CN103561649B - 用于刺血针致动的方法和装置 - Google Patents

用于刺血针致动的方法和装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN103561649B
CN103561649B CN201280027074.3A CN201280027074A CN103561649B CN 103561649 B CN103561649 B CN 103561649B CN 201280027074 A CN201280027074 A CN 201280027074A CN 103561649 B CN103561649 B CN 103561649B
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
lancet
sample
blood
driver
lancing
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Expired - Fee Related
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CN201280027074.3A
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English (en)
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CN103561649A (zh
Inventor
M.卡斯特尔
R.库吉扎基
T.舒普
R.恩格勒特
J.佩里
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Sanofi Aventis Deutschland GmbH
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Sanofi Aventis Deutschland GmbH
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Publication of CN103561649A publication Critical patent/CN103561649A/zh
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Classifications

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    • A61M5/46Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests having means for controlling depth of insertion
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Abstract

本发明提供一种刺血针驱动器,其中驱动器在刺血周期期间将驱动力施加到刺血针并且在组织部位上使用。驱动器包括用于将刺血针沿着路径推进到组织部位中的驱动力生成器,以及用于用户接口输入的手动开关。

Description

用于刺血针致动的方法和装置
背景技术
众所周知,刺血装置在医疗卫生保健产品工业中用于穿刺皮肤以产生血液进行分析。血液样本的生化分析是用于确定临床信息的诊断工具。许多即时测试使用全血执行,最常见的是监测糖尿病血糖水平。该方法的其它用途包括基于凝血酶原时间测量分析氧和凝固。典型地,通过在指尖上制造小切口获得用于该类型的分析的血滴,产生小伤口,所述小伤口在皮肤的表面上生成小血滴。
刺血的早期方法包括用针头或刀片穿刺或切割皮肤。目前的方法使用刺血装置,所述刺血装置包含众多的弹簧、凸轮和质量致动器以驱动刺血针。这些包括悬臂弹簧、隔膜、卷簧以及用于驱动刺血针的重力铅垂。典型地,该装置被预上膛(pre-cock)或用户上膛装置。该装置保持抵靠皮肤并且用户或来自用户皮肤的压力机械地触发刺血针的弹道发射。刺血针的向前运动和皮肤穿刺的深度由机械限位件和/或阻尼以及缩回刺血针的弹簧或凸轮确定。除了当驱动器撞击发射器限位件的端部时皮肤的振动刺激以外,这样的装置由于反冲而具有多次击发的可能性,并且仅仅允许皮肤厚度变化的粗糙控制。不同皮肤厚度可能在痛觉、出血和获得血液的成功率方面在刺血装置的不同用户之间产生不同结果。
成功率大体上包括用一个刺血动作产生在量上足以执行期望的分析测试的血液样本的概率。血液可以自发地出现在皮肤表面处,或者可以从伤口“挤血”。挤血大体上包括压迫手指的侧面或伤口附近以将血液挤压到表面。在传统方法中,由刺血动作产生的血滴必须到达皮肤的表面以可用于测试。
当使用现有的方法时,血液常常从切割血管流动,但是然后截留在皮肤的表面之下,形成血肿。在其它情况下,产生伤口,但是没有血液从伤口流动。在任一情况下,刺血过程不能与样本采集和测试步骤组合。用目前的机械发射系统产生的自发血滴生成在发射器类型之间变化,但是它平均为刺血针击发的大约50%,这将是自发的。否则需要挤血以产生血液。如果每两次击发中有一次不产生自发血液样本,则机械发射器不太可能提供整合的样本采集和测试的手段。
许多糖尿病患者(胰岛素依赖)需要每天自测试血糖水平五到六次。从刺血到挤血、将血液应用到测试条和从测试条获得测量的传统血糖测试方法中所需的大量步骤使许多糖尿病患者失去勇气按照建议的频率测试他们的血糖水平。因此通过频繁测试严格控制血糖对于疾病管理是强制的。与每个刺血事件关联的疼痛更加使患者失去勇气进行测试。另外,由已知系统留在患者上的伤道也可能在尺寸上使在意他们的手或担心伤道的愈合的人失去勇气测试他们的血糖水平。
必须使用刺血设备获得和分析血液样本的患者经常遇到的另一问题是由于特别在老年糖尿病患者中严重的视网膜病和神经病,需要一定的手灵巧和手眼协调来正确地操作刺血和样本测试设备。对于那些患者来说,操作现有的刺血针和样本测试设备会是挑战。一旦产生血滴,然后血滴必须被引导到小测试条或类似物的接收通道中。如果样本在条上的放置不成功,则包括再刺血皮肤以获得新血滴的整个程序的重复是必要的。
发明内容
在本发明的一个方面中,一种刺血针驱动器配置成在刺血周期期间将驱动力施加到刺血针并且在组织部位上使用。驱动器包括用于将刺血针沿着路径推进到组织部位中的驱动力生成器,以及用于用户接口输入的手动开关。
附图说明
图1-3是弹簧驱动、凸轮驱动和可控制力驱动器的实施例的刺血针速度与位置的关系的图形。
图4示出呈具有螺线管型配置的扁平电刺血针驱动器的形式的可控制力驱动器的实施例。
图5示出呈使用盘绕螺线管型配置的圆柱形电刺血针驱动器的形式的可控制力驱动器的实施例。
图6示出由谐和弹簧/质量系统驱动的刺血针的随着时间的位移简档。
图7示出由谐和弹簧/质量系统驱动的刺血针的随着时间的速度简档。
图8示出可控制力驱动器的实施例的随着时间的位移简档。
图9示出可控制力驱动器的实施例的随着时间的速度简档。
图10示出在切割血管之后部分缩回的刺血针;血液显示为沿着针在伤道中流动;
图11示出血液沿着刺血针流动到皮肤表面,保持敞开的伤道。
图12是示出控制反馈环的简图。
图13是刺血针的前进和缩回期间的力与时间的关系的图形,显示刺血周期的一些特征阶段。
图14示出刺血针尖端,显示可以影响刺血疼痛、血量和成功率的特征。
图15示出刺血针尖端的实施例。
图16是显示随着时间的刺血针的位移的图形。
图17是显示速度简档的实施例的图形,所述速度简档包括随着时间的刺血针的速度,包括刺血针的缩回期间的减小速度。
图18示出产生用螺旋线支撑的切口之前、期间和之后的刺血针的实施例的尖端。
图19示出用弹性体实施例支撑的手指伤道。
图20是具有本发明的特征的组织穿刺装置的透视图。
图21是图20的组织穿刺装置的部分纵截面的正视图。
图22是替代实施例的部分截面的正视图。
图23是沿着图21的线23-23获得的图21的组织穿刺装置的横向横截面图。
图24是沿着图21的线24-24获得的图21的组织穿刺装置的横向横截面图。
图25是沿着图21的线25-25获得的图21的组织穿刺装置的横向横截面图。
图26是沿着图21的线26-26获得的图21的组织穿刺装置的横向横截面图。
图27是图21的组织穿刺装置驱动耦合器的侧视图。
图28是图21的组织穿刺装置驱动耦合器的前视图,为了图示未显示刺血针。
图29A-29C显示示出刺血针控制方法的流程图。
图30是患者的手指和朝着手指的皮肤移动的刺血针尖端的简图。
图31是患者的手指和与患者的手指的皮肤接触的刺血针尖端的简图。
图32是刺血针尖端下压患者的手指的皮肤的简图。
图33是刺血针尖端进一步下压患者的手指的皮肤的简图。
图34是刺血针尖端穿刺患者的手指的皮肤的简图。
图35是刺血针尖端穿刺患者的手指的皮肤到达期望深度的简图。
图36是刺血针尖端从患者的手指的皮肤收回的简图。
图37-41示出可以测量皮肤的弹性反冲的组织穿刺的方法。
图42是刺血周期的位置和速度与时间的关系的图形表示。
图43示出刺血针布置在其中的皮肤的层的截面图。
图44是刺血周期的速度与位置的关系的图形表示。
图45是刺血周期的速度与时间的关系的图形表示。
图46是驱动器线圈组件和位置传感器的替代实施例的部分纵截面的正视图。
图47是具有本发明的特征的扁平线圈驱动器的透视图。
图48是图47的扁平线圈驱动器的分解图。
图49是具有本发明的特征的锥形驱动器线圈组件的部分纵截面的正视图。
图50是沿着图49中的线50-50获得的图49的锥形线圈驱动器组件的横向横截面图。
图51显示容纳刺血针和样本容器的采样模块的实施例。
图52显示外壳,所述外壳包括驱动器和可以装载图51中所示的模块的室。
图53显示具有装载到外壳中的模块的组织穿刺采样装置。
图54显示刺血针配置的替代实施例。
图55示出样本输入端口、样本容器和人体工学轮廓手指接触区域的实施例。
图56示出刺血事件期间的组织穿刺采样装置。
图57示出具有靠近流体可以在上面流动的表面的样本检测元件的热样本传感器和将暴露于流动横越表面的流体的样本检测元件的替代位置。
图58显示具有包括独立加热元件的样本检测元件的热样本传感器的配置。
图59描绘例如图58中所示的三个热样本检测器,样本检测元件靠近彼此并排地位于表面上。
图60示出相对于具有分析部位的通道定位的热样本传感器。
图61显示具有样本检测分析器的热样本传感器,所述样本检测分析器相对于以阵列布置在表面上的分析部位定位。
图62示意性地示出包括热样本传感器的若干可能配置的采样模块装置,所述热样本传感器包括相对于样本流动通道和分析区域定位的样本检测元件。
图63示出具有本发明的特征的组织穿刺采样装置。
图64是图63的组织穿刺采样装置的采样模块的部分截面的俯视图。
图65是图64中所示的采样模块的通过线65-65的横截面图。
图66示意性地描绘采样模块的替代实施例的截面图。
图67描绘围绕采样端口的采样模块的一部分。
图68-70在截面图中显示在刺血针驱动器的使用期间处于三个不同位置的弹簧动力刺血针驱动器的一个实现方式。
图71示出具有本发明的特征的组织穿刺采样装置的实施例。
图72显示包括多个采样模块的筒的顶表面。
图73在部分截面中显示定位在读取装置中的采样筒的采样模块。
图74是具有采样模块的筒的组织穿刺采样装置的部分截面的透视图。
图75是图56的组织穿刺采样装置的部分截面的前视图。
图76是图75的组织穿刺采样装置的俯视图。
图77是具有由挠性聚合物的片材串联连接的多个采样模块的采样模块带的一部分的透视图。
图78是图59的采样模块带的单采样模块的透视图。
图79是图78的采样模块的挠性聚合物片材的一部分的仰视图,示出淀积在挠性聚合物片材的底表面上的挠性导体和接触点。
图80是没有挠性聚合物覆盖片材或刺血针的图77的采样模块的主体部分的透视图。
图81是图80的采样模块的主体部分的放大部分,示出采样模块的输入端口、样本流动通道、分析区域、刺血针通道和刺血针引导件。
图82是具有多个小体积分析区域的采样模块的替代实施例的一部分的放大正视图。
图83是没有采样或分析功能的可以容纳和引导刺血针的刺血针模块的主体部分的透视图。
图84是具有配置成接收刺血针的驱动头的T形槽的驱动耦合器的正视图。
图85是图84的驱动耦合器的侧视正视图并且示出驱动耦合器的引导斜坡。
图86是图84的驱动耦合器的透视图,刺血针装载到驱动耦合器的T形槽中。
图87是图86的驱动耦合器的透视图,刺血针的驱动头完全装载到驱动耦合器的T形槽中。
图88是布置在驱动耦合器的T形槽内的采样模块带的透视图,采样模块中的一个的刺血针的驱动头装载在驱动耦合器的T形槽内。
图89是具有在环形配置中布置的采样模块的采样模块筒的透视图。
图90是具有在分块矩阵中布置的多个采样模块的采样模块筒的透视图,刺血针驱动头配置成与具有粘性接头的驱动耦合器配合。
图91是具有横向槽的驱动耦合器的替代实施例的侧视图,所述横向槽配置成接收布置在刺血针模块内的刺血针的L形驱动头,并且显示为L形驱动头装载在横向槽中。
图92是图91的驱动耦合器、具有L形驱动头的刺血针和刺血针模块的分解图。
图93是耦合到控制电磁驱动器的远端的刺血针筒的前面的透视图。
图94是图93的刺血针筒的正视前视图。
图95是图93的刺血针筒的俯视图。
图96是图93的刺血针筒的透视图,筒主体和刺血针容器的一部分未显示以便示出内部机构。
图97-101示出试剂注射装置的实施例。
图102-106示出具有采样筒主体和刺血针筒主体的用于采样的筒的实施例。
图107是显示根据本发明的具有驱动力生成器和传感器的刺血针驱动器的示意图。
图108是显示使用闭环控制的刺血针驱动器的一个实施例的示意图。
图109是显示使用阻尼器的刺血针驱动器的一个实施例的示意图。
图110A和110B显示用于多个刺血针的刺血针驱动器的实施例。
图111-115示出具有各种不同接口装置的刺血针驱动器的实施例。
图116(a)和116(b)示出本发明的具有多开关用户接口的刺血针驱动器的实施例的俯视图和侧视图。
图117示出具有LED的本发明的刺血针驱动器的实施例。
图118示出具有半透明刺血针窗口的本发明的刺血针驱动器的实施例。
具体实施方式
使用现有的组织穿刺装置、例如其中组织穿刺装置的组织穿刺元件是刺血针的刺血装置,包括角质层的皮肤厚度和表皮的水合的变化可以在不同用户之间产生不同结果。许多目前的装置依赖可调节机械限位件或阻尼来控制刺血针的穿刺深度。
在图1和2中分别显示弹簧驱动和凸轮驱动组织穿刺装置的位移速度简档。相对于刺血针的位移X绘制速度。图1表示弹簧驱动装置的典型位移/速度简档。刺血针出口速度增加直到刺血针碰撞皮肤10的表面。由于皮肤的抗拉特性,它将弯曲或变形直到刺血针尖端切割表面20,刺血针然后将穿刺皮肤直到它到达完全停止30。在该点位移最大并且到达穿刺的限度并且刺血针停止。机械限位件吸收来自驱动器的过剩能量并且将它传递到刺血针。储存在弹簧中的能量可以导致反冲,导致多次穿刺,如图1中的螺旋简档所见。这导致来自额外组织穿刺以及来自将振动能量传递到皮肤中并且刺激神经末梢的非必要疼痛。然后发生刺血针的缩回并且刺血针离开皮肤40以返回到外壳中。对于该类型的弹簧动力驱动器不能以任何有意义的方式控制速度。
图2显示类似于图1的凸轮驱动驱动器的位移/速度简档,但是由于在凸轮配置中指定返回路径,因此没有来自一次致动的多次组织穿刺的可能性。基于凸轮的驱动器可以提供刺血针速度相对位移的一定水平控制,但是不足以获得许多期望的位移/速度简档。
通过使用驱动刺血针的可控制力驱动器、例如由电磁能量提供动力的驱动器获得优点。可控制驱动器可以获得例如图3中所示的期望的速度相对位置简档。本发明的实施例允许精确地控制穿刺深度、控制刺血针穿刺和缩回速度并且因此减小当切入皮肤中时感觉到的疼痛的能力。本发明的实施例包括可以与具有位置传感器的反馈环一起使用的可控制驱动器以控制输送到刺血针的动力,这可以优化速度和位移简档以补偿皮肤厚度的变化。
通过使用由轻质刺血针的使用促进的快速刺血针切割速度获得疼痛减小。除了压缩皮肤以便获得高效切割以外,快速切割最小化当刺血针撞击皮肤时产生的冲击波。如果使用可控制驱动器,可以消除机械限位件的需要。由于刺血针的很轻质量和缺少机械限位件,因此在切割期间几乎没有振动能量传递到手指。
例如其速度相对位置简档在图1和2中显示的刺血装置典型地产生50%自发血液。另外,一些刺血事件不成功并且不产生血液,即使对手指挤血。自发血滴生成取决于到达产生血液样本的毛细血管和小静脉。所以切割装置的正确穿刺深度是个问题。由于皮肤厚度和水合的变化,一些类型的皮肤将在切割开始之前变形更多,并且因此实际穿刺深度将更小,导致更小的毛细管和小静脉切口。可控制力驱动器可以控制刺血针的穿刺深度并且因此改善出血的自发性。此外,可控制力驱动器的使用可以允许刺血针的缓慢缩回(比切割速度慢),由于伤道保持敞开以便血液自由通往皮肤的表面而导致改善的成功率。
当来自切割血管的血液沿着伤道向上流动到皮肤的表面时发生自发出血,在那里它可以被收集和测试。在缩回刺血针之后组织弹性参数可以迫使伤道闭合,防止血液到达表面。然而如果刺血针将从伤道缓慢地缩回,因此保持伤口敞开,则当刺血针正在缩回时血液会沿着刺血针的尖端之后的开放通道向上流动(参考图10和11)。因此控制进出伤口的刺血针速度的能力允许装置补偿皮肤厚度的变化和皮肤水合的变化并且由此以最大成功率获得自发出血,同时最小化疼痛。
电磁驱动器可以直接耦合到刺血针,最小化刺血针的质量并且允许驱动器使刺血针停止在预定深度处而不使用机械限位件。替代地,如果需要机械限位件进行主动定位,则传递到限位件的能量可以最小化。电磁驱动器允许对整个刺血过程的速度相对位置简档的可编程控制,包括定时刺血针的启动、跟踪刺血针位置、测量刺血针速度、控制远侧停止加速度和控制皮肤穿刺深度。
参考图4,显示组织穿刺装置的实施例。组织穿刺装置包括呈电磁驱动器的形式的、可以用于驱动刺血针的可控制力驱动器。当在本文中使用时,术语刺血针大体上包括任何尖锐或钝元件,其优选地具有较低质量,用于穿刺皮肤以便切割血管并且允许血液流动到皮肤的表面。当在本文中使用时,术语电磁驱动器大体上包括在电或磁感生力下移动或驱动组织穿刺元件、例如刺血针的任何装置。图4是电磁驱动器的实施例的部分分解图。驱动器的顶半部显示为组装。驱动器的底半部为了图示目的显示为分解。
图4为了图示目的显示从静止外壳或PC板20分离的内绝缘外壳22,以及从内绝缘外壳22分离的刺血针24和标记26的组件。另外,仅仅四个铆钉18显示为附连到内绝缘外壳22并且从PC板20分离。在实施例中,位于PC板20和30中的PC板中的每个线圈驱动场芯用铆钉连接到内绝缘外壳22和32。
电磁驱动器具有包括刺血针组件的移动部分和包括静止外壳组件的静止部分,所述刺血针组件具有刺血针24和附连在近端或驱动端处的可透磁标记26,所述静止外壳组件具有电场线圈,所述电场线圈布置成使得它们在标记处产生平衡场以减小或消除作用于标记的任何净横向力。电场线圈大体上是当电流穿过线圈时生成磁场的一个或多个金属线圈。铁标记是磁性材料的扁平或扩大件,其增加刺血针组件的表面积以增强在刺血针的近端和由场线圈产生的磁场之间生成的磁力。刺血针和铁标记的组合质量可以最小化以便于快速加速以便引入患者的皮肤中,从而当刺血针在皮肤中减小时减小冲击,并且便于采样周期过程中的即时速度简档变化。
静止外壳组件由组织成一个单元的PC板20、下部内绝缘外壳22、上部内绝缘外壳32、上部PC板30和铆钉18组成。下部和上部内绝缘外壳22和32分离以形成槽使得刺血针组件可以从垂直于刺血针的前进和缩回的方向的侧滑动到驱动器组件中。这允许刺血针组件的处置和静止外壳组件与另一刺血针组件一起再使用,同时在更换期间避免意外刺血针发射。
上部和下部静止外壳20和30中的电场线圈在多层印刷电路(PC)板中被制造。它们也是常规绕线线圈。材料或其它低摩擦绝缘材料用于构造下部和上部内绝缘外壳22和32。每个绝缘外壳安装在PC板上以提供电绝缘和物理保护,以及提供刺血针的低摩擦引导。下部和上部内绝缘外壳22和32提供具有小间隙的基准表面使得刺血针组件24和26可以与PC板中的驱动场线圈对准以便获得良好的磁耦合。
铆钉18将下部内绝缘外壳22连接到下部静止外壳20并且由用于集中磁场的可透磁材料、例如铁氧体或钢制造。这使上部内绝缘外壳32和上部静止外壳30的构造形成镜像。这些铆钉形成电场线圈的极。PC板用多层线圈或用多个板制造。每个层支撑围绕中心孔的螺旋形迹线。交替层从中心向外或从边缘向内螺旋盘绕。以该方式每个层经由简单导通孔连接,并且电流总是在相同方向上流动,累加安匝。
下部和上部静止外壳20和30内的PC板用铆钉18连接到下部和上部内绝缘外壳22和32。下部和上部内绝缘外壳22和32暴露刺血针组件24和26所经过的槽的相对端部上的铆钉头部。来自每个铆钉的磁场线在铆钉头部处产生磁极。下部和上部静止外壳20和30的每一个内的PC板的相对侧的铁条通过连接铆钉完成磁回路。由可透磁材料、例如铁或钢制造的任何紧固件可以用于代替铆钉。由可透磁材料制造并且形成马蹄形的单部件可以用于代替铆钉/螺钉和铁条组件。在操作中,附连到刺血针24的可透磁标记26被分成狭缝和条34。狭缝图案交错使得线圈可以在两个、三个或更多个阶段中驱动标记26。
下部和上部PC板20和30都包含驱动线圈使得在标记26之上和之下有对称磁场。当接通一对PC板时,围绕条在标记26上的可透磁铁的狭缝之间建立磁场。标记的条受到力,所述力倾向于将可透磁材料移动到最小化磁场线的数量和长度并且在磁极之间引导磁场线的位置。
当标记26的条在磁极的铆钉18之间居中时,没有作用于标记的净力,并且任何扰动力由磁场中的不平衡抵抗。装置的该实施例基于类似于螺线管的原理。螺线管不能通过排斥铁推动;它们只能通过将铁吸引到最小能量位置牵引。标记26的一侧上的狭缝34相对于另一侧偏移极距的大约一半。通过交替地激励PC板的每一侧上的线圈,刺血针组件可以相对于静止外壳组件移动。通过选择性地为邻近刺血针组件上的金属标记的线圈赋能建立移动的方向。替代地,偏移四分之一极距的三相、三极设计或校正线圈建立移动的方向。图4中所示的下部和上部PC板20和30包含驱动刺血针组件的电场线圈和用于控制整个电磁驱动器的电路。
上述的实施例大体上使用磁吸引驱动的原理,类似于通常可用的循环步进电机(Hurst Manufacturing BA系列电机,或《电气工程手册》第二版第1472-1474页,1997)。这些参考资料通过引用被合并于此。其它实施例可以包括使用变化磁场在刺血针组件中感生电流的线性感应驱动。这些感生电流产生排斥初级场并且将净力施加于刺血针组件的次级磁场。线性感应驱动使用扫描两极之间的磁场的电驱动控制,在它的前面推动刺血针。通过改变驱动电压和频率改变扫描的速率和场的幅值控制施加到刺血针组件的力和它的速度。
集中磁通量的线圈和铆钉的布置也应用于感应设计,当场中的电流接通时产生增长磁场。该增长磁场产生导电标记中的相反电流。在线性感应电机中标记是导电的,并且它的磁性质不重要。铜或铝是可以用于导电标记的材料。由于它的良好导电性一般使用铜。相反电场产生排斥线圈的场的相反磁场。通过定相线圈的电力,可以生成刚好在线圈的同步速度之下推动标记的移动场。通过控制扫描的速率,并且通过生成多次扫描,标记可以以期望速度移动。
图5显示能够使用直流(DC)电源驱动安装到刺血针组件的铁芯或嵌条的螺线管型电磁驱动器的另一实施例。电磁驱动器包括沿着刺血针的路径被分成三个独立线圈(两个端部线圈和一个中间线圈)的驱动器线圈组件。直流电流交替到达线圈以推进和缩回刺血针。尽管驱动器线圈组件显示为具有三个线圈,但是可以使用任何合适数量的线圈,例如4、5、6、7或更多线圈。
