CN102638213B - 双向降压-升压功率变换器、电起动机-发电机系统及方法 - Google Patents

双向降压-升压功率变换器、电起动机-发电机系统及方法 Download PDF

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CN102638213B
CN102638213B CN201210112687.9A CN201210112687A CN102638213B CN 102638213 B CN102638213 B CN 102638213B CN 201210112687 A CN201210112687 A CN 201210112687A CN 102638213 B CN102638213 B CN 102638213B
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CN102638213A (zh
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R·L·斯泰格沃尔德
L·J·加西斯
M·C·布林曼
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General Electric Co
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H02M3/1582—Buck-boost converters

Abstract

本发明涉及双向降压-升压功率变换器、电起动机-发电机系统及方法。本发明公开了一种双向降压-升压功率变换器(13)包括一对设置在电机(10)的输出端处的逆变器模块(14，15)以及一个连接在该对逆变器模块(14，15)之间的电感LO。一个电机起动机-发电机(10)具有一个逆变器/整流器(11)以及双向降压-升压变换器(13)，一种用于控制该电机起动机-发电机(10)的输出电压的方法包括：当该起动机-发电机(10)处于发电机模式时，输出一个由该双向降压-升压脉宽调制(PWM)开关控制的直流电压。

Description

双向降压-升压功率变换器、电起动机-发电机系统及方法
本申请是申请日为2005年11月15日、申请号为200510137343.3、发明名称为“双向降压-升压功率变换器、电起动机-发电机系统及方法”的专利申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及控制交流电机的输出的方法，尤其涉及用于控制电起动机-发电机的输出的降压-升压功率变换器。
背景技术
为小尺寸优化的高速交流电机具有很高的交流阻抗。在稳态操作期间，当通过整流器向直流负载产生功率时，高的交流阻抗不是一个主要问题。然而，当突然施加或去除负载时，高的交流阻抗成为一个问题。事实就是这样，因为负载的施加或去除导致从整流器施加到负载上的直流电压变化非常大，但这是不可接受的。
解决这个问题的一种方法是在整流器的输出端使用一个大的电容组来提供或者吸收瞬态能量。然而，大的电容组增加了尺寸和重量，这在必须尽可能限制尺寸和重量的系统里是一个问题。因此，仍然需要对其进行改善。
发明内容
本发明的一种典型实施例包括一个双向降压-升压功率变换器，所述双向降压-升压功率变换器包括一对设置在电机输出端的半桥逆变器模块和一个连接在该对半桥逆变器模块之间的电感。
在本发明的另一典型实施例中，一个双向降压-升压功率变换器包括一对设置在电机输出端的全桥逆变器模块和一个连接在该对全桥逆变器模块之间的变压器。
在本发明的另一典型实施例中，一个电起动机-发电机(ESG)系统被配置成在起动操作期间向飞机引擎或涡轮机提供机械功率；并且被配置成在发电机操作期间把来自涡轮机的机械功率转换成电功率。该ESG系统包括：一个与主要负载机械耦合并且被配置成提供交流(AC)电压的同步起动机-发电机、一个与该同步起动机-发电机电连接并且被配置成把交流电压变换为直流电压的逆变器/整流器以及一个双向降压-升压功率变换器。该双向降压-升压功率变换器被配置成执行下列多个操作中的每一个：在瞬态操作期间逐步提高输出电压、在瞬态操作期间逐步降低输出电压、在稳态操作期间逐步提高输出电压、在稳态期间逐步降低输出电压。
