CN103987865A - 用于钻地刀头的切削镶片 - Google Patents

用于钻地刀头的切削镶片 Download PDF

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CN103987865A
CN103987865A CN201280044781.3A CN201280044781A CN103987865A CN 103987865 A CN103987865 A CN 103987865A CN 201280044781 A CN201280044781 A CN 201280044781A CN 103987865 A CN103987865 A CN 103987865A
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carbide
crystal grain
ground cutter
cutting insert
cutter head
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H·C·科尔曼
P·K·莫钱达尼
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Kennametal Inc
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C29/00Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides
    • C22C29/02Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on carbides or carbonitrides
    • C22C29/06Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on carbides or carbonitrides based on carbides, but not containing other metal compounds
    • C22C29/08Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on carbides or carbonitrides based on carbides, but not containing other metal compounds based on tungsten carbide
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C29/00Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides
    • C22C29/005Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides comprising a particular metallic binder
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B10/00Drill bits
    • E21B10/46Drill bits characterised by wear resisting parts, e.g. diamond inserts
    • E21B10/56Button-type inserts
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F5/00Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
    • B22F2005/001Cutting tools, earth boring or grinding tool other than table ware

Abstract

一种用于钻地刀头的切削镶片包含一种烧结碳化物材料。该烧结碳化物材料包含多个碳化钨晶粒和多个立方碳化物晶粒,这些立方碳化物晶粒包含以下各项中的至少一项:碳化钛、碳化钒、碳化锆、碳化铪、碳化铌、碳化钽、其混合物、及其固溶体。该烧结碳化物材料还包含一种粘合剂,该粘合剂包含以下各项中的至少一项:钴、钴合金、镍、镍合金、铁、以及铁合金。这些切削镶片的实施例适用于在例如旋转牙轮钻地刀头和固定刀具钻地刀头上使用。在此还披露了一种混合的烧结碳化物材料,并且该混合的烧结碳化物材料在钻地刀头的切削镶片中有用,该混合的烧结碳化物材料包含基于碳化钨和钴的烧结碳化物的第一区域,这些第一区域分散在包含立方碳化物的烧结碳化物材料的一个连续区域之中。

Description

用于钻地刀头的切削镶片
技术背景
技术领域
本披露涉及被适配用于在钻地刀头和其他制造物品中使用的切削镶片。
技术背景说明
