CN102835185A - Insulating blocks and methods for installation in insulated conductor heaters - Google Patents

Insulating blocks and methods for installation in insulated conductor heaters Download PDF

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Publication number
CN102835185A
CN102835185A CN2011800182998A CN201180018299A CN102835185A CN 102835185 A CN102835185 A CN 102835185A CN 2011800182998 A CN2011800182998 A CN 2011800182998A CN 201180018299 A CN201180018299 A CN 201180018299A CN 102835185 A CN102835185 A CN 102835185A
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China
Prior art keywords
conductor
electric conductor
insulated electric
heater
stratum
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CN2011800182998A
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Chinese (zh)
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CN102835185B (en
Inventor
R·M·巴斯
R·G·哈利
J·M·诺埃尔
R·A·谢弗
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Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
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Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B36/00—Heating, cooling, insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones
    • E21B36/04—Heating, cooling, insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones using electrical heaters

Abstract

An insulated conductor heater may include an electrical conductor that produces heat when an electrical current is provided to the electrical conductor. An electrical insulator at least partially surrounds the electrical conductor. The electrical insulator comprises a resistivity that remains substantially constant, or increases, over time when the electrical conductor produces heat. An outer electrical conductor at least partially surrounds the electrical insulator.

Description

Collets and be used for being installed in the method for insulated conductor heater
Technical field
The present invention relates to be used for the system and method for sub-surface heatedly.More particularly, the present invention relates to be used for descending heatedly the system and method for hydrocarbon containing formation.
Background technology
The hydrocarbon that obtains from subsurface formations is generally used for the energy, raw material and the consumer goods.Because the concern that available hydrocarbon source is used up and to the concern that the total quality of the hydrocarbon produced descends has caused exploiting more efficiently, handle and/or utilizing the technology in available hydrocarbon source to develop.Technology can be used for isolating the hydrocarbon material from getting into and/or use before methods availalbe to extract too expensive subsurface formations on the spot.The chemistry and/or the physical property that possibly need to change hydrocarbon material in the subsurface formations make the hydrocarbon material be easier to isolate from subsurface formations, and/or improve the value of hydrocarbon material.Chemistry and physical change can comprise situ reaction, change of component, changes in solubility, variable density, phase transformation and/or the viscosity variation of the separable fluid that goes out of the generation of hydrocarbon material in the stratum.
Heater can be placed in the pit shaft, is used for heating the stratum in technology on the spot.Exist a lot of dissimilar can be used for to heat the heater on stratum.Utilize the example of the technology on the spot of donwhole heater to be illustrated in the United States Patent(USP) No. 2,634,961 of authorizing Ljungstorm; Authorize the United States Patent(USP) No. 2,732,195 of Ljungstorm; Authorize the United States Patent (USP) 2,780,450 of Ljungstorm; Authorize the United States Patent (USP) 2,789,805 of Ljungstorm; Authorize the United States Patent (USP) 2,923,535 of Ljungstorm; Authorize people's such as Van Merus 4,886,118; In the United States Patent (USP) 6,688,387 of authorizing people such as Wellington.
Being used for underground application, for example to heat mineral insulation (MI) cable (insulated electric conductor) of hydrocarbon containing formation in some applications longer, can have bigger external diameter, and operate under higher voltage of can be in than MI cable industry common voltage and temperature and the temperature.In the manufacturing of the long insulated electric conductor of length and/or assembling process, there are a lot of potential problems.
For example, exist potential in electricity and/or the mechanical problem that deterioration causes takes place the electrical insulator that is used for insulated electric conductor in time in the past.Also exist in the potential problems relevant that need overcome in the assembling process of insulated conductor heater with electrical insulator.For example core is heaved or problem such as other mechanical defects possibly take place in the insulated conductor heater assembling process.Such situation taking place possibly in the heater use, cause electric problem, and possibly make heater can not be used for its intended purposes.
In addition, assemble and/or be installed in the underground process, possibly have the problem of the increase stress on the insulated electric conductor at insulated electric conductor.For example, twine on the spool of insulated electric conductor and launch insulated electric conductor and can produce mechanical stress on the insulated electric conductor or on the miscellaneous part of insulated electric conductor being used for transporting and install.Thereby needing more reliably, system and method in manufacturing, assembling and/or the installation process of insulated electric conductor, reduces or eliminate potential problem.
Summary of the invention
Embodiment as herein described relates in general to system, method and the heater that is used to handle subsurface formations.Embodiment as herein described also relates in general to the heater that wherein has novel components.Such heater can obtain through using system and method as herein described.
In certain embodiments, the present invention provides one or more systems, method and/or heater.In certain embodiments, said system, method and/or heater are used to handle subsurface formations.
In certain embodiments, insulated conductor heater comprises: electric conductor, said electric conductor are configured to when electric current is provided to said electric conductor, produce heat; Surround the electrical insulator of said electric conductor at least in part, wherein said electrical insulator have electric conductor produce when hot along with the time in the past and the resistivity that keeps substantial constant or increase; And external electrical conductor, said external electrical conductor is surrounded said electrical insulator at least in part.
In certain embodiments, insulated conductor heater comprises: electric conductor, said electric conductor are configured to when electric current is provided to said electric conductor, produce heat; Surround the electrical insulator of said electric conductor at least in part, wherein said electrical insulator comprises one or more collets, and said collets have electric conductor produce when hot along with the time in the past and the resistivity that keeps substantial constant or increase; And external electrical conductor, said external electrical conductor is surrounded said electrical insulator at least in part.
In certain embodiments, be used to form insulated electric conductor at least the part method comprise: with insulated electric conductor partly for columniform first placing elongated cylindrical internal electrical conductor at least the part and partly for columniform elongated external electrical conductor at least the part between; With at least between the part of the external electrical conductor that partly places the part at least of said internal electrical conductor for columniform at least one extention and partly form of insulated electric conductor, the first of the extention of wherein said insulated electric conductor along the length of this part of said elongated external electrical conductor from insulated electric conductor flatly dislocation opens; And make the extention of said insulated electric conductor shift to the first of said insulated electric conductor with the power of set point value, so that the first of the extention of said insulated electric conductor and said insulated electric conductor is pressing each other basically.
In a further embodiment, from the characteristic of specific embodiment can with the characteristics combination from other embodiment.For example, from the characteristic of an embodiment can with the characteristics combination from any one embodiment of other embodiment.
In a further embodiment, handling subsurface formations uses in method as herein described, system, power supply or the heater any one to carry out.
In a further embodiment, other characteristics can be added specific embodiment as herein described to.
Description of drawings
Through with reference to carry out below in conjunction with accompanying drawing to but the detailed description of exemplary embodiment at present preferred, with the feature and advantage of more fully understanding method and apparatus of the present invention according to the present invention.
Fig. 1 has shown the explanatory view of embodiment of the part of the heat treatment system on the spot that is used to handle hydrocarbon containing formation.
Fig. 2 illustrates an embodiment of insulated electric conductor thermal source.
Fig. 3 illustrates an embodiment of insulated electric conductor thermal source.
Fig. 4 illustrates an embodiment of insulated electric conductor thermal source.
Fig. 5 A and 5B illustrate the cutaway view of an embodiment of the temperature-limiting heater parts that are used for insulated conductor heater.
Fig. 6-8 illustrates the embodiment that the piece that can be used in heater assembly provides the piece pressing device of axial force.
Fig. 9 illustrates an embodiment of plunger, and shape of cross section that this plunger has allows plunger to provide to act on the piece but do not act on the power on the core in the sheath.
Figure 10 illustrates an embodiment of the plunger of the piece that can be used to pushing skew (interlocking).
Figure 11 illustrates an embodiment of the plunger that can be used to push the piece that top/end is provided with.
Though the present invention admits of various modification and alternative form, shown its specific embodiment with by way of example in the accompanying drawings, and will be described in detail them here.But the accompanying drawing not to scale (NTS) is drawn.Should understand; Accompanying drawing and be not intended to limit the invention to particular forms disclosed about its detailed description; But opposite, the present invention will cover modification, equivalents and the alternative form that all falls in the spirit and scope of the present invention that are defined by the following claims.
Embodiment
Below description relate in general to the system and method for the hydrocarbon that is used for handling the stratum.Such stratum can be handled and produced hydrocarbon products, hydrogen and other products.
" alternating current (AC) " refers to time-varying current, and it changes direction with sinusoidal manner basically.AC produces the kelvin effect electric current in ferromagnetic conductor.
In the scope that reduces thermal output heating system, equipment and method; Term " automatically " or " automatically " refer to that this type systematic, equipment and method play a role according to specific mode and do not use external control (peripheral control unit for example, as have controller, PID controller or the predictive controller of temperature sensor and feedback loop).
