内容块，例如文献、图像文件、视频或音频文件、或专用数据文件时，其通常接收从内容提供者传输的多个内容对象，内容提供者可以是原始内容公布者或存储内容块的副本的节点。接收到的内容对象的有效负载含有内容数据，其中每一内容对象含有一个数据文件信息块。当接收到多个内容对象时，请求者(现在是内容接收者)需要从所述内容对象中选取内容数据、汇编、并将内容数据作为普通文件以其原始格式存储在本地机器上，使得对应应用程序可以使用所述数据文件。例如，如果数据文件是JPEG图像文件，那么JPEG图像文件的请求者可以接收多个内容对象，其中每一内容对象在其有效负载中携载JPEG图像文件的一部分。接着，接收者可以从接收到的内容对象中选取JPEG图像文件的部分，将所选取的部分汇编为完整的JPEG图像文件，并且存储所汇编的JPEG图像文件，使得图像读取应用程序可以打开JPEG图像文件以展示图像。
另一方面，在CCN中，需要内容接收者还高速缓冲存储内容对象，使得内容接收者可以通过返回经高速缓冲存储的内容对象对针对内容块的未来兴趣作出响应。应注意，因为内容对象通过原始公布者以加密方式进行签名，所以它们需要以其原始形式保存，使得未来的内容接收者可以通过校验那些签名来校验内容的真实性。如果当前接收者仅保持内容对象的有效负载并丢弃包装程序(其可以包含名称、密钥-ID/密钥、签名等)，那么当前接收者无法复原那些签名。即使当前接收者存储了所述签名，它们也无法与原始内容对象配对以实现验证过程。
然而，将内容对象连同用户数据一起存储意味着当前内容接收者在其接收内容块之后需要以两种不同形式存储同一内容数据：一种呈普通数据文件形式，即应用程序随时可用的形式，另一种呈内容对象形式。这形成了非所需的冗余，其中可能很大的经复制数据组被存储在本地系统上。为了避免这种冗余，在本发明的一些实施例中，所述系统以可重构内容对象投递内容，可重构内容对象允许接收者以应用程序随时可用的格式存储所述内容，并且在向其它节点重传所述内容时重构原始内容对象。为了产生可重构内容对象，在一些实施例中，实施包含一组规则的元数据文件。
图3A呈现图解说明根据本发明的实施例内容公布者如何创建用于内容块的一组可重构内容对象的简图。在图3A中，公布者在CCN网络上公布数据文件302。为了这样做，公布者需要产生符合CCN方案和/或由公布者界定的某些标准的多个内容对象。在一些实施例中，产生多个内容对象包括应用元数据文件306中包含的一组规则。所述规则组可以指定如何划分原始数据文件(例如，每信息块多少字节)以及在内容对象的所有字段中填写什么。例如，所述规则组可以指定如何填写内容对象中的创建时间字段以及何时使用区段结束字段。此外，所述规则组可以指定内容对象的名称的格式。在一些实施例中，所有内容对象可以具有相同的CCN基本名称，并且特定内容对象的CCN名称可以是基本名称加上对应信息块编号。另外，所述规则组可以指定签名密钥，并且可以指定是否在一或多个内容对象中包含签名密钥的公开密钥。在一些实施例中，所述规则组可以指定第一内容对象包含公开密钥的副本。基于元数据文件306中包含的规则组，公布者产生数据文件302的初始内容对象组，每一内容对象包含数据文件302的一个信息块。例如，内容对象310包含数据文件302的信息块0。应注意，元数据文件306可以是系统默认文件，或由内容公布者产生的文件，以便包含一组用户可界定规则。
在初始内容对象组产生之后，公布者使用签名密钥304对每一内容对象以加密方式进行签名，从而产生一组签名，例如签名308。在一些实施例中，签名密钥304可以是公开/私用密钥对的私用签名密钥。在其它实施例中，对内容对象进行签名可以包括对内容对象的散列值进行签名。应注意，一旦产生，签名就包含在对应内容对象中，成为内容对象的有效部分。为了避免歧义，包含签名的内容对象也被称为经签名内容对象。
图3B呈现图解说明根据本发明的实施例对在网络上传送的内容请求作出的示例性响应的简图。更确切地说，当数据文件302的公布者对针对表示数据文件302的内容对象的一组兴趣作出响应时，公布者在网络上连同元数据文件306一起传送这些内容对象。在一些实施例中，针对每一内容对象的签名连同对应内容对象一起传送。例如，携载数据文件302的信息块0的内容对象与签名S0组合以形成经签名内容对象312。应注意，元数据306也在网络上呈CCN内容对象形式传送，并且可能已经由内容公布者以数字方式进行签名。
