CN1026337C - 一种整体式粘结基体及其制造方法 - Google Patents

一种整体式粘结基体及其制造方法 Download PDF

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CN1026337C
CN1026337C CN91100132A CN91100132A CN1026337C CN 1026337 C CN1026337 C CN 1026337C CN 91100132 A CN91100132 A CN 91100132A CN 91100132 A CN91100132 A CN 91100132A CN 1026337 C CN1026337 C CN 1026337C
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拉尔夫·M·霍顿
罗伊斯·A·安东
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Saint Gobain Abrasives Inc
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Abstract

一种含有约5%至65%重量的锰,35%以下重量的锌,其余为铜的新型浸渗合金。该浸渗合金最好含有20%重量的锰,20%重量的锌,其余为铜。它可用来制造基体(如钻头体)。一种制造基体的方法,它包括:制造一个中空的铸模以至少铸造基体的一部分,将金刚石切削构件放入铸模内,至少在铸模内的一部分装入基体粉料,在炉内用新的浸渗合金浸渗基体材料以形成聚集体,让该聚集体固化而成整体的基体。

Description

本发明涉及一种整体式粘结基体,这种基体通过一种可用作浸渗粘结剂的低熔点合金,它可将金刚石切削构件粘结到基体上。更具体地说,是涉及一种低熔点铜-锰-锌合金,它可用作浸渗粘结剂,把金刚石或其它超硬切削构件结合到基体(例如钻头体)上。本发明也涉及用新的低熔点铜-锰-锌合金浸渗基体粉末来生产一种粘合基体的方法。
这里所描述的发明特别适用于制造这样一种旋转钻头,这种钻头体的外表面镶有许多用来切削或磨蚀岩层的切削构件,而内部有向钻头外表面上一 个或多个喷嘴提供钻孔泥浆的通道。各喷嘴位于钻头体的表面,以使钻孔泥浆由喷嘴排出并且在钻孔过程中流过切削构件,从而冷却和/或清洗这些构件。切削构件最好是具有由多晶金刚石或其它超硬材料构成的超硬切削面的预成型切削构件。
正如本领域熟练技术人员所理解的,“超硬”这个术语是用来描述金刚石和立方晶系一氮化硼材料。为方便起见,“金刚石”这术语这里是可与“超硬”这术语互换的,并且其含意包括高压或低压下(亚稳态生长)制得的金刚石(单晶的或多晶)的材料以及立方晶系-氮化硼材料。
用于钻岩的牵引钻头通常用两种方法中的一种来制造的。一种常规方法是通过机械加工将大块的钢材制成所要求的形状,就制成钢体钻头,再在钻头体上钻孔以容纳包含金刚石的切削构件,然后将该金刚石刀具压入其位置。当钻头是用这种方法制造时,金刚石刀具是通过刀具和孔的压配合而用机械方法固定的。另一种方法是将刀具钎焊到钢质钻头体上。
另一种制造牵引钻头的常规方法中,钻头体是通过粉末冶金方法来形成的。美国Wilder等人的NO.3,757,878和美国Barr的NO.4,780,274是用来生产基体钻头的粉末冶金法的实例,被引用在本发明。在这种方法中,将石墨块机械加工成铸模。将一种耐磨基体粉末(例如由碳化钨粉末颗粒制成)放置在该铸模内,将钢质坯件放入到该铸模内,在基体粉末的上部。其后,再把一种浸渗合金安放在模子里。加热时,该浸渗合金熔化并且透入到基体粉末内,并充满颗粒间的空间。冷却时,这些渗入的合金就凝固并把基体粉末颗粒粘结在一起成为粘聚的整块。该浸渗的合金也将这粘聚块结合到钢质坯件上形成基体钻头。然后将一有螺纹的连接件焊到该钢质坯件的端部以使得钻头能够连接到钻具组。以常规的铜基浸渗合金进行这种方法所需的炉温约为1065℃到约1200℃。
