CN104917680A - 数据流上的并行散列和子散列 - Google Patents

数据流上的并行散列和子散列 Download PDF

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CN104917680A
CN104917680A CN201510088807.XA CN201510088807A CN104917680A CN 104917680 A CN104917680 A CN 104917680A CN 201510088807 A CN201510088807 A CN 201510088807A CN 104917680 A CN104917680 A CN 104917680A
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hash
controller
computer system
grouping
content
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CN104917680B (zh
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M·E·莫斯科
G·C·斯科特
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Cisco Technology Inc
Vihana Inc
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Palo Alto Research Center Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/74—Address processing for routing
    • H04L45/745—Address table lookup; Address filtering
    • H04L45/7453—Address table lookup; Address filtering using hashing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
    • H04L47/50—Queue scheduling
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/01—Protocols
    • H04L67/10—Protocols in which an application is distributed across nodes in the network
    • H04L67/1001—Protocols in which an application is distributed across nodes in the network for accessing one among a plurality of replicated servers
    • H04L67/1004—Server selection for load balancing
    • H04L67/1023—Server selection for load balancing based on a hash applied to IP addresses or costs

Abstract

本发明的一个实施例提供用于执行分组流的并行散列的系统。在操作中，所述系统在控制器上接收分组流。所述控制器然后基于所接收的分组识别多个不同的散列运算的类型和参数。所述控制器进一步将分组同时发送到对应的不同的散列模块，以产生不同的散列值，所述不同的散列值能够用来促进分组的转发。

Description

数据流上的并行散列和子散列
技术领域
本申请一般涉及促进网络中的数据处理。更具体地，本申请涉及用于促进数据流中的直接并行散列(hash)和子散列的系统和方法。
背景技术