" connection " meaning is the direct connection between one or more objects or the parts or connects (for example, one or more intermediaries connect) indirectly.Term " direct-connected " meaning is the direct connection between object and the parts, so that object or parts are connected to each other directly, thereby object or parts is operated with single-point (" point of use ") mode.
" Curie temperature " is meant the temperature that loses its whole ferromagnetic properties at the above ferrimagnet of this temperature.Except more than Curie temperature, losing whole its ferromagnetic properties, ferrimagnet also begins to lose its ferromagnetic property when the electric current process ferrimagnet that increases.
" stratum " comprises one or more hydrocarbon bearing formations, one or more nonhydrocarbon layer, overlying rock and/or underlying stratum." hydrocarbon layer " refers to the layer of the hydrocarbonaceous in the stratum.The hydrocarbon layer can comprise non-hydrocarbon material and hydrocarbon material." overlying rock " and/or " underlying stratum " comprises one or more dissimilar impermeable materials.For example, overlying rock and/or underlying stratum can comprise rock, shale, mud stone or wet/tight carbonate.In some embodiment of Technology for Heating Processing on the spot; Overlying rock and/or underlying stratum can be included on the spot impermeable relatively and a hydrocarbon bearing formation or a plurality of hydrocarbon bearing formation not temperature influence in the heat treatment process, and said Technology for Heating Processing on the spot causes the significant characteristic variations of a plurality of hydrocarbon bearing formations of overlying rock and/or underlying stratum.For example, the underlying stratum can comprise shale or mud stone, but the underlying stratum is not allowing to be heated to pyrolysis temperature in the heat treatment process on the spot.In some cases, overlying rock and/or underlying stratum can have certain permeability.
" formation fluid " refers to be present in the fluid in the stratum, and can comprise pyrolyzation fluid, synthesis gas, mobilization hydrocarbon and water (steam).Formation fluid can comprise hydrocarbon fluid and non-hydrocarbon fluids.Term " mobilization fluid " refer in the hydrocarbon containing formation because to the heat treatment on stratum and can flowing fluid." fluid of production " refers to the isolated fluid from the stratum.
" heat flux " is the energy fluence (for example watt/square metre) of time per unit per unit area.
" thermal source " is for being used for providing at least a portion on stratum through conduction and/or transfer of radiant heat basically any system of heat.For example, thermal source can comprise electric conducting material and/or electric heater, for example is arranged in conductor and/or slender member, insulated electric conductor etc. in the circuit.Thermal source can also comprise the system that produces heat through combustion fuel in outside, stratum or stratum.Said system can be surface combustion burner, downhole gas burner, nonflame profile combustion chamber and natural distributed combustion chamber.In certain embodiments, being provided to the heat of one or more thermals source or the heat that in one or more thermals source, produces can be provided by other energy sources.Other energy sources can directly heat the stratum, or said energy can be applied to the transmission medium on direct or indirect heating stratum.Should understand, the one or more thermals source that heat are applied to the stratum can use the different energy.Thereby; For example; For the stratum of appointment, some thermals source can be from electric conducting material, resistance heater heat supply, and some thermals source can provide heat through burning; Some thermals source can provide heat from one or more other energy (for example, chemical reaction, solar energy, wind energy, biomass or other regenerative resources).Chemical reaction can comprise exothermic reaction (for example oxidation reaction).Thermal source also can comprise electric conducting material and/or heater, its near and/or around heating location for example the zone of heater well provide heat.
" heater " is for being used near well or shaft area, producing any system or the thermal source of heat.Heater can be, but is not limited to, electric heater, burner, with the stratum in material or the combustion chamber of the material reaction of producing from the stratum, and/or its combination.
" hydrocarbon " is defined as the molecule that is mainly formed by carbon and hydrogen atom usually.Hydrocarbon also can comprise other elements, such as but not limited to halogen, metallic element, nitrogen, oxygen and/or sulphur.Hydrocarbon can be, but be not limited to oil bearing rock, pitch, pyrobitumen, oil, natural mineral wax and asphaltite.Hydrocarbon can be arranged in the mineral rock of the earth or adjacent with mineral substrate.Matrix can include but not limited to sedimentary rock, sand, silicilyte, carbonate, diatomite and other porous medias." hydrocarbon fluid " is the fluid that comprises hydrocarbon.Hydrocarbon fluid can comprise, carry non-hydrocarbon fluids secretly, or is entrained in the non-hydrocarbon fluids, and said non-hydrocarbon fluids for example is hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, water and ammonia.
" conversion process on the spot " refer to from thermal source heating hydrocarbon containing formation, the temperature of at least a portion on stratum is increased to be higher than pyrolysis temperature, in the stratum, to generate the technology of pyrolyzation fluid.
" Technology for Heating Processing on the spot " refers to use thermal source heating hydrocarbon containing formation; The temperature of at least a portion on stratum is increased to be higher than forms the mobilization fluid, cause hydrocarbon material visbreaking and/or pyrolysis, thereby in the stratum, produce the mobilization fluid, the temperature of visbreaking fluid and/or pyrolyzation fluid.
Any elongated material that " insulated electric conductor " refers to conduct electricity and covered by electrical insulating material in whole or in part.
Time-dependent current when " modulating dc current (DC) " refers in ferromagnetic conductor, to produce any non-sine basically of kelvin effect electric current.
" nitride " refers to the compound of one or more other elements in nitrogen and the periodic table.Nitride includes but not limited to silicon nitride, boron nitride or aluminium nitride.
" perforation " comprises that the permission in the wall of pipeline, pipe, conduit or other flow channels flows into or flow out opening, groove, hole or the hole of pipeline, pipe, conduit or other flow channels.
" phase transition temperature " of ferrimagnet refers to undergo phase transition at material temperature or the temperature range during (for example from the ferrite to the austenite), and this phase transformation makes the magnetic permeability of ferrimagnet reduce.The reduction of this magnetic permeability is similar to the magnetic permeability that the magnetic transition owing to ferrimagnet under Curie temperature causes and reduces.
" pyrolysis " is that chemical bond is owing to applying of heat broken off.For example, pyrolysis only can comprise through heating and changes compound into one or more other materials.The part that heat can be delivered to the stratum causes pyrolysis.
" pyrolyzation fluid " or " thermal decomposition product " refers to the fluid that in the hydrocarbon pyrolytic process, generates basically.The fluid that generates through pyrolytic reaction can mix with other fluids in the stratum.Mixture will be considered to pyrolyzation fluid or thermal decomposition product.As used herein, " pyrolysis zone " refers to that reacting of stratum forms the volume of pyrolyzation fluid (for example, permeable relatively stratum is like tar sand formation).
" stack of heat " refers to from the selected part of two or more thermals source to the stratum heat is provided, so that the formation temperature of a position at least between thermal source is influenced by these thermals source.
" temperature-limiting heater " typically refers to the heater of more than set point of temperature, controlling thermal output (for example, reducing thermal output) and need not to use external control, and said external control is such as being temperature controller, power governor, rectifier or other device.Temperature-limiting heater can be the resistance heater of AC (alternating current) or modulation (for example " copped wave ") DC (direct current) power supply.
" thickness " of layer refers to the thickness in the cross section of layer, and wherein, said cross section is perpendicular to the surface of said layer.
" time time-dependent current " refers in ferromagnetic conductor, produce kelvin effect electric current and big or small time-varying current.The time time-dependent current not only comprise alternating current (AC) but also comprise modulating dc current (DC).
Wherein directly to be applied to the temperature-limiting heater of heater " regulate than " be for given electric current to electric current, the ratio of maximum AC below the Curie temperature or modulation DC resistance and minimum resistance more than the Curie temperature.The adjusting of induction heater is than being for the given electric current that is applied to heater, and the maximum heat below the Curie temperature is exported the ratio of exporting with the above minimum thermal of Curie temperature.
" u shape pit shaft " is meant that first opening from the stratum extends through at least a portion on stratum and the pit shaft that passes through second opening in the stratum.In this article, pit shaft can only be " v " shape or " u " shape substantially, and for the pit shaft that is regarded as " u " shape, " leg " of " u " shape should be understood to and do not need parallel or perpendicular to " end " of " u ".
Term " pit shaft " refers in the stratum to insert through drilling well or with pipeline the hole that forms in the stratum.Pit shaft can have circular basically cross section, or other shape of cross sections.As used herein, when term " well " and " opening ", opening in relating to the stratum, can exchange with term " pit shaft " and use.
The stratum can be handled in many ways and produced a lot of Different products.In heat treatment process on the spot, different steps or technology can be used for handling the stratum.In certain embodiments, one or more parts on stratum isolate solvable mineral from said part through solution mining.Solution exploitation mineral can be before Technology for Heating Processing on the spot, carry out in the process and/or afterwards.The mean temperature of in certain embodiments, carrying out one or more parts of solution mining can keep below about 120 ℃.