通常将含有金刚石的切削构件以两种方法中的一种方法连接到如此制成的基体钻头上。如果含有金刚石的刀具能够经得起浸渗温度而没有显著的破坏,则在基体粉末加进之前就把该刀具放入模子内,而作为浸渗过程的结果,它们被结合到基体上,这些含有金刚石的刀具就变成基体钻头整体的一部分。然而,如果含有金刚石的刀具不能够不受显著破坏地承受住浸渗温度,则在浸渗好的刀头从模子里取出以后,通常用钎焊将刀具连接到钻头体上。
比起在渗透过程中直接将刀具结合到基体上,人们更不愿意用钎焊将该含金刚石刀具焊到钻头体上。钎焊是制造过程中的一个额外的步骤,它具有它自己的复杂性。虽然在制造基体钻头中删去钎焊步骤显然要合乎要求的,但市场上可买到的许多含金刚石的切削构件不能经受传统的铜基浸渗合金所需要的浸渗温度。例如,常规的多晶型金刚石预成型件仅在低于700℃到750℃的温度下是热稳定的,因此,它必须在浸渗后钎焊到钻头体上。更新的多晶型金刚石预成型件,例如由通用电器公司购得的商标为Geoset的预成型件和由DeBeers公司购得的商标为Syndax3的预成型件在低于常规浸渗温度(约1150℃)时,在名义上是热稳定的。然而在事实上,商标为Geoset的热稳定多晶型金刚石切削构件在温度低到1000℃就开始性能变坏。近来,DeBeers公司已开发一种商标为STSRSyndill的多晶系金刚石预成型件,在高到近于1000℃时它是热稳定的。
因此,本领域的技术人员迄今正积极地寻求浸渗温度比常规铜基浸渗剂低得多的新型浸渗合金。Griffin的美国专利NO.4,669,522公开了一种基本上是铜一磷二元共晶体或近于共晶体组分的合金作为浸渗合金。所揭示的这种合金的浸渗温度不大于850℃,更好的情况下不大于750℃。然而,有理由认为这种铜磷浸渗合金使用时具有某些冶金学上的问题,因此它在商业上没有获得成功。
本发明的一个优点是提供了一种浸渗温度低于约1000℃的新型浸渗合金。
本发明的另一个优点是提供了一种用浸渗温度低于约1000℃的浸渗合金来制造粘聚基体的新方法。
本发明还有另一个优点是提供了一种用浸渗温度低于约1000℃的铜基浸渗合金制造钻头体的方法。
本发明提供了包含约5%到65%重量的锰,低于35%重量的锌,其余部分为铜的一种新的低熔点浸渗合金,从而获得了这些和其它一些优点。较好的是该浸渗合金包含约20%到30%重量的锰,10%到25%重量的锌,其余为铜。最好的是 该浸渗合金包含20%重量的锰,20%重量的锌,其余为铜。这种较佳组分的浸渗合金的熔点约为835℃,浸渗温度(即浸渗可以进行的温度)约为950℃。现有技术揭示了性质上具有相似组分的各种金属合金。例如见Cascone的美国专利4,003,715,Greenfield的美国专利4,389,074,Trler等人的美国专利3,778,238,Shapiro等人的美国专利3,775,237,Shapiro等人的美国专利3,880,678,Renschen的美国专利3,972,712等等。但以前还从未公开过具有上述组分的浸渗合金。
本发明也提供了一种整体的粘聚基体,它包含许多嵌入在粘结基体内的切削构件,而该基体是用一种浸渗合金将基体材料浸渗而制得的。该浸渗合金具有上述的组分并且其特征为浸渗温度约为1050℃或低于1050℃,更好的约为950℃。该基体切削构件由超硬材料,例如在浸渗温度下是热稳定的多晶金刚石材料制成的。根据要求,这整体的基体形成钻头体的一部分。