互联网和电子商务的繁荣继续引发网络行业的革命性变化。当今，从在线观看电影到每日新闻发送、零售和即时消息的相当大量的信息交互是在线进行的。日益增长的互联网应用也变成移动的。然而，当前的互联网基于大型的基于位置的寻址方案工作。两个最普遍存在的协议即互联网协议(IP)和以太网协议都以基于位置的地址为基础。即，内容的消费者可以只接收通过从与物理对象或位置紧密关联的地址(例如IP地址或以太网介质访问控制(MAC)地址)显式请求内容的内容。此限制性的寻址方案越来越不足以满足不断变化的网络需求。
最近，行业中已经提出内容中心网络(CCN)架构。CCN将新方法引入到内容传输。代替在应用层以内容得以通过的端对端对话查看网络流量，内容是基于其唯一的名称请求或返回的，网络负责将内容从提供商路由到消费者。注意，内容包括可以在通信系统中传输的数据，包括任何形式的数据，诸如文本、消息、视频和/或音频。消费者或提供商可以是位于CCN内部或外部的计算机或自动过程的个人。一项内容可以指整个内容或内容的相应部分。例如，报纸文章可以由体现为数据分组(data packet)的多项内容代表。一项内容还可以与描述或用诸如认证数据、创建日期、内容所有人等的信息扩充该项内容的元数据关联。
在CCN中，内容对象和关注由其名称标识，所述名称通常是分层结构的可变长度标识符(HSVLI)。一些联网系统可能在相同的数据流上需要多个散列来处理分组。这些散列可以是不同类型，一些散列可能需要从之前的散列传送状态。在产生数据流的多个散列的同时有效处理CCN分组仍是一个挑战。
发明内容
本发明的一个实施例提供用于执行分组流(packet stream)的并行散列的系统。在操作中，所述系统在控制器上接收分组流。控制器然后基于所接收的分组识别多个不同的散列运算的类型和参数。控制器进一步并行地将分组发送到相应的不同散列模块，以产生不同的散列值，所述不同的散列值可以用来促进分组的转发。
在此实施例的一个变形中，多个散列运算的第一个使用第二散列运算的中间状态作为输入。
在进一步的变形中，第一和第二散列运算是SipHash运算。
在此实施例的一个变形中，多个不同的散列运算包括以下当中的一个或多个：SHA-2散列或截断；SHA-3散列或截断；SipHash；和可变大小的Flower-Noll-Vo(FNV)散列。
在此实施例的一个变形中，控制器从不同的散列运算接收状态，基于所接收的不同散列运算的状态在下一周期中安排散列运算。
在此实施例的一个变形中，所述系统接收并行地进入到多个对应控制器的多个分组流，将相应分组流交叉连接到散列模块阵列，从而促进多个分组流中每一个的并行多散列运算。
在进一步的变形中，当散列运算返回指示错误或故障的状态时，所述系统停止使用相应的散列模块。
附图说明
图1图解说明根据本发明的实施例的网络的示例性架构。
图2图解说明根据本发明的一个实施例在CCN内容对象分组上的并行散列。
图3图解说明根据本发明的一个实施例在CCN内容对象分组上的并行散列。
图4图解说明根据本发明的一个实施例来自散列处理器的输出的示例性下游处理。
图5图解说明根据本发明的实施例的示例性散列处理器。
图6图解说明根据本发明的一个实施例的这种散列阵列。
图7A、7B和7C分别图解说明根据本发明的一个实施例的分组散列处理的示例性第一、第二和第三阶段。
图8图解说明根据本发明的一个实施例促进多输入分组队列的并行处理的示例性系统。
具体实施方式
本发明的实施例提供用于促进CCN数据分组的散列并行产生的系统和方法。
在操作中，当CCN-使能开关或路由器接收内容对象或内容对象的片段时，开关确定内容对象应当被缓存，并且向内容存储管理器发送内容对象(或其片段)的副本。内容存储管理器(根据需要)重新组合片段，将内容对象的副本写入附连的存储器中。更具体地，在写入附连存储器之前，内容存储管理器还可以将内容对象片段化成适当尺寸以进行传输。每个传输的片段被写入到附连存储器中的一组连续的块中，内容存储管理器向每组连续的块增加传输和片段标题(header)。此外，内容存储管理器生成并占据由内容对象的名称前缀索引的缓存表。缓存表的入口规定内容对象的片段所在的存储块的集合的位置。在一些实施例中，缓存入口包括预先组合的数据通信帧的集合，每个帧专用于一个片段。预先组合的帧可以包括适当的传输标题和指向存储块的指针，并且可以用来从附连的存储器检索相应的片段。