当接收到元数据文件306和经签名内容对象时，接收者可以通过校验所述签名来验证所述经签名内容对象。随后，接收者存储元数据306，并且选取及存储每一经签名内容对象的有效负载和签名。来自表示数据文件302的多个内容对象的有效负载经汇编以用适当应用程序随时可用的形式形成数据文件302的副本。例如，如果数据文件302是JPEG图像文件，那么所汇编的文件将是JPEG图像文件的副本。签名与元数据文件306和数据文件302的副本分开存储。接着接收者可以舍弃接收到的内容对象。换句话说，接收者通过选取并保存适用的信息(例如，有效负载和目录签名)同时舍弃冗余信息(元数据文件中包含的信息，例如CCN名称、密钥-ID和安全目录)来解构每一接收到的内容对象。因此，内容接收者仅需要以内容的用户数据形式连同元数据文件和原始签名一起存储所述内容，而不是以用户数据形式和内容对象形式两者来存储内容，由此大大减少了用于较大内容块所需的存储空间的量。当内容接收者接收到对于内容的请求时，其可以使用元数据文件中包含的信息以及签名来重新汇编原始的经签名内容对象，并且在网络上向新的内容请求者传送经重新汇编的经签名内容对象。
图3C呈现图解说明根据本发明的实施例如何重新汇编可重构内容对象的简图。在图3C中，装置或节点存储数据文件320、元数据文件306以及与数据文件320相关联的一组签名。应注意，数据文件320是原始数据文件302的副本，并且通过选取和汇编表示数据文件302的多个内容对象的有效负载而形成。元数据文件306连同表示数据文件302的多个内容对象一起接收。所述签名组从表示数据文件302的多个经签名内容对象中选取，每一签名对应于一个内容对象。
当接收到对内容的请求时，装置重新汇编多个经签名内容对象。应注意，为了使内容对象的未来接收者将能够校验那些内容对象的真实性，经重新汇编的经签名内容对象需要是所述装置接收到的原始经签名内容对象的精确副本。在一些实施例中，为了实现这个目的，装置将元数据文件306中包含的所述规则组应用到数据文件320，从而产生初始内容对象组，其中每一内容对象对应于数据文件320的一个信息块。随后，装置将签名插入到它们的对应内容对象中以形成最终的准备好在网络上传输的经签名内容对象组。例如，含有数据文件312的信息块0的内容对象与S0组合以形成经重新汇编的经签名内容对象322，其是经签名内容对象312的副本。接着，此最终的经签名内容对象组可以连同元数据文件306一起被传输到内容请求者。应注意，连同经签名内容对象一起传输元数据文件允许内容对象的任何未来接收者仅连同签名和元数据文件一起存储应用程序数据，但是仍然能够重构原始经签名内容对象。应注意，元数据文件和签名仅对原始数据文件增加少量数据，并且与需要存储整个内容对象组相比要求少得多的存储装置。
在一些实施例中，内容公布者可以使用又称为聚合签名对象的安全目录来验证内容对象，而不是创建用于每一内容对象的加密签名。更确切地说，内容公布者可以通过聚合内容对象的散列值(例如，SHA-256散列)来创建安全目录，并且接着使用私用密钥对所述安全目录进行签名以创建目录签名。在一些实施例中，安全目录可以是每一内容对象的加密散列的级联。应注意，元数据文件中可以包含用以界定如何产生安全目录的规则。
图4A呈现图解说明根据本发明的实施例内容公布者如何创建一组可重构内容对象的简图。在图4A中，公布者在CCN网络上公布数据文件402。类似于图3A中所示的，公布者基于元数据文件404中包含的一组规则产生初始内容对象组406。每一内容对象包含数据文件402的一个信息块。例如，内容对象408包含数据文件402的信息块0。随后，公布者可以基于元数据文件404中包含的安全目录规则产生用于初始内容对象组406的安全目录410。应注意，安全目录410可以跨越多个内容对象。在图4A中所示的实例中，安全目录410跨越两个内容对象。接着，公布者通过使用签名密钥412对安全目录410进行签名来创建目录签名414。在一些实施例中，签名密钥412是公开/私用密钥对一种私用密钥，并且识别对应公开密钥的标识符可以包含在元数据文件404中。应注意，如果安全目录410跨越多个内容对象，那么目录签名414可以包含多个签名，针对安全目录410中的每一内容对象一个签名。一般来说，给定数据文件402、元数据文件404和签名密钥412，内容公布者产生表示数据文件402的一组内容对象、安全目录410以及目录签名414。