静止铁外壳40包含具有由铁间隔器50包夹的第一线圈52的驱动器线圈组件,所述铁间隔器在内径处集中磁通量,产生磁极。内绝缘外壳48使刺血针42和铁芯46从线圈隔离并且提供平滑、低摩擦引导表面。刺血针引导件44还使刺血针42和铁芯46居中。通过交替第一线圈52、中间线圈和第三线圈之间的电流以吸引铁芯46而延伸和缩回刺血针42。反向线圈序列并且将芯和刺血针吸引回到外壳中使刺血针缩回。刺血针引导件44也用作安装到刺血针42的铁芯46的限位件。
如上所述,使用弹簧或凸轮驱动方法的组织穿刺装置具有刺血针的前进和缩回的对称或近似对称致动位移和速度简档,如图6和7中所示。在多数可用的刺血针装置中,一旦开始发射,储存能量确定能量消散之前的速度简档。控制冲击、缩回速度、刺血针在组织内的停留时间可以有用于获得高成功率,同时适应皮肤性质的变化并且最小化疼痛。通过考虑组织停留时间与当刺血针试图穿刺皮肤的表面时皮肤变形的程度以及基于皮肤水合的患者之间的皮肤变形的差异相关可以获得优点。
通过使用可控制力驱动器可以获得控制穿刺的速度和深度的能力,其中反馈是驱动器控制的一体部分。这样的驱动器可以控制金属或聚合物刺血针或任何其它类型的组织穿刺元件。这样的驱动器的动态控制在图8和图9中示出,图8示出控制位移简档的实施例,图9示出控制速度简档的实施例。这些与分别示出谐和弹簧/质量动力驱动器的位移和速度简档的实施例的图6和7比较。
可以通过使用组织穿刺元件、例如刺血针进入组织的大于2m/s的冲击速度获得减小疼痛。
在分割小静脉/毛细管网之后以低速度缩回刺血针允许血液沿着伤道涌流并且自由流动到表面,因此在缩回期间使用刺血针保持通道敞开,如图10和11中所示。靠近伤口皮瓣的刺血针的低速度缩回防止伤口皮瓣密封通道。因此,减慢刺血针缩回的能力直接有助于增加获得血液的成功率。将采样成功率增加到几乎100%对于将采样和采集组合到包含血糖测试条的整合采样模块、例如整合血糖采样模块中是重要的。
再次参考图5,刺血针和刺血针驱动器配置成使得反馈控制基于刺血针位移、速度或加速度。与实际刺血针路径相关的反馈控制信息返回到调节到达驱动器的能量的例如图12中所示的处理器,由此在刺血针的前进和缩回期间精确地控制刺血针。驱动器可以由包括直流电流和交流电流的电流驱动。
在图5中,所示的电磁驱动器能够使用直流(DC)电源驱动安装到刺血针组件的铁芯或嵌条并且也能够通过测量芯和线圈之间的磁耦合确定铁芯的位置。线圈可以成对地使用以将铁芯吸引到驱动器线圈组件中。当线圈中的一个接通时,可以监测相邻线圈中的相应感生电流。该感生电流的强度与由铁芯提供的磁耦合的程度相关,并且可以用于推断芯的位置和因此刺血针的相对位置。
在一段时间之后,可以关闭驱动电压,允许线圈驰豫,并且然后重复周期。线圈之间的磁耦合的程度被电子地转换成供应到模数转换器的比例直流电压。数字化位置信号然后由中央处理单元(CPU)处理并且与期望“标称”位置比较。设置到达螺线管线圈的下一个功率脉冲的水平和/或长度的CPU使用实际和标称位置之间的误差。
在另一实施例中,驱动器线圈组件具有三个线圈,所述线圈包括中心驱动线圈,所述中心驱动线圈由构建在驱动器组件中的平衡检测线圈包夹使得它们围绕致动或磁活性区域,在中间冲程处该区域在中间线圈上居中。当电流脉冲施加到中心线圈时,在相邻传感器线圈中感生电压。如果传感器线圈一起连接使得它们的感生电压彼此相反,则由此产生的信号对于在一个方向从中间冲程的偏转为正,在另一方向上为负,并且在中间冲程处为零。该测量技术通常在线性可变差动变压器(LVDT)中使用。通过测量两个感测线圈之间的电平衡确定刺血针位置。
在另一实施例中,反馈环可以使用商业上可获得的LED/光电换能器模块、例如由Optek Technology公司制造的OPB703(1215W.Crosby Road,Carrollton,Texas,75006)以确定从静止外壳上的固定模块到安装在刺血针组件上的反射表面或目标的距离。LED用作光发射器以将光束发送到反射表面,所述反射表面又将光反射回到光电换能器,所述光电换能器用作光传感器。通过由光电换能器测量反射光的强度确定在4mm左右的范围内的距离。在另一实施例中,反馈环可以使用刺血针轴自身上的可透磁区域作为线性可变差动变压器(LVDT)的芯。
通过选择性地退火刺血针轴的一部分或通过在刺血针组件中包括具有足够的可透磁性以允许相邻感测线圈之间的耦合的部件、例如铁素体产生可透区域。芯尺寸、绕组的数量、驱动电流、信号放大和可透区域的气隙在设计过程中被指定。在另一实施例中,反馈控制供应压电驱动器,将高频振荡叠加在基本位移简档上。压电驱动器通过允许刺血针在组织中“锯”出道路或破坏由刺血针的前进边缘的高振动频率生成的空化能量提供改善的切割效率并且减小疼痛。当装置与目标组织相互作用时针对阻抗偏移监测到达压电驱动器的驱动功率。与刺血针的已知质量联系的由此产生的力测量用于确定刺血针加速度、速度和位置。
图12示出使用处理器的反馈环的操作。处理器60将简档62存储在非易失存储器中。用户输入关于刺血事件的期望环境或参数的信息64。处理器60基于通过在工厂测试确定的或由操作者编程的类型或期望组织穿刺装置性能从已预编程到处理器60中的替代驱动器简档的集合选择驱动器简档62。处理器60可以通过基于附加的用户输入信息64比例缩放或修改简档进行定制。一旦处理器已选择并且定制简档,处理器60准备通过放大器70调制从电源66到达刺血针驱动器68的功率。处理器60使用位置感测机构74通过模数转换器76测量刺血针72的位置。位置感测机构的例子已在以上实施例中描述。处理器60通过比较刺血针的实际简档与预定简档计算刺血针的运动。处理器60通过信号发生器78调制到达刺血针驱动器68的功率,所述信号发生器控制放大器70使得刺血针的实际简档不超出预定简档超过预设误差限度。误差限度是刺血针的控制的精度。
在刺血事件之后,处理器60可以允许用户排序刺血事件的结果。处理器60存储这些结果并且构造用于单独用户的数据库80。使用数据库80,处理器60取决于用户输入信息64计算各简档62的简档特点、例如无痛的程度、成功率和血量以针对后续刺血周期为单独用户优化简档。这些简档特点取决于刺血针前进和缩回的特征阶段。处理器60使用这些计算优化每个用户的简档62。除了用户输入信息64以外,内部时钟允许将信息、例如一天中的时间存储在数据库80中以生成刺血事件的时间戳和刺血事件之间的时间,从而预期用户的每日需要。数据库存储每个用户和特定用户使用的每个简档的信息和统计。
除了改变简档以外,处理器60可以用于计算实现用户所需的血量所必需的合适刺血针直径和几何形状。例如,如果用户需要1-5微升的血量,则处理器选择200微米直径刺血针来获得这些结果。对于每一类的刺血针,直径和刺血针尖端几何形状都存储在处理器中以基于预定位移和速度简档与可获得血量的上限和下限对应。
刺血装置能够在刺血事件的开始和结束时提示用户信息以更充分地适应用户。目标是变为不同简档或修改现有的简档。一旦设置简档,在遵循简档前进和缩回期间驱动刺血针的力变化。使用刺血装置刺血的方法包括选择简档、根据被选择简档刺血、确定刺血周期的每个特征阶段的简档特点以及针对后续刺血事件优化简档特点。
图13显示力与时间的关系的图形上的刺血针前进和缩回的特征阶段的实施例,示出由刺血针驱动器施加于刺血针以获得期望的位移和速度简档的力。特征阶段是刺血针引入阶段A-C,其中刺血针纵向地前进到皮肤中,刺血针休止阶段D,其中刺血针终止它的纵向运动,到达它的最大深度并且变为相对静止,以及刺血针缩回阶段E-G,其中刺血针纵向地缩回离开皮肤。刺血针缩回阶段E-G的持续时间比刺血针引入阶段A-C的持续时间长,刺血针引入阶段A-C又比刺血针休止阶段D长。
引入阶段还包括在A之前的刺血针发射阶段,此时刺血针朝着皮肤纵向地移动通过空气,在A开始时的组织接触阶段,此时刺血针的远端与皮肤初始接触,组织变形阶段A,此时皮肤取决于与水合和厚度相关的它的弹性弯曲,包括刺血针撞击皮肤上的拐点时的组织刺血阶段,以及开始切割皮肤B和刺血针继续切割皮肤C。刺血针休止阶段D是刺血针穿刺到皮肤中的限度。通过最小化刺血针引入阶段A-C的持续时间使得有到达某个穿刺深度的快速切口而减小疼痛,不管在用户之间将不同的变形阶段A和拐点切割B的持续时间。通过在刺血针休止阶段D中测量从拐点B到穿刺的限度的实际穿刺深度增加成功率。该测量允许刺血针总是或至少可靠地撞击在皮肤的表面之下已知距离处的毛细管床。
刺血针缩回阶段还包括初级缩回阶段E,此时皮肤将刺血针推出伤道,次级缩回阶段F,此时刺血针开始变为被驱逐并且在皮肤的相反方向上牵引,以及刺血针离开阶段G,此时刺血针变为摆脱皮肤。初级缩回是当刺血针牵引远离手指时施加递减力以将刺血针牵引到皮肤之外的结果。次级缩回是在相反方向上施加力以驱逐刺血针的结果。当血液沿着伤道向上流动时必须有控制以保持伤道敞开。通过在刺血针缩回阶段E-G期间使用均匀速度缩回刺血针增加血量,不管初级缩回阶段E或次级缩回阶段F所需的力,它们中的任意一个可能取决于用户的皮肤的性质在用户之间变化。
图14显示具有三小面几何形状的用于血糖测试的标准工业刺血针。取直径114的杆并且将主轴的平面磨削8度以产生主小面110产生刺血针116。然后通过将针的轴旋转15度并且然后将主小面的平面翻转12度产生次小面112。其它可能的几何形状需要改变刺血针的生产参数,例如轴直径、角和平移距离。
图15示出在减小疼痛、血量和成功率方面是重要因素的小面和尖端几何形状120和122、直径124和深度126。众所周知,通过增加初级与次小面的剪切百分比或比率获得刺血针的额外切割,其当与减小刺血针的直径组合时减小皮肤撕裂和穿刺力并且给予更少疼痛的感觉。然而出血的总成功率也取决于各种因素,包括小面的存在、小面几何形状和皮肤解剖结构。
图16显示用于受控刺血针缩回的刺血针的位移相对时间简档的另一实施例。图17显示用于图16的受控缩回的刺血针的速度相对时间简档。刺血针驱动器在刺血周期中的若干步骤控制刺血针位移和速度,包括当刺血针切割血管以允许血液滞积130时,以及当刺血针缩回时,调节缩回速率以允许血液沿着伤道涌流,同时保持伤口皮瓣密封通道132以允许血液离开伤口。
除了减慢组织穿刺元件的缩回以便保持伤口敞开从而允许血液逸出到皮肤表面,可以预料其它方法。图18显示包括刺血针尖端上的可缩回线圈的本发明的实施例的使用。盘绕螺旋线或管140在外部附连到刺血针116,自由滑动使得当刺血针穿刺皮肤150时,螺旋线或管140遵循刺血针116的轨迹。螺旋线盘绕刺血针144的小面和轴开始刺血周期。当刺血针穿刺皮肤时,螺旋线围绕刺血针146支撑伤道。当刺血针缩回时,螺旋线保持支撑伤道敞开,防止伤道塌陷并且防止表面皮瓣闭合48。这允许血液152滞积并且沿着通道向上流动到皮肤的表面。当刺血针将螺旋线牵引到螺旋线被解压缩到螺旋线的直径变为小于伤道的直径并且变为从皮肤被驱逐的程度时螺旋线然后缩回。
管或螺旋线140由在血管成形支架中常用类型的线或金属、例如不锈钢、镍钛合金等制造。替代地管或螺旋线140或环可以由通过变为留在皮肤中支撑伤道的生物可降解材料制造。生物降解在插入的数秒或数分钟内完成,允许血液有足够的时间滞积并且沿着伤道向上流动。生物降解由来自皮肤的热、湿气或pH激活。
替代地,可以通过用粉末或其它颗粒物质涂覆刺血针使伤口保持敞开。当收回刺血针时粉末涂覆伤道并且保持它敞开。粉末或其它颗粒物质可以是保持通道敞开、同时允许血液流动通过多孔间隙的微球或囊的粗糙层。
在另一实施例中可以使用两部分式针(呈“U”形的外部分和填充“U”的内部分)保持伤口敞开。在产生伤口之后收回内针,留下敞开通道,很像通常用于从枫树收集树液的塞子。
图19显示使用弹性体涂覆伤口促进血液流动的方法和装置的另一实施例。该方法通过覆盖和拉伸手指158的表面使用弹性体154、例如硅橡胶来涂覆或支撑伤道156。弹性体154在刺血之前应用于手指158。在短延迟之后,刺血针(未显示)然后穿刺弹性体154和手指158的表面上的皮肤,如160中所见。允许血液滞积并且上升到表面,同时弹性体154支撑伤道156,如162和164中所见。用于在刺血之后增加出血的成功率的其它已知机制可以包括产生真空、抽吸伤口、应用胶带、在切割的同时振动或如果第一次不成功则启动第二次刺血。
图20示出包括耦合到组织穿刺元件的可控制驱动器179的组织穿刺装置(更具体地,刺血装置180)的实施例。刺血装置180具有近端181和远端182。呈刺血针183的形式的组织穿刺元件在远端182,其通过驱动耦合器185耦合到长形耦合器轴184。长形耦合器轴184具有近端186和远端187。驱动器线圈组件188围绕长形耦合器轴184布置在刺血针183的近侧。位置传感器191围绕长形耦合器轴184的近侧部分192布置并且电导体194将处理器193电耦合到位置传感器191。由受到位置传感器191和处理器193控制的驱动器线圈组件188驱动的长形耦合器轴184形成可控制驱动器,具体地说,可控制电磁驱动器。
参考图21,可以在部分纵截面中更详细地看到刺血装置180。刺血针183具有近端195和远端196,尖锐点在刺血针183的远端196处并且驱动头198布置在刺血针183的近端195处。刺血针轴201布置在驱动头198和尖锐点197之间。刺血针轴201可以包括不锈钢或任何其它合适的材料或合金并且具有大约0.1到大约0.4mm的横向尺寸。刺血针轴可以具有大约3mm到大约50mm、具体地大约15mm到大约20mm的长度。刺血针183的驱动头198是扩大部分,该扩大部分具有的横向尺寸大于在驱动头198的远侧的刺血针轴201的横向尺寸。该配置允许驱动头198由驱动耦合器185机械地俘获。驱动头198可以具有大约0.5到大约2mm的横向尺寸。
磁性元件202在驱动耦合器185的近侧在长形耦合器轴184的远侧部分203上固定到长形耦合器轴184。磁性元件202是磁性材料的大致圆柱形件,具有在磁性元件202的长度上延伸的轴向内腔204。磁性元件202具有外横向尺寸,其允许磁性元件202容易地在布置于驱动器线圈组件188内的低摩擦、可能润滑的、聚合物引导管205′的轴向内腔205内滑动。磁性元件202可以具有大约1.0到大约5.0mm、具体地大约2.3到大约2.5mm的外横向尺寸。磁性元件202可以具有大约3.0到大约5.0mm、具体地大约4.7到大约4.9mm的长度。磁性元件202可以由各种磁性材料制造,包括铁类金属,例如铁钢、铁、铁素体等。磁性元件202可以通过各种方法固定到长形耦合器轴184的远侧部分203,所述方法包括粘合剂或环氧树脂结合、焊接、卷边或任何其它合适的方法。
在磁性元件202的近侧,光学编码器标记206固定到长形耦合器轴184。光学编码器标记206配置成在位置传感器191中的槽207内移动。位置传感器191的槽207形成于位置传感器191的第一主体部分208和第二主体部分209之间。槽207可以具有大约1.5到大约2.0mm的分离宽度。光学编码器标记206可以具有大约14到大约18mm的长度、大约3到大约5mm的宽度和大约0.04到大约0.06mm的厚度。
光学编码器标记206以预定方式与布置在位置传感器主体部分208和209之上或之中的LEDs所生成的各种光束相互作用。位置传感器191的LEDs所生成的光束的相互作用生成信号,所述信号以相当高程度的分辨率指示光学标记206相对于位置传感器191的纵向位置。位置传感器191的分辨率可以为大约200到大约400周期每英寸,具体地,大约350到大约370周期每英寸。位置传感器191可以具有0到大约120,000Hz的速度响应时间(位置/时间分辨率),其中标记的一个暗和亮条纹构成一赫兹或周期每秒。光学编码器标记206相对于磁性元件202、驱动器线圈组件188和位置传感器191的位置使得光学编码器191可以提供关于在刺血针的动力冲程的整个长度上的刺血针183的精确位置信息。
适合于位置传感器191的光学编码器是线性光学增量编码器,由AgilentTechnologies制造的HEDS9200型。HEDS9200型可以具有大约20到大约30mm的长度、大约8到大约12mm的宽度和大约9到大约11mm的高度。尽管所示的位置传感器191是线性光学增量编码器,但是可以使用其它合适的位置传感器,只要它们具有必需的位置分辨率和时间响应。HEDS9200是双通道装置,其中通道彼此异相90度。这导致标记的基本周期的四倍的分辨率。这些正交输出使处理器能够确定刺血针行进的方向。其它合适的位置传感器包括电容编码器、模拟反射传感器、例如上述的反射位置传感器等。
耦合器轴引导件211朝着刺血装置180的近端181布置。引导件211具有布置在引导件211中的引导内腔212以滑动地接收长形耦合器轴184的近侧部分192。引导件211保持长形耦合器轴184在光学编码器191的槽202中水平地和竖直地居中。
驱动器线圈组件188、位置传感器191和耦合器轴引导件211全部固定到基座213。基座213与驱动器线圈组件188、位置传感器191和耦合器轴引导件211纵向地同延。基座213可以采用金属或聚合物的矩形件的形式,或者可以是具有凹陷的更精致外壳,所述凹陷配置成接收刺血装置180的各部件。
如上所述,磁性元件202配置成在驱动器线圈组件188的轴向内腔205内滑动。驱动器线圈组件188包括最远侧第一线圈214、轴向地布置在第一线圈214和第三线圈216之间的第二线圈215以及最近侧第四线圈217。第一线圈214、第二线圈215、第三线圈216和第四线圈217的每一个具有轴向内腔。第一至第四线圈的轴向内腔配置成与其它线圈的轴向内腔同轴并且作为整体一起形成驱动器线圈组件188的轴向内腔205。轴向相邻的每一个线圈214-217是在装置180的刺血周期期间增加完成线圈214-27的磁回路的磁性圆盘或垫圈218。图21的实施例的磁性垫圈218由铁钢制造,但是可以由任何其它合适的磁性材料、例如铁或铁素体制造。驱动器线圈组件188的外壳体189也由铁或钢制造以完成围绕线圈和在垫圈218之间的磁路径。磁性垫圈218具有的外径与大约4.0到大约8.0mm的驱动器线圈组件188的外径一致。磁性垫圈218具有大约0.05到大约0.4mm、具体地大约0.15到大约0.25mm的轴向厚度。
围绕轴向内腔包裹或缠绕长形电导体221直到获得足够数量的绕组形成线圈214-217。长形电导体221大体上是绝缘实心铜线,其具有大约0.06mm到大约0.88mm、具体地大约0.3mm到大约0.5mm的小外横向尺寸。在一个实施例中,32号铜线用于线圈214-217。驱动器组件188的线圈214-217的每一个的绕组的数量可以随着线圈的尺寸而变化,但是对于一些实施例每个线圈214-217可以具有大约30到大约80匝,具体地大约50到大约60匝。每个线圈214-217可以具有大约1.0到大约3.0mm、具体地大约1.8到大约2.0mm的轴向长度。每个线圈214-217可以具有大约4.0到大约2.0mm、具体地大约9.0到大约12.0mm的外横向尺寸或直径。轴向内腔205可以具有大约1.0到大约3.0mm的横向尺寸。
在一些驱动器线圈188的实施例中可能有利的是用永磁体替换一个或多个线圈,所述永磁体产生的磁场类似于线圈被激励时的线圈的磁场。特别地,在一些实施例中可能理想的是用永磁体替换第二线圈215、第三线圈216或两者。另外,可能有利的是将永磁体定位在线圈驱动器组件的近端处或附近以便提供磁性元件的固定磁体归零功能(Adams磁性产品23A0002挠性磁体材料(800)747-7543)。
图20和21显示布置在驱动器线圈组件188的近端上的条形永磁体219。如图21中所示,条形磁体219布置成将一端邻近磁性元件202的行程路径布置并且将极性配置成在相对于条形磁体219的居中位置吸引磁性元件202。应当注意聚合物引导管205′可以配置成朝近侧延伸以使条形磁体219的向内径向表面与磁性元件202的外表面绝缘。该布置允许磁性元件219和因此长形耦合器轴184被吸引到并且保持在零点或休止位置而不消耗来自电源225的电能。
具有长形耦合器轴184和刺血针183的固定零点或起点对于适当地控制刺血针183的穿刺深度以及其它刺血参数是关键的。这是由于用于可控制驱动器的深度穿刺控制的一些方法从已知开始位置测量长形耦合器轴184和刺血针183的加速度和位移。如果刺血针尖端196离目标组织的距离是已知的,则刺血针的加速度和位移是已知的并且刺血针的开始位置是已知的,组织接触的时间和位置以及穿刺的深度可以由处理器193确定。
条形磁体219的许多配置可以用于上述目的。特别地,第二条形永磁体(未显示)可以加入到驱动器线圈组件188的近端,两个条形磁体的磁场配置成彼此互补。另外,可以使用盘状磁体219′,如图22中所示。盘状磁体219′显示为布置在驱动器线圈组件188的近端,聚合物非磁性圆盘219″布置在最近侧线圈217和盘状磁体219′之间并且将盘状磁体219′定位成远离最近侧线圈217的近端。使用聚合物非磁性圆盘间隔器219″使得磁性元件202可以在驱动器线圈组件188的最近侧线圈217的稍微近侧的零或开始位置中居中。这允许在刺血周期启动时磁性元件由最近侧线圈217吸引,而不是在刺血周期的向前驱动部分中是被动的。
聚合物非磁性圆盘219″的内腔可以配置成允许磁性元件202轴向地通过其中,而盘状磁体219′的内腔可以配置成允许长形耦合器轴184穿过,但是不大到足以使磁性元件202穿过。这导致磁性元件202被吸引到盘状磁体219′并且停住,磁性元件202的近侧表面抵靠盘状磁体219′的远侧表面。该布置提供磁性元件和因此刺血针的主动和可重复停止。类似配置也可以用于上述的条形磁体219。
典型地,当驱动器线圈组件188的线圈214-217中的电流中断时,由软铁制造的磁性元件202被吸引到条形磁体219或盘状磁体219′。驱动器线圈组件188和条形磁体219或盘状磁体219′或任何其它合适磁体的磁场可以配置成使得当线圈214-217中的电流接通时,来自线圈214-217的泄漏磁场具有与条形磁体219或盘状磁体219′相同的极性。这导致将磁性元件202从条形磁体219或盘状磁体219′排斥并且将磁性元件202吸引到激励线圈214-217的磁力。对于该配置,条形磁体219或盘状磁体因此用于促进磁性元件202的加速,而不是妨碍加速。
电导体222耦合驱动器线圈组件188和处理器193,所述处理器可以配置或编程为基于来自通过电导体194耦合到处理器193的位置传感器191的位置反馈控制驱动器线圈组件188的线圈214-217中的电流流动。电源225电耦合到处理器193并且提供电力以操作处理器193并且为驱动器线圈组件188供电。电源225可以是将直流电提供给处理器193的一个或多个电池。
图23更详细地显示驱动耦合器185的横向横截面图。刺血针183的驱动头198布置在驱动耦合器185内,第一保持轨道226和第二保持轨道227俘获驱动头198,同时允许驱动头198横向地安装到驱动耦合器185中并且以微小的机械阻力横向地缩回。驱动耦合器185可以可选地配置成包括卡脊228,所述卡脊允许驱动头198横向地插入和缩回,但是防止驱动头198掉出驱动耦合器185,除非预定量的外部施加横向力朝着驱动耦合器185的横向开口231施加于刺血针183的驱动头198。图27显示驱动耦合器185的耦合器开口231的放大侧视图,显示布置在横向开口231中的卡脊228和保持轨道226和227。图28显示驱动耦合器185的放大前视图。驱动耦合器185可以由合金、例如不锈钢、钛或铝制造,但是也可以由合适的聚合物、例如ABS、PVC、聚碳酸酯塑料等制造。驱动耦合器可以在两侧敞开,允许驱动头和刺血针穿过。
