CN1027768C - 岩石钻头及其制造方法 - Google Patents
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
- B23P11/00—Connecting or disconnecting metal parts or objects by metal-working techniques not otherwise provided for
- B23P11/02—Connecting or disconnecting metal parts or objects by metal-working techniques not otherwise provided for by first expanding and then shrinking or vice versa, e.g. by using pressure fluids; by making force fits
- B23P11/025—Connecting or disconnecting metal parts or objects by metal-working techniques not otherwise provided for by first expanding and then shrinking or vice versa, e.g. by using pressure fluids; by making force fits by using heat or cold
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B10/00—Drill bits
- E21B10/62—Drill bits characterised by parts, e.g. cutting elements, which are detachable or adjustable
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
- E21B17/02—Couplings; joints
- E21B17/04—Couplings; joints between rod or the like and bit or between rod and rod or the like
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining
- Y10T29/49863—Assembling or joining with prestressing of part
- Y10T29/49865—Assembling or joining with prestressing of part by temperature differential [e.g., shrink fit]
Abstract
一种制造岩石钻头的方法,该钻头包括钻杆和可更换的切削头。其步骤包括:制作钢钻杆,使钻杆端部的外表面具有预定形状;制作钢切削头,其一端有工作面,另一端有凹槽,凹槽截面形状与钻杆端部的截面形状相对应,且比钻杆端部尺寸小大约0.15%;用低温流体冷却钻杆,使其尺寸减小到小于凹槽的尺寸;在钻杆端部安装切削头,使二个部件的温度恢复至周围温度。钻杆和切削头之间形成冷缩配合。
Description
本发明涉及一种钻岩机,特别涉及一种岩石钻头。本发明还涉及一种将可拆卸的切削头固定到钻头的钻杆上的方法。
所有的岩石钻头均包括两个部件,即切削头和钻杆,二者可成一体或不成为一体。切削头的功能是将岩石破碎并引导碎屑脱离工作面,具体地说,是固定嵌入切削头工作面的碳化钨球头或凿齿执行上述功能。切削头所用材料必须坚韧耐磨,以便抵抗连续的击打和破碎岩石的研磨。适合做切削头的材料可以是穿透淬火工具钢,如A2、A8和D2号钢;至少含1.8%镍的穿透淬火合金钢;加工硬化钢,例如奥氏体高锰钢或含有0.15~0.25%的碳和含有至少1.8%镍的表面硬化钢。上述材料具有优良性能,当然也可以采用其它材料。钻杆的功能主要是将冲击能量从锤体传递到钻头的切削头。使用时钻头也旋转,并产生扭矩。钻杆所用材料中可含有1.8%或更多的镍。
如果切削头和钻杆分别制造,要根据技术经济的要求为这两个部件选择最佳材料。另外,对于制造每个部件的坯料直径应仅根据其相应部件来加以选定,以减少废料和降低造价。再有将切削头连接到钻杆上时,应保证钻杆对切削头施加足够的握紧力,以便在使用时切削头不会从钻杆上脱落下来,但同时又要允许切削头拆下而不会对每个部件、特别是钻杆造成损坏。显然,要满足上述的要求,是不允许使用焊接和其它永久粘接的方法的。如果两个部件是用压入配合方式装配在一起,则该装配件在使用过程中承受锤体击打是不可靠的,另外,过分地压入配合会损坏部件的表面,有可能使钻杆无法继续使用。
本发明人发现冷缩配合是一种特别适合的组装方法,特别是当部件截面不一致时。因此本发明提供装配和拆卸钻头部件的方法,其中部件之间按0.15%压配合。
本发明的目的在於提供一种岩石钻头,该钻头具有更长的寿命和更优良的性能。
本发明的另一个目的在于通过减少所规定的库存量及简化钻头装配步骤来降低钻头成本。还有一个目的是通过在制造过程中减少废料和通过减少钻杆清理频率,来减少资源消耗。
上述目的及其它目的可通过制造具有钻杆和更换切削头的岩石钻头的方法来实现,该方法包括以下步骤:制造带有端部的钻杆,该端部有外表面;制造切削头,该切削头的一端设有工作面,另一端设有凹槽,该凹槽截面形状与上述钻杆端部的截面形状相对应,凹槽的尺寸比钻杆端部的尺寸小0.012%~0.38%;用液氮或其它低温流体对钻杆进行冷却以减少其尺寸;将切削头安装在钻杆端部;使上述部件温度恢复至周围温度,从而在切削头和钻杆之间形成冷缩配合。
根据本发明提供的一种制造岩石钻头的方法,该钻头包括钻杆和可更换的切削头,其步骤包括:
制作钢钻杆,该钻杆带有端部,该端部的外表面的截面为预定的形状;