在本发明的一种方法实施例中，提出了一种用于控制一个具有逆变器整流器和双向降压-升压变换器的交流电机起动机-发电机的输出电压的方法，该方法包括：当该起动机-发电机处于发电机模式时，输出一个由该双向降压-升压脉宽调制(PWM)开关控制的直流电压。
附图说明
根据本发明给出的说明性实施例，可以充分体现本发明的优势、本质以及各种其它特性，本发明的原理是参照附图说明的，其中：
图1是根据本发明一个实施例的降压-升压功率变换器的简图；
图2是根据本发明另一实施例的降压-升压功率变换器的简图。
具体实施方式
我们将参照附图进一步对本发明进行详细解释，附图不以任何方式限制本发明的范围。
在本发明的一个实施例中，在交流电机/逆变器/整流器系统的输出端配置两个双向降压-升压变换器，以便对于起动或者发电允许沿任一方向的受控功率流，同时能够对突然的负载变化进行快速瞬态响应。因为电压可以在任一方向降低或者升高，所以通过降压-升压变换器的控制可以在突然施加负载或者突然去除负载期间保持输出电压。
参照图1描述一种双向降压-升压功率变换器实施例。尽管其适用于直流电机和交流电机，但是参照图1讨论的示例性双向降压-升压功率变换器电路13是为交流电机配置的。图1示出了一个交流电机10，在其输出端具有一个三相逆变器/整流器11。直流链路滤波器电容C1并联在逆变器/整流器11的输出端，而电容C2并联在直流总线的输出端。在电容C1和C2之间的是降压-升压电路13，其包括两个半桥逆变器模块14、15以及一个电感LO。包含在半桥逆变器模块14内部的是晶体管QA和QB以及与晶体管QA和QB相关联的反向并联二极管DA和DB。半桥逆变器模块15包括晶体管QC和QD以及与晶体管QC和QD相关联的反向并联二极管DC和DD。
由逆变器/整流器11向降压-升压变换器电路13提供输入，该逆变器/整流器11对交流电机10的输出功率进行变换。图1所示的是一个绕场(woundfield)同步电机，但是也可以使用许多其它类型的交流电机，例如永磁式或者感应式交流电机。
下表说明了在系统操作期间降压-升压变换器电路13中的哪些设备操作在哪些模式下，该系统采用一个绕场电机，从而在稳态下使用场控制来调节直流输出(如图1所示的270Vdc)。
表
现在我们讨论图1所示的降压-升压变换器电路13的操作，假设绕场同步电机利用场控制来进行稳态输出电压调节，如表中所述的那样。在表中，“导通”指设备完全打开，“斩波”指设备被灵敏地打开或关断，“开关”指二极管操作在开关模式下。根据本发明的一种实施例，可以在任一方向对功率进行处理(即起动或发电)，并且可以在任一方向对电压进行降低(或减小)或者提升。例如，将电起动机-发电机配置成在起动模式下起动飞机引擎，以及在稳态操作(发电模式)期间向辅助系统提供电功率。对于该示例性电起动机-发电机，在起动操作中将功率沿第一方向提供给涡轮机(例如飞机引擎)，在发电模式中将功率沿反方向提供给辅助系统。有利地，双向降压-升压功率变换器13被配置成在两个方向上(在起动操作期间提供给涡轮机，在发电机操作期间提供给辅助系统)对由电起动机-发电机供给的电压进行降低(逐步降低)和提升(逐步升高)。
在发电模式期间，晶体管QA和二极管DC导通，并且将整流器输出提供给在降压-升压变换器电路输出端处的负载。在发电模式期间，通过控制所述同步电机的直流场来调节输出电压。在负载施加模式期间，晶体管QA导通，晶体管QD处于斩波状态，二极管DC处于开关状态，并且为了在瞬态期间将输出直流电压维持在可接受的范围内(即限制输出电压下冲)而提升主整流器输出。在负载抑制模式期间，晶体管QA处于斩波状态，二极管DB处于开关状态，二极管DC导通，并且为了在瞬态期间将输出直流电压维持在可接受的范围内(即限制输出电压过冲)而降低主整流器输出。在起动模式期间，晶体管QC处于斩波状态，二极管DA导通，二极管DD处于开关状态，主逆变器在六步模式下操作，并且270VDC被降低。