参考图24,磁性元件202围绕长形耦合器轴184布置并且固定到长形耦合器轴。磁性元件202布置在第四线圈217的轴向内腔232内。驱动器线圈组件188固定到基座213。在图25中位置传感器191固定到基座213,位置传感器191的第一主体部分208与位置传感器191的第二主体部分209相对布置,位置传感器191的第一和第二主体部分208和209由间隙或槽207分离。长形耦合器轴184可滑动地布置在位置传感器191的第一和第二主体部分208和209之间的间隙207内。光学编码器标记206固定到长形耦合器轴184并且布置在位置传感器191的第一主体部分208和第二主体部分209之间。参考图26,长形耦合器轴184的近侧部分192布置在耦合器轴引导件211的引导内腔212内。耦合器轴引导件211的引导内腔212可以用低摩擦材料、例如等内衬以在刺血装置180的动力冲程期间减小长形耦合器轴184的摩擦。
参考图29A-29C,显示流程图,该流程图描述在操作周期期间控制上述的刺血装置180的刺血针183中由处理器193执行的操作。图30-36示出刺血装置183的操作周期期间刺血针183与患者的手指234的皮肤233的相互作用。处理器193在存储在关联存储器中的编程步骤的控制下操作。当执行编程步骤时,处理器193执行如本文中所述的操作。因此,编程步骤执行关于图29的流程图所述的操作的功能性。处理器193可以从存储在可记录介质(包括直接存取程序产品存储设备、例如硬盘驱动器或闪存ROM,可移动程序产品存储设备、例如软盘,或本领域技术人员已知的任何其它方式)中的程序产品接收编程步骤。处理器193也可以通过网络连接或串行连接下载编程步骤。
在由图29A中的编号245的流程图框表示的第一操作中,处理器193初始化存储在存储器中的、与刺血针的控制相关的值,例如它用来跟踪运动期间的可控制驱动器179的变量。例如,处理器可以将时钟值设置为零并且将刺血针位置值设置为零或某些其它初始值。处理器193也可以导致从线圈组件188去除电力一段时间、例如大约10ms以允许任何残余通量从线圈消散。
在初始化操作中,处理器193也导致刺血针呈初始静止位置。当在初始静止位置时,刺血针183典型地完全缩回使得磁性元件202大致邻近驱动器线圈组件188的第四线圈217定位,如上面的图21中所示。通过将电流脉冲供应到第四线圈217以由此将刺血针183上的磁性元件202吸引到第四线圈217,处理器193可以将刺血针183移动到初始静止位置。替代地,磁性元件可以依靠永磁体、例如条形磁体219、盘状磁体219′或任何其它合适的磁体定位在初始静止位置,如上面关于图20和21中所示的组织穿刺装置所述。
在由编号247的流程图框表示的下一操作中,处理器193为线圈组件188中的一个或多个线圈赋能。这将导致刺血针183开始朝着皮肤目标233移动(即,获得非零速度)。处理器193然后确定刺血针是否确实在移动,如编号249的决策框所示。处理器193可以通过监测刺血针183的位置以确定位置是否随着时间变化而确定刺血针183是否正在移动。处理器193可以通过跟踪固定到长形耦合器轴184的光学编码器标记206的位置监测刺血针183的位置,其中编码器191产生耦合到处理器193的信号,所述信号指示刺血针183的空间位置。
如果处理器193确定(经由没有运动事件的超时)刺血针183未正在移动(来自决策框249的“否”结果),则过程继续由编号253的流程图框表示的操作,其中处理器认为错误状态存在。这意味着系统中的一些错误导致刺血针183不移动。错误可以是机械、电或软件相关的。例如,刺血针183可能由于某物阻碍它的运动而卡在静止位置。
如果处理器193确定刺血针183确实正在移动(来自编号249的决策框的“是”结果),则过程继续由编号257的流程图框表示的操作。在该操作中,处理器193导致刺血针183继续朝着皮肤目标233加速和发射,如图30中的箭头235所示。通过将电流发送到适当的线圈214-217使得线圈214-217将吸引磁发射力施加到磁性元件202并且导致磁性元件202和与其耦合的刺血针183在期望方向上移动,处理器193可以获得刺血针183的加速。例如,处理器193可以导致电流发送到第三线圈216使得第三线圈216吸引磁性元件202并且导致磁性元件202从邻近第四线圈217的位置朝着第三线圈216移动。处理器优选地基于磁性元件202相对于线圈214-217的位置确定哪个线圈214-217将用于吸引磁性元件202。以该方式,处理器193将控制力提供给刺血针,控制刺血针的运动。
在该操作期间,处理器193周期性地或连续地监测刺血针183的位置和/或速度。在当刺血针183朝着患者的皮肤233或其它组织移动时跟踪刺血针183的速度和位置的过程中,处理器193也监测并且调节到达线圈214-217的电流。在一些实施例中,处理器193将电流应用于适当的线圈214-217使得刺血针183继续根据期望的方向和加速度移动。在当前的情况下,处理器193将电流应用到适当的线圈214-217,将导致刺血针183继续在患者的皮肤233或待穿刺的其它组织的方向上移动。
处理器193可以在线圈214-217之间连续地转变电流使得当磁性元件202移动经过特定线圈214-217时,处理器193然后切断到达该线圈214-217的电流并且然后将电流应用到将吸引磁性元件202并且导致磁性元件202继续在期望方向上移动的另一线圈214-217。在线圈214-217之间转变电流的过程中,处理器193可以考虑各种因素,包括刺血针183的速度、刺血针183相对于线圈214-217的位置、线圈214-217的数量以及待应用到线圈214-217以获得期望速度或加速度的电流的水平。
在下一操作中,处理器193确定刺血针183的切割或远端尖端196是否已接触患者的皮肤233,如图31中所示并且如图29B中的编号265的决策框所示。处理器193可以通过各种方法确定刺血针183是否已与目标组织233接触,所述方法包括依靠在启动刺血周期之前测量的参数的方法以及适合于在刺血周期期间使用而没有任何预定参数的其它方法。
在一个实施例中,当刺血针183的端部尖端196相对于它的初始位置已移动预定距离时处理器193确定已接触皮肤。如果在启动刺血针183的运动之前从刺血针183的尖端961到目标组织233的距离是已知的,则刺血针183的初始位置是固定的和已知的,并且可以在刺血周期期间精确地测量刺血针183的运动和位置,然后可以确定刺血针接触的位置和时间。
当刺血针183处于零时间或初始位置时该方法需要刺血针尖端196和患者的皮肤233之间的距离的精确测量。这可以以许多方式实现。一种方式是控制影响从刺血针尖端196到患者的组织或将接触患者的皮肤233的刺血装置180的表面的距离的所有机械参数。这可以包括磁性元件202的开始位置、磁路径公差、磁性元件202的尺寸、驱动器线圈组件188在作为整体的刺血装置180内的位置、长形耦合轴184的长度、磁性元件202在长形耦合轴184上的放置、刺血针183的长度等。
如果所有这些参数以及其它参数可以在制造中适当地控制使得公差叠加是可接受的,则可以在制造刺血装置180时确定从刺血针尖端196到目标组织233的距离。该距离可以被编程到处理器193的存储器中。如果可调节特征、例如可调节长度长形耦合轴184加入刺血装置180,则除了刺血针183的长度以外这可以适应上述所有参数的变化。该机械方案的电子替代方案将在制造期间基于上述的机械参数将存储的存储器接触点校准到处理器193的存储器中。
在另一实施例中,在致动之前将刺血针尖端195很缓慢地移动到目标组织233并且轻轻地接触皮肤233可以获得从刺血针尖端196到组织233的距离。位置传感器可以精确地测量从初始点到接触点的距离,在接触点处刺血针183的前进阻力停止刺血针运动。刺血针183然后缩回到初始点,已测量到目标组织233的距离而不产生用户的任何不适。
在另一实施例中,处理器193可以通过测量由于患者的皮肤233施加于刺血针183的摩擦或阻力引起的刺血针183的速度的突然减小使用软件确定刺血针183是否已与患者的皮肤233接触。光学编码器191测量刺血针183的位移。位置输出数据将输入提供给处理器193的中断输入。处理器193也具有能够测量中断之间的时间的定时器。中断之间的距离对于光学编码器191是已知的,因此可以通过中断之间的距离除以中断之间的时间计算刺血针183的速度。
该方法需要由于摩擦引起的刺血针183和长形耦合器184的组件的速度损失在可接受的水平上是已知的,使得当建立减速阈值时这些速度损失和由此产生的减速可以被解释,超过所述减速阈值将假定刺血针尖端196和目标组织233之间的接触。该相同概念可以以许多方式实现。例如,不同于监测刺血针183的速度,如果处理器193控制刺血针驱动器以便保持固定速度,则可以监测到达驱动器188的功率。如果需要超过阈值的一定量的功率以便保持恒定速度,则可以假定刺血针的尖端196和皮肤233之间的接触。
在又一实施例中,处理器193通过检测当刺血针的尖端撞击患者的皮肤233时由刺血针183的尖端196产生的声信号确定皮肤233由刺血针183接触。声信号的检测可以由邻近刺血针穿刺部位237与患者的皮肤233接触放置的声检测器236测量,如图31中所示。合适的声检测器236包括压电换能器、麦克风等。声检测器236将由声信号生成的电信号经由电导体238传输到处理器193。在另一实施例中,刺血针183与患者的皮肤233的接触可以由电路中的电连续性确定,所述电路包括刺血针183、患者的手指234和邻近刺血针183的接触部位237布置在患者的皮肤233上的电接触垫240,如图31中所示。在该实施例中,刺血针183一接触患者的皮肤233,电路239就完成并且电流流动通过电路239。电路239的完成然后可以由处理器193检测以确认皮肤233由刺血针183接触。
如果刺血针未接触目标皮肤233,则过程进入由图29B中的编号267的决策框表示的超时操作。在超时操作中,过程193等待预定时期。如果超时时期还未消逝(来自决策框267的“否”结果),则过程继续监测刺血针是否已接触目标皮肤233。处理器193优选地继续监测刺血针183的位置和速度,以及到达适当线圈214-217的电流以保持期望的刺血针183速度。
如果超时时期消逝而刺血针183未接触皮肤(来自决策框267的“是”结果),则认为刺血针183将不接触皮肤并且过程进入收回阶段,其中刺血针远离皮肤233收回,如下面更完整地所述。刺血针183可能由于各种原因不接触目标皮肤233,例如如果患者将皮肤233从刺血装置移开或者如果在刺血针接触皮肤之前某物阻碍刺血针183。
在皮肤接触之前处理器193也可能由于其它原因进入收回阶段。例如,在启动刺血针183的运动之后的某个点,处理器193可以确定刺血针183朝着患者的皮肤233的向前加速应当停止或到达所有线圈214-217的电流应当关闭。例如如果确定刺血针183已获得足够的向前速度、但是还未接触皮肤233,则会发生该情况。在一个实施例中,从与皮肤接触的点到最大穿刺的点的刺血针183的平均穿刺速度可以为大约2.0到大约10.0m/s,具体地,大约3.8到大约4.2m/s。在另一实施例中,刺血针的平均穿刺速度可以从大约2到大约8米每秒,具体地,大约2到大约4m/s。
如果确定刺血针183已完全延伸到刺血程序的操作周期的动力冲程的末端,则处理器193也可以进入收回阶段。换句话说,当磁性元件202的轴向中心241已移动到第一线圈214轴向中心242的远侧时过程可以进入收回阶段,如图21中所示。在该情况下,到达驱动器线圈组件188的任何线圈214-217的任何持续电力用于减速磁性元件202和因此刺血针183。在这方面,处理器193考虑刺血针183的长度(其可以存储在存储器中)、刺血针183相对于磁性元件202的位置以及刺血针183已行进的距离。
再次参考图29B中的决策框265,如果处理器193确定刺血针183已接触皮肤233(来自决策框265的“是”结果),则处理器193可以调节刺血针183的速度或输送到刺血针183进行皮肤穿刺的动力以克服刺血针183上的任何摩擦力以便获得刺血针的期望穿刺速度。编号267的流程图框表示该步骤。
当与皮肤233接触之后保持刺血针183的速度时,刺血针183的远尖端196将首先开始下压或下陷(tent)接触皮肤237和邻近刺血针183的皮肤233以形成下陷部分243,如图32中所示并且如图33中进一步所示。当刺血针183继续在远侧方向上移动或在远侧方向上抵靠患者的皮肤233被驱动时,刺血针183将逐渐开始穿刺皮肤233,如图34中所示。一旦皮肤233的穿刺开始,来自皮肤233的刺血针183的远尖端196处的静态力将变为大体上小于静态尖端力的动态切割力。因此当启动切割时在刺血针183的远尖端196上的力减小的过程中,如图32和24中所示已被下压的、邻近刺血针183的远尖端196的皮肤233的下陷部分243将回弹,如图34中所示。
在由图29B中的编号271的决策框表示的下一操作中,处理器193确定刺血针183的远端196是否已到达制动深度。制动深度是处理器193确定刺血针183的减速将被启动以便获得刺血针183的期望最后穿刺深度244的皮肤穿刺深度,如图35中所示。制动深度可以预先确定并且编程到处理器的存储器中,或者处理器193可以在致动期间动态地确定制动深度。在刺血装置180的操作周期期间可以测量刺血针183在患者的皮肤233中的穿刺量。另外,如上所述,成功地获得可使用样本所必需的穿刺深度可以取决于刺血周期期间皮肤233的下陷量。患者的皮肤233的下陷量又可以取决于患者的组织特性,例如弹性、水合等。确定这些特性的方法在下面关于刺血周期期间的皮肤233下陷测量进行论述并且在图37-41中示出。
可以通过不取决于患者的皮肤的下陷的测量的各种方法执行穿刺测量。在一个实施例中,通过监测刺血针183和患者的皮肤233之间的电容的大小测量刺血针183在患者的皮肤233中的穿刺深度。在该实施例中,电路包括刺血针183、患者的手指234、处理器193和连接这些元件的电导体。当刺血针183穿刺患者的皮肤233时,穿刺的量越大,刺血针183和患者的皮肤233之间的表面接触面积越大。当接触面积增加时,皮肤233和刺血针183之间的电容也增加。增加电容可以使用本领域中已知的方法由处理器193容易地测量并且穿刺深度然后可以与电容的大小关联。通过测量刺血针183和患者的皮肤之间的电阻可以使用相同方法。
如果还未到达制动深度,则由决策框271产生“否”并且过程进入由编号273的流程图框表示的超时操作。在超时操作中,处理器193等待预定时期。如果超时时期还未消逝(来自决策框273的“否”结果),则处理器继续监测是否已到达制动深度。如果超时时期消逝而刺血针183未获得制动深度(来自决策框273的“是”输出),则处理器193认为刺血针183将不到达制动深度并且过程进入下面更完整地论述的收回阶段。例如如果刺血针183在某个深度撞击则可能发生该情况。
再次参考图29B中的编号271的决策框,如果刺血针到达制动深度(“是”结果),则过程进入由编号275的流程图框表示的操作。在该操作中,处理器193导致制动力施加到刺血针以由此减小刺血针183的速度,从而获得最后皮肤穿刺深度244的期望量,如图26中所示。应当注意图32和33示出刺血针与患者的皮肤接触并且在皮肤的任何显著穿刺之前变形或下压皮肤。刺血针183的速度优选地减小到期望阈值之下的值并且最终减小为零。通过导致电流发送到214-217,所述电流在如图36中的箭头290所示的远离患者的组织或皮肤233的近侧方向上将吸引制动力施加于磁性元件202,处理器193可以减小刺血针183的速度。这样的负力减小刺血针183的向前或远侧定向速度。处理器193可以基于如位置传感器191指示的磁性元件202相对于驱动器线圈组件188的线圈214-217的位置确定哪个线圈214-217赋能。
在下一操作中,处理器进入由编号277的流程图框表示的收回阶段。收回阶段开始于由图29C中的编号279的流程图框表示的操作。在这里,处理器193允许刺血针停留最大皮肤穿刺的位置244,如图35中所示。在这方面,处理器193通过监测刺血针183的位置的变化等待直到刺血针183的任何运动(由于来自冲击的振动和储存在皮肤中的弹簧能量等)停止。处理器193优选地等待直到经过若干毫秒(ms)、例如大约8ms而没有刺血针183的位置的变化。这指示刺血针183的运动已完全停止。在一些实施例中,可以允许刺血针停留大约1到大约2000毫秒,具体地,大约50到大约200毫秒。对于其它实施例,停留时间可以为大约1到大约200毫秒。
在刺血周期的该阶段可以使用软件方法测量患者的皮肤233的下陷量并且因此确定皮肤233的特性,例如弹性、水合等。参考图37-41,在目标组织233的刺血周期的各阶段中示出刺血针183。图37显示刺血针183的尖端196在初始冲击点处与皮肤233初始接触。
图38示出图37中所示的刺血针183与组织233初始接触的放大图。在图39中,刺血针尖端196在穿刺之前已下压或下陷皮肤233达到距离X,如图39中标记X的箭头所示。在图40中,刺血针183已到达切割动力冲程的全长并且处于最大位移处。在该位置,刺血针尖端196已穿刺组织233达到距离Y,如图39中标记Y的箭头所示。从图38与图40的比较可以看出,刺血针尖端196从与皮肤233初始接触的时间到刺血针尖端196到达如图40中所示的它的最大延伸的时间移位X加上Y的总距离。然而,由于下陷现象刺血针尖端196仅仅穿刺皮肤233达到距离Y。
在刺血针183的动力冲程的末端,如上面关于图26和图29C的框279所述,处理器193允许刺血针停留大约8msec。在该停留时间期间皮肤233弹回或松弛回到由刺血针183接触之前的它的大致初始配置,如图41中所示。刺血针尖端196仍然包埋在皮肤中的深度Y处,如图41中所示,然而组织的弹性反冲将刺血针向后移位或退行到由图41中的箭头Z指示的非弹性下陷的点。在由于组织233的弹性下陷引起的刺血针183的向后移位期间,处理器读取和存储由位置传感器191生成的位置数据并且因此测量作为X和Z之间的差的弹性下陷的量。
在刺血周期期间刺血针183的下陷过程和退行运动在图42中图形地示出,该图显示包括弹性和非弹性下陷的刺血周期期间刺血针尖端196的速度与时间的关系的图形和位置与时间的关系的图形。在图42中,从点0到点A,刺血针183从初始位置或零位置加速。从点A到点B,刺血针处于弹道或滑行模式,不输送额外的动力。在点B处,刺血针尖端196接触组织233并且开始下陷皮肤233直到它到达位移C。当刺血针尖端196接近最大位移时,制动力施加于刺血针183直到刺血针在点D处停止。刺血针183然后在D和E之间指示的刺血周期的停留阶段期间在退行方向上反冲。应当注意图42中所示的非弹性下陷的幅度为了图示而放大。
由Z指示的非弹性下陷的量与弹性下陷的幅度相比倾向于相当一致并且小。一般而言,非弹性下陷的量Z可以为大约120到大约140微米。由于对于多数患者或皮肤类型非弹性下陷的幅度具有相当恒定的值并且与弹性下陷的幅度相比较小,因此刺血针183的穿刺冲程的总下陷量的值有效地等于由处理器193测量的停留阶段期间刺血针的向后位移加上非弹性反冲的预定值、例如130微米。一些实施例的非弹性反冲可以为大约100到大约200微米。测量患者的皮肤233下陷的幅度的能力对于控制刺血针尖端196的穿刺深度是重要的,原因是众所周知皮肤在弹性和其它参数上由于年龄、一天中的时间、水合的水平、性别和病理状态而变化。
刺血周期的总下陷的该值然后可以用于确定患者的皮肤233的各种特性。一旦获得指定患者的下陷数据的主体,可以分析该数据以便预测成功刺血程序所必需的从皮肤接触点的总刺血针位移。这使组织穿刺装置能够获得高成功率并且最小化用户的疼痛。滚动平均表可以用于收集和存储患者的下陷数据,具有指向表中的最后条目的指针。当输入新条目时,它可以代替指针处的条目并且指针前进到下一个值。当期望平均时,所有值由处理器193相加并且和除以条目的总数量。包括指数衰减(乘以.95、加上0.05倍的当前值等)的类似技术也是可能的。
大体上关于皮肤233的下陷,现在论述与穿刺深度相关的一些典型值。图43显示皮肤233的层的横截面图。为了可靠地获得来自皮肤233的可使用血液样本,理想的是使刺血针尖端196到达皮肤的小静脉丛。角质层典型地为大约0.1到大约0.6mm厚并且从真皮的顶端到小静脉丛的距离可以从大约0.3到大约1.4mm。弹性下陷可以具有达到大约2mm左右、具体地大约0.2到大约2.0mm的幅度,平均幅度为大约1mm。这意味着克服下陷所必需的刺血针位移量可以具有大于为了到达小静脉丛必须穿刺皮肤的厚度的幅度。从初始皮肤接触的点的总刺血针位移可以具有大约1.7到大约2.1mm的平均值。在一些实施例中,穿刺深度和最大穿刺深度可以为大约0.5mm到大约5mm,具体地,大约1mm到大约3mm。在一些实施例中,大约0.5到大约3mm的最大穿刺深度是有用的。
返回参考图29C,在由图29C中的编号280的流程图框表示的下一操作中,处理器193导致收回力施加到刺血针183以从皮肤233吸引刺血针183,如图36中的箭头290所示。处理器193将电流发送到适当的线圈214-217使得线圈214-217将远侧定向吸引力施加到磁性元件202,这将导致刺血针183在期望方向上向后移动。在一些实施例中,用比操作周期的穿刺部分期间的力和速度小的力和低的速度收回刺血针183。在一些实施例中刺血针的收回速度可以为大约0.004到大约0.5m/s,具体地,大约0.006到大约0.01m/s。在其它实施例中,有用的缩回速度可以为大约0.001到大约0.02米每秒,具体地,大约0.001到大约0.01米每秒。对于相比于穿刺速度使用较慢收回速度的实施例,收回速度可能达到大约0.02米每秒。对于这样的实施例,平均穿刺速度相对于平均收回速度的比率可以为大约100到大约1000。在较慢收回速度不重要的实施例中,可以使用大约2到大约10米每秒的收回速度。
在下一操作中,处理器193确定刺血针183是否由于所施加的力正在期望相后方向上移动,如编号281的决策框所示。如果处理器193确定刺血针183未在移动(来自决策框281的“否”结果),则处理器193继续导致力施加到刺血针183,如编号282的流程图框所示。处理器193可以导致更强的力施加到刺血针183或者可以仅仅继续施加相同大小的力。处理器然后再次确定刺血针正在移动,如编号283的决策框所示。如果还未检测到运动(来自编号283的决策框的“否”结果),则处理器193确定错误状态存在,如编号284的流程图框所示。在这样的情况下,处理器优选地去激励线圈以去除来自刺血针的力,原因是缺少运动可能指示刺血针卡在患者的皮肤中,并且因此继续试图将刺血针牵引到皮肤之外可能是不可取的。
再次参考图29C中的编号281和283的决策框,如果处理器193确定刺血针确实正在远离皮肤233的期望向后方向上移动,则处理器进入由编号285的流程图框表示的操作。在该操作中,刺血针183的向后运动继续直到刺血针远端已从患者的皮肤233完全收回。如上所述,在一些实施例中用比操作周期的穿刺部分期间的力和速度小的力和低的速度收回刺血针183。刺血针183的较慢收回可以允许来自由刺血针183接近的患者的毛细管的血液在收回期间沿着刺血针183流动并且到达皮肤表面以可靠地产生可使用血液样本。该过程然后结束。
如上所述在刺血针183的操作周期上控制刺血针运动允许由刺血装置180生成多种多样的刺血针速度简档。特别地,上面关于其它实施例所述的任何刺血针速度简档可以用刺血装置180的处理器193、位置传感器191和驱动器线圈组件188获得。
在图44和45中可以看到刺血针的速度简档的实施例的另一例子,所述图示出具有快进入速度和慢收回速度的刺血针简档。图44示出刺血简档的实施例,显示刺血针的速度与位置的关系。刺血简档开始于零时间和位置并且显示刺血针由于从电磁驱动器生成的电磁力朝着组织加速。在点A处,动力被切断并且刺血针183开始滑行直到它到达由B指示的皮肤233,在该点速度开始减小。在点C处,刺血针183已到达最大位移并且暂时停留,典型地持续大约8毫秒的时间。