通常，CCN使用两种类型的消息：关注(Interest)和内容对象(ContentObject)。关注携带内容对象的分层结构的可变长度标识符(HSVLI)，也称作“名称(name)”，用作对该对象的请求。如果网络元件(例如路由器)接收对相同名称的多个关注，则它可以聚合这些关注。在关注路径上具有匹配的内容对象的网络元件可以缓存并返回该对象，满足该关注。内容对象遵循相反的关注路径回到关注的(若干)来源。内容对象包含同一HSVLI，对象的有效载荷和用来将HSVLI绑定到有效载荷的加密信息以及其它信息。
本申请中使用的词语通常如下定义(但对他们的解释不局限于这些)：
“HSVLI”：分层结构的可变长度标识符，也称作Name(名称)。它是名称组成的排序列表，可以是可变长度的八位字节字符串(octet string)。以人可读的形式，它可以表示为诸如ccnx：/path/part的格式。不存在主机或查询字符串。如上文提到的，HSVLI引用内容，期望HSVLI能够代表内容的组织结构，并对人是至少部分有意义的。HSVLI的各个组成可以有任意长度。而且，HSVLI可以有显式界定的组成，可以包括字节的任何序列，不局限于人可读的字符。最长的前缀匹配查询对转发具有HSVLI的分组时是重要的。例如，指示“/parc/home/bob”中的关注的HSVLI会与“/parc/home/bob/test.txt”和“/parc/home/bob/bar.txt”都匹配。根据名称组成的数目，最长匹配被认为是最好的，原因是它是最具体的。
“Interest(关注)”：对内容对象的请求。关注指定HSVLI名称前缀和可以用来从多个对象中选择相同名称前缀的其它可选选择器。名称与关注名称前缀和选择器匹配的任何内容对象都满足关注。
“Content Object(内容对象)”：响应于关注发送的数据对象。它具有通过加密签名绑定在一起的HSVLI名称和内容有效载荷。可选地，所有的内容对象都具有由内容对象的SHA-256摘要组成的隐式终端名称组成。在一个实施例中，隐式摘要不在线上传输，但根据需要在每次跳转时计算。
如前面提到的，HSVLI指一项内容，是有层次结构的，包括从最通用级别向最具体级别排序的连续组成。相应的HSVLI的长度是不固定的。在内容中心的网络中，与传统的IP网络不同，分组可以由HSVLI标识。例如，“abcd/bob/papers/ccn/news”可以是内容的名称，标识(若干)相应分组，即来自名称为“ABCD”的组织、名字为“Bob”的用户的文章的“ccn”集的“news”文章。为了请求一项内容，节点在该内容中通过内容的名称表达(例如广播)关注。对一项内容的关注可以是根据内容的名称或标识符的内容查询。所述内容如果在网络上可用，则从存储该内容的任何节点路由返回。路由体系智能地将关注传播到可能具有该信息的预期节点，然后携带可用内容沿关注行进的路径返回。
图1图解说明根据本发明的实施例的网络的示例性架构。在此示例中，网络180包括节点100-145。网络中的每个节点耦连到一个或多个其它节点。网络连接185是这种连接的一个示例。网络连接显示为实线，但每条线还代表可以将一个节点耦连到另一节点的子网络或超级网络。网络180可以是内容中心、局域网、超级网络或子网络。这些网络中的每一个节点可以互连，使得一个网络中的节点可以到达其它网络中的节点。网络连接可以是宽带、无线、电话、卫星或任何类型的网络连接。节点可以是计算机系统、代表用户的终端和/或可以生成关注或发起内容的装置。
根据本发明的实施例，消费者可以在一项内容中生成关注，然后将该关注发送到网络180中的节点。这项内容可以由出版者或内容提供商存储在网络180中的节点上，出版者或内容提供商可以位于网络内部或外部。例如，在图1中，对一项内容的关注源自节点105。如果在该节点上内容不可用，则关注流向耦连到第一节点的一个或多个节点。例如，在图1中，关注流向(关注流150)不具有可用内容的节点115。接着，关注从节点115流向(关注流155)还是不具有该内容的节点125。关注然后流向(关注流160)不具有可用内容的节点130。内容流然后以相反方向从路径折回(内容流165、170和175)，直到到达节点105，内容在此被传送。在内容流中可以包括诸如认证的其它处理。