In certain embodiments, one or more parts on stratum are heated from said part separates water outlet, and/or isolates methane and other volatile hydrocarbons from said part.In certain embodiments, isolate in the process at water and volatile hydrocarbon, mean temperature can be elevated to from ambient temperature and be lower than about 220 ℃ temperature.
In certain embodiments, one or more parts on stratum are heated to the hydrocarbon motion that allows in the stratum and/or the temperature of visbreaking.In certain embodiments, the mean temperature of one or more parts on stratum is elevated to the mobilization temperature (for example, being elevated to from 100 ℃ to 250 ℃, from 120 ℃ to 240 ℃, or from 150 ℃ to 230 ℃ temperature range) of the hydrocarbon in the said part.
In certain embodiments, one or more parts are heated to the temperature that allows to carry out in the stratum pyrolytic reaction.In certain embodiments, the mean temperature of one or more parts on stratum can be elevated to the temperature (for example from 230 ℃ to 900 ℃, from 240 ℃ to 400 ℃ or from 250 ℃ to 350 ℃ temperature range) of the hydrocarbon pyrolysis in the said part.
Use a plurality of thermal source heating hydrocarbon containing formations to form thermal gradient around thermal source, said thermal source is elevated to preferred temperature with the hydrocarbon in the stratum under the expectation rate of heat addition.Through expecting that for obtaining the mobilization temperature range of product and/or the temperature increase rate of pyrolysis temperature range can influence from the quality and the quantity of the formation fluid of hydrocarbon containing formation production.Formation temperature is slowly raise through mobilization temperature range and/or pyrolysis temperature range, can allow to produce the hydrocarbon of the high api gravity of high-quality from the stratum.Slowly the rising formation temperature can allow to isolate a large amount of hydrocarbon of being present in the stratum as hydrocarbon products through mobilization temperature range and/or pyrolysis temperature range.
At some on the spot among the heat treatment embodiment, the part on stratum is heated to preferred temperature, rather than temperature is slowly raise through a temperature range.In certain embodiments, preferred temperature is 300 ℃, 325 ℃ or 350 ℃.Can select other temperature as preferred temperature.
Stack from the heat of thermal source allows preferred temperature in the stratum, to set up relatively fast and efficiently.The energy input of scalable from the thermal source to the stratum is to remain essentially in preferred temperature with the temperature in the stratum.
Can be through producing well from stratum activity in productionization and/or thermal decomposition product.In certain embodiments, the mean temperature of one or more parts is elevated to the mobilization temperature, and with hydrocarbon from producing well production.Because mobilization is reduced to and is lower than set point value, therefore can the mean temperature of one or more parts be elevated to pyrolysis temperature after producing.In certain embodiments, can the mean temperature of one or more parts be elevated to pyrolysis temperature and not produce too much before the pyrolysis temperature reaching.The formation fluid that can comprise thermal decomposition product through producing well production.
In certain embodiments, after mobilization and/or pyrolysis, can the mean temperature of one or more parts be elevated to and enough allow to carry out the temperature that synthesis gas is produced.In certain embodiments, can hydrocarbon be elevated to and enough allow to carry out the temperature that synthesis gas is produced, but before reaching the temperature that enough allows to carry out synthesis gas production, not produce too much.For example, synthesis gas can be at about 400 ℃ to about 1200 ℃, and about 500 ℃ to about 1100 ℃, or about 550 ℃ generate in about 1000 ℃ temperature range.The fluid (for example steam and/or water) that produces synthesis gas can be incorporated in the said part and produce synthesis gas.Synthesis gas can be from producing well production.
Solution mining, isolate volatile hydrocarbon and water, make the hydrocarbon mobilization, pyrolysed hydrocarbon, generation synthesis gas and/or other technology can carry out in the heat treatment process on the spot.In certain embodiments, some technologies can carried out after the Technology for Heating Processing on the spot.Such step can include but not limited to, from the partially recycled heat handled, before the part handled storing fluid (for example water and/or hydrocarbon) and/or before carbon dioxide sequestration in the part handled.
Fig. 1 illustrates the sketch map of embodiment of the part of the heat treatment system on the spot that is used to handle hydrocarbon containing formation.This on the spot heat treatment system can comprise and intercept well 200.Intercepting well is used for forming transfer barrier around processing region.The transfer barrier suppression fluid flows into and/or the outflow treatment region.Intercept well and include but not limited to dewatering well, vacuum well, capture well, injector well, grout wells, freeze or its combination.In certain embodiments, intercepting well 200 is dewatering well.Dewatering well can be removed liquid water and/or suppress liquid water and get into ground layer segment to be heated or arrive the stratum of heating.In the embodiment shown in Fig. 1, obstruct well 200 only is shown as and extends along a side of thermal source 202, but intercepts well usually around the whole thermals source 202 that are used for or are ready to use in heating heat-treatment zone, stratum.
Thermal source 202 is placed at least a portion on stratum.Thermal source 202 can comprise heater, for example insulated electric conductor, pipe inner wire heater, surface combustion burner, nonflame profile combustion chamber and/or natural distributed combustion chamber.Thermal source 202 can also comprise the heater of other types.Thermal source 202 provides heat at least a portion on stratum, with the hydrocarbon in the heating stratum.Energy can be provided to thermal source 202 through supply lines 204.Supply lines 204 can be according to being used to heat a thermal source on stratum or the type of a plurality of thermals source is constructed by different way.The supply lines 204 that is used for thermal source can transmit the electric power that is used for electric heater, can carry the fuel that is used for burner, or carries the heat exchanging fluid that in the stratum, circulates.In certain embodiments, being used on the spot, the electric power of Technology for Heating Processing can be provided by a nuclear power station or a plurality of nuclear power station.The use of nuclear power can make and reduce or eliminate from the discharging of Technology for Heating Processing on the spot carbon dioxide.
When the heating stratum, the heat input in the stratum can cause stratum expansion and rock-soil mechanics to move.Thermal source can before the dehydration, with dehydration simultaneously or in dehydration, open.Computer simulation can be the response modeling of stratum to heating.Computer simulation can be used to develop mode and the sequential that is used for starting the stratum thermal source, so that the rock-soil mechanics on stratum moves the function of other equipment in thermal source, producing well and the stratum that can influence sharply.
The raising of the permeability and/or the voidage on stratum can be caused in the heating stratum.The raising of permeability and/or voidage maybe since the material in the stratum reduce and cause with separating water outlet, isolate hydrocarbon and/or forming crackle because of evaporation.Because the permeability and the voidage of the raising on stratum, fluid can more easily flow being heated in the part of stratum.Because the permeability and the voidage that improve, being heated fluid in the part and can passing the stratum and move sizable distance of stratum.Said sizable distance can surpass 1000m, depends on multiple factor, for example the temperature on the performance of the permeability on stratum, fluid, stratum, barometric gradient that fluid is moved.Fluid in the stratum mobile phase when the ability of big distance makes producing well 206 can be spaced apart relatively far in the stratum.
Producing well 206 is used for isolating formation fluid from the stratum.In certain embodiments, producing well 206 comprises thermal source.Thermal source in the producing well can the producing well place or near one or more parts on heating stratum.At some on the spot among the Technology for Heating Processing embodiment, the heat that is provided to the stratum from producing well of every meter producing well is applied to the heat on stratum less than the thermal source from the heating stratum of every meter thermal source.The heat that is applied to the stratum from producing well can and be isolated the liquid phase fluid adjacent with producing well through evaporation, and/or improves the stratum permeability adjacent with producing well through forming macroscopic view and/or microfissure, improves the stratum permeability adjacent with producing well.
A more than thermal source can be arranged in the producing well.When from the heat of adjacent a plurality of thermals source stack the stratum is fully heated, thereby offset when using the benefit that producing well heating stratum provides, the thermal source in the producing well bottom can be closed.In certain embodiments, after the thermal source in the producing well bottom stopped, the thermal source in the top of producing well can stay open.Thermal source in the producing well top can suppress the condensation and the backflow of formation fluid.
In certain embodiments, the thermal source in the producing well 206 allows formation fluid to isolate from the stratum with vapor phase.At the producing well place or pass producing well provide heating can: (1) is when producing fluid and move in producing well near overlying rock; Suppress the condensation and/or the backflow of such production fluid; (2) heat of bringing up in the stratum is imported, and compare with the producing well that does not have thermal source (3), improves the productivity ratio of producing well; (4) suppress the condensation that the producing well medium high carbon is counted compound (C6 hydrocarbon with more the hydrocarbon of number of carbons), and/or (5) raising producing well place or near stratum permeability.
Subsurface pressure in the stratum can be corresponding to the fluid pressure that produces in the stratum.When being heated temperature in the part and raising of stratum, the pressure that is heated in the part can increase owing to the thermal expansion of fluid on the spot, fluid generation and the evaporation of water that increases.The pressure of control fluid from isolated speed tolerable control stratum, stratum.Pressure in the stratum can confirm at a plurality of diverse locations place, for example near near the producing well or producing well place, the thermal source or thermal source place or monitor well place.