图4B呈现图解说明根据本发明的实施例对在网络上传送的内容请求作出的示例性响应的简图。更确切地说，当数据文件402的公布者对针对表示数据文件402的内容对象的一组兴趣作出响应时，公布者在网络上传送元数据文件404、内容对象组406、安全目录410以及目录签名414。应注意，如果目录签名414包含多个签名，针对安全目录410中的个别内容对象各一个，那么公布者可以将每一签名插入到其对应内容对象中，从而创建经签名的安全目录内容对象。通过校验目录签名414，接收者可以首先验证安全目录410，并且接着使用安全目录410来验证内容对象组406内的多个内容对象。
一旦完成验证，接收者可以存储元数据文件404，选取并存储内容对象组406内的每一内容对象的有效负载，并且存储目录签名414汇编来自内容对象组406内的多个内容对象的有效负载以形成数据文件420，其是原始数据文件402的副本。接着，接收者可以舍弃接收到的内容对象组406和安全目录410。换句话说，接收者通过选取并保存适用的信息(例如，有效负载和目录签名)同时舍弃冗余信息(元数据文件中包含的信息，例如CCN名称、密钥-ID和安全目录)来解构每一接收到的内容对象。因此，内容接收者仅需要以内容的用户数据形式连同元数据文件和用于安全目录的签名一起存储所述内容，而不是以用户数据形式和内容对象形式两者来存储内容。应注意，与用于所有内容对象的签名组相比，用于安全目录的签名占据更少存储空间。应注意，因为用以产生安全目录的规则包含在元数据文件中，所以接收者不需要存储安全目录本身。当此内容接收者接收到对于内容的请求时，其可以使用元数据文件中包含的信息以及目录签名来重新汇编原始内容对象组和经签名安全目录内容对象，并且在网络上向新的内容请求者转发经重新汇编的内容对象组和经签名安全目录内容对象。
图4C呈现图解说明根据本发明的实施例如何连同安全目录一起重新汇编可重构内容对象的简图。在图4C中，装置或节点存储数据文件420、元数据文件404以及与数据文件420相关联的目录签名414。应注意，数据文件420是原始数据文件402的副本，并且通过选取和汇编内容对象组406内的内容对象的有效负载而形成。元数据文件404连同内容对象组406一起接收。目录签名414可以从经签名安全目录内容对象中选取。
当接收到对内容的请求时，装置使用数据文件420和元数据404重新汇编多个内容对象。在一些实施例中，为了实现这个目的，装置将元数据文件404中包含的一组规则应用到数据文件420，从而产生一组内容对象，其中每一内容对象对应于数据文件420的一个信息块。装置还基于所产生的内容对象组以及元数据文件404中包含的一或多个规则产生安全目录。随后，装置组合目录签名414与所产生的安全目录以形成经签名安全目录内容对象，所述经签名安全目录内容对象准备好连同内容对象组和元数据一起传输。类似于图3C中所示的实例，经重构内容对象和经签名安全目录内容对象是接收到的表示数据文件的内容对象以及接收到的经签名安全目录内容对象的精确副本。在重构过程期间未丢失验证信息。
图5呈现图解说明根据本发明的实施例创建一组可重构内容对象的过程的流程图。在操作期间，内容公布者获得待公布的内容块(操作502)。接着，公布者创建或获得包含用于构建内容对象的一组规则的元数据文件(操作504)。在一些实施例中，所述规则组可以指定如何划分原始数据文件(例如，每信息块多少字节)、在内容对象的所有字段中填写什么、以及用以对内容对象进行签名的密钥。基于所述规则，公布者创建一组初始内容对象(操作506)。接着，公布者可以任选地基于所述初始内容对象创建安全目录(操作508)。接着，公布者通过对内容对象进行签名或(若可能)对安全目录进行签名(操作510)来产生一或多个签名。响应于对内容的请求，公布者在网络上传送元数据文件、经签名内容对象、以及(若可能)经签名的安全目录内容对象(操作512)。
图6呈现图解说明根据本发明的实施例存储内容块以及与内容块相关联的重构信息的过程的流程图。在操作期间，装置或节点在网络上接收元数据文件、多个内容对象、以及可能地一或多个经签名安全目录内容对象(操作602)。装置从每一内容对象中选取有效负载和签名(若存在)字段(操作604)，并且使用所选取的有效负载重新汇编数据文件(操作606)。应注意，经重新汇编的数据文件可以是适当应用程序随时可用的。应注意，如果存在经签名安全目录内容对象，那么系统从所述安全目录内容对象中选取目录签名。随后，装置存储元数据文件、数据文件以及所选取的签名(操作608)，并且舍弃接收到的内容对象以及(若存在)经签名安全目录内容对象(操作610)。