在网络180中，在内容保持器(节点130)和关注生成节点(节点105)之间的路径上的任何数目的中间节点(节点100-145)可以在内容行进通过网络时参与缓存内容的本地副本。缓存通过隐式共享对本地缓存内容的访问降低位置邻近其它订阅者的第二订阅者的网络负载。
通常，CCN联网系统可以请求相同的数据流上的几个散列，以处理和转发CCN分组。这些散列可以是不同类型，一些散列可以请求从之前的散列传送状态。例如，内容对象分组可能需要整个消息上的SHA-256散列。内容对象还可能需要其它散列，诸如嵌入的字节阵列(诸如CCN名称路径分段或组成)上的SipHash或Flower-Noll-Vo(FNV)散列。
图2图解说明根据本发明的一个实施例CCN内容对象分组上的并行散列。在此示例中，CCN分组200包括不被散列化(标记为“skip(跳过)”)的标题(在分组的前面以及结尾处)。在整个消息主体202上计算长SHA-256散列，不包括结尾。消息中嵌入的是另一种数据结构，即CCN名称，其通常需要由CCN开关计算几个连续散列。在一个实施例中，第一名称组成被散列化，然后第二名称组成的散列也取决于第一名称组成，等等，直到整个名称，这产生SipHash阵列206(这意味着在此示例中针对名称组成计算SipHash)。名称散列(即SipHash阵列206)用来转发表查询(例如用于执行最长的匹配查询)，所以它不需要是加密散列。
将来的协议或特征可能需要不同的散列。因此，散列处理器可以包括灵活的规则集，使得控制单元可以从可用的散列计算器(hasher)中确定要使用的适当的散列集合。规则集基于协议标题将分组映射到规则集，以计算分组中的偏置，从而允许散列计算器从分组数据中获取计算散列的适当输入。控制单元还可以包括算术单元(ALU)和分组模式处理器，诸如类型-长度-值(TLV)引擎或其它基于规则的引擎。
例如，图3显示分组300，它除了连续名称散列(即FNV-1a散列阵列306)之外需要消息主体302的SHA-3512位散列和有效载荷305的SHA-3256位的散列。注意在此示例中，FNV-1a用于散列化名称组成。
图4图解说明根据本发明的一个实施例的来自散列处理器的输出的示例性下游处理。在此示例中，散列处理器400包括多个到达(输入)队列(诸如到达队列402)、散列阵列404和多个散列输出队列(诸如散列输出队列406)。到达分组被复制并设置于各个到达队列中，再馈送到散列阵列404的不同部分以产生不同的散列值。来自散列输出队列的输出然后耦连到控制模块408，控制模块408给CCN专用硬件分派相应的数据和散列，诸如快速未决关注表(PIT)查询模块422、转发信息库(FIB)查询模块424。一些散列可以是暂态的，不保存，而象SHA-256内容对象散列的其它散列可以存储在文本存储器428中。此外，帧存储器426可以可选地保存数据分组以用于以后使用。
下面描述能够在相同的数据流上并行多个散列的这种灵活的散列处理单元的硬件和软件系统。
在一个实施例中，硬件中的散列处理器使用芯片间通路，诸如XAUI、Interlaken或PCIe与上游(即媒体端口)和下游(即网络处理器或CPU)通信。也可以有本地媒体端口。如图5中所示，散列处理器502接收分组，然后施加匹配规则集，以基于其标题和内部结构确定对于给定的分组计算哪些类型的散列。输出是原始分组加上计算散列。
例如，输出流可以是原始分组之后是具有通知处理管道(诸如网络处理单元(NPU))中的下一阶段的标识符的特殊分组，该特殊分组包含与之前分组关联的散列。散列分组可以包括内容表，以允许NPU容易地查询分组内的特定散列。
散列处理器内部是具有输出缓存器的散列计算器阵列。散列计算器可以是各种类型，诸如SHA-256、SipHash或FNV-1a 128-位或可编程的，诸如任何SHA-2或SHA-3变量。因为基于散列在分组中的位置，散列在不同时间变成可用，每个散列计算器具有输出缓存器，以保持结果，直到控制单元确定它可以将其写入到散列输出队列。原始数据分组还通过通道被复制到数据输出队列。图6图解说明根据本发明的一个实施例的这种散列阵列。到来分组首先被控制模块复制、分派。分组然后被馈送到不同散列计算器，散列计算器的输出被缓存。分组还通过通道数据路径设置于数据输出队列中。
在本描述中，我们将散列处理分成状态周期和处理周期，出于图示目的，可以认为他们对应于管道阶段。实际实现可以比显示的具有更加精细的管线，可以在比示例性64字节块更大或更小的数据块上工作。