In some hydrocarbon containing formations, to produce hydrocarbon from the stratum and be suppressed, at least some of the hydrocarbon in the stratum are by mobilization and/or pyrolysis.When formation fluid had selected quality, formation fluid can be produced from the stratum.In certain embodiments, selected quality comprises at least about 20 °, the api gravity of 30 ° or 40 °.Inhibition production by mobilization and/or pyrolysis, can improve the conversion of heavy hydrocarbon to lighter hydrocarbons up at least some hydrocarbon.Suppress initial production and can reduce production heavy hydrocarbon as far as possible from the stratum.The production of a large amount of heavy hydrocarbons possibly need expensive equipment, and/or shortens the useful life of production equipment.
In some hydrocarbon containing formations, the hydrocarbon in the stratum can be heated to mobilization and/or pyrolysis temperature before being heated of stratum produces big permeability in the part.The FLUID TRANSPORTATION that initial shortage permeability can suppress to produce is to producing well 206.In the initial heating process, near the thermal source place, the fluid pressure in the stratum can increase.The fluid pressure that increases can discharge, monitor, change and/or control through one or more thermals source 202.For example, selected thermal source 202 or independent relief well can comprise pressure-reducing valve, and its permission is isolated some fluids from the stratum.
In certain embodiments, can allow because the pressure that the expansion of other fluids that produce in mobilization fluid, pyrolyzation fluid or the stratum produces improves, but can not exist the path or any other pressure that lead to producing well 206 to fall in the stratum.Fluid pressure can allow to increase to lithostatic pressure power.When fluid during, can in hydrocarbon containing formation, form crackle near lithostatic pressure power.For example, crackle can form to producing well from thermal source 202 being heated in the part of stratum.The generation that is heated crackle in the part can discharge some pressure in the said part.Pressure in the stratum possibly must remain on below the selected pressure, with the coking of hydrocarbon in the fracture of the product, overlying rock or the underlying stratum that suppress not expect and/or the stratum.
Arrive mobilization and/or pyrolysis temperature and can be after the stratum produces; Pressure in the stratum can change; Thereby change and/or control the component of the formation fluid of producing; Condensable fluid and the percentage of can not condensed fluid comparing in the control stratum, and/or the api gravity of the formation fluid produced of control.For example, reduce the production that pressure can cause bigger condensable fluid component.Condensable fluid component can comprise the alkene of bigger percentage.
On the spot among the Technology for Heating Processing embodiment, the pressure in the stratum can keep enough height at some, to promote to have the formation fluid production greater than 20 ° api gravity.In the stratum, keep increased pressure can suppress on the spot stratum settlement in the heat treatment process.Keep increased pressure can reduce or eliminate in surface compression formation fluid transports fluid into treatment facility in collecting pipe needs.
Keep increased pressure can allow to produce quality and the low-molecular-weight relatively hydrocarbon that has raising in a large number astoundingly in the part being heated of stratum.Pressure can remain and make the formation fluid of producing have the compound that is higher than selected carbon number of minimum.Selected carbon number can be 25 to the maximum, is 20 to the maximum, is 12 to the maximum, or is 8 to the maximum.Some number of carbons compounds can be entrained in the steam in the stratum, and can isolate from the stratum with steam.In the stratum, keep increased pressure can suppress the number of carbons compound and/or polycyclic hydrocarbon compounds is entrained in the steam.Number of carbons compound and/or polycyclic hydrocarbon compounds can liquid phase be retained in the stratum very long-time.This can be the compound pyrolysis very for a long time grace time is provided, to form than the low carbon number compound.
The generation of low-molecular-weight relatively hydrocarbon is considered to part because the automatic generation and the reaction of the hydrogen in the part of hydrocarbon containing formation.For example, the maintenance increased pressure can force the hydrogen that produces in the pyrolytic process to get into the liquid phase in the stratum.The temperature that said part is heated in the pyrolysis temperature range can produce the liquid phase pyrolyzation fluid with the hydrocarbon pyrolysis in the stratum.The liquid phase pyrolyzation fluid component that produces can comprise two keys and/or base.Hydrogen (H in the liquid phase 2) can reduce the two keys in the pyrolyzation fluid of generation, reduce thus from the polymerization of the long-chain compound of the pyrolyzation fluid that produces or the possibility of formation.In addition, H 2Base in the pyrolyzation fluid that produces also can neutralize.H in the liquid phase 2The pyrolyzation fluid that can suppress to produce react each other and/or with the stratum in the reaction of other compounds.
The formation fluid of producing from producing well 206 can be transferred to treatment facility 210 through collecting pipe 208.Formation fluid also can be produced from thermal source 202.For example, fluid can be produced from thermal source 202 and control the pressure the stratum adjacent with said thermal source.The fluid of producing from thermal source 202 can be transported to collecting pipe 208 through conduit or pipeline, or the production fluid can be delivered directly to treatment facility 210 through conduit or pipeline.Treatment facility 210 can comprise separator, reaction unit, lifting device, fuel cell, turbine, storage container and/or be used for the other system and the device of process for producing formation fluid.Said treatment facility can form the transfer the fuel of at least a portion of the hydrocarbon of producing since the stratum.In certain embodiments, transfer the fuel can be burner oil, for example JP-8.
Insulated electric conductor can be used as the electrical heater element of heater or thermal source.Insulated electric conductor can comprise the internal electrical conductor (core) that is centered on by electrical insulator, and external electrical conductor (sheath).Electrical insulator can comprise mineral insulating material (for example magnesia) or other electrical insulating materials.
In certain embodiments, insulated electric conductor is placed in the opening in the hydrocarbon containing formation.Among some embodiment, insulated electric conductor is placed in the bore hole opening in the hydrocarbon containing formation.With insulated electric conductor be placed on can make in the bore hole opening in the hydrocarbon containing formation heat through radiation and the conduction be delivered to the stratum from insulated electric conductor.Use the bore hole opening can be convenient to insulated electric conductor and fetch, if necessary from well.
In certain embodiments, insulated electric conductor is placed in the sleeve pipe in the stratum, can be fixed in the stratum, maybe can use sand, rubble or other fillers to be packed in the opening.Insulated electric conductor can be supported on the supporting member that is arranged in the opening.Supporting member can be cable, bar or pipeline (for example conduit).Supporting member can be processed by metal, pottery, inorganic material or its combination.The because in use part of supporting member can be exposed to formation fluid and heating, but so supporting member chemically-resistant material and/or heat-resisting.
The connector of tether, spot welding and/or other types can be used for insulated electric conductor is connected to supporting member at the diverse location place along insulated electric conductor length.Supporting member can be attached to well head in the upper surface place on the stratum.In certain embodiments, insulated electric conductor has enough structural strengths, thereby does not need supporting member.Insulated electric conductor can have at least some flexibilities under many circumstances, damages when occurrence temperature changes, to prevent thermal expansion.
In certain embodiments, insulated electric conductor in the situation held that does not have supporting member and/or centralizer in pit shaft.There is not the insulated electric conductor of supporting member and/or centralizer to have to suppress the insulated electric conductor appropriate combination of heat-resisting and anti-corrosion, creep strength, length, thickness (diameter) and the metallurgical performance of fault in use.
Fig. 2 illustrates the three-dimensional view of end of an embodiment of insulated electric conductor 252.Insulated electric conductor 252 can have any desired shape of cross section, for example still is not limited to circle (shown in Fig. 2), triangle, ellipse, rectangle, hexagon or irregularly shaped.In certain embodiments, insulated electric conductor 252 comprises core 218, electrical insulator 214 and sheath 216.Core 218 can be in electric current resistance heating during through said core.Alternating current or the time time-dependent current and/or direct current can be used for power being provided to core 218 so that the core resistance heating.
In certain embodiments, electrical insulator 214 suppresses to leak and arc discharge to the electric current of sheath 216.Electrical insulator 214 can be with the heat heat conduction that produces in the core 218 to sheath 216.Sheath 216 can be to stratum radiation or conduction warm.In certain embodiments, insulated electric conductor 252 length are 1000 meters or longer.Long or short insulated electric conductor also can be used for satisfying the needs of application-specific.The size of the core 218 of insulated electric conductor 252, electrical insulator 214 and sheath 216 may be selected to and makes insulated electric conductor have that enough intensity is come even still can self-supporting under upper limit working temperature.Such insulated electric conductor can from well head or be arranged on overlying rock and hydrocarbon containing formation between the support suspension of near interface, and need not to extend to the supporting member in the hydrocarbon containing formation with insulated electric conductor.