烧结碳化物是包含分散在一个连续的相对柔软的金属粘合剂相中的不连续硬质相的复合材料。分散(不连续)相典型地包含过渡金属碳化物、氮化物、硅化物、和/或氧化物,其中该过渡金属是选自例如:钛、钒、铬、锆、铪、钼、铌、钽以及钨。该粘合剂相典型地包含以下各项中的至少一项:钴、钴合金、镍、镍合金、铁、以及铁合金。在粘合剂中可以包含多种合金元素,例如像铬、钼、硼、钨、钽、钛以及铌,以便提高该复合材料的某些性能。该粘合剂相将分散的硬质晶粒粘结或“烧结(cement)”在一起,并且该复合材料表现出不连续相和连续相的物理性能的有利组合。尽管此类复合材料的不连续硬质相可能不包含金属碳化物,但是可商购的版本典型地包含碳化物作为不连续硬质相。因此,这些复合材料通常被称为“烧结碳化物”,即使缺少碳化物或碳化物仅构成不连续硬质相的一部分。因此,在本说明书和权利要求书二者中于此所引用的“烧结碳化物”是指此类材料,不管它们是否包含金属碳化物。
许多烧结碳化物类型或“等级”通过改变参数而产生,这些参数可以包括处于分散相和/或连续相的材料的组成、分散相区域的平均大小以及不连续相和连续相的体积分数。包含分散碳化钨相和钴或钴合金粘合剂相的烧结碳化物是通常可获得的烧结碳化物等级中最具商业重要性的。常规烧结碳化物等级是作为粉末可获得的(在此称为“烧结碳化物粉末”),这些粉末可以使用例如常规压制烧结技术被处理成最终形状。
包含不连续碳化钨相和连续钴粘合剂相的烧结碳化物等级表现出极限抗拉强度、断裂韧性以及耐磨损性的有利组合。如本领域所已知的,“极限抗拉强度”是一种材料破裂或失效时的应力。“断裂韧性”是指一种材料在断裂之前吸收能量并且塑性变形的能力。“韧性”是与从原点到断点的应力应变曲线下的面积成比例的。参见麦格劳希尔科技术语词典(McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific andTechnical Terms)(第5版,1994)。“耐磨损性”是指一种材料经受对其表面的损害的能力。磨损一般涉及由于物品与接触表面或物质之间的相对运动自该物品上的材料的渐进性损失。参见简装版金属手册(METALS HANDBOOK DESKEDITION)(第2版,1998)。烧结碳化物在要求巨大强度和韧性以及高的耐磨损性的应用中得到广泛使用。此类应用包括:例如,金属切削和金属成形应用、钻地和削岩应用,以及在机械耐磨零件中使用。
烧结碳化物的强度、韧性以及耐磨损性与存在于复合材料中的分散硬质相的区域的平均大小和粘合剂相的体积(或重量)分数有关。总体来说,增大常规烧结碳化物等级中的分散硬质区域的平均晶粒大小和/或粘合剂相的体积分数增大了该复合材料的断裂韧性。然而,韧性方面的这种增大一般伴随着耐磨损性的减小。因此,冶金学家配制的烧结碳化物在发展表现出高耐磨损性和高断裂韧性二者的、并且以其他方式适合于在要求高的应用中使用的等级方面不断受到挑战。
在许多情况下,使用常规的粉末冶金压制烧结技术将烧结碳化物零件生产为单个物品。压制烧结制造工艺典型地涉及在一个模具中压制或以其他方式加固一个烧结碳化物粉末的一部分,以提供具有确定形状和大小的未烧结的或“生坯”压坯。如果烧结碳化物零件需要另外的形状特征而这些形状特征不能容易地通过加固粉末来实现,那么在烧结之前机械加工该生坯压坯。这个机械加工步骤被称为“生坯成形”。如果生坯成形工艺需要另外的压坯强度,那么可以在生坯成形之前预烧结该生坯压坯。预烧结在低于最终烧结温度的一个温度下发生并且提供所谓的“棕色”压坯。生坯成形操作之后是高温烧结步骤。烧结使材料密度致密化到近乎理论全密度,从而产生一种烧结碳化物复合材料。烧结还发展出所希望的复合材料的强度和硬度。
旋转牙轮钻地刀头和固定刀具钻地刀头用于石油和天然气勘探、采矿、挖掘等。旋转牙轮刀头(rotary cone bit)典型地包括一个钢制本体,该钢制本体上附接有可以由烧结碳化物或其他材料所制成的切削镶片。参照图1,被适配用于钻地应用的典型旋转牙轮刀头10包括一个钢制本体12和可旋转地附接至本体12上的两个或三个互锁旋转牙轮13。多个切削镶片14通过例如机械手段(粘附剂或硬钎焊)而附接至每个旋转牙轮上。又可以称为“切削元件”的这些切削镶片可以由烧结碳化物或另一种材料制成。图2描绘了附接至固定刀具钻地刀头的镶片夹持器部分的一个表面24上的多个烧结碳化物切削镶片22。
配置用于与钻地刀头一起使用的常规烧结碳化物切削镶片通常是基于作为分散硬质相的纯碳化钨(WC)和作为连续粘合剂相的纯钴(Co)。虽然WC-Co烧结碳化物切削镶片相对于先前在用于旋转牙轮钻地刀头的切削镶片中使用的材料提供优点,但是WC-Co镶片可能遭受过早磨耗和磨损。过早磨损可能必须要更换一个或多个已磨损切削镶片或整个旋转牙轮或固定刀具钻地刀头,这需要将钻具组从钻柱中移除。这会显著地减缓钻孔过程并且增大钻孔过程的成本。
因此,将有利的是,开发出一种改进的烧结碳化物材料以便在用于旋转牙轮钻地刀头、固定刀具钻地刀头以及其他钻地刀头的切削镶片中使用,该改进的烧结碳化物材料与常规WC-Co烧结碳化物相比表现出有利的耐磨耗性和磨损寿命,同时不会显著地危害切削镶片的强度和韧性。更普遍地,将有利的是,提供一种新颖的烧结碳化物材料以用于多种用途,包括其中希望高的耐磨耗性和磨损寿命并且其中强度和韧性是同样重要的那些。