制作钢切削头,该切削头的一端有工作面,另一端设有凹槽,该凹槽截面形状与钻杆端部截面形状相对应,凹槽尺寸比钻杆端部尺寸至少小0.15%;
至少改变上述两个部件中的一个的温度,使钻杆温度低于切削头温度,低到足以使钻杆端部能顺利地装配到上述凹槽中;
将切削头安装在钻杆端部,使上述两个部件的温度恢复到周围温度,从而在切削头和钻杆之间形成冷缩配合。
根据本发明提供的方法,其特征在于通过对钻杆端部冷却来形成温度差。
根据本发明提供的方法,其特征在于钻杆端部有外表面,凹槽有内表面,上述外表面和内表面均进行抛光,其范围为0.762~1.27μ(30~50微英寸)。
根据本发明提供的方法,其特征在于通过将钻杆浸入液氮中对钻杆进行冷却。
根据本发明提供的方法,其特征在于将钻杆端部冷却到至少195.5℃(-320°F)。
根据本发明提供的方法制造的岩石钻头,它包括钻杆和可更换的切削头。
图1是本发明钻头的局部剖视分解图,表示构成钻头的两个部件相互的装配位置。
图2与图1类似,表示构成钻头的两个部件已装配好的状态。
图3为沿垂直於钻头轴向的剖面线3-3的放大剖面图。
图4~图7为本发明其它实施例的非圆形剖面形状。
图8为钻头拆卸装置的局部剖面示意图。
如图1所示,本发明的钻头包括基本呈柱状的钢钻杆10,该钻杆端部12的端面为切削头端面14,该端面14与钻杆的轴16相垂直。钻杆端部的侧面18最好与上述端面14相垂直,两者之间的非垂直度小於14″,这就是说该钻杆端部12基本上无锥度。当然,该端部也可呈稍有倾斜的倒锥状(即其底端尺寸稍大)以便将切削头更好地固定住。图中所示钻杆端部12的直径稍大于钻杆其它部份的直径,以便于用机床进行加工和磨光处理,该钻杆端部的表面抛光范围最好为0.762~1.27μ(30~50微英寸)。通孔20沿钻杆轴向从切削头端面14延伸至击打端面22(见图8)。在下面将要描述的拆卸过程中,向该通孔通入液氮时,该孔可使钻孔用液体正常通过。
切削头30安装在钻杆端部上,该切削头包括柱状体22,其直径大于钻杆直径,切削头的切削面34表面有普通的淬硬切削部件36,该部件位于切削面边缘38附近。上述切削面带有多个孔40(至少需要一个这样的孔),该孔穿过柱状体32,并相交于钻头的轴线上。上述孔40与切削头尾部开设的凹槽42连通。该凹槽形状与钻杆端部相似,其表面抛光范围最好也为0.762~1.27μ(30~50微英寸)凹槽的侧面44最好与其底面44保持垂直,两者之间的非垂直度小於14″。从而保证在装配时,该切削头与钻杆紧密配合。凹槽的深度可根据钻头连接所需的强度而定。显然,较深的凹槽可加强连接的牢固度。为了得到最大的强度,可在凹槽底部再开设凹槽或将凹槽底部制成带圆角状,而钻杆端部也相应地制成带圆角状或带有凸缘,以避免边角处相互抵触。
凹槽和钻杆端部两者均可为柱状体,即截面为圆形。但是,为了加强固定,防止两个部件相对旋转,也可采用非圆形截面。这种非圆形截面可采用图3所示的带键槽或暗销48的截面形式,或者钻杆和切削头的截面均为如图4-7所示的椭圆形或多边形。
钻杆的截面尺寸应比其嵌入的凹槽大0.012~0.38%,以便在两者间形成压配合。在这里,如果截面形状为圆形,则“尺寸”是“直径”的意思,如果截面形状为多边形或非规则形状,则“尺寸”是“宽度”的意思。当压配合值为0.15%时,因为至少需要继续使用钻杆,故不能通过压力直接将两个部件连接在一起,否则切削部分会受到损坏。因此,最好用冷缩配合的方式将两个部件装配在一起。实现冷缩配合的一种方式是将钻杆浸在沸点为-196℃(-321°F)的液氮中一段时间。
在-178.3℃(-300°F)时,钢的线膨胀系数为0.00000054,因此将钢从室温冷却至-178.3℃(-300°F)以下则可产生约0.2%的收缩率,该值大大高于0.15%的压配合值,一旦冷却后,可将钻杆迅速嵌入到凹槽中,并伸至凹槽底。
再使两个部件恢复到周围温度时,两者便牢固地连接在一起,而不受到任何机械力的作用,机械力会造成可见的损坏或看不见的裂纹。
之后钻头便可投入使用,当切削部件磨损后,可将钻头拆卸下来,更换新的。当然无须将整个钻头废弃,因为钻杆的磨损量比切削头的磨损量低2~3倍,即前者大大低於后者。因此,钻杆本身仍可使用一、二次。上述更换工作首先必须将磨损的切削头拆卸下来,显然,如果用机械方式将钻杆与切削头拉开会对钻杆造成损坏,使其无法再使用。因此,可采用热差收缩的方法来拆卸部件,但采用这种方法也较为困难,因为部件会由于温度变化形成紧密接触。但我们发现了一种可实现热差收缩的方法,该方法可用很轻的力即可将部件拉开。实现该方法时,可把钻头放在固定架50(图8)上来拆卸切削头30,在通孔底部设置密封件52,向孔中注入液氮54。当钻杆冷却时,监测位于切削头附近的钻杆温度,当上述钻杆部位的温度降低到-73.3℃(-100°F)或更低时,可采用热感应装置56对切削头迅速加热。该电感应装置可采用由Westing house公司生产的型号为MFC-2的感应炉,该炉具有监测钻杆温度的传感器。于是可以实现足够的热量差,从而可利用液压缸58很容易地将部件拉开。
对於上述装配方法,该领域普通技术人员很容易知道,也可采用加热切削头而不是冷却钻杆的方式来获得所需的温度差,上述变换也属于本发明的一部分。
另外,本发明还可以使用除液氮以外的低温流体,这里,低温流体是一般性术语。
对于本发明可以改进或变换,而所给出的附图及上述描述仅仅是本发明的一种形式。
Claims (7)
1、一种制造岩石钻头的方法,该钻头包括钻杆和可更换的切削头,其步骤包括:
制作钢钻杆,该钻杆带有端部,该端部的外表面的截面为预定的形状;
制作钢切削头,该切削头的一端有工作面,另一端设有凹槽,该凹槽截面形状与钻杆端部截面形状相对应,凹槽尺寸比钻杆端部尺寸至少小0.15%;
至少改变上述两个部件中的一个的温度,使钻杆温度低于切削头温度,低到足以使钻杆端部能顺利地装配到上述凹槽中;
将切削头安装在钻杆端部,使上述两个部件的温度恢复到周围温度,从而在切削头和钻杆之间形成冷缩配合。