Insulated electric conductor 252 can be designed for operation under Gao Keda about 1650 watts/meter or higher power level.In certain embodiments, when the heating stratum, insulated electric conductor 252 is operated under the power level between about 300 watts/meter and about 1150 watts/meter.The insulated electric conductor 252 maximum voltage level under the common operating temperature that can be designed so that does not make electrical insulator 214 produce significant heat and/or electrical breakdown.Insulated electric conductor 252 can be designed so that sheath 216 is no more than causing the significantly reduced temperature of sheath material corrosion resisting property.In certain embodiments, insulated electric conductor 252 can be designed to reach the temperature in the scope between about 650 ℃ and about 900 ℃.Can form insulated electric conductor and satisfy the specific operation requirement with other opereating specifications.
Fig. 2 illustrates the insulated electric conductor 252 with single core 218.In certain embodiments, insulated electric conductor 252 has two or more cores 218.For example, single insulated electric conductor can have three cores.Core 218 can be processed by metal or other electric conducting materials.The metal that is used to form core 218 can include but not limited to nichrome, copper, nickel, carbon steel, stainless steel and combination thereof.In certain embodiments; Core 218 is chosen to have certain diameter and the resistivity under operating temperature so that its resistance that is obtained by Ohm's law makes it stable with structure aspects aspect electricity, thus the maximum voltage that the every meter power consumption, heater length and/or the core material that realize selecting allow.
In certain embodiments, core 218 is made from a variety of materials along the length of insulated electric conductor 252.For example, the first of core 218 can be processed by the much lower material of the second portion of the said core of resistance ratio.First can with the stratum placed adjacent that need not be heated to the same high-temperature in second stratum, said second stratum is adjacent with second portion.The resistivity of the various piece of core 218 can be through having variable-diameter and/or assigning to regulate through having a plurality of cores of being processed by different materials.
Electrical insulator 214 can be made of a variety of materials.Normally used powder can include but not limited to, MgO, Al 2O 3, zirconia, BeO, the different chemical variant of spinelle, and combination.MgO can provide good heat conductivity and electrical insulation capability.The electrical insulation capability of expectation comprises low-leakage current and high dielectric strength.Low-leakage current reduces the possibility of thermal breakdown, and high dielectric strength reduces the possibility that strides across the insulator arc discharge.If leakage current causes the progressive rising of the temperature of insulator, then thermal breakdown possibly take place, also cause striding across the insulator arc discharge.
Sheath 216 can be outer metal level or conductive layer.Sheath 216 can be in layer fluid thermally and contact.Sheath 216 can be processed by the material that under high-temperature, has highly corrosion resistant.The alloy that can be used for the desired operation temperature range of sheath 216 includes but not limited to 304 stainless steels, 310 stainless steels,
Figure BDA00002233399600151
and (Inco Alloys International; Huntington; West Virginia, U.S.A.).The thickness of sheath 216 possibly enough use in heat and corrosive atmosphere and continue three to ten years.The thickness of sheath 216 can change between about 1mm and about 3.5mm usually.For example, the 310 stainless steel skins that 1.3mm is thick can be used as sheath 216, with provide continue to surpass 3 years the stratum is heated the good chemical resistance of the sulfidation corrosion in the district.Bigger or less jacket thickness can be used for satisfying the certain applications requirement.
One or more insulated electric conductors can be placed in the opening in the stratum, to form a thermal source or a plurality of thermal source.Electric current can transmit through each insulated electric conductor in the opening and heat the stratum.Alternatively, electric current can transmit through the selected insulated electric conductor in the opening.Obsolete conductor can be used as subsequent use heater.Insulated electric conductor can any convenient manner be electrically coupled to power supply.Each end of insulated electric conductor can be connected to the lead-in cable that passes well head.Such structure has near the 180 ° of bendings (" zig zag " bends) or the part of turning round that is arranged on the thermal source bottom usually.The insulated electric conductors that comprise the 180 ° of bendings or the part of turning round can not need bottom terminals, but 180 ° to bend or turn round part possibly be electricity and/or structure weakness in the heater.But insulated electric conductor series, parallel or electrically connect together with the connection in series-parallel hybrid mode.In some embodiment of thermal source, electric current can be sent in the conductor of insulated electric conductor, and can be through in the thermal source at core 218 being connected to sheath 216 (shown in Fig. 2) and returning through the sheath of insulated electric conductor.
In certain embodiments, three insulated electric conductors 252 are electrically coupled to power supply with 3 phase Y shape structures.Fig. 3 illustrates the embodiment of three insulated electric conductors that connect with Y shape structure in the opening in the subsurface formations.Fig. 4 illustrates the embodiment of three insulated electric conductors 252 taking out of opening 238 that can be from the stratum.Three insulated electric conductors in the Y shape structure do not need the bottom to connect.Alternatively, whole three insulated electric conductors of Y shape structure can link together near the bottom of opening.Said connection can be directly forms at the place, end of the heating part of insulated electric conductor or at the place, end of cold pin (less resistive part), and wherein said cold pin is connected to heating part in the at of insulated electric conductor.The jar that the bottom connects the jar that can use insulator filling or sealing or uses epoxy resin to fill makes.This insulator can be and the identical component of insulator that is used as electrical insulating material.
Illustrated three insulated electric conductors 252 can use centralizer 222 to be connected to supporting member 220 among Fig. 3 and 4.Alternatively, insulated electric conductor 252 can use metal tape directly to be bundled into supporting member 220.Centralizer 222 can make insulated electric conductor 252 be held in place on the supporting member 220 and/or suppress insulated electric conductor 252 moving on supporting member 220.Centralizer 222 can be processed by metal, pottery or its combination.Metal can be the metal that stainless steel maybe can tolerate any other type of corrosion and hot environment.In certain embodiments, centralizer 222 is for being welded to the bending metals band of supporting member with the distance less than about 6m.The pottery that is used for centralizer 222 can be, but be not limited to Al 2O 3, MgO or other electrical insulators.Centralizer 222 can keep the position of insulated electric conductor 252 on supporting member 220, so that moving under the operating temperature of insulated electric conductor of insulated electric conductor is suppressed.But insulated electric conductor 252 is some flexibility also, to bear the expansion of supporting member 220 in the heating process.
Supporting member 220, insulated electric conductor 252 and centralizer 222 can be placed in the opening 238 in the hydrocarbon layer 240.Insulated electric conductor 252 can use cold pin 226 to be connected to bottom conductor junction surface 224.Bottom conductor junction surface 224 can electrically connect each insulated electric conductor 252 each other.Bottom conductor junction surface 224 can comprise infusible material under the temperature of conducting electricity but in opening 238, occurring.Cold pin 226 can be to have than insulated electric conductor 252 more low-resistance insulated electric conductors.
Introduce conductor 228 and can be connected to well head 242, electric power to be provided to insulated electric conductor 252.Introducing conductor 228 can be processed by low-resistance relatively conductor, so that heat relatively seldom is owing to electric current produces through introducing conductor.In certain embodiments, introducing conductor is the twisted copper wires of rubber or polymer insulation.In certain embodiments, introducing conductor is the mineral insulation conductor with copper core.Introduce conductor 228 and can be connected to well head 242 at surperficial 250 places through the sealing flange that is arranged between overlying rock 246 and the surface 250.But the sealing flange suppression fluid escapes to surface 250 from opening 238.
In certain embodiments, introducing conductor 228 uses transition conductor 230 to be connected to insulated electric conductor 252.Transition conductor 230 can be the less resistive part of insulated electric conductor 252.Transition conductor 230 can be described as insulated electric conductor 252 " cold pin ".Transition conductor 230 can be designed to about 1/10th to about 1/5th the power that per unit length consumes consumed power in the main heating part per unit length of insulated electric conductor 252.Transition conductor 230 can still can use shorter or longer length to adapt to the application-specific requirement usually between about 1.5m and about 15m.In one embodiment, the conductor of transition conductor 230 is a copper.The electrical insulator of transition conductor 230 can be with main heating part in the electrical insulator of used same type.The sheath of transition conductor 230 can be processed by corrosion resistant material.
In certain embodiments, transition conductor 230 is connected to through junction joint or other connecting joints and introduces conductor 228.Junction joint also can be used for transition conductor 230 is connected to insulated electric conductor 252.Junction joint can tolerate temperature near the target area operating temperature (for example equal the target area operating temperature or be the half the temperature of target area operating temperature), depends on whether number of conductors interlocks with junction joint in the opening.The density of the electrical insulating material in the junction joint should be enough high under many circumstances to tolerate temperature required and operating voltage.
In certain embodiments, as shown in Figure 3, filler 248 is arranged between overlying rock sleeve pipe 244 and the opening 238.In certain embodiments, reinforcing material 232 can be fixed to overlying rock 246 with overlying rock sleeve pipe 244.But filler 248 suppression fluids flow to surface 250 from opening 238.Reinforcing material 232 for example can comprise G level or H class a portland cement, slag or silica flour and/or its mixture that mixes with the silica flour that is used to improve high-temperature behavior.In certain embodiments, reinforcing material 232 radially extends the width of about 5cm to about 25cm.