因为电压可以在任一方向上被降低或提升，所以在施加或去除负载期间，所述降压-升压变换器可以维持输出电压。
此外，因为由降压-升压变换器电路来控制电压偏移(过冲和下冲)，所以与上面针对相关技术描述的方法相比较，直流链路滤波器电容的尺寸可以减小。此外，在相关技术系统中，电容用于存储能量，但是在本发明的实施例中，电容C1和C2主要是高频旁路电容，其用来去除输出中的波纹。
主逆变器/整流器/变换器电路可以操作在“六步”模式下，双向降压-升压电路可以操作在脉宽调制(PWM)模式下，以便在起动期间(即驱动作为电动机的交流电机)提供一个与电机频率成正比的直流链路电压，与传统系统中所需的带有完全直流总线电压的逆变器的正弦PWM操作相比，这样可以大大减少逆变器的开关损耗。在起动期间，将降压-升压变换器电路操作在PWM模式下以产生直流链路电压会导致较低的电流波纹和较低的功耗。
如果将直流链路总线控制成幅度可变的，那么为了减少开关损耗，与电机连接的变换器也可以操作在“脉冲幅度模式”下。为此，所述变换器将作为标准PWM变换器被开关或者具有恒定的占空比，同时直流总线与电机速度成正比地变化。电流调节器的带宽将取决于降压-升压变换器能够以多快的速度改变电压。此外，对于感应发电机的情况，如前面所述，逆变器可以操作在“六步”模式下(方波)，其中利用电流调节来改变降压-升压变换器电路的输出电压。
对于利用场控制来调节输出的绕场同步电机，不需要降压-升压电路的PWM斩波动作来控制输出。换句话说，晶体管QA被门控制为完全打开，二极管DC导通直流电流。因此降低了在稳态操作期间的开关损耗。
不像上面参照相关技术所描述的系统，因为使用了降压-升压变换器电路，所以不需要使用功率电阻在负载抑制期间耗散交流电机输出端处的功率。通过控制负载施加和负载移除期间的电压，所述降压-升压功率变换器电路可以维持系统的输出电压，进而排除了对功率电阻的需要。
上面描述的本发明实施例比起传统系统的一个优势在于其具有更好的故障处理能力，这是因为当输出端发生短路时不需要大的电容，并且避免了大的输出电容组产生的潜在的破坏性电流。
也可以利用能够在任一方向上处理功率的变压器隔离的电路来实现“降压-升压”功能。一种这样的实施例如图2所示。在该图中，显示有两个全桥逆变器24、25，以及一个隔离变压器26位于两个逆变器之间。通过在全方波模式下(即相对的晶体管各导通近似50％的时间)驱动每一个全桥可以在任一方向上对功率进行处理，从而在变压器上产生一个方波。随后通过对一个桥相对于另一个桥进行相移来对电压变换和功率流动方向进行控制。这种操作类型也会导致晶体管进行“软开关”，这会给出低的开关应力和损耗，正如下面的文章中描述的那样：“Performancecharacterizationofahigh-powerdualactivebridgeDC-to-DCconverter(高功率双有源桥直流-直流变换器的性能特点)”，Kheraluwala，M.N.；Gascoigne，R.W.；Divan，D.M.；Baumann，E.D.；IndustryApplications，IEEETransactionson，Volume：28，Issue：6，Nov.-Dec.1992，Page：1294-1301。通过使用如图2所描述的变压器，可以更加容易地对大电压变换比进行处理。例如，如果电机电压高而直流总线电压低(例如图2中描述的48伏特直流电压)，那么可以调节变压器匝数比，以使其达到最大的电压变换。此外，由于变压器的电隔离(galvanicisolation)，可以使用更多的电机和电压接地选项。此外，应该注意到在图2中可以使用半桥逆变器来代替全桥逆变器。
尽管按照具体实施例描述了本发明，但是对本领域熟练技术人员来讲，他们可以在权利要求书的精神和范围内对本发明进行修改。也就是说，尽管在本文中就电起动机-发电机应用讨论了本发明，但是应该注意的是，本发明可以应用在控制交流电机输出的所有应用中。