散列计算器还具有基于另一散列计算器的中间结果初始化其状态的能力。例如，第一名称组成可以开始于字节偏置28，结束于字节偏置37。散列计算器很可能用0或者其它散列专用的模式将输入填充成字节40(对于8-字节对齐)。下一名称组成开始于字节偏置38。为了链接散列，第二散列计算器会从第一散列计算器获取字节偏置32处的中间状态，这是第一散列计算器开始填充之前最后的一个完全块。第二散列计算器然后继续通过第二名称组成的末端。
图7A显示根据本发明的一个实施例的分组散列处理的示例性第一阶段。控制器在数据总线上设置字节B0，B1，...，B63，给每个散列计算器(或者至少那些不具有无运算NOP的散列计算器)发送命令。控制器命令SHA-256处理器在字节偏置20开始散列化数据总线。没有规定结束，所以SHA-256散列计算器会继续通过块的结尾。控制器还命令散列计算器单元#1在字节偏置24开始其SipHash，在字节偏置60结束。控制器命令散列计算器单元#2在字节偏置56开始其SipHash。这是因为散列计算器单元#2是散列计算器单元#1的继续。控制器命令单元#2在字节55结束时传送来自单元#1的中间状态，然后在字节偏置56处开始其散列。注意，控制器规定字节56代替在字节61实际开始的第二名称组成，原因是SipHash是8-字节对齐散列，单元#1在字节60之后开始填充输入。
图7B图解说明根据本发明的一个实施例的分组散列处理的示例性第二阶段。在此第二处理周期中，控制器读每个散列计算器的状态。单元#0报告“OK”，原因是它正在进行SHA-256散列，并且没有错误。单元#1报告“BUSY(繁忙)”，原因是它仍在计算在字节60结束的SipHash的消息填充的结束，并在将结果写入缓冲器中。单元#2报告“OK”，原因是它在正在进行其SipHash，并且没有错误。单元#3报告“IDLE(空闲)”，原因是它可用于新工作。
图7C图解说明根据本发明的一个实施例的分组散列处理的示例性第三阶段。在此第三处理周期中，控制器在数据总线上设置字节B64，...，B127，对每个散列计算器进行新任务分配。控制器命令单元#0在整个块上继续其SHA-256散列。控制器还向单元#1发送no-op指令，原因是该单元已经报告“BUSY”。控制器命令单元#2继续其散列化，并在字节68结束。散列计算器单元#2然后填充散列，将结果写入其缓冲器中。而且，控制器命令单元#3在字节64开始散列化，在字节63之后从单元#2读中间状态。控制器告诉单元#3在字节64开始，原因是字节64是单元#3可以从单元#2作为中间结果读取的最后完全8-字节对齐的字。后来的周期继续控制器读散列计算器状态，然后在总线上设置新的数据块，向每个散列计算器发布命令。
在实际系统中，可以有许多并行的分组到来。例如，路由器线卡具有通过许多Interlaken通路或XAUI接口链接到散列处理器的多个媒体接口。每个分组到达队列具有其自身的控制器来管理解析的状态。交叉连接将控制器调解到可用的散列计算器资源。一个示例是交叉开关。一旦控制器开始使用散列计算器(即散列计算器阵列)，控制器保持该散列计算器，直到当前运算完成。输出交叉连接将散列缓冲器链接到分组数据和散列计算器数据的输出通路。注意，如果散列计算器失效，或者遇到错误或故障，则交叉连接可以选择不同的散列计算器确保无错误运算。
交叉连接仲裁器在分配资源时应当考虑分组的优先权。还应当避免控制器之间的死锁。例如，控制器可能需要在开始之前为交叉连接评估所需资源，因此控制器可以避免死锁。可以基于已知分组格式的最坏情况定时设计一些系统，以确保总是有充足的资源。交叉连接如果死锁，可避免较低优先权的会话，可以从输出缓冲器到输入缓冲器重新排列数据流。
图8图解说明根据本发明的一个实施例促进多输入分组队列的并行处理的示例性系统。在此示例中，交叉连接802将多个分组到达队列连接到不同的散列处理器，第二交叉连接804将散列结果连接到不同的散列输出队列。具体地，有三个分组输入队列。在输入通路和服务队列之间可以有具有分组安排器的更多或更少的输入通路。交叉连接802将每个控制器与散列计算器资源对齐。输出交叉连接804安排散列缓冲器输出队列，以用于由下一单元处理。