退行收回力然后由可控制驱动器施加于刺血针,所述可控制驱动器由处理器控制以保持收回速度不超过大约0.006到大约0.01米/秒。相同周期在图45的速度与时间的关系的绘图中示出,其中刺血针从起点加速到点A。刺血针183从A滑行到B,在B处刺血针尖端196接触组织233。刺血针尖端196然后穿刺组织并且当接近最大穿刺深度时随着逐渐施加的制动力而减慢。刺血针停止并且在C和D之间停留。在D处,收回阶段开始并且刺血针183缓慢地收回直到它返回到由图45中的E显示的初始点。应当注意为了图示和清楚起见来自弹性和非弹性下陷的退行反冲未在图44和45的刺血简档中显示。
在另一实施例中,收回阶段可以使用双速度简档,使用.006到.01米每秒的慢速度直到刺血针收回经过与组织的接触点,然后可以使用.01到1米每秒的较快速度缩短完整周期。
参考图46,显示包括具有驱动器线圈组件295的可控制驱动器294、位置传感器和刺血针183的刺血装置的另一实施例。刺血针297具有近端298和远端299,在刺血针297的远端299处具有尖锐点。磁性元件310围绕刺血针297的近端部分302布置并且固定到所述近端部分,刺血针轴303布置在磁性元件301和尖锐点299之间。刺血针轴303可以由不锈钢或任何其它合适的材料或合金组成。刺血针轴303可以具有大约3mm到大约50mm、具体地大约5mm到大约15mm的长度。
磁性元件301配置成在驱动器线圈组件295的轴向内腔304内滑动。驱动器线圈组件295包括最远侧第一线圈305、轴向地布置在第一线圈305和第三线圈307之间的第二线圈306以及最近侧第四线圈308。第一线圈305、第二线圈306、第三线圈307和第四线圈308的每一个具有轴向内腔。第一至第四线圈305-308的轴向内腔配置成与其它线圈的轴向内腔同轴并且作为整体一起形成驱动器线圈组件295的轴向内腔309。轴向相邻的每一个线圈305-308是在驱动器线圈组件295的刺血周期期间增加完成线圈305-308的磁回路的磁性圆盘或垫圈310。图46的实施例的磁性垫圈310由铁钢制造,但是可以由任何其它合适的磁性材料、例如铁或铁素体制造。磁性垫圈310具有的外径与大约4.0到大约8.0mm的驱动器线圈组件295的外径一致。磁性垫圈310具有大约0.05到大约0.4mm、具体地大约0.15到大约0.25mm的轴向厚度。线圈组件的外壳体294也由铁或钢制造以完成围绕线圈和在垫圈310之间的磁路径。
围绕轴向内腔309包裹或缠绕长形电导体3111直到获得足够数量的绕组形成线圈305-308。长形电导体311大体上是绝缘实心铜线。线圈305-308、垫圈310和驱动器线圈组件295的其它部件的特定材料、尺寸、线圈绕组的数量等可以与上述的驱动器线圈组件188的材料、尺寸、线圈绕组的数量等相同或相似。
电导体312耦合驱动器线圈组件295和处理器313,所述处理器可以配置或编程为基于来自通过电导体315耦合到处理器313的位置传感器296的位置反馈控制驱动器线圈组件295的线圈305-308的电流。电源316电耦合到处理器313并且提供电力以操作处理器313并且为驱动器线圈组件295供电。电源316可以是将直流电提供给处理器313的一个或多个电池,如上所述。
位置传感器296是模拟反射光传感器,其具有光源和呈布置在外壳318内的光电换能器317的形式的光接收器,外壳318与驱动器线圈组件295成固定空间关系固定。反射元件319布置在磁性元件301的近端320上或固定到所述近端。通过首先朝着反射元件319从光电换能器317的光源以预定发射立体角发射光,处理器313确定刺血针299的位置。然后,光电换能器317的光接收器测量从反射元件319反射的光的强度并且电导体315将由此生成的信号传输到处理器313。
通过针对驱动器线圈组件295的操作周期期间刺血针297的各位置校准来自反射元件319的反射光的强度,其后可以通过测量任何指定时刻的反射光的强度确定刺血针297的位置。在一个实施例中,传感器296使用商业上可获得的LED/光电换能器模块,例如由Optek Technology公司制造的OPB703(1215W.Crosby Road,Carrollton,Texas,75006)。用于位置感测的模拟反射测量的该方法可以用于本文中所述的刺血针致动器的任何实施例。另外,包括线圈的任何刺血针致动器或驱动器可以通过使用刺血针轴303或磁性元件301自身上的可透磁区域作为线性可变差动变压器(LVDT)的芯使用一个或多个线圈来确定刺血针297的位置。
参考图47和48,示出具有主体外壳326和旋转框架327的扁平线圈刺血针驱动器325。旋转框架327围绕布置在基座329、主体外壳326的顶部主体部分330之间并且布置在旋转框架327的枢轴引导件331中的轴328枢转。旋转框架327的致动器臂332从枢轴引导件331径向地延伸并且具有布置在致动器臂332的外端334处的连杆接收开口333。耦合器连杆336的第一端部335耦合到致动器臂332的连杆接收开口333并且可以在连杆接收开口333内旋转。耦合器连杆336的第二端部337布置在耦合器平移元件341的近端338处的开口内。该配置允许施加到致动器臂332的圆周力转变为作用于固定到耦合器平移元件341的远端343的驱动耦合器342的线性力。驱动耦合器342的材料和尺寸可以与上述的驱动耦合器342的材料和尺寸相同或相似。
与旋转框架327的致动器臂332相对,呈线圈臂344的形式的平移衬底从旋转框架327的枢轴引导件331径向地延伸。线圈臂344在形状上为大致矩形。扁平线圈345布置在线圈臂344上并且固定到线圈臂。扁平线圈345具有前段346和后段347,当旋转框架327围绕枢轴引导件331旋转时两个段大致正交于段346和347的运动方向延伸。前段346布置在由固定到上部磁体基座351的第一上部永磁体349和固定到下部磁体基座353的第一下部永磁体352生成的第一磁活性区域348内。后段347布置在由固定到上部磁体基座351的第二上部永磁体355和固定到下部磁体基座353的第二下部永磁体生成的第二磁活性区域354内。
第一上部和下部永磁体349、352、355和356的磁场线或回路可以从第一下部永磁体352向上引导到第一上部永磁体349或在相反方向上向下引导。来自第二永磁体355和356的磁场线也向上或向下引导,并且将具有与第一上部和下部永磁体349和352相反的方向。该配置产生围绕枢轴引导件331作用于线圈臂344的旋转力,力的方向由扁平线圈345中的电流的方向确定。如图47和48中所见,可移动元件327不完全由磁体349、353、355和356封闭、包围或围绕。应当理解在其它实施例中,配置可以变化使得可移动元件327包含在那些位置代替物品349、353、355和356的磁体和线圈。因此,线圈是不完全封闭可移动元件的扁平线圈。
位置传感器357包括固定到旋转框架327的光学编码器磁盘部分358,所述光学编码器磁盘部分随着旋转框架327旋转并且由固定到基座329的光学编码器359读取。位置传感器357确定旋转框架327的旋转位置并且经由电导线361将位置信息发送到处理器360,所述处理器具有的特征可以与上述的处理器193的特征相同或相似。扁平线圈345的电导线363也电耦合到处理器360。
电流穿过扁平线圈345的前段346和后段347,施加到段346和347的旋转力传递到旋转框架327到达致动器臂332、通过耦合器连杆336和耦合器平移元件341最终到达驱动耦合器342。在使用中,刺血针(未显示)固定到驱动耦合器342中,并且扁平线圈刺血针致动器325被启动。扁平线圈345中的电流确定在驱动耦合器342和因此固定到耦合器342的刺血针上生成的力。处理器360基于由位置传感器357测量的、发送到处理器360的刺血针的位置和速度信息控制扁平线圈345中的电流。处理器360能够以类似于上述的处理器193的方式控制刺血针的速度并且除了别的以外可以生成上述的任何期望的刺血针速度简档。
图49和50描绘组织穿刺装置的具有驱动器线圈组件370的控制驱动器369的又一实施例。驱动器线圈组件370具有近端371、远端372和从近端371延伸到远端372的轴向内腔373。内线圈374围绕轴向内腔373布置并且具有锥形配置,具有在远侧方向上的长形导体375的增加每英寸缠绕。内线圈374从驱动器线圈组件370的近端371延伸到驱动器线圈组件370的远端372,具有大约1到大约25mm、具体地大约1到大约12mm的大外径或横向尺寸。
驱动器线圈组件370的近端371处的内线圈374的外径或横向尺寸近似地等于线圈组件370的近端371处的轴向内腔373的直径。也就是说,内线圈374渐变以朝近侧减小外径直到在驱动器线圈组件370的近端371处有很少的或没有长形电导体375的绕组。当用流动通过内线圈374的长形电导体375的电流激励内线圈374时内线圈374的锥形配置产生驱动器线圈组件370的轴向内腔373内的轴向磁场梯度。
当激励内线圈374时轴向磁场梯度产生布置在轴向内腔373内的磁性元件376的驱动力,朝着驱动器线圈组件370的远端372驱动磁性元件376。由内线圈374产生的作用于磁性元件的驱动力是平滑连续力,可以产生磁性元件376和与其固定的刺血针377的平滑和连续加速。在一些实施例中,外径的增加与在远侧方向上沿着内线圈374的轴向位移的比率可以为大约1到大约0.08,具体地,大约1到大约0.08。
外线圈378布置在内线圈374上并且与内线圈纵向地同延。外线圈378可以具有与内线圈374相同或相似的尺寸和构造,区别在于外线圈378朝近侧渐变到增加直径或横向尺寸。当用电流激励外线圈378时外线圈378的近侧方向上的长形电导体379的更大每英寸缠绕产生在近侧方向上驱动磁性元件376的磁场梯度。在刺血针377和驱动器线圈组件370的操作周期期间这对磁性元件376产生制动或反向作用。内线圈374和外线圈378的长形电导体375和379耦合到处理器381,所述处理器耦合到电源382。处理器381可以具有类似于上述的其它处理器的性质并且可以控制磁性元件376和刺血针377的速度简档以产生以上以及其它的任何速度简档。驱动器线圈组件370可以用作上述的驱动器线圈组件的替代物,刺血装置180的其它部件是相同的或相似的。
已描述驱动器或致动器机构的实施例,现在我们论述可以容纳刺血针、收集流体的样本、分析样本或这些功能的任何组合的装置的实施例。这些前端装置可以与致动器、例如上述的致动器或任何其它合适的驱动器或可控制驱动器整合。
一般而言,血液采样的多数已知方法需要若干步骤。第一,通过收集各种物品、例如刺血针、刺血针驱动器、测试条、分析仪器等设置测量会话。第二,患者必须通过装载无菌刺血针、装载测试条和使刺血针驱动器待发而组装器具。第三,患者必须将手指放置成抵靠刺血针驱动器并且使用另一只手启动驱动器。第四,患者必须放下刺血针驱动器并且将流血手指放置成抵靠测试条(其可能已装载或未装载到分析仪器中)。患者必须确保血液已装载到测试条上并且分析仪器在这样的装载之前已校准。最后,患者必须处置包括刺血针的所有血液污染器具。因而,整合组织穿刺采样装置的刺血和样本收集特征可以在患者方便方面获得优点。
图51显示容纳刺血针412的用后可弃采样模块410。刺血针412具有连接到驱动器438的近端416上的头部和穿刺皮肤的远端414。远端414布置在导管418内。近端416延伸到腔420中。样本容器422具有在邻近刺血针412的远端414的人体工学轮廓表面426上的窄输入端口424。当在本文中使用时,术语人体工学轮廓大体上表示成形为贴合地配合放置在表面上待刺血或以另外方式测试的手指或其它身体部分。采样模块410能够将来自样本容器422的血液样本通过小通道(未显示)输送到分析区域428。分析区域428可以包括分析血液样本的化学、物理、光学、电或其它装置。刺血针、样本流动通道、样本容器和分析区域在单封装单元中整合到采样模块410。
图52显示采样模块410装载在其中的外壳410'中的室430。采样模块410装载在用弹簧434悬挂的插座432上并且就座在槽436中。驱动器438附连到插座432。驱动器438具有近端440和远端442。驱动器438可以是可控制驱动器或不可控制驱动器,用于前进、停止和缩回刺血针的任何机械(例如弹簧或凸轮驱动)或电(例如电磁或电子驱动)装置。在驱动器438的远端442和附连到室430的传感器446之间有间隙444。插座432也包含分析器448,所述分析器是用于分析血液的系统。当模块装载到插座432中时分析器448对应于模块410上的分析区域428。
图53显示具有装载到外壳410'中的采样模块410的组织穿刺采样装置411。分析区域428和分析器448重叠。驱动器438配合到腔420中。驱动器438的近端440抵接刺血针412的远端416。患者的手指450就座在人体工学轮廓表面426上。
图54显示替代刺血针配置的图示,其中当手指就座在人体工学轮廓表面426上时刺血针412和驱动器438定向成穿刺手指450的侧面。
图55示出孔口452和人体工学轮廓表面426。导管418具有在血井454上敞开的孔口452。容器422的样本输入端口424也在血井454上敞开。样本输入端口424的直径明显大于孔口452的直径,孔口的直径与刺血针412的直径大致相同。在刺血针缩回之后,从手指450流动的血液将收集在血井454中。刺血针412将缩回孔口452中,有效地阻止血液沿着孔口452向下通过。血液将从血井454通过样本输入端口424流动到容器422中。
图56显示刺血事件的图示。患者通过用手指450下推人体工学轮廓表面426施加压力。这将向下压力施加于装载到插座432中的采样模块410。当下推插座432时它压缩弹簧434。传感器446与驱动器438的远端442接触并且由此电检测手指在人体工学轮廓表面上的存在。传感器可以是压电装置,所述压电装置检测该压力并且将信号发送到电路456,所述电路致动驱动器438并且推进和然后缩回穿刺手指450的刺血针412。在另一实施例中,传感器446是电触头,当它接触驱动器438时所述电触头闭合电路,启动驱动器438以推进和缩回穿刺手指450的刺血针412。
采样的方法的实施例包括必须由患者采取以获得样本和样本的分析的减少数量的步骤。第一,患者装载采样模块410,无菌刺血针嵌入外壳装置410'中。第二,患者通过接通到达装置的电力通过将待刺血的手指放置在人体工学轮廓表面426上并且下压而启动刺血周期。传感器的启动使传感器可操作并且提供控制以启动发射器。
在其刺血周期之后当刺血针缩回以避免意外多次刺血事件时传感器是未受提示的。刺血周期由待发、前进、停止和缩回刺血针以及将血液样本收集在容器中组成。一旦血液样本已收集在容器中该周期完成。第三,患者下压采样模块,推动驱动器38以与传感器接触,并且启动驱动器438。刺血针然后穿刺皮肤并且容器收集血液样本。
然后通过听觉信号、例如报警器或蜂鸣器和/或视觉信号、例如LED或显示屏可选地通知患者移开手指。患者然后可以通过去除采样模块410并且处置它而处置所有污染部分。在另一实施例中,多个采样模块410可以装载到呈筒(未显示)的形式的外壳410'中。在分析完成之后可以由组织穿刺采样装置411通知患者何时处置整个筒。
为了正确地分析采样模块410的分析区域428中的样本,确定流体样本是否存在于样本流动通道、样本容器或分析区域的指定部分中可能是理想的或必要的。下面论述用于确定流体在区域中的存在的各种装置和方法。
在图57中,热传感器500邻近流体可以在上面流动的表面504嵌入衬底502中。表面例如可以是流体可以流动通过的通道的壁或流体可以在上面流动的平面装置的表面。热传感器500与可以嵌入衬底502中或者可以远程定位的信号调节元件506电连通。信号调节元件506接收来自热传感器500的信号并且通过诸如对它进行放大或对它进行滤波以减小噪声的手段对它进行修改。图57也描绘位于表面上的替代位置的热传感器508,其中它直接暴露于流体流动。
图58显示邻近独立加热元件510的热传感器500的配置。热传感器500和加热元件510邻近流体可以在上面流动的表面504嵌入衬底502中。在替代实施例中,一个或多个附加热传感器可以邻近加热元件并且可以提供增加的信号敏感性。热传感器500与可以嵌入衬底502中或者可以远程定位的信号调节元件506电连通。
信号调节元件506接收来自热传感器500的信号并且通过诸如对它进行放大或对它进行滤波以减小噪声的手段对它进行修改。加热元件510与可以嵌入衬底502中或者可以远程定位的电源和控制元件512电连通。电源和控制元件512提供到达加热元件510的电压和电流的控制源。
图59描绘具有彼此靠近在表面504上并排嵌入衬底502中的三个热传感器/加热元件对(500/510)或检测器元件(具有如图58中所示的关联的信号调节元件506以及电源和控制元件512)的配置。该图描绘以线性关系平行于衬底504布置的热传感器500,但是可以使用任何可操作配置。在替代实施例中,可以使用少于三个或多于三个热传感器/加热元件对(500/510)以指示流动横越表面504的流体的到达。在其它实施例中,可以使用自加热热传感器,不需要独立的加热元件。
本发明的实施例提供提供用于检测流体到达限定位置的简单和精确方法。这样的检测可以特别有用于限定用于测量基于速率的反应的定时周期的零或开始时间。这可以在生化试验中用于检测存在于各种类型的生物样本或流体中的各种分析物并且用于基于速率的反应、例如酶促反应。相关流体的例子包括血液、血清、血浆、尿、脑脊液、唾液、酶物质以及在分析和生物医学领域中公知的其它相关物质和流体。用于分析生物分子流体的特定试验的反应化学通常是公知的,并且所使用的特定试验的选择将取决于感兴趣的生物流体。
与本发明的实施例相关的试验包括导致单独的分析物或酶、例如葡萄糖、乳酸、肌酐激酶等的测量的试验以及测量总样本的特性、例如凝血时间(凝固)或补体依赖溶解的试验。本发明的其它实施例提供样本加入测试物品或样本到达该物品内的特定位置的感测。
现在参考图60,衬底502限定通道520,所述通道具有流体可以在上面流动的内表面522。分析部位524位于通道520内,其中在通道520中流动的流体可以接触分析部位524。在各实施例中,分析部位524可以替代地在内表面522上、凹陷到衬底502中或与内表面522大致齐平。图60描绘热传感器相对于衬底、通道和分析部位的若干可能位置;而且,本领域的技术人员将显而易见,其它位置可能是有用的并且将取决于装置的设计。
在使用中,取决于预期设计,热传感器可以从图60中所示的一个或多个位置省略。分析部位524中的凹陷可以提供热传感器526的定位,同样地分析部位的周边提供热传感器528的定位。一个或多个热传感器530、532、534可以位于分析部位524的上游侧(当在图60中流体从右向左流动时),或者一个或多个热传感器536、538、540可以位于分析部位524的下游侧。
热传感器可以靠近表面嵌入衬底中,如热传感器542所示。在各种其它实施例中,(一个或多个)热传感器可以位于内表面上、凹陷到内表面中或与内表面大致齐平。每个热传感器也可以与信号调节元件、加热元件以及电源和控制元件关联,如上所述,并且单信号调节元件、加热元件或电源和控制元件可以与一个以上热传感器关联。
图61显示热传感器相对于以阵列布置在表面556上的分析部位524的可能位置。分析部位524中的凹陷可以提供热传感器544的定位,同样地分析部位的周边提供热传感器546的定位。围绕分析部位的阵列的表面的边缘可以提供一个或多个热传感器548的位置。热传感器可以定位在阵列的特定行550或列552中的分析部位之间,或者可以布置在对角线554上。
在各实施例中,(一个或多个)热传感器可以靠近表面嵌入衬底中或者可以位于表面上、凹陷到表面中或与表面大致齐平。每个热传感器也可以与信号调节元件、加热元件以及电源和控制元件关联,如上所述,并且单信号调节元件、加热元件或电源和控制元件可以与一个以上热传感器关联。小热传感器的使用可以有用于微型系统、例如执行很小流体样本的生物分子分析的微流体装置。这样的分析大体上包括使生物分子流体通过分析部位、在分析部位上或邻近分析部位并且通过试剂和/或测试电路和/或与分析部位关联的部件的使用导致获得关于生物分子流体的信息。
图62描绘热传感器相对于通道和分析部位的若干可能配置。图62中示意性所示的装置可以例如是用于分析少量样本流体、例如生物分子流体的微流体装置。该装置具有用于容纳一定量的样本流体的样本容器560。样本流体经由与样本容器560流体连通的样本入口562引入样本容器560中。热传感器564位于样本入口562中或附近。主通道566源自样本容器560并且终止于流出容器568。
一个或多个补充容器570可选地存在并且经由从补充容器570通向主通道566的一个或多个补充通道572与主通道566流体连通。补充容器570用于容纳试验的操作所必需的流体,例如试剂溶液、冲洗溶液、显影剂溶液、定影剂溶液等。在主通道566中在离样本容器560预定距离处,存在分析部位574的阵列。
热传感器位于阵列576的直接上游(当在图中流体从右向左流动时)并且位于阵列578的直接下游。热传感器也邻近主通道源自样本容器580的位置和邻近主通道终止于流出容器582的位置位于主通道中。补充通道提供另一热传感器584的定位。
当装置在操作中时,位于样本入口562中或附近的热传感器564用于指示样本流体、例如生物分子流体到达热传感器的局部环境中,如本文中所述,并且因此提供样本流体已成功地引入装置中的确认。邻近主通道566源自样本容器560的位置位于主通道566中的热传感器580产生指示样本流体已开始从样本容器560流动到主通道566中的信号。刚好在分析部位574的阵列的上游在主通道566中的热传感器576可以用于指示流体样本正在接近阵列574。类似地,刚好在分析部位574的阵列的下游在主通道566中的热传感器578可以用于指示流体样本已前进超过阵列574并且因此已接触每个分析部位。
补充通道572中的热传感器584提供包含在补充容器570内的流体已开始从其流动的确认。邻近主通道566终止于流出容器568的位置在主通道566中的热传感器582指示样本流体何时到达流出容器568附近,这然后可以指示足够的样本流体已经过分析部位574的阵列并且分析部位处的分析完成。
本发明的实施例提供使用热传感器检测流体样本到达靠近热传感器的热传感器的局部环境中的预定区域、例如分析部位。可以使用各种热传感器。热阻器是热敏电阻器,其主要功能是当受到温度的相应变化时检测电阻的可预测和精确变化。当受到温度的增加时负温度系数(NTC)热阻器具有电阻的减小并且当受到温度的增加时正温度系数(PTC)热阻器具有电阻的增加。
各种热阻器已被制造用于柜台交易使用或应用。热阻器能够在-100华氏度到超过600华氏度的温度上操作。由于它们的灵活性,热阻器有用于应用到微流体和温度测量和控制。
温度的变化导致热阻器的电阻的相应变化。该温度变化经由从样本或周围到热阻器的对流或辐射由热的外部传递产生,或者作为热的内部应用是由于装置内的电功率消耗。当热阻器在“自加热”模式下操作时,装置中的功率消耗足以将它的温度升高到局部环境温度之上,这又更容易检测局部环境的传导性的热变化。
在诸如液位检测、气流检测和热导材料表征的应用中热阻器经常在“自加热”模式下使用。该模式在流体感测中是特别有用的,原因是自加热传导传感器在流体中或在移动气流中比它在静止空气中消耗明显更多的热。
本发明的实施例可以设计成使得热传感器直接暴露于样本。然而,它也可以嵌入装置的材料中、例如表示输送样本的通道的壁中。热传感器可以覆盖有聚合物或其它保护材料的薄涂层。
装置的实施例需要建立被监测参数、例如温度的基线或阈值。理想地这在设置过程期间建立。一旦启动流体运动,装置连续地监测其后的明显变化。指定为“明显”的变化水平设计成噪声抑制和足够的敏感性之间的折衷。“零或开始时间”的实际定义也可以包括从数据的时间历史确定的算法,即,它可以从与单阈值交叉的准确瞬时到基于数据的时间序列的复杂数学函数不同地限定。