Shown in Fig. 3 and 4, supporting member 220 can be connected to well head 242 at 250 places, surface on stratum with introducing conductor 228.Surface conductor 234 can and be attached to well head 242 around reinforcing material 232.The embodiment of surface conductor may extend into the degree of depth that about 3m in the opening in the stratum arrives about 515m.Alternatively, surface conductor may extend into the degree of depth of about 9m in the stratum.Electric current can be provided to insulated electric conductor 252 from power supply, thereby owing to the resistance of insulated electric conductor produces heat.Can opening 238, transmit at least a portion of coming heat hydrocarbon layer 240 from the heat that three insulated electric conductors 252 produce.
Can heat at least a portion of hydrocarbon containing formation by the heat of insulated electric conductor 252 generations.In certain embodiments, transfer heat to the stratum through the radiation of heat that produces basically to the stratum.Because the gas that exists in the opening, so some heat can be through the conduction or the convection current transmission of heat.Opening can be the bore hole opening, shown in Fig. 3 and 4.The bore hole opening has been eliminated and the cost that heater thermosetting jail is relevant to the stratum, the cost relevant with sleeve pipe, and/or heater is encapsulated in the cost in the hole.In addition, more efficient than passing through conduction usually through the heat transmission that radiation is carried out, so heater can be operated under lower temperature in uncased wellbore.Conductive heat transfer in the thermal source initial operation process can strengthen through in opening, adding gas.Gas can remain under the pressure of the about 27 crust absolute pressures of Gao Keda.Gas can include but not limited to carbon dioxide and/or helium.Insulated conductor heater in the uncased wellbore is free wxpansion or contraction advantageously, with accommodate thermal expansion and contraction.Insulated conductor heater can be advantageously can take out or arrangement again from uncased wellbore.
In certain embodiments, the insulated conductor heater assembly uses winding assembly to install or take out.A more than winding assembly can be used for installing simultaneously insulated electric conductor and supporting member.Alternatively, supporting member can use coil device to install.Heater can be unfolded, and is connected to support in the support fill-in well time.Electric heater and supporting member can launch from winding assembly.Liner can be connected to supporting member and heater along the length of supporting member.Other winding assemblies can be used for other electrical heater element.
Temperature-limiting heater can be provide for heater under some temperature automatic limit warm nature can structure and/or can be included under some temperature the material that automatic limit warm nature ability is provided for heater.In certain embodiments, ferrimagnet is used for temperature-limiting heater.But ferrimagnet the Curie temperature of material and/or phase transition temperature scope or near the self limit temperature so that the heat of minimizing is provided when time-dependent current put on material at that time.In certain embodiments, the temperature of ferrimagnet self limit temperature-limiting heater under selected temperature, this selected temperature are approximately Curie temperature and/or in the phase transition temperature scope.In certain embodiments, selected temperature is in phase transition temperature scope and/or Curie temperature about 35 ℃, in about 25 ℃, in about 20 ℃, in perhaps about 10 ℃.In certain embodiments, ferrimagnet connects so that various electricity and/or mechanical performance are provided with other material (for example high conductance material, high-strength material, resistant material or its combination).Some parts of temperature-limiting heater can have the low resistance (through different geometries and/or through using different ferromagnetism and/or nonferromugnetic material to cause) of other parts of proportional limit temperature heater.Make the parts of temperature-limiting heater have various materials and/or size, just allow the expectation thermal output that obtains from each parts of heater.
Comparable other heater of temperature-limiting heater is more reliable.Temperature-limiting heater can be not easy to damage or lost efficacy owing to the focus in the stratum.In certain embodiments, temperature-limiting heater is allowed and is evenly heated the stratum basically.In certain embodiments, temperature-limiting heater can more effectively heat the stratum through operating under higher evenly heat output along the whole length of heater.Temperature-limiting heater is along whole length operation under higher evenly heat output of heater; The maximum allowable operating temperature (M.A.O.T.) that surpasses or be about to surpass heater if this is along the temperature of any point of heater; The power that is sent to heater needn't be lowered to the degree of whole heater, and typical constant wattage heater comes to this.Come the thermal output near the part of the Curie temperature of heater and/or phase transition temperature scope of self-limiting heater temperature automatically to reduce, and need not carry out in check adjusting the time time-dependent current that is applied to heater.Because the variation of the electrical property (for example resistance) of the part of temperature-limiting heater, thermal output automatically reduces.Therefore, during the more major part of heating process, through the more power of temperature-limiting heater supply.
In certain embodiments; When temperature-limiting heater through the time during time-dependent current energy supply; The system that comprises temperature-limiting heater at first provides first thermal output, then near the phase transition temperature scope of the active component of heater and/or Curie temperature the time, at the phase transition temperature scope and/or the Curie temperature of the active component of heater; Perhaps, (second thermal output) thermal output of reduction is provided in the phase transition temperature scope of the active component of heater and/or more than the Curie temperature.First thermal output is thermal output at a certain temperature, and below the temperature, temperature-limiting heater begins self limit at this.In certain embodiments; First thermal output is the Curie temperature of the ferrimagnet in temperature-limiting heater and/or about 50 ℃ temperature below the phase transition temperature scope; Below about 75 ℃ temperature, below the thermal output of about 100 ℃ temperature or following about 125 ℃ temperature.
Temperature-limiting heater can be through time time-dependent current (alternating current or the modulating dc current) energy supply in the well head supply.Well head can comprise power supply and be used for other parts (for example modulating part, transformer and/or capacitor) to the temperature-limiting heater supply power.Temperature-limiting heater can be one of many heaters of a part that is used to heat the stratum.
In certain embodiments, thin conductive layer is used under the temperature up to the Curie temperature of ferromagnetic conductor and/or phase transition temperature scope or near the temperature it, providing the major part of the resistance heat output of temperature-limiting heater.This type of temperature-limiting heater can be used as the heater in the insulated conductor heater.The heater of insulated conductor heater can be positioned at epitheca inside, between this epitheca and heater, has insulating barrier.
Fig. 5 A and 5B show the cutaway view that has as an embodiment of the insulated conductor heater of the temperature-limiting heater of heater.Insulated electric conductor 252 comprises core 218, ferromagnetic conductor 236, inner conductor 212, electrical insulator 214 and sheath 216.Core 218 is the copper core.Ferromagnetic conductor 236 for example is iron or ferroalloy.
Inner conductor 212 has higher conductivity for the thin conductive layer that nonferromugnetic material constitutes than ferromagnetic conductor 236.In certain embodiments, inner conductor 212 is a copper.Inner conductor 212 can be copper alloy.Copper alloy has more flat resistance with respect to temperature curve than blunt copper usually.More flat resistance can provide the less variation of basis up to the thermal output of the temperature change of Curie temperature and/or phase transition temperature scope with respect to temperature curve.In certain embodiments, inner conductor 212 is for having the copper of calculating by weight 6% nickel (CuNi for example 6Or LOHM TM).In certain embodiments, inner conductor 212 is CuNi 10Fe 1The Mn alloy.At the Curie temperature of ferromagnetic conductor 236 and/or below the phase transition temperature scope, the mobile major part of electric current of inner conductor 212 is led in the constraint of the magnetic behavior of ferromagnetic conductor.Therefore, at Curie temperature and/or below the phase transition temperature scope, inner conductor 212 provides the major part of the resistance heat output of insulated electric conductor 252.
In certain embodiments, together with core 218 and ferromagnetic conductor 236, inner conductor 212 sizes make inner conductor that the heat output and the conditioning desired ratio of expectation are provided.For example, inner conductor 212 can have the about 2 or 3 times cross-sectional area of the cross-sectional area that is lower than core 218.Usually, if inner conductor is copper or copper alloy, it is long-pending that inner conductor 212 must have small cross section, so that the thermal output of expectation is provided.In an embodiment with copper inner conductor 212; Core 218 has the diameter of 0.66cm, and ferromagnetic conductor 236 has the external diameter of 0.91cm, and inner conductor 212 has the external diameter of 1.03cm; Electrical insulator 214 has the external diameter of 1.53cm, and sheath 216 has the external diameter of 1.79cm.In an embodiment with CuNi6 inner conductor 212; Core 218 has the diameter of 0.66cm, and ferromagnetic conductor 236 has the external diameter of 0.91cm, and inner conductor 212 has the external diameter of 1.12cm; Electrical insulator 214 has the external diameter of 1.63cm, and sheath 216 has the external diameter of 1.88cm.Provide the insulated electric conductor of most of thermal output to compare with do not use thin inner conductor at Curie temperature and/or below the phase transition temperature scope, this type of insulated electric conductor is less usually and manufacturing cost is lower.
Electrical insulator 214 can be magnesia, aluminium oxide, silicon dioxide, beryllium oxide, boron nitride, silicon nitride or its combination.In certain embodiments, electrical insulator 214 is magnesian compacted powder.In certain embodiments, electrical insulator 214 comprises the bead of silicon nitride.