总的来说，本申请描述了用于计算在相同的字节流上的多并行散列的架构和系统。例如，内容对象在整个消息上具有SHA-256散列，而消息的具体子字符串具有其它散列，诸如几个累积SipHash。系统使用规则系统来描述分组，然后向在相同的字节流上操作的多个散列计算器发布命令。较大的系统可以在多输入控制器和可用散列计算器的阵列之间使用交叉连接。
在此详细描述中描述的数据结构和代码通常存储于计算机可读存储介质上，计算机可读存储介质可以是可以存储代码和/或数据以由计算机系统使用的任何装置或介质。计算机可读存储介质包括但不限于易失性存储器、非易失性存储器、磁和光存储装置(诸如磁盘驱动器、磁带、CD(光盘)、DVD(数字通用盘或数字视频盘))或能够存储现在已知或以后开发的计算机可读介质的其它介质。
在详细描述部分描述的方法和过程可以体现为代码和/或数据，其可以存储在如上文描述的计算机可读存储介质中。当计算机系统读、执行计算机可读存储介质上存储的代码和/或数据时，计算机系统执行体现为数据结构和代码并存储于计算机可读存储介质中的方法和过程。
而且，本文中描述的方法和过程可以包括于硬件模块或设备中。这些模块或设备可以包括但不限于专用集成电路(ASIC)芯片、现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)、在特定时间执行特定软件模块或代码片段的专用或共用处理器，和/或现在已知或以后开发的其它可编程逻辑器件。当硬件模块或设备被激活时，他们执行其中包括的方法和过程。
给出上述描述使得本领域技术人员能够制造和使用实施例，上述描述是在特定应用和其需求的背景下提供的。对所公开实施例的各种改进对本领域技术人员是非常显然的，在不偏离本申请的精神和范围下，本文中定义的通用原理可以应用于其它实施例和应用。因此，本发明不局限于所显示的实施例，而是给予与本文中公开的原理和特征一致的最宽范围。

Claims (10)

1.一种用于执行分组流的并行散列的计算机系统，所述方法包括：
接收队列，所述接收队列适于接收分组流；
控制器，所述控制器耦连到所述接收队列，并适于基于所接收的分组识别多个不同的散列运算的类型和参数；以及
多个散列模块，所述多个散列模块耦连到所述控制器，其中，所述控制器适于将分组并行地发送到不同的散列模块以产生不同的散列值，所述不同的散列值能够用来促进分组的转发。
2.根据权利要求1所述的计算机系统，其中，所述多个散列模块中的第一个使用第二散列模块的中间状态作为输入。
3.根据权利要求2所述的计算机系统，其中，所述第一和第二散列模块适于执行SipHash运算。
4.根据权利要求1所述的计算机系统，其中，所述多个不同的散列模块适于执行以下当中的一个或多个：
SHA-2散列运算；
SHA-3散列运算；
SipHash运算；以及
Flower-Noll-Vo(FNV)散列运算。
5.根据权利要求1所述的计算机系统，其中，所述控制器进一步适于：
从不同的散列运算接收状态；以及
基于所接收的不同的散列运算的状态，在下一周期中安排散列运算。
6.根据权利要求1所述的计算机系统，进一步包括：
多个对应的控制器，所述多个对应的控制器适于并行接收多个分组流；以及
交叉连接，所述交叉连接适于将相应的分组流交叉连接到散列模块阵列，从而促进所述多个分组流中每一个的并行多散列运算。
7.根据权利要求6所述的计算机系统，其中，当散列运算返回指示错误或故障的状态时，所述交叉连接进一步适于停止使用相应的散列模块。
8.一种用于执行分组流的并行散列的计算机系统，所述计算机系统包括：
处理器；
存储装置，所述存储装置耦连到所述处理器，并存储指令，所述指令在由所述处理器执行时引起所述处理器执行方法，所述方法包括：
在控制器上接收分组流；
基于所接收的分组，通过所述控制器识别多个不同的散列运算的类型和参数；以及
将所述分组同时发送到对应的不同散列模块，以产生不同的散列值，所述不同的散列值能够用来促进分组的转发。
9.根据权利要求8所述的计算机系统，其中，所述多个散列运算中的第一个使用第二散列运算的中间状态作为输入。
10.根据权利要求9所述的计算机系统，其中，第一和第二散列运算是SipHash运算。
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