在使用中,在缺少样本或流体的情况下从热传感器读取信号。然后引入流体样本。样本流动到或经过热传感器的局部环境中的感兴趣部位,并且热传感器记录样本的到达。感兴趣部位可以包括用于进行例如酶促试验的分析部位。测量流体到达感兴趣部位因此指示将执行反应的零或开始时间。对于流体存在的检测,这些部位可以是沿着流体路径的各种期望位置中的任何一个。本发明的实施例特别好地适合于微流体筒或平台,其为用户提供流体样本已引入并且已流动到平台中的适当位置的保证。
基于速率的试验必须测量启动时间以及一定数量的随后的时间点,其中的一个是试验的终点。所以,基线或阈值可以被建立,并且然后针对其后的明显变化连续地进行监测;一个这样的变化是启动酶反应的流体样本的到达。在装置设置过程期间频繁地建立基线值。阈值设计成噪声抑制和足够的敏感性之间的折衷。限定的零或“开始时间”可以从与单阈值交叉的准确瞬时到使用滤波器基于数据的时间序列在算法上确定的值不同地限定。
本发明的实施例以各种方式实现这一点。在一个实施例中,在没有样本存在的情况下在热传感器处进行初始温度测量。样本变化的到来导致热传感器记录新值。然后比较这些值。
另一实施例测量由流体样本的到达导致的热传感器的局部环境中的热性质(例如热导率或热容量)的变化。一般而言这是被称为“热导传感器”或“热通量传感器”的装置的类型的操作原理。至少两个硬件实现方式已使用并且在上面描述。一个实现方式在“自加热模式”下使用热传感器。在“自加热模式”下,自加热热传感器可以使用放置在流动通道中或附近、例如位于流动通道的壁中的正温度系数热阻器。
电流通过热阻器,导致热阻器的平均温度升高到高于周围环境的温度。可以从电阻确定温度,原因是它是温度相关的。当流体流动通过通道时,它改变靠近热阻器的局部热导率(通常变高)并且这导致热阻器的平均温度的变化。它也改变修改热动态响应的热容量。这些变化产生信号,所述信号可以由公知的手段电子地检测,并且由此可以推断流体的到达。
第二硬件实现方式需要在流动通道中或附近的独立加热元件,以及紧靠的热传感器布置。使电流通过元件为局部环境提供热并且建立由热电偶装置检测的局部温度。该温度或它的动态响应由流体或血液到达局部环境中或附近而改变,类似于先前所述的实现方式,并且电子地检测事件。
可以在控制输入模式下操作加热元件,所述控制输入模式可以包括以规定方式控制一个或多个以下参数:施加的电流、电压或功率。当在控制输入模式下操作时,监测热传感器的温度的波动以便检测流体的到达。
替代地,加热元件可以以这样的方式操作使得以规定方式控制热传感器的温度。在该操作模式下,可以监测到达加热元件的一个或多个输入参数(施加的电流、电压和功率)的由此产生的波动以便检测流体的到达。
在任一上述操作模式下,可以将规定参数保持在恒定值或在装置的操作的特定阶段期间保持恒定的值的序列。规定参数也可以作为时间的已知函数或波形变化。
可以使用信号处理领域中公知的方法以许多方式中的任何一种计算由流体的到达导致的被监测参数的变化。信号处理方法允许在流体到达之前接收的信号与当流体到达时接收的信号的关系指示流体已到达。例如,并且在应用合适的信号滤波之后,可以监测信号的被监测值的变化或值的变化的速率以检测流体的到达。另外,流体的到达将导致局部环境的热力学性质、例如热导率或热容量的动态变化。当输入参数是时变函数时热力学性质的该变化将导致被测量参数相对于控制参数的相移。可以监测该相移以检测流体的到达。
也应当注意在这些操作模式的任一模式下可以通过规定参数的时变波形的合适选择以及应用于被监测参数的适当和公知信号处理方法减小对热噪声和操作功率水平的敏感性。然而,这些潜在益处可能以更慢的响应时间为代价。
参考图63,显示组织穿刺采样装置的替代实施例,其包含用后可弃采样模块590、刺血针驱动器591和可选的模块筒592。可选的模块筒包括壳体593,所述壳体具有用于储存采样模块590的储存腔594。为了清楚已省略该腔的盖。筒还包括用于容纳刺血针驱动器591的室595。刺血针驱动器具有预负荷调节旋钮596,借助于该预负荷调节旋钮可以调节刺血针驱动器的触发点。这保证皮肤的表面上的可再现张力以便更好地控制穿刺的深度和出血。在一个实施例中,采样模块590可拆卸地附连到刺血针驱动器591,如图所示,使得采样模块590是用后可弃的并且刺血针驱动器591是可再使用的。在替代实施例中,采样模块和刺血针驱动器包含在单组合外壳内,并且组合样本采集模块/刺血针驱动器是用后可弃的。采样模块590包括优选地具有凹陷部598或托架的采样部位597,所述凹陷部或托架可以人体工学地设计成符合用户的手指或其它解剖特征(未显示)的形状。
采样部位还包括位于凹陷部中的开口599。当手指放置在采样部位597上时刺血针驱动器591用于击发包含在采样模块590内并且由采样模块引导的刺血针以在用户的手指上产生切口。在一个实施例中,当皮肤紧紧地压靠在采样部位上时采样部位在开口处形成大致不透气密封;采样部位可以附加地具有围绕开口的柔软、可压缩材料以进一步限制血液样本由环境空气污染。“大致不透气”在该背景中表示仅仅可忽略量的环境空气可以在正常操作条件下通过密封泄漏,大致不透气密封允许无缝地收集血液。
参考图64和65,刺血针600在整合外壳601中被保护,所述整合外壳提供用于定位用户的手指或其它身体部分的托架602、托架602内的采样端口603以及用于收集由此产生的血液样本的样本容器603'。刺血针600是具有远端604的轴,所述远端被锐化以在造成最小疼痛的情况下产生切口。刺血针600还具有与远端相对的扩大近端605。类似的刺血针在本领域中是公知的。
不同于被限制到具有尖锐端部的轴,刺血针可以具有本领域中已知的各种配置,对系统进行合适的修改以适应这样的其它刺血针配置,这样的配置具有离开采样端口的尖锐器械以产生可以从其获得血液样本的伤口。
在图中,刺血针600可滑动地布置在外壳601中的刺血针引导件606内,并且刺血针600在刺血针引导件606内的运动紧紧地被控制以减小刺血针的横向运动,由此减小刺血针戳刺的疼痛。样本采集模块也包括将刺血针保持在样本采集模块内的止回件613。采样模块具有用于附连到刺血针驱动器的附连部位615。
采样模块还包括允许用户选择若干穿刺深度设置中的一个的深度选择器。深度选择器显示为具有渐变表面的多位置拇指旋轮607。通过旋转拇指旋轮607,用户选择渐变表面的哪个部分接触刺血针的扩大近端605以限制刺血针600在刺血针引导件606内的运动。
拇指旋轮由具有突出、圆形表面的保持器608保持在选定位置,所述表面接合拇指旋轮607中的若干凹陷部609(例如,浅凹、凹槽或狭槽)中的至少一个。凹陷部609在空间上对准以与拇指旋轮607的渐变斜坡对应,使得当转动拇指旋轮607时,深度设置被选择并且由接合对应于所选择的特定深度设置的凹陷部609的保持器608保持。
在替代实施例中,保持器可以位于深度选择器上并且对应于深度设置的凹陷部位于外壳上使得保持器可以在功能上接合凹陷部。用于保持部件对准的其它类似布置在本领域中是已知的并且可以使用。在另外的替代实施例中,深度选择器可以采用具有接触刺血针的扩大近端的渐变斜坡的楔状件的形式,楔状件由外壳中的凹槽保持。
样本容器603'包括在样本采集模块的外壳601内的长形、圆形室610。室610具有平坦或略呈球形的形状,室610的至少一侧由优选没有锐角部的平滑聚合物形成。样本容器603'也包括与采样端口603流体连通的到达室610的样本输入端口611,和离开室的排出口612。
优选透明材料、例如塑料的盖(未显示)定位刺血针600并且闭合室603',形成室603'的相对侧。在盖为透明的实施例中,盖可以用作测试装置,由此样本可以在容器中经由通过盖操作的光学感测技术分析。透明盖也将有助于通过检查确定样本容器何时装满血液样本。
图66显示采样模块的一部分,示出样本容器的替代实施例。样本容器具有室616,所述室具有将室616连接到血液输送毛细通道618的样本输入端口617;室616也具有排出口619。室具有第一侧620,所述第一侧具有平坦或略呈球形的形状,没有锐角部,并且由平滑聚合物形成。弹性体隔膜621附连到室616的周边并且优选地能够紧紧地配合到室620的第一侧。
为了控制血液流动的方向,样本容器带有位于样本容器的入口617处的第一止回阀622和通向位于排出口619处的出口通道624的第二止回阀623。替代地,单止回阀(在位置622处)可以目前控制经由血液输送毛细通道618流入室616中和流出室616进入可选的替代出口通道625中。样本容器具有连接到便于隔膜621的运动的可变压力源的管道626。
当隔膜621挠曲远离室620的第一侧时(经由管道626从源供应的低压力),第一止回阀622打开并且第二止回阀623闭合,接着将血液样本抽吸到样本容器中。当隔膜621在隔膜620的第一侧方向上挠曲时(经由管道626从源供应的高压力),第一止回阀622闭合并且第二止回阀623打开,血液被迫离室616。隔膜621的运动方向和致动速度可以由压力源控制,并且因此可以加速或减速样本的流动。该特征不仅允许减小血细胞的损伤,而且允许控制填充室616的速度。
尽管在该实施例中描述了经由气动装置控制隔膜621,但是可以替代地使用机械装置。基本上,该微隔膜泵满足抽吸、储存和输送功能。隔膜621可以基本上用作泵以便于输送血液到达所需的所有区域。这样的所需区域可以是在更下游的简单样本储存区域以用于试验或用于将血液暴露于化学传感器或其它测试装置。血液的输送可以到达采样模块内的部位或采样模块外部的部位,即,独立分析装置。
在替代实施例中,化学传感器或其它测试装置位于采样模块内,并且血液经由与样本容器流体连通的血液输送通道输送到化学传感器或其它测试装置。采样模块的部件可以被注射模制并且隔膜可以作为整体部件被熔融或夹物模制。
图67描绘围绕采样端口627的用后可弃采样模块的一部分,包括采样部位托架表面628的一部分。采样模块的外壳包括主样本流动通道629,所述主样本流动通道是将样本输入端口连接到样本容器的毛细通道。主样本流动通道629包括主通道内腔表面630和主通道入口631,主通道入口631通向样本输入端口627。采样模块可以可选地包括补充样本流动通道632,所述补充样本流动通道也是具有补充通道内腔表面633和补充通道入口634的毛细通道,补充通道入口634通向样本输入端口627。
主样本流动通道629具有比补充样本流动通道632更大的横截面积,优选地大至少两倍。因此,补充样本流动通道632比主样本流动通道629更快地吸引流体。当第一血滴接收到样本输入端口627中时,该血滴的大部分通过补充样本流动通道632被吸引。然而,当血液继续从切口流动到样本输入端口627中,该血液的大部分通过主样本流动通道629被吸引,原因是补充样本流动通道632具有有限的容量并且填充或主要填充第一血滴。该双毛细通道配置特别有用于在关心样本的污染(例如,由于来自刺血针撞击的碎片(特别在血液气体测试的情况下)或由于空气)的情况下进行测试。
为了改善血滴流动,不时地进行具有血液的表面的一些引动或芯吸对于开始毛细流动过程是必要的。样本输入端口627以及主和补充(如果有的话)样本流动通道629、632的表面的部分进行处理以使那些表面疏水。可以使用机械、化学、电晕或等离子体处理获得表面改性。这样的涂层和方法的例子由AST Products(比勒利卡,马萨诸塞州)和SpireCorporation(贝德福德,马萨诸塞州)市售。
然而,表面的完整覆盖处理证明通过导致血液在表面上到处任意地流动并且不优先通过(一个或多个)毛细通道而有害。这将最终导致血液流体的损失。接受处理的特定表面被选择以改善血液从采样部位托架表面628上的被切割手指通过样本输入端口627和样本流动通道629、632中的至少一个流动到样本容器。因此,处理过程应当进行掩模并且仅仅限制到选定表面。将采样表面从疏水选择性地改性为亲水的掩模过程可以用机械掩模技术、例如用金属屏蔽、淀积介电或导电膜或电屏蔽手段完成。
在一些实施例中,经处理的表面被限制到以下的一个或多个:位于采样部位托架表面与主和补充样本流动通道之间的采样端口的表面,紧邻主和/或补充样本流动通道631、634的入口的表面(两者在样本输入端口内和样本流动通道内),以及主和/或补充样本流动通道的内腔表面630、633。
当离开切口时血液优先移动通过样本输入端口627进入补充样本流动通道632(如果有的话)和进入主样本流动通道629到达样本容器,导致血液的高效捕获。替代地,衬底材料可以被选择为亲水或疏水,并且衬底材料的表面的一部分可以针对相反特性进行处理。
在实施例中,图67显示在样本输入端口627的基部处的膜635定位在刺血针636的缩回尖锐远端和样本流动通道631、634的入口之间。通过限制血液流动到围绕刺血针的远端637的区域636中,膜635便于血液样本流动通过样本流动通道629、632。血液因此优先流动到样本容器中。在实施例中,膜635被处理以具有疏水特性。在另一实施例中,膜635由已涂覆有硅树脂基凝胶639的基于聚合物的膜638制造。
例如,膜结构可以包括由聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯组成的基于聚合物的膜638,例如以商标MYLAR销售的膜。膜结构还可以包括在膜的至少一个表面上的硅树脂基凝胶639、例如以商标SYLGARD销售的凝胶的薄涂层。这样的膜的有用性在于在刺血针穿刺之后它能够再密封而不物理地影响刺血针的切割尖端和边缘。MYLAR膜提供结构稳定性,而薄SYLGARD硅树脂层合物具有足够的挠性以保持它的形状并且在MYLAR膜中制造的孔上闭合。满足结构稳定性和挠性作用的其它类似材料可以在该实施例中的膜的制造中使用。
当刺血针的尖锐远端637行进进入和通过样本输入端口627时膜635操作以允许刺血针的尖锐远端637穿刺膜。在实施例中,膜635的硅树脂基凝胶639自动地密封由穿刺刺血针导致的切口。所以,在用户的手指上制造切口之后,防止来自切口的血液流动通过膜635,这帮助血液行进通过主样本流动通道629以积累在样本容器内。因此膜防止任何血液流动到刺血针装置组件中,并且防止血液污染和损失到刺血针装置机构腔中。即使没有再密封层639,疏水膜635也阻止血液横越膜635流动,导致改善通过主样本流动通道629的流动并且减小或消除通过穿刺膜635的流动。
图68-70示出在刺血针驱动器的使用期间处于三个不同点的刺血针驱动器640的一个实现方式。在刺血针驱动器的该描述中,近侧指示相对靠近采样模块的附连部位的位置;相反地,远侧指示相对远离采样模块的附连部位的位置。刺血针驱动器具有限定圆柱形孔腔642的驱动器手柄主体641,预负荷弹簧643在所述圆柱形孔腔内。驱动器套筒644在预负荷弹簧643的近侧,紧紧地配合在孔腔642内并且可滑动地布置在孔腔内。驱动器套筒644限定圆柱形驱动器室645,致动器弹簧646在所述圆柱形驱动器室内。柱塞套筒647在致动器弹簧646的近侧,紧紧地配合在驱动器套筒644内并且可滑动地布置在驱动器套筒内。
驱动器手柄主体641具有限定螺纹通道649的远端648,预负荷螺钉650配合在所述螺纹通道中。预负荷螺钉限定埋头孔651。预负荷螺钉650具有附连到预负荷调节旋钮653的远端652和限定孔655的近端654。驱动器套筒644具有附连到捕捉接头657的远端656。捕捉接头657限定捕捉孔658。驱动器套筒644具有带倾斜环特征660的近端659,所述倾斜环特征环绕驱动器套筒的近端659的内表面。
刺血针驱动器包括具有近端661和远端662的柱塞杆660。在其远端662处,扩大柱塞头部663终止柱塞杆660。在其近端661处,柱塞杆660通过粘结、焊接、卷边或拧入柱塞尖端667中的孔665中固定到柱塞尖端667。柱塞钩665在柱塞头部663和柱塞尖端667之间位于柱塞杆660上。柱塞头部663可滑动地布置在由预负荷螺钉650限定的埋头孔651内。柱塞杆660从柱塞头部663延伸、通过由预负荷螺钉的近端654限定的孔655、从那里通过捕捉接头657中的孔658到达柱塞尖端667中的接合部664。为了组装,柱塞基部接合部664可以包含到柱塞套筒647中,并且柱塞杆660通过卷边、挤锻、胶粘、焊接或一些其它手段附连到柱塞基部664。应当注意刺血针驱动器640可以用任何上述的控制电磁驱动器替换。
参考图63-70,可以如下描述组织穿刺采样装置的操作。在操作中,新采样模块590从储存腔594被去除并且使用多位置拇指旋轮607针对期望深度设置进行调节。然后将采样模块590放置到刺血针驱动器591的端部上。可以检查预负荷设置,但是一旦找到优选设置,在周期之间将不改变。必要时,可以使用预负荷调节旋钮596调节预负荷设置。
然后在平滑运动中将组合采样模块和刺血针驱动器组件压靠在用户的手指(或其它选定解剖特征)上直到到达预设触发点。触发点对应于致动驱动器以朝着皮肤驱动刺血针需要克服的预负荷力的大小。预负荷螺钉允许由用户调节预负荷设置使得每当执行刺血时一致、预设(由用户)大小的预负荷力施加到采样部位597。
当将组件压靠在用户的手指上的运动开始时(参见图68),柱塞钩665接合捕捉接头657,将致动器弹簧646保持在上膛位置,同时当驱动器套筒644继续压缩预负荷弹簧643时作用于手指的力形成。最终(参见图69)柱塞钩665的倾斜背部滑动到预负荷螺钉654的近端中的孔655中并且从捕捉接头657脱离。一旦柱塞钩665释放柱塞套筒647在近侧方向上自由地移动,并且柱塞套筒647由致动器弹簧646加速直到柱塞尖端667撞击刺血针212的扩大近端。
当撞击刺血针的扩大近端605时,被致动刺血针驱动器的柱塞尖端667可逆地接合刺血针的扩大近端605。这可以由机械装置、例如附连到柱塞尖端667、可拆卸地接合刺血针的扩大近端605上的互补接头的接头实现,或者刺血针的扩大近端605可以涂覆有附着到被致动的刺血针驱动器的柱塞尖端667的粘合剂。当由柱塞尖端667接合时,刺血针600在刺血针引导件606内滑动,刺血针的尖锐远端604通过采样端口603从外壳601露出以在用户的手指中产生切口。
大致在柱塞尖端667接触刺血针的扩大近端605的点处,致动器弹簧646处于它的松弛位置,并且柱塞尖端667正以它的最大速度行进。在延伸冲程期间,致动器弹簧646正在延伸并且减慢柱塞尖端667和刺血针600。当刺血针的扩大近端605撞击多位置拇指旋轮607时发生冲程的结束(参见图70)。
刺血针600的方向然后反向并且延伸的致动器弹簧然后向后通过采样端口603快速地缩回刺血针的尖锐远端604。在返回冲程的末端,刺血针600由止回件613从柱塞尖端667卸下。粘合剂附着到止回件613,将刺血针保持在安全位置。
当血液从伤口渗出时,它填充样本输入端口603并且通过毛细作用吸引到样本容器603'中。在该实施例中,在伤口处没有减小的压力或真空,即,伤口处于环境气压,但是可以使用通过例如由注射器或泵供应的抽吸吸引血液样本的实施例。排出口612允许继续进行毛细作用直到整个室被填充,并且提供输送端口以便由其它仪器分析血液。手指保持抵靠样本采集模块直到在样本容器中观察到完整样本。
当从刺血针驱动器591去除采样模块600时,作为止回件613结构的一部分的闩锁614接合刺血针驱动器591的内部的倾斜弹簧特征660。当从采样模块600去除刺血针驱动器591,闩锁推动止回件613朝着刺血针600旋转,弯曲它以将它锁定在安全位置,并且防止再使用。
当从刺血针驱动器591去除采样模块600时,驱动器套筒644由储存在预负荷弹簧643中的能量推动以在驱动器手柄主体641中滑动。驱动器套筒644、柱塞套筒647和致动器弹簧646一起向外移动直到柱塞杆660上的柱塞头部663接触在预负荷螺钉654的近端处的埋头孔651的底部。预负荷弹簧643继续向外移动驱动器套筒644,压缩致动器弹簧646直到柱塞钩665穿过捕捉接头657中的孔658。最终两个弹簧均达到平衡并且柱塞套筒647休止于上膛位置。
在从刺血针驱动器591去除采样模块600之后,可以将它放置在独立分析装置中以获得血液化学读数。在优选实施例中,采样模块600的整合外壳601或样本容器603'包含由独立分析装置供电和/或读取的至少一个生物传感器。在另一实施例中,分析装置直接通过采样模块的透明塑料盖执行血液样本的光学分析。替代地,血液样本可以从采样模块转移到分析装置中以分配给各种分析过程。
本发明的替代实施例提供用于采样的改善成功率,这减小由于体积填充不足引起的样本储存容器或分析模块的不必要牺牲。在发信号通知用户(例如,通过信号光或可听哔哔声)将皮肤从采样部位移开完成之前替代实施例允许已收集足够血液的自动检验。在这样的替代实施例中,一个或多个附加刺血针(表示后备刺血针)和/或(一个或多个)刺血针驱动器(表示后备刺血针驱动器)和/或(一个或多个)样本容器(表示后备样本容器)存在于“主”采样模块中。
在一个这样的优选实施例中,在检测到血液样本量不足时(例如,通过光或电子方法),后备采样周期自动地启动。“后备采样周期”包括经由简单的阀系统断开主样本容器、将后备部件上线、穿刺皮肤、收集血液以及将血液移动到后备样本容器。
血液流动到后备样本容器中直到获得所需的量。必要时周期自身重复,直到获得足够的量。直到那时样本容器可用作在测量或其它应用中使用的采样血液源。容器和/或刺血针和/或刺血针驱动器的系列可以在相同外壳中容易地制造并且对于用户是透明的。
在一个实施例中,高达三个样本容器(主容器加上两个备用容器)存在于单样本采集模块中,每个经由毛细通道/阀系统连接到一个或多个采样端口。另一实施例具有存在于单样本采集模块中的四个样本容器(主容器加上三个备用容器),每个经由毛细通道/阀系统连接到一个或多个采样端口。使用三个或四个样本容器,对于一些实施例可以获得至少80%采样成功率。
另一实施例包括组织穿刺采样装置的微型形式。若干微型刺血针可以位于单采样部位中,相应的样本流动通道将血液输送到一个或多个容器。样本流动通道可以可选地具有用于控制血液的流动的阀。装置也可以包括用于检测血液的存在的一个或多个传感器、例如上述的热传感器,从而例如确定是否已获得足够的血量。在这样的实施例中,用后可弃采样模块、刺血针驱动器和可选的模块筒将具有不大于大约150mm长、60mm宽和25mm厚的尺寸。
在其它实施例中,包括用后可弃采样模块、刺血针驱动器和可选的筒的组织穿刺采样装置的尺寸将具有不大于大约100mm长、大约50mm宽和大约20mm厚并且在另外的其它实施例中不大于大约70mm长、大约30mm宽和大约10mm厚的尺寸。包括用后可弃采样模块、刺血针驱动器和可选的筒的组织穿刺采样装置的尺寸将大体上为至少大约10mm长、大约5mm宽和大约2mm厚。
在另一微型实施例中,没有筒或采样模块的刺血针驱动器的尺寸不大于大约80mm长、10mm宽和10mm厚,或者具体地不大于大约50mm长、7mm宽和7mm厚,乃至更加具体地不大于大约15mm长、5mm宽和3mm厚;没有筒或采样模块的刺血针驱动器的尺寸大体上为至少大约1mm长、0.1mm宽和0.1mm厚,或具体地至少大约2mm长、0.2mm宽和0.2mm厚,或更具体地至少大约4mm长、0.4mm宽和0.4mm厚。
在又一微型实施例中,没有刺血针驱动器或筒的微型采样模块的尺寸不大于大约15mm长、大约10mm宽和大约10mm厚,或不大于大约10mm长、大约7mm宽和大约7mm厚,或不大于大约5mm长、大约3mm宽和大约2mm厚;没有刺血针驱动器或筒的微型采样模块的尺寸大体上为至少大约1mm长、0.1mm宽和0.1mm厚,具体地至少大约2mm长、0.2mm宽和0.2mm厚,或更具体地至少大约4mm长、0.4mm宽和0.4mm厚。