Claims (16)

1.一种电起动发电机ESG系统，配置为在启动运行期间向涡轮机提供机械功率并且配置为在发电运行期间将来自涡轮机的机械功率转化为电功率，所述ESG系统包括：
同步起动发电机，其机械耦合到涡轮机并且配置为提供交流AC电压；
逆变器/整流器，其电连接到所述同步起动发电机并且配置为将该AC电压转换为DC电压；以及
双向降压-升压功率变换器，其配置为执行以下多个操作的每一个：在负载施加模式期间的瞬态运行期间逐步升高输出DC电压以将输出DC电压维持在可接受的范围内，在负载抑制模式期间的瞬态运行期间逐步降低输出DC电压以将输出DC电压维持在可接受的范围内，在稳态运行期间逐步升高输出电压，以及在稳态运行期间逐步降低输出电压，使得在负载施加模式期间和负载抑制模式期间经由双向降压-升压功率变换器维持输出DC电压；和
DC总线链路高频滤波器，其用来基本上去除所述双向降压-升压功率变换器输出中的波纹。
2.如权利要求1所述的ESG系统，其中所述双向降压-升压功率变换器包括：
布置在所述逆变器/整流器的输出处的一对半桥逆变器模块；以及
连接在所述一对半桥逆变器模块之间的电感器。
3.如权利要求1所述的ESG系统，其中所述逆变器/整流器被配置为在六步模式下运行。
4.如权利要求3所述的ESG系统，其中所述逆变器/整流器被配置为在同步起动发电机的起动运行期间在六步模式下运行。
5.如权利要求1所述的ESG系统，其中所述双向降压-升压功率变换器包括：
布置在所述逆变器/整流器的输出处的一对全桥逆变器模块；以及
连接在所述一对全桥逆变器模块之间的变压器。
6.一种电起动发电机ESG系统，配置为在启动运行期间向涡轮机提供机械功率并且配置为在发电运行期间将来自涡轮机的机械功率转化为电功率，所述ESG系统包括：
同步起动发电机，其机械耦合到涡轮机并且配置为提供交流AC电压；
逆变器/整流器，其电连接到所述同步起动发电机并且配置为将AC电压转换为DC电压；以及
双向降压-升压功率变换器，其配置为执行以下多个操作的每一个：在瞬态运行期间逐步升高输出电压，在瞬态运行期间逐步降低输出电压，在稳态运行期间逐步升高输出电压，以及在稳态运行期间逐步降低输出电压，使得在负载施加模式期间和负载抑制模式期间经由双向降压-升压功率变换器和DC总线链路滤波器使DC总线电压保持。
7.如权利要求6所述的ESG系统，其中所述双向降压-升压功率变换器包括：
布置在所述逆变器/整流器的输出处的一对半桥逆变器模块；以及
连接在所述一对半桥逆变器模块之间的电感器。
8.如权利要求6所述的ESG系统，其中所述逆变器/整流器被配置为在六步模式下运行。
9.如权利要求8所述的ESG系统，其中所述逆变器/整流器被配置为在同步起动发电机的起动运行期间在六步模式下运行。
10.如权利要求6所述的ESG系统，其中所述双向降压-升压功率变换器包括：
布置在所述逆变器/整流器的输出处的一对全桥逆变器模块；以及
连接在所述一对全桥逆变器模块之间的变压器。
11.一种控制绕场同步起动发电机的电压输出的方法，所述绕场同步起动发电机具有逆变器/整流器和双向降压-升压功率变换器，所述方法包括：
当所述绕场同步起动发电机处于发电模式下时基于场电流输出DC电压；以及
在从降压-升压变换器发电模式、降压-升压变换器负载施加模式、降压-升压变换器负载抑制模式和降压-升压变换器起动模式中选择的模式下执行降压-升压变换器的降压-升压操作，使得在负载施加模式期间和负载抑制模式期间经由双向降压-升压功率变换器和DC总线链路滤波器使DC总线电压保持。
12.一种控制ac起动发电机的电压输出的方法，所述ac起动发电机具有逆变器/整流器和双向降压-升压功率变换器，所述方法包括：
当所述ac起动发电机处于发电机模式下时输出由双向降压-升压脉宽调制PWM开关控制的dc电压，使得在负载施加模式期间和负载抑制模式期间经由双向降压-升压功率变换器和DC总线链路滤波器使dc总线电压保持。
13.如权利要求12所述的方法，其中所述双向降压-升压变换器执行PWM开关以便控制从DC总线到所述逆变器/整流器的电流。
14.如权利要求12所述的方法，还包括：
当所述ac起动发电机处于起动模式下时在六步模式下操作所述逆变器/整流器。
15.如权利要求14所述的方法，还包括：
通过所述双向降压-升压变换器的PWM开关控制所述输出电压。
16.如权利要求14所述的方法，其中所述输出电压与所述ac起动发电机的电机速度成正比。
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US8138694B2 (en) 2012-03-20
EP1657807A2 (en) 2006-05-17
CN102638213A (zh) 2012-08-15
BRPI0504935A (pt) 2006-06-27
US20060103341A1 (en) 2006-05-18
BRPI0504935B1 (pt) 2018-02-27
EP1657807A3 (en) 2013-05-01
US7327113B2 (en) 2008-02-05
EP1657807B1 (en) 2019-06-05
JP2006149184A (ja) 2006-06-08
JP4870968B2 (ja) 2012-02-08
US20080094019A1 (en) 2008-04-24

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