概述
本披露的一个非限制性方面是针对一种包含烧结碳化物材料的钻地刀头切削镶片。在根据本披露的某些非限制性实施例中,该烧结碳化物材料包含多个碳化钨晶粒和多个立方碳化物晶粒,这些立方碳化物晶粒包含以下各项中的至少一项:碳化钛、碳化钒、碳化锆、碳化铪、碳化铌、碳化钽及其固溶体。该烧结碳化物材料包含一种粘合剂,该粘合剂包含以下各项中的至少一项:钴、钴合金、镍、镍合金、铁以及铁合金。
本披露的另一个非限制性方面是针对一种包含混合的烧结碳化物材料的钻地刀头切削镶片。该混合的烧结碳化物材料包含多个第一烧结碳化物区域和一种钴粘合剂,该多个第一烧结碳化物区域包含多个碳化钨晶粒。该多个第一烧结碳化物区域构成一个分散相。该混合的烧结碳化物材料还包含一个第二、连续烧结碳化物区域,该区域包含处于第二区域粘合剂中的多个第二烧结碳化物晶粒。在非限制性实施例中,这些第二烧结碳化物晶粒包含碳化钨和以下各项中的至少一项:碳化钛、碳化钒、碳化锆、碳化铪、碳化铌、碳化钽及其固溶体。该第二区域粘合剂包含以下各项中的至少一项:钴、钴合金、镍、镍合金、铁以及铁合金。该多个第一烧结碳化物区域是分散在该第二连续烧结碳化物区域中。包含一种混合的烧结碳化物材料的钻地刀头切削镶片可以适配用于在旋转牙轮钻地刀头和固定刀具钻地刀头中的至少一个上使用。
本披露的又一个非限制性方面是针对一种钻地刀头。根据本披露的某些非限制性实施例的钻地刀头包括一个钻地刀头本体和至少一个钻地刀头切削镶片。该至少一个钻地刀头切削镶片包含一种烧结碳化物材料。在根据本披露的某些非限制性实施例中,该钻地刀头的至少一个切削镶片的烧结碳化物材料包含多个碳化钨晶粒和多个立方碳化物晶粒。该多个立方晶粒包含以下各项中的至少一项:碳化钛、碳化钒、碳化锆、碳化铪、碳化铌、碳化钽及其固溶体。该至少一个钻地刀头切削镶片的烧结碳化物材料包含一种粘合剂,该粘合剂包含以下各项中的至少一项:钴、钴合金、镍、镍合金、铁以及铁合金。
附图简要说明
通过参照附图可以更好地理解在此描述的方法和制造物品的特征和优点,在附图中:
图1是旋转牙轮钻地刀头的透视图,该旋转牙轮钻地刀头包括一个钢制本体和安装在这些旋转牙轮上的多个常规WC-Co烧结碳化物切削镶片;
图2是具有附接的常规WC-Co烧结碳化物切削镶片的固定刀具钻地刀头的切削镶片夹持器部分的透视图;
图3A是示出用于钻地刀头切削镶片并且包含处于钴粘合剂中的碳化钨硬质颗粒的现有技术等级H-25烧结碳化物材料的显微结构的显微照片;
图3B是示出用于钻地切削镶片并且包含处于钴粘合剂中的碳化钨硬质颗粒的现有技术等级231烧结碳化物材料的显微结构的显微照片;
图3C是示出用于钻地刀头切削镶片并且包含处于钴粘合剂中的碳化钨硬质颗粒的现有技术等级45B烧结碳化物材料的显微结构的显微照片;
图4是根据本披露的适用于钻地切削镶片并且包含多个碳化钨晶粒、多个立方碳化物晶粒以及一种金属粘合剂的烧结碳化物材料的非限制性实施例的显微结构的示意性表示;
图5是根据本披露的适用于钻地切削镶片的混合的烧结碳化物材料的非限制性实施例的显微结构的示意性表示;
图6是用于测定包含分散相和连续基质相的复合材料(如烧结碳化物材料)的邻接比的方法中的一个步骤的图形描绘;
图7是根据本披露的包括包含立方碳化物的多个切削镶片的旋转牙轮钻地刀头的示意性表示;
图8是根据本披露的适用于钻地切削镶片并且包含由碳化钛、碳化钽以及碳化铌的固溶体组成的立方碳化物晶粒的烧结碳化物材料的非限制性实施例的显微照片;
图9是根据本披露的适用于钻地切削镶片并且包含由碳化钽和碳化铌的固溶体组成的立方碳化物晶粒的烧结碳化物材料的非限制性实施例的显微照片;
图10是根据本披露的适用于钻地切削镶片的混合的烧结碳化物材料的非限制性实施例的显微照片;
图11是在以下披露的实例4中所使用的用于根据ASTM B611来测量烧结碳化物的耐磨损性的装置的示意性表示;并且
图12是标绘在以下披露的实例4中针对耐磨损性所评估的若干种烧结碳化物材料的磨损数的图。
在考虑以下对根据本披露的某些非限制性实施例的详细描述时,读者将了解上述细节以及其他。
某些非限制性实施方式的详细说明
除了在操作实例中或在另外指示的情况下之外,在本文非限制性实施例的说明中,表示数量或特性的所有数字应被理解为在所有情况下都由术语“约”来修饰。因此,除非相反地指示,否则以下说明中所提出的任何数值参数都是近似值,这些近似值可以根据人们力图在根据本披露的材料和物品中获得的所希望的性能而改变。至少,而且并非试图限制权利要求书的范围的等效物的原则的应用,每个这样的数值参数应该至少按照所报告的有效位并通过应用普通的舍入法进行解释。
被称为是通过引用结合在此的任何专利、公开案、或其他披露材料仅在以下程度上被整体或部分地结合在此:使得所结合的材料不与本披露中提出的现有定义、陈述或其他披露材料相冲突。这样,并且在必要的程度上,在此提出的本披露取代通过引用结合在此的任何冲突材料。被称为是通过引用结合在此、但与在此提出的现有定义、陈述、或其他披露材料相冲突的任何材料或其一部分仅在以下程度上被结合:使得在所结合的材料与现有披露材料之间不发生冲突。