本发明的另一方面,是提供了一种制备整体的基体的方法,它包括:塑造一个中空的铸模,以至少铸造基体的一部分,将切削构件放入铸模内,至少在铸模的一部分装入基体粉料,在炉内用一种浸渗合金浸渗基体材料以形成聚集体,让该聚集体凝固而成整体的基体,该合金是一种包含锰的铜基合金,它经选择以提供浸渗温度不大于约1050℃。更合乎要求的是浸渗合金也包含一定量的锌并且具有大约950℃的浸渗温度。
在本发明的一个较佳的实施例中,提供了一种制造钻头体的方法,它包括塑造一个中空的铸模以至少铸造该钻头体的一部分,将切削构件(由热稳定的多晶型金刚石材料制成)放入铸模内,至少在铸模的一部分装入基体粉料,在炉内用一种浸渗合金浸渗该基体粉料以形成聚集体,随后让该聚集体凝固,该合金包括约20%重量的锰,约20%重量的锌,其余是铜,该合金熔点约为835℃而浸渗温度约为950℃。
图1是铸模纵截面示意图,说明根据本发明制造旋转钻头的方法。
图2是在图1的铸模中制得的旋转钻头的部分截面图。
根据本发明制得一种新的浸渗合金,它可用于制造基体。在最广泛的含义上,这种新的浸渗合金含有约5%至65%重量的锰,约0%至35%的锌,其余是铜。更好的情况是该浸渗合金含有约20%至30%重量的锰,约10%至25%重量的锌,其余是铜。
这些成分的浸渗合金的熔点约在830℃至980℃范围内,浸渗温度不高于约1050℃。浸渗温度一般总高于合金的熔点,以降低它熔化后的粘滞性,从而提高它进入基体粉料的穿透率。这种发明的浸渗合金也可含有少量其他合金元素,只要它们不会把熔点提高到约980℃以上。例如,发明的浸渗合金也可含有约0.1%到5%重量的硅,约0.1%至1%重量的锡,或约0.1%至1%重量的硼。
这种发明的浸渗合金可以用来制造基体钻头。参看图1,其说明了用这种新型浸渗合金制造基体钻头的装置和方法。这装置包括一个由两部分构成的铸模10,它由石墨或其他适当的材料(如砂、烧石膏,某种陶瓷材料,或涂复有一层与浸渗粘结剂和基体材料不发生反应的材料的金属等)构成。铸模10的内部构型大体上对应于所需的钻头体或其一部分的表面形状。铸模10还有位于其内表面的凹穴,用来接纳金刚石刀具12。
将铸模10的上部和模盖10a取去,放好模芯14,再将一层基体粉末颗粒16放入铸模10,复盖突出的金刚石12,并摇振使它到位并使粉料紧密。基体粉料最好由碳化钨,浇铸碳化钨或其混合物的颗粒构成。也可以使用其他的硬质粉料,如碳化物,硼化物,氮化物和氧化物,或者是如铁、钴、钨、铜、镍及它们的合金之类的金属粉料(不论是涂复过或未涂复的)。对基体粉料的唯一限制是它在浸渗过程中不会与浸渗合金反应而使该合金的熔点提高到约980℃上。基体粉料最好包含各种不同大小颗粒的混合物,以产生高的振实密度从而得到良好的耐磨性和耐腐蚀性。
在将金刚石刀具12和基体粉料16放入铸模10以后,把钢质坯件18放在铸模10上,位于粉料16之上。钢质坯件18与铸模10的表面是隔开的,用适当的夹具(图上未示出)将它固定在其位置上。随后,把铸模10的上部放在坯件18之上,再在铸模10内放入一堆浸渗合金(如22所示)处在位于钢质坯件18之内及其周围的基体成形材料之上,并伸延至空间24。浸渗合金一般是 粗的弹丸形或事先切好的碎块形。根据本发明,该合金是一种含有5%至65%重量的锰,35%以下重量的锌,其余是铜的铜基合金,更好的是含有约20%至30%重量的锰,约10%至25%重量的锌,其余是铜的铜基合金。这种合金的浸渗温度为1050℃或较低。