在另一实施例中,微型采样模块和刺血针驱动器形成具有共用外壳的单一单元,并且组合样本采集模块/刺血针驱动器单元是用后可弃的。这样的组合单元不大于大约80mm长、大约30mm宽和大约10mm厚,具体地不大于大约50mm长、大约20mm宽和大约5mm厚,更具体地不大于大约20mm长、大约5mm宽和大约3mm厚;组合单元大体上为至少大约2mm长、大约0.3mm宽和大约0.2mm厚,具体地至少大约4mm长、0.6mm宽和0.4mm厚,或更具体地至少大约8mm长、1mm宽和0.8mm厚。
参考图71,显示组织穿刺采样装置的另一实施例,显示包含用后可弃采样模块608的筒和分析装置669。分析装置669包括具有盖671的面板670,所述盖通过沿着系统672的后缘的铰链附连到面板。盖671上的读出显示器673用于为用户提供关于分析装置669和/或采样模块筒668的状态的信息,或提供血液测试的读数。分析装置669具有用于控制分析装置669的功能或用于将信息输入读取装置669中的若干功能按钮674。替代地,读取装置可以具有触摸屏、光学扫描器或本领域中已知的其它输入装置。
具有光学扫描器的分析装置可以特别地有用于临床环境,其中可以使用患者的腕套或文件上的扫描代码记录患者信息。分析读取装置可以具有存储器,能够使分析装置存储许多最近测试的结果。分析装置也可以具有时钟和日历功能,能够使存储在存储器中的测试的结果进行时间和日期戳记。计算机接口675能够将存储器中的记录输出到计算机。分析装置669具有位于面板670和盖671之间的室,所述室紧密地容纳采样模块筒668。升高盖671能够接近室,允许插入或去除采样模块筒668。
图72是显示采样模块筒的实施例的一些特征的图示。采样模块筒668具有外壳,所述外壳具有用于与分析装置上的互补表面配合的取向敏感接触接口。接触接口用于使采样模块筒与分析装置对准,并且也允许分析装置旋转采样模块筒以准备新采样事件。接触接口可以采用形成于外壳中的齿轮或凹槽的形式,其与分析装置的室中的互补齿轮或凹槽配合。
采样模块筒具有在外壳上的多个采样部位678,其显示为靠近采样模块筒668的周边的略凹的凹陷部。每个采样部位限定与进入采样模块的样本输入端口邻接的开口679。在替代实施例中,采样部位和样本输入端口位于采样模块筒的边缘上。光学窗口680允许光透射到采样模块筒中以便光学地读取测试结果。替代地,传感器连接点允许经由电触头将测试结果传输到分析装置。如果有的话,进入端口681允许力或压力从分析装置传递到采样模块筒。进入端口可以有用于运行校准测试或组合试剂与采样血液或其它体液。
所述的特征围绕采样模块筒布置,并且采样模块筒径向地分成许多采样模块,每个采样模块具有执行单血液采样和测试事件所必需的部件。多个采样模块存在于采样模块筒上,通常至少十个采样模块存在于单用后可弃采样模块筒上;在一些实施例中至少大约20个或更多个和至少大约34个采样模块存在于一个实施例上,在用新采样模块筒替换之前允许采样模块筒保持在分析装置中大约一周(假设在七天中每天有五次采样和测试事件)。随着微型化的增加,高达大约100或更多个、优选高达大约150个采样模块可以包括在单采样模块筒上,允许在用新采样模块筒替换之间的时间高达一个月。可能必须将采样部位定位在围绕采样模块筒的若干同心环中或以另外方式包装到外壳表面上以允许单采样模块筒上的更高数量的采样模块。
在其它实施例中,采样模块筒可以是可以方便地插入分析装置中并且设计成包含多个采样模块的任何其它形状,例如方形、矩形、卵形或多边形。每个采样模块微型化,例如大体上小于大约6.0cm长乘以大约1.0cm宽乘以大约1.0cm厚,使得三十五个以上或以下的楔形采样模块可以围绕具有大约6.0cm的半径的圆盘配合。在一些实施例中,采样模块可以小得多,例如小于大约3.0cm长乘以大约0.5cm宽乘以大约0.5cm厚。
图73以高度示意性方式描绘定位在分析装置内的单采样模块。当然,本领域的普通技术人员将想到各种所述部件可以以各种方式物理地布置以产生功能系统。图73描绘可能存在于替代实施例中并且不必全部存在于任何单实施例中的一些部件。采样模块具有与由筒外壳685上的采样部位684限定的开口683邻接的样本输入端口682。具有邻近样本输入端口682的刺血针尖端687的刺血针686可操作地保持在外壳内使得刺血针686可以移动以将刺血针尖端687延伸通过样本输入端口682到达采样模块筒的外部。
刺血针686也具有与刺血针尖端相对的刺血针头部688。刺血针686由示意性地显示为围绕刺血针686的线圈的刺血针驱动器689驱动移动。刺血针驱动器689可选地包括在采样模块筒中,如图所示,或者替代地在采样模块筒的外部。采样模块还可以包括由邻近刺血针头部688的外壳限定的驱动器端口690,驱动器端口690允许外部刺血针驱动器691接近刺血针686。
在刺血针驱动器689在采样模块筒中的实施例中,可能必须使分析装置可接近外壳上的驱动器连接点694。驱动器连接点694可以是触发刺血针驱动器689或将原动力供应到刺血针驱动器689、例如将电流供应到机电刺血针驱动器的装置。应当注意包括可控制驱动器、机电驱动器等的上述的任何驱动器可以代替所示的刺血针驱动器689。
在一个实施例中可穿刺膜692存在于刺血针尖端687和样本输入端口682之间,在使用之前密封刺血针686免于任何外部接触。第二膜693可以邻近刺血针头部688存在,密封驱动器端口690。可穿刺膜692和第二膜693用于隔离刺血针室内的刺血针686以在使用之前保持无菌性。在使用期间刺血针尖端687和外部刺血针驱动器691相应地穿刺可穿刺膜692和第二膜693(如果有的话)。
样本流动通道695从样本输入端口682通向分析区域696。分析区域696与能够由分析装置读取的样本传感器关联。如果样本传感器本质上是光学的,则样本传感器可以包括在分析区域696之上和之下的外壳中的光学透明窗口697,允许分析装置中的光源将光698穿过分析区域。光学传感器698'、例如CMOS阵列存在于分析装置中以便感测穿过分析区域696的光699并且生成将由分析装置分析的信号。
在独立实施例中,仅仅存在一个光学透明窗口,并且分析区域的相对侧镀银或以另外方式带有反射涂层以将光反射通过分析区域并且离开窗口以由分析装置分析。在替代实施例中,传感器是电化学传感器700、例如酶电极,并且包括将电流从采样模块筒传输到分析装置的装置、例如分析装置可接近的在外壳上的一个电触头701或多个电触头701。
在一个实施例中,可穿刺膜692可以由涂覆有硅树脂基凝胶的基于聚合物的膜制造。例如,膜结构可以包括由聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯组成的基于聚合物的膜,例如以商标销售的膜。膜结构还可以包括在膜的至少一个表面上的硅树脂基凝胶、例如以商标销售的凝胶的薄涂层。
这样的膜的有用性在于在刺血针尖端穿刺之后它能够再密封而不物理地影响刺血针的切割尖端和边缘。膜提供结构稳定性,而薄硅树脂层合物具有足够的挠性以保持它的形状并且在膜中制造的孔上闭合。满足结构稳定性和挠性作用的其它类似材料可以在该实施例中的膜的制造中使用。
当刺血针尖端687行进进入和通过样本输入端口682时可穿刺膜692操作以允许刺血针尖端687穿刺可穿刺膜692。在所述的实施例中,膜692的硅树脂基凝胶自动地密封由刺血针尖端687导致的切口。所以,在用户的手指上制造切口并且刺血针尖端687通过可穿刺膜692缩回之后,防止来自切口的血液流动通过可穿刺膜692,这帮助血液行进通过样本流动通道695以积累在分析区域696内。
因此可穿刺膜692防止任何血液流动到刺血针装置组件中,并且防止血液污染和损失到刺血针装置机构腔中。在又一实施例中,在进入下一个样本采集周期之前由简单的按钮机构自动地密封用过的输入端口。如果采样不成功则类似机构密封样本输入端口。
在替代实施例中,校准剂供应容器702也存在于每个采样模块中。校准剂供应容器702填充有校准剂溶液并且与校准室703流体连通。校准室703提供来自采样模块筒的已知信号源以用于验证和量化在分析区域696中进行的测试。因而,校准室703的配置很类似于分析区域696。
在使用期间,校准剂溶液从校准剂供应容器702被推动到校准室703中。该图描绘在校准剂供应容器702之上的程式化柱塞704准备挤压校准剂供应容器702。实际上,输送少量流体的各种方法在本领域中是已知的并且可以在采样模块筒上实现。校准室703与校准剂测试装置关联。
图73显示两个替代校准剂测试装置,光学窗口697和电化学传感器676。在采样模块设计成执行血液的若干不同测试的情况下,光学和电化学测试装置两者可以存在。光学窗口697允许来自分析装置的光677通过校准室703,由此离开校准室703的光703'传到光学传感器698'以导致分析装置中的信号。
电化学传感器676能够生成信号,所述信号经由例如电触头704'传到分析装置,可以延伸以接触电触头704'的分析装置上的接触探头702'可接近所述电触头。校准剂溶液可以是任何溶液,其与校准剂测试装置组合将提供合适的信号,所述信号将用作分析装置的校准测量。合适的校准剂溶液在本领域中是已知的,例如已知浓度的葡萄糖溶液。校准测量用于调节从来自分析区域696的样本传感器获得的结果。
为了在一些采样模块筒实施例中保持小尺寸,允许少量的采样血液足够使用,采样模块的每个部件必须小,特别是样本流动通道和分析区域。样本流动通道可以在直径上小于大约0.5mm,具体地在直径上小于大约0.3mm,更具体地在直径上小于大约0.2mm,并且更加具体地在直径上小于大约0.1mm。
样本流动通道可以在直径上大体上为至少大约50微米。分析区域的尺寸可以小于大约1mm乘以大约1mm乘以大约1mm,具体地小于大约0.6mm乘以大约0.6mm乘以大约0.4mm,更具体地小于大约0.4mm乘以0.4mm乘以0.2mm,并且更加具体地小于大约0.2mm乘以大约0.2mm乘以大约0.1mm。分析区域可以大体上至少为大约100微米乘以100微米乘以50微米。
采样模块筒能够用从患者的皮肤获得的小于大约5微升、具体地小于大约1微升、更具体地小于大约0.4微升并且更加具体地小于大约0.2微升的血液返回有效测试结果。一般而言,吸取至少0.05微升的血液作为样本。
筒外壳可以以多个不同部件制造,然后组装所述部件以提供完整外壳。不同部件可以由多种多样的衬底材料制造。适合于形成所述装置的材料包括、但不限于聚合物材料、陶瓷(包括氧化铝等)、玻璃、金属、复合材料和它们的层合物。聚合物材料在本文中是特别优选的并且将典型地是有机聚合物,所述有机聚合物是均聚物或共聚物、天然的或合成的、交联的或非交联的。
可以预料本文中所述的各部件和装置、例如采样模块筒、采样模块、外壳等可以由各种材料制造,包括例如以下的材料:聚碳酸酯;聚酯,包括聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯和聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯;聚酰胺(例如尼龙);聚醚,包括聚甲醛和聚苯硫醚;聚酰亚胺,例如以商标KAPTON(DuPont,威明顿市,特拉华州)和UPIEX(Ube Industries公司,日本)制造的;聚烯烃化合物,包括ABS聚合物、Kel-F共聚物、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚苯乙烯丁二烯共聚物、聚四氟乙烯、聚乙烯醋酸乙烯共聚物、聚N-乙烯咔唑和聚苯乙烯。
本文中所述的各部件和装置也可以由“复合材料”、即包括不同材料的复合物制造。复合材料可以是块复合材料,例如A_B_A块复合材料、A_B_C块复合材料等。替代地,复合材料可以是材料的非均匀组合(即,其中材料不同相)或不同材料的均匀组合。也可以使用具有相同或不同材料的若干不同结合层的层合复合材料。
其它优选的复合材料衬底包括聚合物层合物、聚合物-金属层合物、例如涂覆铜的聚合物、陶瓷在金属中或聚合物在金属中复合材料。一种复合材料是由聚酰亚胺、例如可从DuPont(威明顿市,特拉华州)获得的KAPTON聚酰亚胺的第一层和也可从DuPont(威明顿市,特拉华州)获得的被称为的聚酰亚胺的热粘合剂形式的共挤第二、薄层形成的聚酰亚胺层合物。
用于本文中所述的各部件和装置的任何合适的制造方法可以使用,包括但不限于模制和铸造技术、压花方法、表面加工技术、体加工技术和冲压方法。此外,本领域中公知的注射模制技术可以有用于成形用于产生样本模块和其它部件的材料。
对于一些实施例,第一次使用新采样模块筒668时,用户从采样模块筒668去除任何外包装材料并且打开分析装置669的盖671,暴露室。将采样模块筒668滑动到室中并且闭合盖671。将患者的皮肤定位在采样部位678上并且例如通过按压功能按钮674以导致触发刺血针驱动器而启动穿刺皮肤、收集血液样本和测试血液样本的整合过程。邻近样本输入端口682将患者的皮肤在采样部位678上保持就位直到已收集足够的血量,由此系统可以发射信号(例如,可听哔哔声)指示患者的皮肤可以从采样部位678提升。
当样本的测试完成时,分析装置669自动地读取来自采样模块筒668的结果并且在读出显示器673上报告结果。分析装置669也可以将结果存储在存储器中以便以后下载到计算机系统。然后可以自动地推进采样模块筒668以使下一个采样模块在线以便下一次使用。每次连续使用系统时(可选地直到采样模块筒668用完),患者的皮肤可以放置在(已经安装的)采样模块筒668的采样部位678上,因此简化血液采样和测试的过程。
描述一种提供更方便的血液采样的方法,其中一系列血液样本可以使用设计成耦合到分析装置的单用后可弃采样模块筒收集和测试。采样模块筒的实施例包括多个采样模块。每个采样模块可以适合于执行单血液采样周期并且在功能上布置在采样模块筒内以允许在血液采样周期完成之后使新采样模块上线。
每个血液采样周期可以包括穿刺患者的皮肤、收集血液样本和测试血液样本。血液采样周期也可以包括由分析装置读取关于血液样本的信息、由分析装置显示和/或存储测试结果和/或自动地推进采样模块筒以使新采样模块上线并且准备开始下一个血液采样周期。
方法实施例开始于耦合采样模块筒和分析装置并且然后启动血液采样周期。当完成血液采样周期时,推进采样模块筒以使新的、未使用的采样模块上线、准备执行另一个血液采样周期。一般而言,至少十个采样模块存在,允许在初始血液采样周期之后推进采样模块筒九次。
在一些实施例中,更多的采样模块存在并且采样模块筒可以前进大约19次,并且在一些实施例中大约34次,在初始血液采样周期之后相应地允许大约19或大约34个血液采样周期。在已执行一系列血液采样周期并且已使用大致全部(即,大于大约80%)采样模块之后,采样模块筒从分析装置脱离并且丢弃,留下分析装置准备与新采样模块筒耦合。
参考图74-76,组织穿刺采样装置180显示为图20的可控制驱动器179耦合到采样模块筒705并且布置在驱动器外壳706内。棘轮驱动机构707固定到驱动器外壳706、耦合到采样模块筒705并且配置成推进采样模块筒705内的采样模块带708从而允许采样模块带708中的每个采样模块709的顺序使用。棘轮驱动机构707具有配置成接合采样模块带708的采样模块709的驱动轮711。驱动轮711耦合到致动杠杆712,所述致动杠杆以单采样模块709的宽度的增量推进驱动轮711。T形槽耦合器713固定到长形耦合器轴184。
采样模块709被装载并且准备与装载到驱动耦合器713的T形槽714中的采样模块709的刺血针183的驱动头198一起使用。采样部位715布置在围绕刺血针出口717布置的采样模块709的远端716处。采样模块709的远端716在模块窗口718中暴露,所述模块窗口是采样模块筒705的筒盖721中的开口。这允许为了使用而装载的采样模块709的远端716暴露以避免来自刺血过程的血液污染筒盖721。
读取器模块722布置在为了使用而装载在驱动耦合器713中的采样模块709的远侧部分上并且具有两个接触刷724,所述接触刷配置成与采样模块709的传感器触头725对准并且电接触,如图77中所示。使用传感器触头725和接触刷724之间的电接触,在刺血周期完成并且血液样本进入采样模块709的分析区域726之后可控制驱动器179的处理器193可以读取来自采样模块709的分析区域726的信号。接触刷724可以具有任何合适的配置,所述配置将允许采样模块带708在接触刷724之下横向地通过并且与装载在驱动耦合器713中并且准备使用的采样模块709可靠地电接触。弹簧加载导电球轴承是可以使用的接触刷724的一个例子。成形为沿着采样模块709的传感器接触区域728压靠在挠性聚合物片材727的内表面上的弹性导电条是接触刷724的另一实施例。
采样模块筒705具有供应罐729和回收罐730。采样模块带708的未使用采样模块布置在供应罐729内并且已使用的采样模块带708的采样模块在使用之后顺序地前进到回收罐730中。
图77是图74中的采样模块筒705中所示的采样模块带708的一部分的透视图。采样模块带708具有由挠性聚合物的片材727串联连接的多个采样模块709。图77中所示的采样模块带708由彼此横向相邻布置并且由挠性聚合物的单片材727连接和密封的多个采样模块主体部分731形成。挠性聚合物片材727可以可选地具有传感器触头725、挠性电导体732、样本传感器733或挠性聚合物片材727的内表面734上的这些元件的任何组合。这些电、光学或化学元件可以由包括汽相淀积等的各种方法形成。
挠性聚合物片材727的近侧部分735已在自身上折叠以便将传感器触头725暴露于采样模块709的外表面。当采样模块709前进并且装载就位使可控制驱动器179的驱动耦合器713准备使用时这使读取器模块722的接触刷724和传感器触头725之间的电接触更容易建立。挠性聚合物片材727可以通过粘结、溶剂结合、超声热结合或任何其它合适的方法固定到采样模块主体部分731。
图78显示采样模块709的组装阶段期间图77的采样模块带708的单采样模块709的透视图。挠性聚合物片材727的近侧部分735如图所示在自身上折叠以便暴露挠性聚合物片材727的内表面上的传感器触头725。图79是图78的采样模块709的挠性聚合物片材727的一部分的仰视图,示出淀积在挠性聚合物片材727的底表面上的传感器触头725、挠性导体732和样本传感器733。
刺血针183显示为布置在图78的采样模块709的刺血针通道736内以及图77的采样模块带708的采样模块709的刺血针通道736内。刺血针183具有尖端196和轴部分201以及驱动头198。刺血针的轴部分201在采样模块709的刺血针通道736内滑动并且刺血针183的驱动头198具有间隙以在采样模块709的驱动头槽737内在近侧和远侧方向上移动。为长形并且大致平行于刺血针183延伸的第一保护支柱737'和第二保护支柱737"邻近驱动头槽737布置并且至少部分地形成驱动头槽。
在一个刺血针183实施例中,刺血针183的驱动头198可以具有大约0.9到大约1.1mm的宽度。刺血针183的驱动头198的厚度可以为大约0.4到大约0.6mm。采样模块709的驱动头槽714应当具有允许驱动头198在驱动头槽714内自由移动的宽度。刺血针183的轴部分201可以具有大约50mm到大约1000mm的横向尺寸。典型地,刺血针183的轴部分201具有圆形横截面,然而可以预料其它配置。
采样模块主体部分731和挠性聚合物的片材727可以都由聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)或任何其它合适的聚合物、例如上述的聚合物制造。典型的采样模块主体部分731的尺寸可以在长度上为大约14到大约18mm、在宽度上为大约4到大约5mm并且在厚度上为大约1.5到大约2.5mm。在其它实施例中,采样模块主体部分的长度可以为大约0.5到2.0英寸并且横向尺寸可以为大约0.1到大约0.5英寸。挠性聚合物片材727的厚度可以为大约100到大约150微米。采样模块带708中的相邻采样模块709之间的距离可以从大约0.1mm到大约0.3mm并且在一些实施例中从大约0.2到大约0.6不等。
图80和81显示图77的采样模块709的主体部分31的透视图,为了图示未显示挠性聚合物片材727或刺血针183。图81是图80的采样模块709的主体部分731的一部分的放大图,示出采样模块709的采样部位715、样本输入腔715'、样本输入端口741、样本流动通道742、分析区域743、控制室744、排出口762、刺血针通道736、刺血针通道停止结构747和748以及刺血针引导件749-751。
刺血针通道736具有近端752和远端753并且包括一系列刺血针轴承引导部分749-751和样本流动停止结构747-748。刺血针引导件749-751可以配置成与刺血针183的轴紧密地配合并且将刺血针183限制到大致纵向运动。在刺血针通道736的远端753处最远侧刺血针引导部分749邻近样本输入端口741布置并且在其最远侧末端包括邻近样本输入腔715'布置的刺血针出口754。样本输入腔具有的横向尺寸、深度或两者可以是刺血针183的横向尺寸的大约2到5倍,或大约0.2到大约2mm,具体地大约0.4到大约1.5mm,并且更具体地大约0.5到大约1.0mm。最远侧刺血针引导件749可以具有在宽度上大约300到大约350微米和深度上大约300到大约350微米的内横向尺寸。包括邻近最远侧刺血针749的室的远侧样本流动停止件747在最远侧刺血针引导部分749的近侧。室具有的横向尺寸明显大于最远侧刺血针引导件749的横向尺寸。室可以具有大约600到大约800微米的宽度、大约400到大约600微米的深度和大约2000到大约2200微米的长度。最远侧刺血针轴承引导件749和远侧样本流动停止件747之间的横向尺寸和横截面积的快速转变中断通过样本输入腔715'将流体样本吸引到刺血针通道736中的毛细作用。
中心刺血针轴承引导件750布置在远侧刺血针通道停止件747的近侧并且可以具有类似于最远侧刺血针轴承引导件749的尺寸。具有室的近侧刺血针通道停止件748在中心刺血针引导件750的近侧。近侧刺血针通道停止件的尺寸可以与远侧刺血针通道停止件747相同或相似。近侧刺血针通道停止件748可以具有大约600到大约800微米的宽度和大约400到大约600微米的深度以及大约2800到大约3000微米的长度。近侧刺血针引导件751在近侧刺血针通道停止件748的近侧。近侧刺血针引导件751可以在尺寸上类似于其它刺血针引导件749和750部分,具有在宽度上大约300到大约350微米和深度上大约300到大约350微米的横向尺寸。典型地,刺血针引导件749-751的横向尺寸比刺血针引导件749-751配置成引导的刺血针183的轴部分201的横向尺寸大大约百分之10。
近侧可断裂密封件(未显示)可以定位在近侧刺血针引导件751和刺血针183的轴部分201之间,密封近侧刺血针通道停止件748的室免于外部环境影响。当储存采样模块709以供使用时可断裂密封件密封近侧刺血针通道停止件748的室和样本室的其它内部部分免于外部环境影响。可断裂密封件保持完整直到在刺血周期期间朝远侧驱动刺血针183,在该点密封件破裂并且样本室的无菌内部部分暴露并且准备接收液体样本、例如血液样本的输入。近侧可断裂密封件(未显示)可以布置在刺血针183和采样模块709的最远侧刺血针引导件749之间以密封刺血针通道736的远端753和样本输入端口741,从而保持采样模块709的内部部分的无菌性直到在刺血周期期间先前驱动刺血针183。