如在此所使用,并且除非在此另有规定,否则术语“烧结碳化物”、“烧结碳化物材料”以及“烧结碳化物复合材料”是指一种烧结材料。
虽然并不打算进行限制,但是根据本披露的烧结碳化物材料可以使用用于制备烧结碳化物材料的常规技术来制备。称为“压制烧结”技术的一种这样的常规技术涉及压制多种前体冶金粉末中的单一一种或这些前体冶金粉末的混合物的一部分以形成生坯压坯,然后烧结该压坯以使该压坯密度增加并且冶金地将这些粉末颗粒粘结在一起。在生产烧结碳化物材料中应用的压制烧结技术的细节是本领域的普通技术人员所众所周知的,并且因此不需要在此提供对此类细节的进一步说明。
如先前所指示,与钻地刀头一起使用的烧结碳化物切削镶片典型地是基于作为硬质、分散、不连续相的纯WC,和作为连续粘合剂相的基本上纯的钴Co。然而,WC-Co切削镶片可能遭受过早磨耗和磨损。虽然不希望受限于任何特定理论,但是本发明的发明人认为,在钻地操作中应用的WC-Co切削镶片的过早磨损是由至少两个因素引起。第一个因素是WC-Co材料中的WC晶粒的一般有角的形态。第二个因素是WC与其他过渡金属碳化物相比的相对柔软度。图3A至图3C的显微照片示出在用于钻地应用的切削镶片中所采用的基于WC-Co的烧结碳化物材料的典型显微结构。图3A中所示的WC-Co烧结碳化物材料是使用压制烧结技术、由等级H-25烧结碳化物粉末所形成,并且包含按重量计75%的具有4至6μm平均晶粒大小的WC颗粒(又称为“晶粒”)和按重量计25%的钴粘合剂。图3B中所示的WC-Co烧结碳化物材料是使用压制烧结技术、由等级231烧结碳化物粉末所形成,并且包含按重量计90%的具有4至6μm平均晶粒大小的WC晶粒和按重量计10%的钴粘合剂。图3C中所示的WC-Co烧结碳化物材料是使用压制烧结技术、由等级45B烧结碳化物粉末所形成,并且包含按重量计84%的具有4至6μm平均晶粒大小的WC晶粒和按重量计84%的钴粘合剂。用于制成图3A至图3C中所示的材料的三个等级的WC-Co粉末是可从阿拉巴马州麦迪逊市的ATI Firth Sterling公司(ATI Firth Sterling,Madison,Alabama)获得的。参照图3A至图3C,WC晶粒(深灰色区域)表现出有角形状,其中许多WC晶粒包括尖锐的锯齿状边缘。本发明的发明人已经观察到,在WC-Co材料磨损并磨耗并且粘合剂材料磨损掉(如在钻地操作过程中所发生的)时,WC晶粒的尖锐边缘倾向于容易地碎裂并且折断,从而导致材料中的过早磨损和微细裂缝形成。
本披露的一个方面是针对一种适用于钻地刀头切削镶片的烧结碳化物材料,在非限制性实施例中,其中按重量计多达50%的烧结碳化物材料包含立方碳化物晶粒。在针对一种适用于钻地刀头切削镶片的烧结碳化物材料的另一个非限制性实施例中,按重量计多达30%的烧结碳化物材料包含立方碳化物晶粒。根据本披露的非限制性实施例所使用的立方碳化物包括来自元素周期表的IVB族和VB族的过渡金属碳化物。这些过渡金属立方碳化物包括碳化钛、碳化锆、碳化铪、碳化钒、碳化铌以及碳化钽。已经观察到,在压制和烧结根据本披露的烧结碳化物材料之后,该材料内的这些过渡金属立方碳化物及其固溶体的晶粒表现出相对圆滑的晶粒形状或晶粒结构。如在此所使用,术语“晶粒”是指过渡金属碳化物的单个微晶。如在此所使用,词组“有角晶粒”和“具有有角特征的晶粒”及其变体是指当在显微照片中观看该材料时,拥有界限清楚的边缘和尖锐拐角的晶粒,其中这些拐角形成锐角到钝角。如在此所使用,词组“圆滑晶粒”、“圆滑晶粒形状”、“圆滑晶粒结构”及其变体是指当在显微照片中观看该材料时,所具有的光滑边缘具有弯曲度的晶粒。
本发明的发明人已经推断出,配制一种具有显著比例的具有相对圆滑的形态而不是有角形态的过渡金属碳化物晶粒的烧结碳化物材料,将会显著增强该烧结碳化物材料的耐磨损性。本发明的发明人推断,这样一种材料将会提高钻地切削镶片的耐磨损特性,而不会显著地危害该钻地刀头切削镶片的其他重要性能。
现在参照图4的示意性表示,在根据本披露的非限制性实施例中,一种适用于钻地刀头切削镶片的新型烧结碳化物材料40包含多个碳化钨晶粒42。该烧结碳化物材料40进一步包含多个立方碳化物晶粒44,这些立方碳化物晶粒包含过渡金属立方碳化物。在非限制性实施例中,该多个立方碳化物晶粒包括选自元素周期表中的IVB族和VB族的过渡金属的至少一种碳化物的晶粒。在另一个非限制性实施例中,该多个立方碳化物晶粒包含以下各项中的至少一项:碳化钛、碳化钒、碳化锆、碳化铪、碳化铌、碳化钽及其固溶体。在其他非限制性实施例中,该多个立方碳化物晶粒包含碳化钛或碳化钽或碳化铌,或碳化钛、碳化钽以及碳化铌的固溶体的晶粒。在烧结以产生烧结碳化物材料的步骤之后,该烧结碳化物材料中的立方碳化物晶粒一般表现出比该材料中的碳化钨晶粒更圆滑的形状。
仍参照图4,根据本披露的用于钻地刀头切削镶片的烧结碳化物材料40包含一种粘合剂46(它又可以称为一个粘合剂相)。在非限制性实施例中,粘合剂46包含以下各项中的至少一项:钴、钴合金、镍、镍合金、铁以及铁合金。在根据本披露的烧结碳化物材料的另一个非限制性实施例中,粘合剂46包含钴。在再一个非限制性实施例中,粘合剂46包含选自以下各项中的至少一种添加剂:铬、钌、铼、钼、硼、钨、钽、钛、铌、硅、铝、铜以及锰。在某些非限制性实施例中,烧结碳化物材料40的粘合剂46可以包含基于粘合剂46的总重量总计多达20重量%的添加剂。在其他非限制性实施例中,烧结碳化物材料40的粘合剂46可以包含基于粘合剂46的总重量总计多达15重量%、多达10重量%或多达5重量%的添加剂。