In certain embodiments, little material layer places between electrical insulator 214 and the inner conductor 212 and under higher temperature, migrates to electrical insulator so that prevent copper.For example, little nickel dam (the for example nickel of about 0.5mm) can place between electrical insulator 214 and the inner conductor 212.
Sheath 216 is processed by resistant material, for example but be not limited to 347 stainless steels, 347H stainless steel, 446 stainless steels or 825 stainless steels.In certain embodiments, the Curie temperature of ferromagnetic conductor 236 and/or phase transition temperature scope or more than, sheath 216 provides some mechanical strengths for insulated electric conductor 252.In certain embodiments, sheath 216 is not used for conduction current.
When making the insulated electric conductor (for example length is 10m or longer) of length, there are many potential problems.For example, the gap possibly be present between the material block that is used to form the electrical insulator in the insulated electric conductor.These gaps possibly cause heaving or mechanical defect in core or other parts of insulated electric conductor.Insulated electric conductor comprises the insulated electric conductor that is used as heater and/or is used for the insulated electric conductor (almost not having or do not provide the insulated electric conductor of thermal output) of the overlying rock part on stratum.For example, insulated electric conductor can be the mineral insulation conductor, like mineral insulated cable.
In the typical process that is used for making (formation) insulated electric conductor, the sheath of insulated electric conductor begins as electric conducting material (for example stainless steel) bar.The sheath bar forms the columniform shape of (longitudinally being rolled into) part, and electrical insulator piece (for example magnesia block) is inserted into partly in the columniform sheath.The piece that inserts can be part cylinder piece, for example semicylinder piece.After inserting piece, the vertical core that is generally solid cylinder is placed in part cylinder and the semicylinder piece.For example process by copper, nickel and/or steel by electric conducting material for core.
In case after electrical insulator piece and core were in place, the part that then comprises the sheath of piece and core can form complete cylinder around piece and core.The longitudinal edge of the closing cylinder of sheath can weld so that form has the core that is positioned at sheath and the insulated electric conductor assembly of electrical insulator.Inserting piece can repeat along the length of sheath so that form the insulated electric conductor assembly of desired length with the cylindrical technology of sealing sheath.
When forming the insulated electric conductor assembly, can take further step to reduce the gap in the assembly.For example, can the insulated electric conductor assembly be moved through the progressive system that reduces and reduce the gap in the assembly.A progressive instance that reduces system is a roll system.In this roll system, the insulated electric conductor assembly can advance and pass a plurality of levels and vertical roller, and wherein assembly replaces between level and vertical roller.Roller can reduce size to the final expectation external diameter of insulated electric conductor assembly progressively.
Be placed in the sheath if allow during the insulated electric conductor assembly reduces technology that the electrical insulator piece is freely sat; One or more gaps that have between them in the piece then, these gaps cause that for example core is heaved or the problem of other mechanical defect and so on occurs in the insulated electric conductor assembly that reduces.The appearance of this type of problem possibly cause the electric problem between the insulated electric conductor assembly operating period and possibly make assembly can not be used for its desired use.Therefore, need a kind of reliable method, it guarantees during the insulated electric conductor assembly reduces technology, to reduce or eliminate the gap between the electrical insulator piece.
In certain embodiments, axial force imposes on the piece in the insulated electric conductor assembly gap between the piece is reduced as far as possible.For example, when inserting in the insulated electric conductor assemblies for one or more, can abut against the piece that has been arranged in assembly and the piece that axially inserted along assembly pushing (mechanically or pneumatically).Provide when assembly reduces technology and keep the power of length between piece through moving through, come to reduce the gap between the piece as far as possible and utilize enough power to abut against the piece that the pushing of the piece in the insulated electric conductor assembly inserted along assembly when assembly.
Fig. 6-8 shows an embodiment of piece pressing device 254, and the piece that said pressing device can be used in the insulated electric conductor assembly provides axial force.In certain embodiments, as shown in Figure 6, device 254 comprises that insulated electric conductor keeps seat 256, plunger guide device 258 and cylinder 260.Device 254 can be arranged in the assembly line that is used to make the insulated electric conductor assembly.In certain embodiments, device 254 is arranged in the part place that is used for piece is inserted the assembly line of sheath.For example, device 254 longitudinally is being rolled into the sheath bar step of part cylinder form and core is being inserted between the step in the insulated electric conductor assembly.After inserting core, the sheath that comprises piece and core can form complete cylinder.In certain embodiments, core inserts around core in sheath in piece insertion before and piece.
In certain embodiments, insulated electric conductor keeps seat 256 shapes to be suitable for keeping the part of sheath 216 and allows that jacket assembly moves through insulated electric conductor and keeps seat, and other part of sheath side by side moves through other part of assembly line simultaneously.Insulated electric conductor keeps seat 256 can be attached to plunger guide device 258 and cylinder 260.
In certain embodiments, piece keeps seat 262 to be attached to insulated electric conductor and keeps seat 256.Piece keeps seat 262 can be being used for depositing piece 264 and piece 264 is inserted the device of sheaths 216.In certain embodiments, piece 264 is formed by two half-cylinders piece 264A, 264B.Piece 264 can be by being applicable to that the electrical insulator in the insulated electric conductor assembly processes, for example but be not limited to magnesia.In certain embodiments, piece 264 length are approximately 6 ".Yet the length of piece 264 can change according to the needs of expectation or insulated electric conductor assembly.
Separator can be used to piece separately and keeps piece 264A, 264B in the seat 262 so that make piece correctly to insert in the sheath 216.As shown in Figure 8, piece 264A, 264B can keep seat to utilize gravity to keep seat 262 to be sent to sheath 216 from piece at 256 o'clock through insulated electric conductor at sheath.Piece 264A, 264B can insert (after inserting, piece directly flatly is placed in the sheath side by side) in the sheath 216 by the mode that directly is arranged side by side.
When piece 264A, 264B insert in the sheath 216, can make piece move (pushing), so that remove the gap between the piece in the sheath towards the piece of previous insertion.Can use the plunger 266 shown in Fig. 8 that piece 264A, 264B are moved towards the piece of previous insertion.Plunger 266 can be positioned at sheath 216 so that plunger provides pressure and to sheath self pressure is not provided to the piece of sheath.
In certain embodiments, the shape of cross section that has of plunger 266 allows that plunger freely moves and on the core in sheath power is not provided on the piece axial force being provided in sheath 216.Fig. 9 shows an embodiment of plunger 266, and wherein the shape of cross section that has of plunger 266 allows that plunger is providing power but on the core in sheath power is not provided on the piece.In certain embodiments, plunger 266 is processed or is scribbled ceramic material by pottery.The aluminium oxide (ZTA) that an instance of spendable ceramic material is the zirconium dioxide malleableize.Use the plunger of pottery or band ceramic coating can prevent that piece is by plunger wear when plunger puts on piece with power.
In certain embodiments, cylinder 260 utilizes one or more bars to be attached to plunger guide device 258 (shown in Fig. 6 and 7).Cylinder 260 can be aligned with sheath 216 and plunger 266 with plunger guide device 258 increases angular momentum so that prevent to piece or sheath.Can use bidirectional valve operation cylinder 260 and extend or withdraw so that make cylinder can provide according to which side of cylinder positive air pressure.When cylinder 260 extends (as shown in Figure 6), plunger guide device 258 keeps seat 256 to move away so that make plunger 266 be moved to the next door and allow that piece 264A, 264B keep seat 262 to insert (for example falling) to the sheaths 216 from piece from insulated electric conductor.
When cylinder 260 withdrawal (as shown in Figure 7), plunger guide device 258 towards plunger 266 move and plunger 266 in piece 264A, the last power that set point value is provided of 264B.Plunger 266 presses against in the last power that set point value is provided of piece 264A, 264B so that with piece on the piece in the previous insertion sheath 216.Can select according to many factors in the value of piece 264A, the last power that provides of 264B by plunger 266; These factors for example for but be not limited to the speed of sheath when moving through assembly line, prevent to form between the piece adjacent in sheath the required power in gap value, can be applied to the peak that piece can not damage the power of piece, perhaps its combination.For example, the set point value of power can be between about 100 ft lbfs and about 500 ft lbfs (for example about 400 ft lbfs).In certain embodiments, the set point value of power is the minimum value that prevents to exist between the piece adjacent in sheath the required power in gap.The set point value of power can be confirmed through providing to the value of the air pressure of cylinder.
By after the piece pushing of previous insertion, the air pressure in the cylinder 260 is inverted and cylinder extends so that plunger 266 withdrawals and other piece keep seat 262 to fall into sheath 216 from piece at piece 264A, 264B.This technology can repeat till sheath 216 is filled with the piece up to the required desired length of insulated electric conductor assembly.