图7呈现图解说明根据本发明的实施例重构与内容块相关联的一组内容对象的过程的流程图。在操作期间，存储内容块的装置或节点接收对于内容块的请求(操作702)。应注意，此装置不是原始内容块的公布者，并且内容块以由应用程序随时可用的形式存储为数据文件。响应于请求，装置访问存储一组规则的元数据文件(操作704)，并且通过将所述规则应用到数据文件来构建一组初始内容对象(操作706)。应注意，元数据文件连同内容块一起通过装置接收，并且指定如何划分数据文件以及如何填写每一内容对象内的各个字段。每一数据文件信息块可以是每一内容对象的有效负载。装置可以任选地基于初始内容对象组计算安全目录(操作708)。在一些实施例中，用以管理安全目录的计算的规则也存储于元数据文件中。随后，装置将原始公布者的签名插入到适当内容对象中以形成经签名内容对象(操作710)。应注意，当使用安全目录时，装置将目录签名插入到安全目录内容对象中以形成经签名安全目录内容对象。
应注意，任选地，原始公布者可以不向外发送元数据，并且接收节点可以仅接收普通内容对象(非可重构内容对象)。在此类情况下，实施可重构内容对象的接收节点可以从接收到的内容对象中推断元数据，并且实时在线创建其自身的元数据。类似于图6中所示的过程，接收节点存储最新创建的元数据以及含有内容对象的所选取有效负载的数据文件。当重传数据文件时，此节点可包含或可不包含最新创建的元数据。如果节点选择不包含最新创建的元数据，那么后续接收节点将需要创建它们自身的元数据。如果节点选择包含最新创建的元数据，那么所述节点应以使得不更改经重构内容对象的原始签名(与有效负载分开存储)或自验证名称的方式包含所述最新创建的元数据。在一些实施例中，此节点可以在内容对象的未经签名部分中包含标头以指示元数据经由给定链路可用或元数据内嵌在标头中(如果提供了足够空间)。
图8图解说明根据本发明的实施例用以实施可重构内容对象的示例性系统。实施可重构内容对象的系统800包括处理器810、存储器820以及存储装置830。存储装置830通常存储可以被加载到存储器820中且通过处理器810执行以实施上述方法的指令。在一个实施例中，存储装置830中的指令可以实施元数据传输/接收模块832、内容对象构建/解构模块834、内容对象传输/接收模块836以及签名插入/选取模块838，所有所述模块可以通过各种装置与彼此通信。
在一些实施例中，模块832、834、836和838可以部分地或完全地以硬件实施且可以是处理器810的一部分。此外，在一些实施例中，所述系统可不包含单独的处理器和存储器。实际上，除执行其特定任务之外，模块832、834、836和838或单独地或协同地可以是通用或专用计算引擎的一部分。
存储装置830存储将通过处理器810执行的程序。具体来说，存储装置830存储用以实施用于实现一体化内容下载的系统(应用)的程序。在操作期间，应用程序可以从存储装置830加载到存储器820中并且通过处理器810执行。因此，系统800可以执行上文所描述的功能。系统800可以耦合到任选的显示器880(其可以是触摸屏显示器)、键盘860和指向装置870，并且还可以经由一或多个网络接口耦合到网络882。
此具体实施方式中所描述的数据结构和代码通常存储在计算机可读存储媒体上，所述计算机可读存储媒体可以是能存储由计算机系统使用的代码和/或数据的任何装置或媒体。计算机可读存储媒体包含但不限于易失性存储器、非易失性存储器、磁性以及光学存储装置，例如磁盘驱动器、磁带、CD(光盘)、DVD(数字通用光盘或数字视频光盘)、或能够存储目前已知或稍后开发的计算机可读媒体的其它媒体。
在具体实施方式部分中所描述的方法和过程可以代码和/或数据形式实施，代码和/或数据可以存储于如上文所描述的计算机可读存储媒体中。当计算机系统读取并执行存储于计算机可读存储媒体上的代码和/或数据时，计算机系统执行以数据结构和代码形式实施且存储在计算机可读存储媒体内的方法和过程。
此外，本文中所描述的方法和过程可以包含在硬件模块或设备中。这些模块或设备可以包含但不限于专用集成电路(ASIC)芯片、现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)、在特定时间执行特定软件模块或一段代码的专用处理器或共用处理器、和/或目前已知或稍后开发的其它可编程逻辑装置。当启动硬件模块或设备时，这些硬件模块或设备执行其内部所包含的方法和过程。