在根据本披露的烧结碳化物材料的非限制性实施例中,该烧结碳化物材料包含基于总材料重量按重量百分比计为1%至30%的立方碳化物晶粒、2%至35%的粘合剂,并且其余为碳化钨晶粒。在根据本披露的烧结碳化物材料的另一个非限制性实施例中,该烧结碳化物材料包含基于总材料重量按重量百分比计为1%至50%的立方碳化物晶粒、2%至35%的粘合剂,并且其余为碳化钨晶粒。
过渡金属立方碳化物对彼此表现出大的溶解度,并且对碳化钨仅表现出轻微的溶解度。因此,在烧结以产生根据本披露的烧结碳化物材料的步骤之后,可以形成立方碳化物的固溶体,这可以称为“复合碳化物”。在各个非限制性实施例中,这些复合碳化物或碳化物固溶体可以表现出圆滑的形态。碳化钨对任何立方碳化物都不具有溶解度,并且因此,在烧结以产生根据本披露的烧结碳化物材料之后,碳化钨晶粒一般仍然为具有尖锐拐角的有角晶粒。
根据本发明的某些实施例包括钻地刀头切削镶片,这些钻地刀头切削镶片包含混合的烧结碳化物材料(或简单地说“混合的烧结碳化物”)。鉴于烧结碳化物是典型地包含分散遍及连续粘合剂相的不连续过渡金属碳化物相的复合材料,混合的烧结碳化物包含分散遍及烧结碳化物连续相的至少一个不连续烧结碳化物等级相,从而形成烧结碳化物的复合材料。是本领域众所周知的材料的混合的烧结碳化物描述在例如美国专利号7,384,443(“美国'443专利”)中,所述专利通过引用以其全部内容结合在此。
参照图5中所示的示意性表示,在根据本披露的适用于切削镶片的混合的烧结碳化物50的非限制性实施例中,多个第一烧结碳化物区域52中的每一个包含处于包含钴的第一区域粘合剂中的多个碳化钨晶粒。连续第二烧结碳化物区域54包含处于第二区域粘合剂中的多个第二烧结碳化物晶粒。这些第二烧结碳化物晶粒包含碳化钨晶粒和以下各项中的至少一项的晶粒:碳化钛、碳化钒、碳化锆、碳化铪、碳化铌、碳化钽及其固溶体。该第二区域粘合剂包含以下各项中的至少一项:钴、钴合金、镍、镍合金、铁以及铁合金。该多个第一烧结碳化物区域52是分散在该连续第二烧结碳化物区域54之中。
应认识到,本披露的范围包括混合的烧结碳化物,其中第一区域和第二区域的组分与上述相反。也就是,在非限制性实施例中,烧结碳化物的第一区域可以包含碳化钨连同立方碳化物和一种粘合剂,该粘合剂包含以下各项中的至少一项:钴、钴合金、镍、镍合金、铁以及铁合金,并且这些第一区域分散在包含处于钴粘合剂中的多个碳化钨晶粒的一个第二区域烧结碳化物的连续相之中。
根据美国'443专利的用于制备混合的烧结碳化物的方法的某些实施例提供此类材料的形成,其中分散烧结碳化物相具有相对低的邻接比。在复合材料结构中分散相的邻接程度可以表征为邻接比Ct。如普通技术人员已知的,Ct可以使用一种定量金相技术来测定,该定量金相技术描述于格兰德(Gurland),“定量显微镜学到烧结碳化物的应用(Application of Quantitative Microscopy to CementedCarbides)”,定量金相学的实际应用(Practical Applications of QuantitativeMetallography),ASTM STP839,J·L·麦考尔(J.L.McCall)和J·H·斯蒂尔·Jr.(J.H.Steale,Jr.)编辑,美国材料与试验协会(American Society for Testing and Materials),费城(1984)第65至83页中,该文献通过引用结合在此。该技术包括测定长度已知的、放置在材料的显微结构(作为显微照片)上的随机取向直线与特定结构特征所产生的交点数。对显微照片中由直线与分散相/分散相交点所产生的交点的总数进行计数并且将其称为NLαα。对显微照片中由直线与分散相/连续相界面所产生的交点的总数进行计数并且将其称为NLαβ。图6示意性地示出借以获得NLαα和NLαβ的值的程序。在图6中,60一般指定包含处于β相的连续相64中的α相的分散相62的一种复合材料。邻接比Ct是由方程Ct=2NLαα/(NLαβ+2N αα)来计算。格兰德中所描述的方法扩展到测量例如美国'443专利中的混合的烧结碳化物复合材料的邻接比。
邻接比是分散相区域与其他分散第一相区域(即,连续分散相区域)相接触的表面积的平均分数的度量。随着分散区域的分布从完全分散结构变成完全结块结构,该比可以从0变化到1。邻接比描述了分散相的邻接程度,不考虑这些分散相区域的体积分数或大小。然而,典型地,对于较高体积分数的分散相来说,该分散相的邻接比也可能将会是相对高的。
在混合的烧结碳化物的情况下,当烧结碳化物的分散相与烧结碳化物的连续相相比具有更高的硬度时,烧结碳化物分散相更低的邻接比反映了一条裂缝将会传播通过任何连续分散相区域的更小的可能性。这个开裂过程可以是一个重复过程,其累积效应导致混合的烧结碳化物物品的整体韧性降低,这可能在例如用于钻地刀头的切削镶片中出现。如以上所提及,更换切削镶片或整个钻地刀头可能既费时又费钱。