样本输入端口741邻近样本输入腔715'内的刺血针出口754,配置成在刺血周期之后接收从刺血部位处的目标组织233流出到样本输入腔715'中的液体样本。样本输入端口741的尺寸可以在深度上为大约60到大约70微米、在宽度上为大约400到大约600微米。样本输入腔具有的横向尺寸可以是刺血针183的横向尺寸的大约2到大约5倍,或者大约400到大约1000微米。当流体样本从穿刺组织流出时样本输入腔用于接收流体样本并且将流体样本引导到样本输入端口741并且其后引导到样本流动通道742。样本流动通道742布置在样本输入端口741和分析区域743之间并且与它们流体连通。样本流动通道742的横向尺寸可以与样本输入端口741的横向尺寸相同,具有大约60到大约70微米的深度、大约400到大约600微米的宽度。样本流动通道742的长度可以为大约900到大约1100微米。因此,在使用中,目标组织布置在采样部位715上并且启动刺血周期。一旦目标组织233已被穿刺并且样本开始从那里流动,样本进入样本输入腔715'并且然后进入样本输入端口741。样本输入腔715'可以尺寸确定成和配置成通过在刺血周期之前、期间和之后将压力施加到目标组织233的周边促进采样成功并且在刺血周期之后保持伤道敞开以允许血液或其它流体从伤道流动到样本输入腔715'中。从样本输入端口741,样本然后由毛细或其它力吸引通过样本流动通道742并且进入分析区域743并且最终进入控制室744。控制室744可以用于提供分析区域743由样本流体完全填充的间接确认。如果已在控制室744中检测到流体样本,则这确认样本已完全填充分析区域743。因此,样本检测器可以定位在控制室744内以确认分析区域743的填充。
分析区域743布置在样本流动通道742和控制室744之间并且与它们流体连通。分析区域743可以具有大约60到大约70微米的深度、大约900到大约1100微米的宽度和大约5到大约6mm的长度。分析区域743的典型体积可以为大约380到大约400纳升。控制室744邻近分析区域743并且在分析区域的近侧布置,并且可以具有大约900到大约1100微米的横向尺寸或直径和大约60到大约70微米的深度。
控制室744通过布置在控制室744和近侧刺血针通道停止件748的室之间并且与它们流体连通的排出口通向近侧刺血针通道停止件748的室。排出口762具有的横向尺寸可以与布置在分析区域743和样本输入端口741之间的样本流动通道742相同或相似。样本输入端口741、样本流动通道742、分析区域743、排出口745或控制室744的任何内表面可以涂覆有促进毛细作用的涂层。亲水涂层、例如去污剂是这样的涂层的例子。
分析区域743容纳通过毛细作用从采样部位715通过样本输入腔715'行进到样本输入端口741中、通过样本流动通道742进入分析区域743中的血液样本。控制室744和分析区域743两者由排出口762排气,所述排出口允许气体逸出并且防止气泡形成和样本滞留在分析区域743和控制室744中。应当注意,除了毛细作用以外,可以通过应用真空、机械泵送或任何其它合适的方法促进或实现血液样本流动到分析区域743中。
一旦血液样本布置在分析区域743内,可以对样本执行分析测试,结果由电导体732、光学地或由任何其它合适的方法或手段传输到处理器193。在一些实施例中,可能理想的是确认血液样本已填充分析区域743并且适当量的样本存在于室中以便执行样本的分析。
样本到达分析区域743或控制室744中的确认可以视觉地、通过可以是透明的挠性聚合物片材727实现。然而,在一些实施例中可能理想的是使用很少量的血液样本以便在刺血周期期间减小患者疼痛和不适。对于例如这里所述的采样模块709的实施例,使样本输入腔715'和样本输入端口741邻近刺血针出口754允许从患者的皮肤233收集血液样本而不需要在刺血周期和样本收集过程之间移动采样模块709。因而,用户不需要能够看到样本以便将它转移到采样模块709中。因此,样本输入腔715'和样本输入端口741邻近刺血针出口754定位允许可靠地获得和测试很少量的样本。
大约数十纳升、例如大约10到大约50纳升的样本可以用采样模块709可靠地收集和测试。血液样本的该尺寸太小以致于不能看到和可靠地用视觉确认。所以,必须用另一种方法确认分析区域743中的血液样本的存在。样本传感器733、例如上述的热样本传感器可以定位在分析区域743或控制室744中以确认适当量的血液样本的到达。
另外,光学方法、例如分析区域743或控制室744的内容物的光谱分析可以用于确认血液样本的到达。也可以使用其它方法、例如电检测并且这些相同检测方法也可以在沿着通过采样模块709的样本流动路径的任何地方布置,从而当样本沿着如图81中的箭头763所示的流动路径移动时确认样本(或多个样本)的位置或进度。上述的检测方法也可以有用于需要精确开始时间的分析方法。
分析方法具有精确开始时间的需要又会需要分析区域743的快速填充,原因是一旦血液样本进入分析区域743许多分析过程就开始。如果分析区域743花费太长时间填充,则首先进入分析区域743的血液样本的部分将比进入分析区域743的样本的最后部分测试更长时间,这可以导致不精确的结果。所以,可能理想的是在这些情况下首先让血液样本流动到容器、填充容器并且然后使样本快速地一起从容器流动到分析区域743中。
在采样模块709的一个实施例中,分析区域743具有的横截面可以明显大于控制室744的横截面。横截面的变化可以通过控制室744的横向尺寸相比于分析区域743收缩、通过控制室744的深度的阶梯减小或任何其它合适的方法实现。分析区域743和控制室744之间的这样的阶梯在图81中显示。在这样的实施例中,分析区域743可以用作样本容器并且控制室744用作分析区域,其需要快速或几乎瞬时填充以便具有一致的分析开始时间。分析区域743由来自样本流动通道742的样本的流动填充直到分析区域填满并且样本到达与控制室744的边界处的室深度的阶梯减小。一旦样本到达控制室744的横截面积的阶梯减小,样本然后借助于控制室744的减小横截面积的增强毛细作用快速地填充控制室744。对于控制室744的整个样本的分析过程,控制室的快速填充允许由样本的存在启动的任何分析过程在控制室744中以可靠的开始时间执行。
通过毛细力填充是被动的。对于一些类型的分析测试也可以有用的是丢弃进入采样模块709的样本的第一部分,例如在样本的第一部分存在间质液污染的情况下。可以通过具有盲通道或容器丢弃样本的这样的污染部分,所述盲通道或容器通过毛细作用将样本吸引到侧样本流动通道(未显示)中直到与其流体连通的侧样本流动通道或容器填满。样本的剩余部分然后可以进入邻近盲样本流动通道的样本流动通道到达分析区域743。
对于一些类型的分析测试,可能有利的是在单采样模块709中具有多个分析区域743。以该方式可以执行相同类型的分析的多次迭代以便导出一些统计信息,例如指定测试的平均值、变化或确认,或者测量各种不同参数的多个测试可以在填充有来自单刺血周期的血液样本的相同采样模块709中的不同分析区域743中执行。
图82是具有多个小体积分析区域767的采样模块766的替代实施例的一部分的放大正视图。小体积分析区域767可以具有在两个方向上的宽度为大约40到大约60微米的尺寸和深度,所述深度产生大约1纳升到大约100纳升、具体地大约10纳升到大约50纳升的每个分析区域767的体积。小体积分析区域767的阵列可以由毛细作用通过在第一分支点769、第二分支点770和第三分支点771处分支的样本流动通道768填充。每个小体积分析区域767可以用于执行类似的分析测试或者可以在各种分析区域767中执行各种不同的测试。
对于一些分析测试,分析区域767必须保持很精确的体积,原因是可以对血液样本执行的一些分析测试是体积相关的。一些分析测试方法通过测量血糖消耗的速率或动力学检测血糖水平。这些测试所需的血量为大约1到大约3微升。动力学分析对于血液样本的体积的变化不敏感,原因是它取决于较大体积样本中的血糖的浓度,在分析过程中血糖的浓度基本保持不变。由于该类型的分析在测试期间动态地消耗血糖,因此它不适合用于小样本、例如大约数十纳升的样本,其中血糖的消耗将改变血糖的浓度。
另一分析方法使用血糖浓度的库伦度量测量。如果样本体积小于大约1微升并且精确地控制分析区域的体积,则该方法是精确的。该方法的精度和速度取决于小且体积精确已知的分析区域767,原因是分析的速率是体积相关并且大体积减慢反应时间并且不利地影响测量的精度。
另一分析方法使用允许分析很小样本体积的光学荧光衰减测量。该方法也需要精确地控制分析区域767的体积。当小体积分析区域767使用精确制造技术形成时上述的小体积分析区域767可以满足保持小精确受控体积的标准。精确形成的小体积分析区域767可以由诸如PMMA的材料通过诸如模制和冲压的方法形成。也可以使用机械加工和通过化学或激光过程进行的蚀刻。汽相淀积和平版印刷也可以用于获得期望结果。
上述的采样模块709和766全部涉及容纳刺血针183并且具有收集和分析样本的能力的实施例。在采样模块的一些实施例中,可以容纳刺血针183并且样本收集在样本容器中而没有任何分析功能。在这样的实施例中,可以通过将样本从容器转移到独立分析器执行样本容器中的样本的分析。另外,一些模块仅仅用于容纳刺血针183而根本没有任何样本采集能力。这样的刺血针模块775的主体部分774在图83中显示。刺血针模块775具有类似于上述的采样模块709和766的外部结构,并且可以由相同或相似材料制造。
挠性聚合物片材727(未显示)可以用于覆盖刺血针模块775的面并且将刺血针183包含在纵向地在刺血针模块主体部分774中延伸的刺血针通道776中。挠性聚合物片材727可以来自与上述的挠性聚合物片材727相同的材料并且具有相同的尺寸。应当注意挠性聚合物片材727的近侧部分不需要在自身上折叠,原因是没有传感器触头725要暴露。这样的刺血针模块775中的挠性聚合物片材727仅仅用于将刺血针183限制在刺血针通道776中。刺血针模块775可以在类似于用作带的具有挠性聚合物片材727的上述采样模块带708的刺血针模块带中配置。驱动头槽777布置在刺血针通道776的近侧。
关于图74的组织穿刺采样装置180,装置180的使用开始于将采样模块筒705装载到可控制驱动器外壳706中从而将筒705耦合到可控制驱动器外壳706并且使采样模块带708与可控制驱动器179的棘轮驱动器707和驱动耦合器713接合。驱动耦合器713可以具有例如图84和85中所示的T形槽配置。长形耦合器轴184的远端固定到驱动耦合器713,所述驱动耦合器具有主体部分779、第一和第二引导斜坡780和781以及布置在主体部分779内的T形槽714。T形槽714配置成接收刺血针183的驱动头198。在采样模块筒705装载到可控制驱动器外壳706中之后,横向地推进采样模块带708直到采样模块709中的一个的刺血针183的驱动头198进给到驱动耦合器713中,如图86-88中所示。图86-88也示出弯曲用过的刺血针183的轴部分201的、邻近驱动耦合器713的刺血针卷边装置783。这防止用过的刺血针183通过模块主体731移出并且再使用。
当顺序地使用采样模块带708的采样模块709时,它们一次一个地横向前进到废弃罐730中,在那里它们被储存直到整个采样模块带708消耗。然后可以根据处置血液污染废品的适当技术适当地处置废弃罐730。采样模块筒705允许用户方便地执行多个测试操作而不必暴露于血液废品并且在多次使用之后仅仅需要处置一个筒而不是必须在每次使用之后处置污染刺血针183或模块709。
图89和90示出采样模块筒的替代实施例。图89显示呈转盘配置的采样模块筒784,相邻采样模块785刚性地连接并且来自各采样模块785的分析区域的传感器触头786靠近转盘的内半径787布置。采样模块筒784的采样模块785前进通过驱动耦合器713,但是以圆形而不是线性方式。
图90示出呈四乘八矩阵的采样模块788的块。使用不同于上述的驱动耦合器713的方法接合和驱动图90中所示的采样模块789的刺血针183的驱动头198。刺血针183的驱动头198具有与刺血针驱动器179的驱动耦合器791配合并且固定到驱动耦合器的粘合剂涂层790,所述驱动器可以是任何驱动器,包括上述的可控制驱动器。
在刺血周期的开始期间驱动耦合器791的远端792接触并且粘着到刺血针183的驱动头198的近侧表面的粘合剂790。驱动耦合器791将刺血针183推动到目标组织237中到达期望的穿刺深度并且停止。驱动耦合器791然后使用刺血针183的驱动头198的近侧表面和成形为与近侧表面配合的驱动耦合器791的远端表面之间的粘合剂接触从组织233缩回刺血针183。
在缩回冲程的顶点处,固定到采样模块789的一对钩状元件793接合驱动头198的近侧表面并且防止驱动头198和刺血针183的任何进一步退行运动。因此,驱动耦合器791破坏与驱动头198的粘结并且然后可以通过分度操作推进到待使用的下一个采样模块789。
图91是具有横向槽797的驱动耦合器796的替代实施例的侧视图,所述横向槽配置成接收布置在刺血针模块800内的刺血针799的L形驱动头798,并且显示为L形驱动头798装载在横向槽797中。图92是图91的驱动耦合器796、具有L形驱动头798的刺血针799和刺血针模块800的分解图。该类型的驱动耦合器796和驱动头798的布置可以代替上面关于图84-88所述的布置。驱动头798的L形实施例可以是用于产生允许采样模块带或刺血针模块带串行前进通过刺血针驱动器、例如可控制刺血针驱动器179的驱动耦合器796的耦合布置的不太昂贵的选择。
对于多刺血装置180的一些实施例,可能理想的是具有不需要刺血针模块775的高容量刺血装置以便容纳储存在筒中的刺血针183。从多刺血装置180消除刺血针模块775允许更高容量的筒,原因是筒的体积不被多个模块775的体积占据。图93-96示出耦合到带推进机构804的高容量刺血针筒。带推进机构804固定到包含控制电磁驱动器的可控制驱动器179的外壳。
刺血针筒803具有供应罐805和废弃罐806。刺血针带807布置在供应罐805内。刺血针带807包含多个无菌刺血针183,刺血针183的轴部分201布置在第一承载带809的粘合表面808和第二承载带811的粘合表面810之间,粘合表面808和810围绕刺血针183的轴部分201被压在一起以将它们牢固地保持在刺血针带807中。刺血针183具有配置成与驱动耦合器713横向地接合的驱动头198,所述驱动耦合器固定到可控制驱动器179的长形耦合器轴184。
带推进机构804包括已同步旋转运动并且在增量分度运动中联合前进的第一齿辊814和第二齿辊815。第一和第二齿辊814和815的分度运动以等于布置在刺血针带807中的刺血针183之间的距离的距离单位推进刺血针带807。带推进机构804也包括配置成分别松弛地卷取第一和第二承载带809和811的第一卷取辊816和第二卷取辊817。
当刺血针带筒803装载到带推进机构804中时,第一承载带809的前导部分818布置在带推进机构804的第一齿辊814和第二齿辊815之间。第一承载带809的前导部分818围绕第一转动辊827的外表面819缠绕,并且再次使辊814与第一齿辊814的齿820接合,所述齿与第一承载带809中的配合孔821接合。第一承载带809的前导部分818然后固定到第一卷取辊816。第二承载带811的前导部分822也布置在第一齿辊814和第二齿辊815之间并且围绕第二转动辊828的外表面823缠绕,并且使辊815与第二齿辊815的齿826'再次接合,所述齿与第二承载带811的配合孔825接合。第二承载带811的前导部分822其后固定到第二卷取辊817。
当第一和第二齿辊814和815前进时,转动辊827和828将第一和第二承载带809和811剥离开并且暴露刺血针183。由第一和第二齿辊814和815的前进产生的第一和第二承载带809和811的部分的增加长度或松弛由第一和第二卷取辊816和817卷取。当刺血针183被剥离第一和第二承载带809和811时,暴露的刺血针183由图96中所示的带推进机构804的刺血针引导轮826'捕获,所述刺血针引导轮与第一和第二齿辊814和815同步。刺血针引导轮826'然后横向地推进刺血针183直到刺血针183的驱动头198装载到可控制驱动器179的驱动耦合器713中。可控制驱动器179然后可以启动以将刺血针183驱动到目标组织233中并且缩回以完成刺血周期。
一旦刺血周期完成,带推进机构804可以再一次启动,旋转刺血针引导轮826并且将用过的刺血针183横向地推进到废弃罐806中。同时,新的未使用刺血针183装载到驱动耦合器713中并且准备下一个刺血周期。多刺血装置180的该重复顺序使用继续直到刺血针带807中的所有刺血针183已使用并且在废弃罐806中处置。在消耗最后的刺血针183之后,刺血针带筒803然后可以被去除和处置而不使用户暴露于任何血液污染材料。可以由各种方法启动带推进机构804,包括耦合到第一和第二齿辊814和815以及刺血针引导轮826的机动化驱动器或手动操作拇指旋轮。
尽管本文中所述的装置的论述主要涉及用于接近患者的毛细血管的基本无痛方法和装置,但是装置和方法有许多其它用途。例如,本文中所述的组织穿刺装置可以用于少量药物或其它生物活性试剂、例如基因治疗试剂、载体、放射源等的基本无痛输送。因而,可以预料本文中所述的组织穿刺装置和刺血针装置可以用于将试剂输送到患者的身体内的位置以及从患者的身体取材料、例如血液、淋巴液、脊髓液等。所输送的药物可以包括将进一步减小当穿刺患者的身体组织时患者感受到的疼痛的镇痛药以及当穿刺患者的组织时可以促进血液样本的成功采集的抗凝血药。
参考图97-101,示出用于将药物或另一有用材料注射到患者的组织中的装置。将注射或疫苗定位到身体内的组织、组织的层或器官内的特定部位的能力会是重要的。例如,上皮性肿瘤可以通过用皮下针头或足以让抗原至少进入患者的表皮或真皮的高压注射注射抗原、细胞因子或菌落刺激因子进行治疗。通常,药物或组合药物疗法的效力取决于靶输送到局部区域,因此影响治疗结果。
将药物或疫苗精确地输送到皮肤或组织层内的特定深度的能力可以避免昂贵药物疗法的浪费,因此影响特定治疗的成本效益。另外,在治疗的结果取决于精确定位药物输送的情况下(例如病灶内免疫疗法的治疗),将药物或其它试剂输送到精确深度会是明显有利的。而且,预期皮下针头插入患者的皮肤中的精确预定深度的快速插入速度减小针头插入皮肤中的疼痛。皮下针头或适合于穿刺组织的任何其它合适的长形输送装置的快速插入和穿刺深度可以借助于耦合到皮下针头的可控制驱动器的位置反馈环进行控制。
图97示出皮下针头902的远端901正由电磁可控制驱动器904驱动到皮肤组织903的层中。图79的电磁可控制驱动器904可以具有任何合适的配置,例如上述的电磁可控制驱动器的配置。正被穿刺的皮肤903的层包括角质层905、透明层906、颗粒层907、棘层908、基底层909和真皮911。角质层905的厚度在厚度上典型地为大约300微米。排除角质层905的真皮的部分包括透明层906、颗粒层907和基底层,在厚度上可以为大约200微米。真皮在厚度上可以为大约1000微米。在图97中,皮下针头902的出口912显示为大致布置在皮肤903的棘层908中,将试剂913注射到棘层908中。
图98-101示出包括注射元件916的试剂注射模块915,所述注射元件包括可塌陷罐917和皮下针头902,所述皮下针头可以由可控制驱动器、例如上述的任何可控制驱动器驱动或致动以将皮下针头驱动到皮肤903中以便注射药物、疫苗等。试剂注射模块915具有用于待注射的药物或疫苗913的容器,所述容器可以呈具有主室918的可塌陷罐917的形式,例如图98中所示。多个试剂注射模块915的盒(未显示)可以提供用于长期用药需要的一系列计量剂量。这样的盒可以类似于上述的模块盒配置。试剂注射模块915和针头902可以是用后可弃的,避免来自未用完的药物或用过的皮下针头902的生物危险的担忧。图79中所示的皮下针头的切割小面921的几何形状可以与上述的刺血针183的切割小面的几何形状相同或相似。
在可控制驱动器的一些实施例的位置和速度控制系统中固有的是精确地确定皮下针头902相对于可控制驱动器或正被穿刺的目标组织或皮肤903的层的位置和穿刺深度的能力。对于使用光学编码器作为位置传感器、例如Agilent HEDS9200系列并且使用四缘检测算法的可控制驱动器的实施例,能够获得深度为+/-17μm的平面内空间分辨率。如果总组织穿刺冲程在长度上为大约3mm,例如可能用于真皮内或皮下注射,则可以沿着穿刺冲程分辨总共88个位置点。该高空间分辨率允许在试剂或药物913的输送期间相对于皮肤903的层精确地放置皮下针头902的远尖端901或出口912。在一些实施例中,可以获得优于大约200微米的位移精度,在其它实施例中可以获得优于大约40微米的位移精度。
试剂注射模块915包括注射元件916,所述注射元件包括皮下针头902和药物容器或可塌陷罐917,其可以经由驱动耦合器185耦合到长形耦合器轴184,如图所示。皮下针头902可以被驱动到期望穿刺深度,并且然后药物或其它试剂913、例如疫苗通过皮下针头902的中心内腔923传到针头902的入口922中,如图98中所示的箭头924所示,并且在皮下针头902的远端901处的出口912离开,如图97中所示。
药物或试剂输送可以在最大穿刺点处或在缩回皮下针头902之后发生。在一些实施例中,可能理想的是在皮下针头902的插入期间输送药物或试剂913。当皮下针头902正在收回时药物或试剂输送可以继续(这在牙科工作中的麻醉期间是通常的做法)。替代地在缩回阶段的任何部分期间当针头902静止时药物输送可以发生。
中空皮下针头902与包含待分配的药物或其它试剂913的可塌陷罐917配合。该可塌陷罐917的壁928可以由软弹性材料、例如塑料、橡胶或任何其它合适的材料制造。远侧板925布置在可塌陷罐的远端926处,在皮下针头902的远尖端901的近侧牢固地固定到皮下针头的轴927。远侧板925被密封并且固定到皮下针头902的轴927以防止药剂913从可塌陷罐917泄漏。
近侧板931布置在可塌陷罐917的近端932处,用滑动密封件934可滑动地配合到皮下针头902的轴927的近侧部分933。滑动密封件934防止密封件934和皮下针头902的轴927的外表面之间的试剂或药剂913的泄漏。滑动密封件允许可塌陷罐917的近侧板931相对于可塌陷罐917的远侧板925沿着针头902轴向地滑动。药物剂量可以在制造期间装载到可塌陷罐917的主室918中,并且通过包装在运输和储存期间保护完整组件并且引导翼片935围绕试剂注射模块915的驱动头槽936。
当试剂注射模块915装载到棘轮推进机构(未显示)中并且在驱动位置与接合在驱动耦合器185中的皮下针头902的驱动头937对齐时注射周期可以开始。在图99中显示处于该准备位置的皮下针头902和可塌陷罐917。
一旦试剂注射模块915的驱动头937装载到驱动耦合器185中,可控制驱动器然后可以用于朝着并且进入患者的组织903以高速度发射包括皮下针头902和可塌陷罐917的注射元件916到达患者的皮肤或其它器官中的预定深度。在与患者的皮肤903或其它组织接触的点处注射元件916的速度对于一些实施例可以高达大约10米每秒,具体地大约2到大约5m/s。在一些实施例中,在与患者的皮肤903接触的点处注射元件916的速度可以为大约2到大约10m/s。当可塌陷罐917随着皮下针头902移动时,可塌陷罐917的近侧板931通过模块主体939的两个闩锁弹簧938之间,当可塌陷罐917到达穿刺冲程的末端时所述闩锁弹簧卡扣在近侧板931的后面,如图100中所示。
可控制驱动器然后反向、在相反退行方向上施加力并且开始缓慢地(相对于穿刺冲程的速度)缩回皮下针头902。皮下针头902滑动通过可塌陷罐917的滑动密封件934,同时在近侧方向上相对于可塌陷罐917的近侧板931随着它运载可塌陷罐917的远侧板925。可塌陷罐917的远侧板925和可塌陷罐917的近侧板931之间的该相对运动导致主室918的体积减小。主室918的减小体积将布置在可塌陷罐917的主室918内的药物或其它试剂913推动到主室918之外进入皮下针头902的轴927中的入口922中。皮下针头902的入口922布置成与可塌陷罐917的主室918流体连通,如图80中所示。药物或试剂然后穿过皮下针头902的中空轴927的中心内腔923并且然后从皮下针头902的远端901处的出口912分配到目标组织903中。药物或其它试剂913的输注的速率可以由可塌陷罐917的内径或横向尺寸确定。输注的速率也可以由正在输送的药物或试剂913的粘度、皮下针头902的中心内腔923、入口922或出口912的横向尺寸或直径以及其它参数确定。