In certain embodiments, use cam that plunger 266 is moved back and forth (extending and withdrawal), this cam make provide to the direction of the air pressure of cylinder 260 alternately.This cam can for example be attached to the bidirectional valve that is used to operate cylinder.This cam can have the primary importance and operation valve the second place with withdrawal cylinder of operation valve to extend cylinder.Can this cam be moved between first and second positions through the operation plunger, so that the operation of cam conversion cylinder between extension and withdrawal.
Extension through plunger 266 and be retracted in piece 264A, the last power intermittently that provides of 264B just provides the power of set point value on the string of the piece in insertion sheath 216.The string of the piece in sheath provides this power, just eliminates and prevent that the gap from forming between adjacent piece.Gap between the anti-stops has just reduced the possibility that machinery and/or electric fault in the insulated electric conductor assembly take place.
In certain embodiments, piece 264A, 264B quilt are to insert in sheath 216 except above-mentioned other method that directly is arranged side by side the mode.For example, can insert piece by the staggered mode that is arranged side by side that piece is wherein opened along the length offset of sheath.According to this set mode, plunger can have different shapes to adapt to the piece that offsets.For example, Figure 10 shows an embodiment of plunger 266, and this plunger 266 can be used to push (interlocking) piece that offsets.As another instance, piece can insert by top/end set-up mode (a semicylinder piece is positioned on second half cylinder piece top).Top/end set-up mode can make piece be located immediately at over each other or be in (interlocking) relation that offsets.Figure 11 shows an embodiment of plunger 266, and this plunger 266 can be used to push the piece that top/end is provided with.The interior piece of sheath is offseted or interlock and to prevent that stops is with respect to the rotation of the piece before or after the piece that inserts.
The electrical property that to have another potential problems source in the insulated electric conductor of length (for example length is 10m or longer) be electrical insulator maybe be along with the past of time deterioration.Any little change of electrical property (for example resistivity) all possibly cause insulated electric conductor to lose efficacy.Usually processed by some electrical insulator pieces owing to be used for the electrical insulator of long length insulated electric conductor, as stated, the improvement that is used to make the technology of electrical insulator piece can increase the reliability of insulated electric conductor.In certain embodiments, electrical insulator is modified into has the resistivity that kept substantial constant at insulated electric conductor between the operating period (for example during producing heat) along with past of time by insulated conductor heater.
In certain embodiments, electrical insulator piece (for example magnesia block) possibly caused the impurity of piece deterioration along with the past of time with removal by purifying.For example, the raw material that are used for the electrical insulator piece can be heated to higher temperature metal oxide impurities is transformed into metallic element (for example, iron oxide impurity can be transformed into ferro element).The comparable metal oxide of metallic element is removed from the electrical insulator raw material more easily.Therefore, the electrical insulator purity of raw materials can improve through before removing impurity, raw material being heated to higher temperature.Raw material can be heated to higher temperature through for example using plasma discharge.
In certain embodiments, use hot pressing to make the electrical insulator piece, hot pressing is the method that is used to make pottery well known in the prior art.Hot pressing electrical insulator piece can make the contact point place fusion of raw material in insulated conductor heater in the piece.Piece can improve the electrical property of electrical insulator in the fusion at contact point place.
In certain embodiments, use air dry or that purify in baking oven, to cool off the electrical insulator piece.Use air dry or that purify can during cooling procedure, reduce in impurity or the moisture adding piece.Remove the reliability that moisture can increase the electrical property of piece from piece.
In certain embodiments, the electrical insulator piece is not heat-treated during the technology of making piece.But not to piece heat-treat resistivity and anti-stops in the maintainance block along with the past of time deterioration.In certain embodiments, with the heating of the rate of heat addition slowly electrical insulator piece to help the resistivity in the maintainance block.
In certain embodiments, the core of insulated electric conductor scribbles the material in the electrical insulator that prevents migration impurity to insulated electric conductor.For example, utilize nickel or
Figure BDA00002233399600261
625 to apply alloy 180 (Alloy180) core and can prevent that material from migrating to the electrical insulator from alloy 180.In certain embodiments, core is processed by the material that does not migrate in the electrical insulator.For example, carbon steel core possibly not cause electrical insulator along with the past of time deterioration.
In certain embodiments, electrical insulator is by for example powder magnesia manufacturing of powder raw material.Comparable other type magnesia of powder magnesia is resisted deterioration better.
Should understand, the invention is not restricted to described particular system, said system can change certainly.Should also be understood that term used herein only from the purpose of describing specific embodiment, is not intended to limit.When using in this manual, " " of singulative, " one " and " being somebody's turn to do " comprise a plurality of related things, only if said content spells out in addition.Thereby, for example, mention the combination that " core " comprises two or more cores, mention " a kind of material " and comprise multiple mixtures of material.
By means of this specification, other modification of various aspects of the present invention and alternate embodiment will be obvious for those skilled in the art.Therefore, it is exemplary that this explanation will only be regarded as, and is used to instruct those skilled in the art to realize general fashion of the present invention.Should understand, should be regarded as presently preferred embodiment with described form of the present invention shown in this paper.Element and material that this paper illustrates and describes are replaceable, and parts and technology can be put upside down, and characteristics more of the present invention can independently be used, and this is conspicuous for benefiting from the those skilled in the art after the explanation of the present invention.Can change said element and do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention described in following claims.
Should be appreciated that in each characteristic of the following stated claims and can or separate with the characteristics combination of other claim.For example, the characteristic of two or more dependent claims can be combined in together to form multinomial dependent claims.

Claims (17)

1. insulated conductor heater comprises:
Electric conductor, said electric conductor are configured to when electric current is provided to said electric conductor, produce heat;
Electrical insulator, said electrical insulator surrounds said electric conductor at least in part, and wherein said electrical insulator has and produces at electric conductor that the past along with the time keeps the resistivity of substantial constant or increase when hot; And
External electrical conductor, said external electrical conductor is surrounded said electrical insulator at least in part.
2. heater according to claim 1, wherein, said electrical insulator comprises purified magnesia.
3. heater according to claim 1, wherein, said electrical insulator comprises powder magnesia.
4. heater according to claim 1, wherein, said heater configuration becomes to be arranged in the opening of subsurface formations.
5. heater according to claim 1, wherein, said heater configuration becomes to be arranged in the opening of subsurface formations, and said heater configuration becomes at least a portion to subsurface formations that heat is provided.
6. insulated conductor heater comprises:
Electric conductor, said electric conductor are configured to when electric current is provided to said electric conductor, produce heat;
Electrical insulator; Said electrical insulator surrounds said electric conductor at least in part; Wherein said electrical insulator comprises one or more collets, and said collets have electric conductor produce when hot along with the time in the past and the resistivity that keeps substantial constant or increase; And
External electrical conductor, said external electrical conductor is surrounded said electrical insulator at least in part.
7. heater according to claim 6, wherein, said collets comprise purified magnesia block.
8. heater according to claim 6, wherein, said collets are formed by powder magnesia.
9. heater according to claim 6, wherein, said heater configuration becomes to be arranged in the opening of subsurface formations.
10. heater according to claim 6, wherein, said heater configuration becomes to be arranged in the opening of subsurface formations, and said heater configuration becomes at least a portion to subsurface formations that heat is provided.
11. the method for part at least that is used to form insulated electric conductor comprises:
Partly placing the part at least of elongated cylindrical internal electrical conductor and partly being at least between the part of columniform elongated external electrical conductor insulated electric conductor for columniform first;
With at least between the part of the external electrical conductor that partly places the part at least of said internal electrical conductor for columniform at least one extention and partly form of insulated electric conductor, the first of the extention of wherein said insulated electric conductor along the length of this part of said elongated external electrical conductor from insulated electric conductor flatly dislocation opens; And
Power with set point value makes the extention of said insulated electric conductor shift to the first of said insulated electric conductor, so that the first of the extention of said insulated electric conductor and said insulated electric conductor is pressing each other basically.
12. method according to claim 11 also comprises mechanically or pneumatically utilizes the power of set point value to make the extention of said insulated electric conductor shift to the first of said insulated electric conductor.
13. method according to claim 11; Also be included in the extention that makes said insulated electric conductor and shift to after the first of said insulated electric conductor, form columniform basically elongated external electrical conductor by the part that comprises said insulated electric conductor said external electrical conductor partly.
14. method according to claim 13 also is included in the part at least that the columniform basically elongated external electrical conductor of formation forms said insulated electric conductor afterwards.
15. method according to claim 11 comprises also that elongated bar by electric conducting material forms and partly is the part at least of columniform elongated external electrical conductor.
16. method according to claim 11 comprises also that the part that makes elongated cylindrical internal electrical conductor is arranged in and partly is the part of columniform elongated external electrical conductor.
17. an insulated conductor heater comprises:
Electric conductor;
Electrical insulator, wherein said electrical insulator have and produce at electric conductor that the past along with the time keeps the resistivity of substantial constant or increase when hot; And
External electrical conductor.
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