在某些实施例中,根据本披露的混合的烧结碳化物可以包含介于约2体积%至约40体积%之间的第一区域或分散相的烧结碳化物等级。在其他实施例中,这些混合的烧结碳化物可以包含介于约2体积%至约30体积%之间的第二区域或连续相的烧结碳化物等级。在再另外的应用中,令人满意的可能是在该混合的烧结碳化物中包含介于6体积%与25体积%之间的第一区域或分散相的烧结碳化物。
美国'443专利披露了一种制备具有改进性能的混合的烧结碳化物的方法。如普通技术人员已知的,该制备一种混合的烧结碳化物的方法包括:使分散烧结碳化物等级(即,第一区域烧结碳化物)的部分烧结的粒子和完全烧结的粒子中的至少一种与连续烧结碳化物等级(即,第二区域烧结碳化物)的生坯粒子和未烧结的粒子中的至少一种共混。然后加固该共混物,并随后使用常规手段进行烧结。对分散相的粒子的部分烧结或完全烧结使得这些粒子加强(与“生坯”粒子相比)。分散相的加强的粒子又将会在加固共混物的步骤过程中对崩塌具有提高的抵抗力。根据所希望的分散相强度,可以在从约400℃到约1300℃范围的温度下部分或完全烧结分散相的粒子。可以通过多种手段来烧结粒子,如但不限于氢气烧结和真空烧结。对粒子进行烧结可以移除润滑剂、还原氧化物并且使这些粒子的显微结构增密并发展。在共混之前部分或完全烧结分散相粒子使得在加固过程中分散相崩塌减少。
除了WC晶粒与其他过渡金属碳化物(例如像碳化钛(TiC)、碳化钽(TaC)、碳化铌(NbC)、碳化锆(ZrC)、碳化铪(HfC)以及碳化钒(VC))的晶粒之间的形状差异之外,在不同碳化物的熔点和显微硬度方面存在显著差异,如表1中所示。
表1
如在表1中所观察到的,TiC、TaC、NbC、ZrC、HfC以及VC比WC具有显著更高的熔点,并且比WC更硬。本发明的发明人认为,基于钛、钽、铌、锆、铪以及钒的碳化物与碳化钨相比更高的硬度和更圆滑的晶粒形态,根据本披露的烧结碳化物材料和物品(如用于钻地刀头的切削镶片)的总耐磨损性将会显著大于由烧结碳化物(其由WC和Co组成)所制成的材料和物品(如钻地刀头切削镶片)的总耐磨损性。耐磨损性方面的改进会使得包括由根据本披露的烧结碳化物材料所制成的切削镶片的钻地刀头的使用寿命增长。
在根据本披露的某些实施例中,将TiC添加至烧结碳化物材料中将会提高耐腐蚀性,这又将会帮助避免由腐蚀所造成的过早磨损失效。在根据本披露的某些实施例中,将TaC添加至烧结碳化物材料中将会提高升高温度硬度以及对热循环过程中的细微裂缝形成的抵抗力,细微裂缝形成是在钻地应用中所采用的烧结碳化物镶片中的常见失效模式。
根据本披露的另一个方面是针对一种制造物品,其中该物品的至少一部分包含根据本披露的烧结碳化物材料中的一种或多种或由其组成。这些制造物品包括但不限于用于钻地刀头的切削镶片。根据本披露的切削镶片包括例如:用于旋转牙轮钻地刀头、固定刀具钻地刀头以及其他钻地刀头的切削镶片。图7是根据本披露的旋转牙轮钻地刀头70的示意性表示。根据非限制性实施例的旋转牙轮钻地刀头70包括一个常规钻地刀头本体72,该本体包括根据本披露的实施例所制作的多个切削镶片74。
另外,根据本披露的烧结碳化物材料的强度、断裂韧性以及耐磨耗/磨损性的有利组合使得这些烧结碳化物材料对于在固定刀具钻地刀头的叶片部分、切削镶片夹持器部分以及叶片支撑部分使用来说具有吸引力。同样认为,根据本披露的烧结碳化物材料的实施例可以在用于机械加工金属和金属合金(如但不限于:钛合金、基于镍的超合金以及其他难以机械加工的金属合金)的切削镶片和切削工具中使用。
实例1
根据本披露的烧结的烧结碳化物材料的非限制性实施例的显微结构在图8的显微照片中示出。图8中所示的烧结碳化物材料通过成形一种粉末共混物来制备,该粉末共混物由按重量百分比计由75%WC粉末、8%TiC粉末、5%TaC粉末、5%NbC粉末、以及7%Co粉末组成。将该共混粉末加固成生坯压坯。在1420℃下烧结该生坯压坯。
图8的显微照片中所示的烧结碳化物表现出碳化钨晶粒,和包含碳化钛、碳化钽、碳化铌及其固溶体的圆化晶粒。所预期的是,包含立方碳化物的圆滑晶粒的存在将会提高用于钻地刀头的切削镶片的耐磨损性,同时不会显著地影响这些切削镶片的某些其他重要性能,从而延长这些切削镶片的使用寿命。
实例2
根据本披露的烧结的烧结碳化物材料的非限制性实施例的显微结构在图9的显微照片中示出。图9中所示的烧结碳化物材料通过形成按重量百分比计由50%WC粉末、22%TaC粉末、20%NbC粉末以及8%Co粉末组成的一种粉末共混物来制备。将该共混粉末加固成生坯压坯。在1420℃下烧结该生坯压坯。
图9的显微照片中的烧结碳化物表现出碳化钨晶粒,和包含碳化钽、碳化铌及其固溶体的圆滑晶粒。所预期的是,包含立方碳化物的圆滑晶粒的存在将会提高用于钻地刀头的切削镶片的耐磨损性,同时不会显著地影响这些切削镶片的某些其他重要性能,从而延长这些切削镶片的使用寿命。
实例3