在皮下针头902的近侧退行缩回冲程期间,药物输送继续直到可塌陷罐917的主室918完全塌陷,如图101中所示。在该点,驱动耦合器185可以继续缩回直到皮下针头902的驱动头937脱离或室的远侧板925和皮下针头902之间的远侧密封件941失效,允许驱动耦合器185返回到开始位置。皮下针头902的远尖端901可以使用上面关于使用可控制驱动器或任何其它合适的驱动器获得期望穿刺深度所述的任何方法或装置驱动到患者的组织903内的精确穿刺深度。
在另一实施例中,试剂注射模块915装载到棘轮推进机构中,所述棘轮推进机构包括相对于皮肤接触点或表面942定位试剂注射模块915的可调节或可移动远侧级或表面(未显示)。以该方式,例如图99-101中所示的具有预定固定长度的穿刺冲程的试剂输送模块915到达可预设穿刺深度。可移动级在药物输送周期期间保持静止。在该实施例的变型中,可移动级运动可以与皮下针头902的收回协调以进一步控制药物输送的深度。
在另一实施例中,在图99-101的试剂注射模块915中显示的闩锁弹簧938可以模制有许多棘轮齿(未显示),当可塌陷罐的近端在穿刺冲程上经过时所述棘轮齿接合可塌陷罐917的近端932。如果预定穿刺深度小于全冲程,则在收回冲程期间中间齿保持可塌陷罐917的近端932以便塌陷可塌陷罐917的主室918并且如上所述分配药物或试剂913。
在又一实施例中,驱动指状件(未显示)固定到致动机构(未显示)并且代替闩锁弹簧938。致动机构与可控制驱动器结合由处理器或控制器、例如上述的处理器60电子地驱动以控制在致动周期中的任何时候输送的药物的速率和量。该实施例允许在致动周期以及缩回周期期间输送药剂。
在可控制驱动器的位置和速度控制系统中固有的是精确地限定皮下针头902在空间中的位置,允许皮下针头限定地放置在皮肤903中以便注射药物、疫苗等。根据需要药物输送可以是不连续的或连续的。
图102-106示出可以用于采样的筒945的实施例,所述筒具有刺血针筒主体946和采样筒主体947。采样筒主体947包括从采样筒主体947的纵轴线949径向地布置的多个采样模块部分948。刺血针筒主体946包括多个刺血针模块部分950,所述刺血针模块部分具有其中滑动地布置有刺血针183的刺血针通道951。刺血针模块部分950从刺血针筒主体946的纵轴线952径向地布置。
采样筒主体947和刺血针筒主体946在可操作配置中彼此相邻地布置成使得每个刺血针模块部分950可以在功能布置上容易地与每个采样模块部分948对准。在图102-106所示的实施例中,采样筒主体947相对于刺血针筒主体946可旋转以便使刺血针筒主体946的任何刺血针通道951和相应的刺血针183与采样筒主体947的采样模块部分948的任何刺血针通道953对准。采样筒主体947和刺血针筒主体946的相对位置和可旋转耦合的操作配置允许刺血针通道951和953容易对准以便获得特定刺血针模块部分950和采样模块部分948的功能布置。对于所示的实施例,用于对准特定刺血针模块部分950和采样模块部分948的相对运动经由相对运动被限制到单自由度。
筒945对准各种采样模块部分948和刺血针模块部分950的能力允许用户将特定刺血针模块部分950的单刺血针183用于采样筒主体947的多个采样模块部分948。另外,如果针对每个刺血动作需要或期望新的未使用刺血针183或者先前的刺血周期未成功地获得可使用样本,则刺血针模块部分950的多个不同刺血针183可以用于在采样筒主体947的单采样模块部分948中获得样本。
图102显示筒945的透视分解图,该筒具有近端部分954和远端部分955。刺血针筒主体946布置在筒945的近端部分954处并且具有多个刺血针模块部分950,例如图103中所示的刺血针模块部分950。每个刺血针模块部分950具有刺血针通道951,刺血针183可滑动地布置在刺血针通道951内。刺血针通道951大致平行于刺血针筒主体946的纵轴线952。所示的刺血针183具有驱动头198、轴部分201和尖锐尖端196。刺血针的驱动头198配置成耦合到驱动耦合器(未显示),例如上述的驱动耦合器185。
刺血针183自由地滑动到相应的刺血针通道951中并且标称地布置成尖锐尖端196收回到刺血针通道951中以保护尖端196并且允许刺血针筒主体946和采样筒主体947之间的相对旋转运动,如图102中的箭头956和箭头957所示。每个刺血针通道951的径向中心布置在离刺血针筒主体946的纵轴线952和筒945的纵轴线958固定、已知径向距离处。通过将每个刺血针通道951布置在离刺血针筒主体946和筒945的纵轴线952和958固定的已知径向距离处,刺血针通道951然后可以在功能布置上容易地和可重复地与采样筒主体947的刺血针通道953对准。刺血针筒主体946围绕具有纵轴线960的可移动枢轴959旋转,所述纵轴线与刺血针筒主体946和筒945的纵轴线952和950同轴。
采样筒主体947布置在筒的远端部分955处并且具有围绕采样筒主体947的纵轴线949径向地布置的多个采样模块部分948。采样筒主体947的纵轴线949与刺血针筒主体946、筒945和枢轴959的纵轴线952、958和960同轴。采样筒主体947也可以围绕枢轴959旋转。为了获得刺血针筒主体946和采样筒主体947之间的精确相对运动,筒主体946和947之一或两者必须围绕枢轴959可旋转,然而,不必两者都围绕枢轴959可旋转,也就是说,筒主体946和947中的一个可以永久地或可拆卸地固定到枢轴959。
采样筒主体947包括基座961和覆盖基座的近侧表面963形成不透流体密封的盖板962。采样筒主体947的每个采样模块部分948、例如图104中所示的采样模块部分948(为了图示的清楚没有盖板)具有样本容器964和刺血针通道953。样本容器964具有在径向外端处的排出口965,所述排出口允许样本容器964容易地填充流体样本。样本容器964与大致平行于采样筒主体947的纵轴线949延伸的相应的刺血针通道953流体连通。刺血针通道953布置在样本容器964的径向内端处。
采样筒主体947的刺血针通道953允许刺血针183的通过并且也用作从图106中所示的刺血针通道953的入口967延伸到样本容器964的样本流动通道966。应当注意盖板962的近侧表面968在空间上与刺血针通道部位处的刺血针筒主体946的远侧表面969分离以便防止任何流体样本通过毛细作用吸引到刺血针筒主体946的刺血针通道951中。盖板962的近侧表面968从刺血针筒主体946的远侧表面969的空间分离用两个表面968和969之间的突起970获得,所述突起形成于刺血针筒主体的远侧表面969中,如图105中所示。
采样筒主体947的样本容器964可以包括上面关于其它采样模块实施例所述的样本检测传感器、测试传感器、传感器触头等中的任何一种。盖板962可以由PMMA形成并且具有形成于它的表面上的导体、传感器或传感器触头。也可能理想的是使盖板962由透明或半透明材料制造以便使用在样本容器中获得的样本的光学感测或测试方法。在所示的实施例中,采样筒主体967的样本容器964的至少一部分的外部径向位置超出刺血针筒主体946的外部径向尺寸。因此,例如图105中所示的光学检测器或传感器971可以通过将光信号传输通过盖板962并且接收来自样本的光信号检测或测试布置在样本容器964内的样本
筒主体946和947可以具有与上述的采样筒和刺血针筒或它们的任何部件的特征、尺寸或材料相同或相似的特征、尺寸或材料。模块部分948和950也可以具有与上述的刺血针或采样模块或它们的任何部件的特征、尺寸或材料相同或相似的特征、尺寸或材料。另外,筒945可以在操作配置中耦合到或邻近上述的任何驱动器或任何其它合适的驱动器定位,由此可以在刺血周期中选择性地驱动刺血针筒主体的刺血针。尽管图102-106中所示的实施例允许使用相对旋转运动对准各种采样模块部分948和刺血针模块部分950,但是也可以预料在功能上类似的其它实施例。例如,刺血针模块部分、采样模块部分或两者可以在二维阵列中布置,相对x-y运动用于在功能布置中对准模块部分。这样的相对x-y运动可以在这样的替代实施例中用位置传感器和伺服电机实现以便获得对准。
如上面关于图46-48所述和图107中一般地所示,本发明的一个实施例可以包括配置成将驱动力施加到刺血针1002并且在组织部位234上使用的刺血针驱动器1000,如图37中所见。刺血针驱动器1000使用驱动力生成器1004、例如但不限于图4的装置、线性音圈装置294或旋转音圈装置325将刺血针沿着路径1006推进或致动到组织部位234中(如图30-41中类似地所示)。应当理解可以使用各种驱动力生成器,例如音圈驱动力生成器、螺线管驱动力生成器或类似驱动力生成器。基于弹簧的驱动力生成器或其它非电力生成器可以在某些替代实施例中使用,其中力生成器可以以期望速度输送刺血针,同时具有机械阻尼器、限位件或其它装置以提供最小化刺血针的振荡期望减速(参见图68)。另外,如图47中所见,线圈不需要由磁活性区域完全围绕。
传感器1008可以用于在刺血周期期间检测沿着路径1006的刺血针位置。合适的传感器可以包括、但不限于位置感测机构74、位置传感器191、光学位置传感器319、光学位置传感器357等。合适的传感器也可以包括可以提供刺血针位置和足够的传感器分辨率以提供沿着路径1006的刺血针速度的传感器。如上所述,传感器1008可以定位成检测对应于或致动刺血针的驱动元件的位置(如图21中所示,元件219)。传感器1008也可以定位成检测刺血针自身的位置(如图46中所示,元件296和319)。
现在参考图108,类似于图12中所示(处理器60)的处理器1020或其它处理器可以用于支持如箭头所示的闭合反馈控制环1022以提供刺血针控制。图107的驱动器1000也可以包括控制器或处理器(未显示)。刺血针1002的控制可以包括刺血针位置控制并且也可以包括刺血针速度控制以遵循如图12中所示的可选择刺血针速度分布或波形。在多数实施例中,处理器1020将耦合到驱动力生成器1004,其中处理器将发信号指示或致动生成器从而以各种速度驱动刺血针。
如关于图6-9、16-17和42所述,刺血针速度分布或波形可以设计成驱动刺血针以最小化患者的疼痛,同时为了采样目的也提供足够的体液或血液出量。具体地在电动力生成器中的速度分布可以对应于施加到电动力生成器的电流的持续时间和量。速度分布也可以提供刺血针速度的可编程减速分布以在没有增加患者的疼痛的突然硬停止的情况下提供在组织部位中的刺血针停止。在具体实施例中,刺血针速度分布可以用于合适的驱动力生成器以在穿刺冲程上提供大约0.8到20.0米每秒之间的刺血针速度并且在收回冲程上提供0.5米每秒到小于大约0.02米每秒的刺血针速度。
参考图10、11和107,刺血针1002可以沿着路径朝着组织部位324驱动到组织部位324中,并且然后从组织部位324收回(参见图10)以将体液吸引到由刺血针产生的伤道中(参见图11)。尽管不以该方式限制,但是刺血针可以沿着单向线性路径进入组织部位并且沿着相同的线性路径离开组织部位。
参考图109,音圈驱动力生成器1030显示为具有机械阻尼器1032以便当刺血针到达远离驱动器的期望位移时提供控制减速。该机械阻尼器1032可以在概念上类似于图68所述的阻尼器,区别在于该装置的驱动部分被电致动。其它合适的机械阻尼器可以包括使用空气、液体或凝胶的缓冲器、使用在由永磁体或电磁体在导体中感生的涡电流的电动力学、包括最小化振荡的聚合物或弹性体材料的机械限位件、或将刺血针保持就位直到收回冲程期望释放刺血针的机械捕捉器、或这些阻尼器的某个组合。也应当理解阻尼器1032可以布置刺血针驱动器上的各位置,包括耦合到刺血针或力生成器1030的驱动部件(以虚线显示)。
图110A和110B显示具有驱动力生成器1004和多刺血针装置1040、例如图96和102中所述的弹带的本发明的实施例。驱动力生成器1004可以是、但不限于用于驱动刺血针1042的音圈力生成器(图110B)。多刺血针装置或筒1040类似于图93的实施例并且允许用户具有多个刺血事件而不需要针对每个刺血事件用新刺血针重新装载驱动器。这减少患者执行的步骤的数量并且因此将减小更频繁血糖测试的障碍。
现在参考图111,在本发明的一个实施例中,例如但不限于LCD屏的人接口1051可以包括在刺血针驱动器1050上。应当理解人接口可以提供人可读输出、人可识别输出(例如闪光指示器、图标或符号)或可能的听觉信号。驱动器1050也可以包括在软件控制下的按钮,例如用于击发或致动刺血针的一个按钮1052。第一次按压可以打开驱动器1050并且第二次按压可以击发或致动刺血针。在一个具体实施例中,本发明可以使用两个处理器1054和1056(以虚线显示),致动器处理器1054快并且功率高,LCD/人接口(HI)处理器1056功率较低并且较慢。HI处理器1056处于睡眠模式并且间歇地运行以节省电力。HI处理器1056根据需要控制到达致动器处理器1054的电力。它也可以是用于高速处理器的看门狗定时器使得它将不长期保持打开和耗尽电池。这两个处理器1054和1056之间的通信使用很少的线并且可以、但不一定实质上串行。通信可以使用各种接口标准,例如但不限于RS-232、SPI、I2C或专有方案。本实施例可以包括至少一个接口线或接地。在一些实施例中,人接口可以提供各种输出,例如但不限于戳刺或刺血事件数量、剩余刺血针、时间、警报、分布信息、最近戳刺/刺血事件中的力或最近戳刺/刺血事件时间。
现在参考图112,驱动器1050的一个实施例可以包括至少一个或多个LED灯1060以将警报或其它信息提供给用户。图113显示具有用于将警报或其它信息提供给用户的音频或声音生成器的驱动器。图114显示具有数据接口装置1064(以虚线显示)的驱动器,所述数据接口装置允许与另一支持装置、例如但不限于计算机、PDA、计算机网络、临时存储装置、用于接收来自刺血针驱动器的数据的其它装置数据通信。图115显示另一实施例,其中人接口1051在耦合到驱动器1050以提供人接口特征的独立或可分离装置上。当然应当理解人接口可以是本文中所述的任何人接口,例如提供视频、音频、其它信号的人接口。
在一个实施例中,本发明可以包括一个或多个按钮使得用户可以控制人接口。一个或多个输出显示装置、例如但不限于单独的LED、LED的阵列、LCD面板、报警器、蜂鸣器、振动器可以由用户用于提供反馈。可以提供与其它数据交互装置、例如个人计算机、调制解调器、个人数据助理等的外部通信。
人接口的一个功能是允许用户启动致动器的周期。为了允许用户输入,人接口还可以包括但不限于至少一个按钮、独立于显示装置的触控板或LCD显示器上的触摸屏。另外接口可以允许其它功能性,例如允许用户控制采样/疼痛接口设置的接口,或感测刺血针是否装载并且准备使用的装置,用户可以针对采样身体的不同区域、例如手指与前臂进行预设的多个采样/疼痛接口协议。另外,用户可以针对需要下一次戳刺的剩余时间设置实时时钟和一个或多个警报。警报可以用实现所有警报的控制启用/禁用单独地可设置以在餐馆和剧院或不适合警报的其它情况下容易地抑制它们。警报可以设置成闪光、声音和振动或关闭。增强可以允许警报启用一天或多天。这样可以适应用户的日程安排。例如警报可以针对周一至周五10:00AM设置,但是在周六和周日关闭,在那些天偏向于11:00警报。
在一些实施例中,HI可以具有数据记录功能。它可以累积各种数据以便反馈给用户或另一数据收集装置或网络。可以记录的数据的类型的一些例子包括:所使用的刺血针的数量、该天戳刺的数量、最后n个刺血事件的时间和日期或警报和戳刺之间的时间间隔、戳刺的力的大小、用户设置、电池状态等。HI处理器可以通过通常可用的数据接口装置或接口1064或可选的专用接口将信息传到其它装置。一些常用数据接口装置或接口包括但不限于:串行RS-232、调制解调器接口、USB、HPNA、以太网、光学接口、IRDA、RF接口、蓝牙接口、蜂窝电话接口、2路寻呼机接口、并行端口接口标准、近场磁耦合或其它RF网络收发器。这些接口的一个用途是将数据移动到另外某个地方使得用户、医生、护士或其它医学技术人员可以分析它。接口可以与个人计算机、调制解调器、PDA或现有的计算机网络兼容。
参考图116(a)和116(b),本发明的一个实施例是刺血装置1110,其包括:(i)用于用户接口输入的手动开关,(ii)LED或光源,(iii)用户接口指示器,(iv)透明刺血针检测窗口和(v)成角圆柱形外壳。
多位置机械开关1112在图116(a)和116(b)中示出。多位置机械开关1112可以经由低成本和高可靠性电路板接触垫具有固定或机械分度位置。这些提供数字开关连接或组合模拟电子水准仪并且用作用户接口输入控制,用户接口输入控制可以提供深度设置范围和舒适分布,作为非限定性例子,其可以为大约3到100个离散阶梯,提供装置的开关、装置的备用等。它也能够将刺血装置1110置于睡眠或备用模式以及禁用用击发按钮意外地发射刺血针。
LED或图117中所示的其它合适的光源1114可以用于指示各种不同的用户接口输出,包括但不限于:电池电量不足、充电、刺血针存在、(一个或多个)装置错误状态、准备发射、电池需要更换的指示等。透明、半透明和/或模制外壳特征允许符号的光或部分光透射,所述符号包括但不限于电池状态(annucator)、刺血针存在符号、音频开/关、深度设置、数据管理模式等。
图118中所示的透明或半透明外壳窗口1116允许用户可见地确认刺血针被装载、卸载、在发射期间移动,并且允许能够去除物理污染物、例如血液、灰尘或对轴承致动器潜在有害的其它物体并且通过去除所述外壳窗口进行清洁的辅助功能。
在一个实施例中,刺血装置1110具有成角外壳。这经由两个不相似的圆柱形状提供更小的装置体积。一个形状用于较大的径向电池,并且另一个较小直径用于所有附加硬件,例如致动器组件、高压电容器、PCB和所有电部件、变压器、编码器、刺血针、微控制器。
在本发明的一个实施例中,刺血装置1110具有以下设计要求/规范:(i)质量:低质量,作为非限定性例子可以为<0.40g的总移动质量;(ii)摩擦:很低、一致摩擦(影响接触点);(iii)用户接口:简单、直观、需要很低的灵巧性、视敏且可触。一些设计限制包括但不限于:(i)用户手持、包覆模制刺血针头;(ii)由包覆模制提供、由用户去除的无菌电池等。
在各实施例中,刺血装置1110的设计要点可以包括但不限于:(i)刺血针-卡盘耦合:稳定、针放置X-Y-Z精确、插入和去除的触觉反馈;(ii)刺血针存在/缺少检测:检测存在/缺少的低成本方案;(ii)刺血驱动的接口:用于驱动(嵌条)的紧密机械耦合;(iii)轴承/引导:根据公差分析、针对应用变化;(iv)闩锁:能够闩锁以便储存、取出刺血针等。
在各实施例中,刺血装置1110的设计要点包括但不限于:(i)刺血针-卡盘耦合:用于将可移动包覆模制刺血针接口到卡盘/驱动;(ii)环形弹簧保持(例如baseal);(iii)轴承:用于精确地限定刺血轨迹的(一个或多个)引导特征;(iv)卡盘-底盘形状轴承;(v)包含在用后可弃筒中的轴承;(vi)闩锁:当未使用时保持来自现有刺血装置1110的采血针和用于去除刺血针;(vii)磁致动闩锁;(viii)按压按钮以便接近刺血针、闩锁;(ix)刺血针存在检测:从刺血装置1110透明检测刺血针存在或缺少;(x)相对于底盘移动编码器的柱塞(相对于底盘将刺血针插入位置编码器移动到原位置);(xi)刺血装置1110能够基于元件的存在或缺少采取动作;(xii)刺血针的视觉(用户观察)检测;(xiii)刺血针的装载-卸载;(xiv)通过孔的刺血针检测;(xv)用户插入刺血针筒,等等。
尽管已参考本发明的某些特定实施例描述和示出本发明,但是本领域的技术人员将领会可以进行程序和协议的各种适应、变化、修改、替代、删除或增加而不脱离本发明的精神和范围。例如,人接口的LCD屏的定位可以变化从而提供人体工学使用的最佳位置。人接口可以是使用语言描述与装置使用相关的状态或警报的语音系统。根据本发明的对象和实施预料结果的预期变化或差异。所以,本发明旨在由接下来的权利要求的范围限定并且这样的权利要求应当广义地合理被理解。

Claims (18)

1.一种具有驱动器的刺血针装置,所述驱动器配置成在刺血周期期间将驱动力施加到刺血针并且在组织部位上使用,所述驱动器包括:
容纳刺血针的采样模块;
外壳,所述外壳包括驱动器和具有所述采样模块的室;
控制刺血针穿刺深度的可控力驱动器;
光源,其在操作中用于指示选自以下的至少一项的各种不同的用户接口输出:电池电量不足、充电、刺血针存在、装置错误状态、准备发射和电池需要更换的指示;
开关,所述开关提供数字开关连接或组合模拟电子水准仪并且用作用户接口输入控制,所述开关能够将所述可控力驱动器置于睡眠或备用模式以及禁用意外地发射刺血针。
2.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其还包括:
用户接口指示器。
3.根据权利要求2所述的装置,其还包括:
透明刺血针检测窗口。
4.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其还包括:
在操作中提供深度设置范围和舒适分布的接口输入控制。
5.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述装置具有小于0.40g的总移动质量。
6.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其还包括:
为精确地限定刺血轨迹提供引导的多个轴承。
7.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其还包括:
耦合到所述驱动器的处理器,所述处理器将可定制的简档存储在存储器中。
8.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述外壳包括透明或半透明外壳窗口,允许用户可见地确认刺血针被装载、卸载、在发射期间移动。
9.根据权利要求7所述的装置,其中所述处理器包括选自以下的至少一项的用户简档特点:无痛的程度、成功率和血量。
10.根据权利要求2所述的装置,其还包括:
内部时钟,其允许在数据库中存储选自以下的至少一项的信息:刺血事件的时间戳和刺血事件之间的时间。
11.根据权利要求10所述的装置,其中所述数据库存储每个用户和特定用户使用的每个简档的信息和统计。
12.根据权利要求7所述的装置,其中所述处理器配置成计算实现用户所需的血量所必需的合适刺血针直径和几何形状。
13.根据权利要求12所述的装置,其中对于每种类型的刺血针,直径和刺血针尖端几何形状存储在所述处理器中以基于预定位移和速度简档与可获得的血量的上限和下限对应。
14.根据权利要求7所述的装置,其中所述处理器配置成在刺血事件的开始和结束时提示用户信息以更充分地适应用户。
15.根据权利要求7所述的装置,其中所述处理器配置成变化到不同简档或修改现有的简档。
16.根据权利要求7所述的装置,其中响应设置用户简档,驱动刺血针的力在前进和缩回期间变化以遵循用户简档。
17.根据权利要求7所述的装置,其中所述处理器配置成确定刺血周期的每个阶段的刺血简档特点。
18.根据权利要求7所述的装置,其中所述处理器配置成优化后续刺血事件的简档特点。
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