Claims (10)

1.一种用于使用一组可重构对象在网络上投递内容块的计算机可执行方法，所述方法包括：
通过计算机获得包含一组规则的元数据文件；
基于所述元数据文件中包含的所述规则组产生用于所述内容块的所述可重构对象组；
对所述可重构对象组以加密方式进行签名以获得一组经签名可重构对象；并且
在所述网络上将所述经签名可重构对象组连同所述元数据文件一起投递给接收者，由此使得所述接收者能够选取并存储所述内容块的副本，并且接着根据所述所存储的所述内容块的副本和所述元数据文件重构所述经签名可重构对象组。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述规则组包含以下各者中的一或多者：
用以指定如何划分所述内容块的规则，其中所述内容块的相应信息块形成对应可重构对象的有效负载；
用以界定命名约定的规则；
用以指定签名密钥的规则；
用以指定是否包含安全目录的规则；以及
用以指定如何基于所述可重构对象组产生所述安全目录的规则。
3.一种存储指令的非暂时性计算机可读存储媒体，所述指令当通过计算装置执行时使得所述计算装置执行用于使用一组可重构对象在网络上投递内容块的方法，所述方法包括：
通过计算机获得包含一组规则的元数据文件；
基于所述元数据文件中包含的所述规则组产生用于所述内容块的所述可重构对象组；
对所述可重构对象组以加密方式进行签名以获得一组经签名可重构对象；并且
在所述网络上将所述经签名可重构对象组连同所述元数据文件一起投递给接收者，由此使得所述接收者能够选取并存储所述内容块的副本，并且接着根据所述所存储的所述内容块的副本和所述元数据文件重构所述经签名可重构对象组。
4.根据权利要求3所述的计算机可读存储媒体，其中所述规则组包含以下各者中的一或多者：
用以指定如何划分所述内容块的规则，其中所述内容块的相应信息块形成对应可重构对象的有效负载；
用以界定命名约定的规则；
用以指定签名密钥的规则；
用以指定是否包含安全目录的规则；以及
用以指定如何基于所述可重构对象组产生所述安全目录的规则。
5.一种用于重构表示内容块的一组可重构对象的计算机系统，所述系统包括：
处理器；以及
存储装置，所述存储装置耦合到所述处理器上并且存储当通过所述处理器执行时使得所述处理器执行方法的指令，所述方法包括：
通过计算机接收一组经签名可重构对象和相关联元数据文件；
从所述接收到的经签名可重构对象组中选取有效负载和一或多个签名；
使用所述所选取的有效负载汇编所述内容块的副本；
存储所述内容块的所述副本、所述元数据文件以及所述所选取的一或多个签名；
舍弃所述接收到的经签名可重构对象组；并且
响应于接收对所述内容块的请求，基于所述内容块的所述副本、所述元数据文件以及所述所选取的一或多个签名重构所述经签名可重构对象组。
6.根据权利要求5所述的系统，其中所述规则组包含以下各者中的一或多者：
用以指定如何划分所述内容块的规则，其中所述内容块的相应信息块形成对应可重构对象的有效负载；
用以界定命名约定的规则；
用以指定签名密钥的规则；
用以指定是否包含安全目录的规则；以及
用以指定如何基于所述可重构对象组产生所述安全目录的规则。
7.根据权利要求6所述的系统，其中从所述接收到的经签名可重构对象组中选取所述一或多个签名包括从每一经签名可重构对象中选取签名，并且其中所述方法进一步包括基于所述所指定的签名密钥校验所述签名。
8.根据权利要求6所述的系统，其中从所述接收到的经签名可重构对象组中选取所述一或多个签名包括从所述安全目录中选取签名，并且其中所述方法进一步包括基于所述所指定的签名密钥校验所述签名。
9.根据权利要求6所述的系统，其中所述方法进一步包括：
舍弃所述安全目录以及所述接收到的经签名可重构对象组；并且
响应于接收对所述内容块的请求，基于用以指定如何产生所述安全目录的所述规则重新产生所述安全目录。
10.根据权利要求5所述的系统，其中所述网络是内容中心网络(CCN)，并且其中所述可重构对象组符合CCN标准。
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US20160020907A1 (en) 2016-01-21
EP2975819B1 (en) 2018-12-12
US10237075B2 (en) 2019-03-19

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