2、根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于通过对钻杆端部冷却来形成温度差。
3、根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于钻杆端部有外表面,凹槽有内表面,上述外表面和内表面均进行抛光,其范围为
0.762~1.27μ(30~50微英寸)。
4、根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于通过将钻杆浸入液氮中对钻杆进行冷却。
5、根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于将钻杆端部冷却到至少195.5℃(-320°F)。
6、根据权利要求1或3所述的方法,其特征在于将钻杆端部冷却到至少195.5℃(-320°F)。
7、一种由权利要求1至5所述方法制造的岩石钻头,它包括钻杆和可更换的切削头。
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US07/721,767 US5150636A (en) | 1991-06-28 | 1991-06-28 | Rock drill bit and method of making same |
US721,767 | 1991-06-28 |
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CN1027768C true CN1027768C (zh) | 1995-03-01 |
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US (1) | US5150636A (zh) |
JP (1) | JPH0711857A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1027768C (zh) |
AU (1) | AU655474B2 (zh) |
BR (1) | BR9202493A (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2072302C (zh) |
DE (1) | DE4220846A1 (zh) |
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CN1059850C (zh) * | 1997-04-09 | 2000-12-27 | 郑安明 | 精密热锻压矿山钎头的加工方法 |
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-
1992
- 1992-06-24 SE SE9201947A patent/SE9201947L/ not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1992-06-24 AU AU18625/92A patent/AU655474B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1992-06-25 DE DE4220846A patent/DE4220846A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 1992-06-25 ZA ZA924698A patent/ZA924698B/xx unknown
- 1992-06-25 CA CA002072302A patent/CA2072302C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1992-06-26 MX MX9203650A patent/MX9203650A/es unknown
- 1992-06-27 CN CN92108830A patent/CN1027768C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1992-06-29 JP JP4192746A patent/JPH0711857A/ja active Pending
- 1992-07-07 BR BR929202493A patent/BR9202493A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
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CN1059850C (zh) * | 1997-04-09 | 2000-12-27 | 郑安明 | 精密热锻压矿山钎头的加工方法 |
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ZA924698B (en) | 1993-08-09 |
BR9202493A (pt) | 1993-02-09 |
US5150636A (en) | 1992-09-29 |
SE9201947L (sv) | 1992-12-29 |
CN1074267A (zh) | 1993-07-14 |
CA2072302A1 (en) | 1992-12-29 |
MX9203650A (es) | 1993-12-01 |
CA2072302C (en) | 1995-05-09 |
JPH0711857A (ja) | 1995-01-13 |
AU1862592A (en) | 1993-01-07 |
DE4220846A1 (de) | 1993-01-14 |
AU655474B2 (en) | 1994-12-22 |
SE9201947D0 (sv) | 1992-06-24 |
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