根据本披露的烧结的混合的烧结碳化物材料的非限制性实施例的显微结构在图10的显微照片中示出。制备两种不同的冶金粉末共混物。用于连续、第二烧结碳化物区域的第一冶金粉末共混物通过形成按重量百分比计由50%WC粉末、22%TaC粉末、20%NbC粉末以及8%Co粉末组成的一种粉末共混物来制备。待用于该多个第一烧结碳化物区域或分散相的第二冶金粉末共混物通过使按重量百分比计90%的WC粉末和10%的Co粉末共混来制备。按重量百分比计,使85%的第一冶金粉末共混物与15%的第二冶金粉末共混物混合。加固混合的粉末并且在1420℃下烧结以形成烧结的混合的烧结碳化物材料。
在图10的非限制性实施例中,一种混合的烧结碳化物材料包含分散在第二烧结碳化物的一个连续第二区域(图10的显微照片中的颜色较深的区域)中的多个第一烧结碳化物区域(图10的显微照片中的颜色较浅的区域),这些第一烧结碳化物区域包含处于包含钴的粘合剂相中的碳化钨晶粒,该第二烧结碳化物的连续第二区域包含碳化钨晶粒还有碳化钛、碳化钽、碳化铌及其固溶体的晶粒。所预期的是,立方碳化物的存在将会提高用于钻地刀头的切削镶片的耐磨损性,同时不会显著地影响这些切削镶片的某些其他重要性能,从而延长这些切削镶片的使用寿命。
实例4
进行一项研究以评定立方碳化物的添加对提高烧结碳化物的耐磨耗性的效力。以下具有所指示组分的烧结碳化物材料是使用常规压制烧结技术由冶金粉末来制备:
合金A:由10重量%的钴和余量的碳化钨组成的烧结碳化物。该材料包含处于钴的连续相中的碳化钨的不连续相。碳化钨的晶粒大小是约5μm。
合金B:由10.55重量%的钴、2.5重量%的碳化钛、2.5重量%的碳化钽以及余量的碳化钨组成的烧结碳化物。该材料包含处于钴的连续相中的不连续相,该不连续相包含碳化钛和碳化钽(都是立方碳化物)晶粒以及碳化钨晶粒。如同在合金A中,碳化钨晶粒大小是约5μm。合金B中的钴含量高于合金A中的钴含量,以便补偿硬质相的总体积分数的变化,并且从而维持粘合剂(钴)的恒定体积分数。因此,合金B在立方碳化物的添加方面不同于合金A。
合金C:由10.75重量%的钴、5重量%的碳化钛、5重量%的碳化钽以及余量的碳化钨组成的烧结碳化物。该材料包含处于钴的连续相中的不连续相,该不连续相包含碳化钛、碳化钽以及碳化钨的晶粒。碳化钨晶粒大小保持与合金A和合金B中相同(约5μm),并且选择钴含量以相对于合金A和合金B维持粘合剂的恒定体积分数。合金C与合金B的不同之处在于:合金C包含更高体积分数的立方碳化物。
合金D:由11.1重量%的钴、10重量%的碳化钛、10重量%的碳化钽以及余量的碳化钨组成的烧结碳化物。该材料包含处于钴的连续相中的不连续相,该不连续相包含碳化钛、碳化钽以及碳化钨的晶粒。碳化钨晶粒大小保持与合金A至合金C中相同(约5μm),并且选择钴含量以相对于合金A至合金C维持粘合剂的恒定体积分数。这种合金类似于合金C,但是却含有更高的立方碳化物含量。
合金E:由10.55重量%的钴、5重量%的碳化钽以及余量的碳化钨组成的烧结碳化物。该材料包含处于钴的连续相中的不连续相,该不连续相包含碳化钽晶粒和碳化钨晶粒。碳化钨晶粒大小维持与合金A至合金D中相同(约5μm)。合金E类似于合金B,但是所有立方碳化物作为碳化钽存在。
合金F:由10.75重量%的钴、10重量%的碳化钽以及余量的碳化钨组成的烧结碳化物。该材料包含处于钴的连续相中的不连续相,该不连续相包含碳化钽晶粒和碳化钨晶粒。碳化钨晶粒大小维持与合金A至合金E中相同(约5μm)。合金F类似于合金C,但是所有立方碳化物作为碳化钽存在。
使用ASTM B611-85(2005)(“用于烧结碳化物的耐磨耗性的标准试验方法(Standard Test Method for Abrasive Resistance of Cemented Carbides)”)中所描述的程序来测量合金A至合金F中的每一种的耐磨耗性。用于耐磨损性试验的试验装置在图11中示意性地示出。该试验包括使用氧化铝颗粒浆料来研磨试验材料的试样。通过部分布置在浆料浴中的旋转钢制叶轮使浆料靠着试验试样的表面进行研磨。如图11中所指示,使用一重物和一枢轴安排(a weight and a pivotarrangement)将试样推靠到旋转叶轮的外围表面(和该表面上的浆料)上。该叶轮在其两侧包括混合叶片以在叶轮旋转过程中搅动该浆料。记录每钢制叶轮绕转该试验试样所经历的体积损失(cm3),并且将该试样的耐磨料磨损性(abrasion wearresistance)报告为单位为krevs/cm3的“磨损数”。具有更高磨损数的材料与具有更低磨损数的材料相比对磨料磨损更具抵抗力,因为具有更高磨损数的材料需要试验设备上更大数目的叶轮绕转来研磨一个单位体积的材料。
在图12中的图中标绘了使用ASTM B611的方法针对合金A至合金F中的每一种所确定的耐磨损性数。试验结果清楚地显示,磨损数并且因此耐磨料磨损性随着立方碳化物含量的增大而显著增大。如所指出,调整每种合金的钴含量以使得每种合金包含近似相同体积含量的粘合剂(钴)。然而,包含总计5重量%的立方碳化物的合金B被测量出具有约5.75的磨损数,而缺少立方碳化物的合金A被测量出具有仅5.1的磨损数。各自具有10重量%的立方碳化物含量的合金C和合金D被测量出具有超过6的磨损数,这显著大于针对合金A(缺少立方碳化物)和合金B(包含一半重量百分比的立方碳化物)所测定的磨损数。包含仅呈碳化钽形式的立方碳化物的合金E和合金F同样被测量出具有显著大于合金A的磨损数的一个磨损数(5.3)。
使用ASTM B771-11e1(“用于烧结碳化物的短杆断裂韧性的标准试验方法(Standard Test Method for Short Rod Fracture Toughness of Cemented Carbides)”)中所描述的方法来测量合金A至合金F中的每一种的断裂韧性。通过这种试验方法测定的抗断裂性性能被认为表征了烧结碳化物在中性环境下、在严重拉伸约束下在尖锐裂缝存在时对断裂的抵抗力,这样使得裂缝前缘附近的应力状态接近三倍拉伸平面应变,并且裂缝尖端塑性区域与在约束方向上的裂缝大小和试样尺寸相比是小的。试验的结果呈现于以下表2中。
表2
表2中的结果显示,通过添加立方碳化物所提供的耐磨损性方面的显著改进伴随着一些断裂韧性的损失。然而,在烧结碳化物的许多应用(包括例如,石油、天然气以及采矿领域中的大多数凿岩应用)中,由包含立方碳化物的材料所实现的耐磨损性方面的改进被认为胜过断裂韧性方面的损失。
将理解的是,本说明书示出了与清楚理解本发明有关的本发明的多个方面。为了简化本说明书,并未呈现本领域的普通技术人员将清楚的、并且因此不会有助于对本发明的更好理解的一些方面。尽管在此仅必要地描述了本发明的有限数量的实施例,但是本领域的普通技术人员在考虑以上说明书时将会认识到,本发明的许多修改和变化都可以被采用。本发明的所有此类变化和修改旨在被以上说明书和以下权利要求书所覆盖。

Claims (18)

1.一种用于钻地刀头的切削镶片,该切削镶片包含
一种烧结碳化物材料,该烧结碳化物包含:
多个碳化钨晶粒;
多个立方碳化物晶粒,这些立方碳化物晶粒包含以下各项中的至少一项:碳化钛、碳化钒、碳化锆、碳化铪、碳化铌、碳化钽、及其固溶体;以及
一种粘合剂,该粘合剂包含以下各项中的至少一项:钴、钴合金、镍、镍合金、铁、以及铁合金。
2.如权利要求1所述的切削镶片,其中该粘合剂包含钴。
3.如权利要求1所述的切削镶片,其中该多个立方碳化物晶粒包含碳化钛。
4.如权利要求1所述的切削镶片,其中该多个立方碳化物晶粒包含碳化钽。
5.如权利要求1所述的切削镶片,其中该多个立方碳化物晶粒包含碳化钛、碳化钽以及碳化铌的固溶体。
6.如权利要求1所述的切削镶片,其中该烧结碳化物材料按重量百分比计包含:
从1%至50%的这些立方碳化物晶粒;
从2%至35%的该粘合剂;以及
余量的这些碳化钨晶粒。
7.如权利要求1所述的切削镶片,其中该切削镶片被适配用于在旋转牙轮钻地刀头和固定刀具钻地刀头中的至少一个上使用。
8.一种钻地刀头,包括:
一个钻地刀头本体;以及
附接至该钻地刀头本体上的至少一个切削镶片,该切削镶片包含一种烧结碳化物材料;
其中该烧结碳化物材料包含:
多个碳化钨晶粒;
多个立方碳化物晶粒,这些立方碳化物晶粒包含以下各项中的至少一项:碳化钛、碳化钒、碳化锆、碳化铪、碳化铌、碳化钽及其固溶体;以及
一种粘合剂,该粘合剂包含以下各项中的至少一项:钴、钴合金、镍、镍合金、铁、以及铁合金。
9.如权利要求8所述的钻地刀头,其中该烧结碳化物材料的粘合剂包含钴。
10.如权利要求8所述的钻地刀头,其中该多个立方碳化物晶粒包含碳化钛。
11.如权利要求8所述的钻地刀头,其中该多个立方碳化物晶粒包含碳化钽。
12.如权利要求8所述的钻地刀头,其中该多个立方碳化物晶粒包含碳化钛、碳化钽以及碳化铌的固溶体。
13.如权利要求8所述的钻地刀头,其中该烧结碳化物材料按重量百分比计包含:
从1%至50%的这些立方碳化物晶粒;
从2%至35%的该粘合剂;以及
余量的这些碳化钨晶粒。
14.如权利要求8所述的钻地刀头,包括一个旋转牙轮钻地刀头。
15.如权利要求8所述的钻地刀头,包括一个固定刀具钻地刀头。
16.一种用于钻地刀头的切削镶片,该切削镶片包含
一种混合的烧结碳化物材料,该混合的烧结碳化物材料包含:
多个第一烧结碳化物区域,该多个第一烧结碳化物区域包含处于包含钴的第一区域粘合剂中的碳化钨晶粒;
其中该多个第一烧结碳化物区域包括一个分散相;以及
一个第二连续烧结碳化物区域,该第二连续烧结碳化物区域包含处于第二区域粘合剂中的第二烧结碳化物晶粒;
其中这些第二烧结碳化物晶粒包含碳化钨和以下各项中的至少一项:碳化钛、碳化钒、碳化锆、碳化铪、碳化铌、碳化钽、及其固溶体;并且
其中该第二区域粘合剂包含以下各项中的至少一项:钴、钴合金、镍、镍合金、铁以及铁合金;并且
其中该多个第一烧结碳化物区域被分散在该第二连续烧结碳化物区域之中。
17.如权利要求16所述的切削镶片,其中这些第二烧结碳化物区域中的每一个按重量百分比计包含:
从1%至50%的这些立方碳化物晶粒;
从2%至35%的该粘合剂;以及
余量的这些碳化钨晶粒。
18.如权利要求16所述的切削镶片,该切削镶片被适配用于在旋转牙轮钻地刀头和固定刀具钻地刀头中的至少一个上使用。
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AU2012312859A1 (en) 2014-03-20
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