基体成形材料和浸渗合金装入铸模以后,将组合好的铸模放入炉内加热至浸渗温度,使合金熔化并以已知的方式浸渗基体形成材料。这个浸渗过程在低于约1050℃的温度下进行,最好是在约950℃左右进行。
然后将组合件冷却并从铸模取出。制得图2所示的钻头体。因此钻头体包含钢质坯件18,其上粘结着耐磨基体颗粒复盖层16,而金刚石切削构件12则嵌入在该复盖层内。如上面所讨论的,本发明的一个重要优点在于金刚石切削构件12是当钻头体在铸模内形成过程中嵌入在钻头体内的,因为比较低的浸渗温度减小了对金刚石切削构件的热损伤,并且允许使用那些在1000℃以上的温度下将会损坏的金刚石刀具。钻头体成形后冷却过程中由热致应力引起损坏的危险也减小了。
金刚石切削构件12可以是任一种用来制造基体钻头的常规构件,如天然或合成金刚石刀具,或是立方晶系一氮化硼刀具。但是本发明的最大用途是当金刚石切削构件是由热稳定的多晶金刚石聚合体构成时,例如前面所述的商标为GeosetTM、Syndax3、或STSR Syndill之类的预成型件。这些预成型件可以得到各种形状,如圆盘或三角形。一般而言,预成型件包含一层由多晶金刚石或其他超硬材料构成的表面层,它结合在粘结碳化钨之类的衬底层上。不结合在衬底上的独立式多晶聚合体也适合作为金刚石切削构件12。独立式聚合体可以本身直接作为金刚石切削构件。另外,也可以通过在铸模内放入粉状或固态衬底材料与金刚石切削构件相接触,而在浸渗过程中使独立式聚合体在当场结合到衬底或支承材料上。金刚石薄膜(即在亚稳条件下沉积在衬垫上的金刚石材料)也被认为属于本发明范围之内。因此,放入铸模10内的金刚石切削构件也可包含沉积在衬垫上的金刚石薄膜。如果制得足够厚的金刚石薄膜(例如约0.5mm厚),可把金刚石薄膜与衬垫分离开来,而将它本身用作金刚石切削构件12。
不管金刚石切削构件12的确切性质如何,最好都有一层1至50μm厚的金属复盖层沉积在下面的超硬颗粒上。金属复盖层促进超硬颗粒被浸渗合金浸湿,从而使最后产品中金刚石切削构件12牢固地嵌入在整体的基体中。在超硬颗粒上敷施金属复盖的技术对本领域的技术人员来说是人所共知的。例如,可参看美国专利3,757,878(Wilder等)中关于一种化学气相沉积技术的说明,这种技术可用来将一层钨、钼、钽、钛、铌与它们的合金沉积在超硬颗粒上。钨是一种较佳的复盖物,因为它容易被本发明的新型浸渗合金浸湿。它之所以较佳,还因为在适当条件下它与其下的超硬颗粒化学结合在一起,并且因为它可作为超硬颗粒的抗氧化保护层。
以上所述制造钻头体的方法,已经使用以下材料而成功地实施:GeosetTM类型的多晶金刚石预成型件,由浇铸碳化钨构成的基体粉末,以及
(1)含有20%重量的锰,20%重量的锌,0.5%重量的硅,其余为铜的浸渗合金。这种浸渗合金的熔点约为835℃,而浸渗温度为950℃。在这温度下,该发明的浸渗合金的浸渗率仅稍低于在1180℃下的常规浸渗剂,而它在1000℃的浸渗率则可与1180℃下的常浸渗剂相比。
上述过程也已成功地用下面成分的浸渗合金而实施:
(2)含有20%重量的锰,20%重量的锌,0.5%重量的锡,其余为铜;
(3)含有20%重量的锰,20%重量的锌,0.2%重量的硼,其余为铜;
(4)含有20%重量的锰,25%重量的锌,0.2%重量的硼,其余为铜;
在按上面所说明的方式来实施本发明过程时,重要的是将条件保持得不需使浸渗温度高于约1050℃。例如,基体粉末不应包含任何能使浸渗温度提高到1050℃以上的金属粉末。同样,有时用来促进浸渗合金对基体粉末的浸渗作用的助熔剂,应当是一种低熔点助熔剂,如无水Na2BO4之类。当它适当的低熔点助熔剂为硼酸,硼的氧化物,氟化物,氯化物等。当浸渗过程在真空中或在惰性气氛中进行时就不需要助熔剂。
在铸模中用来置换基体材料以形成特定几何形状的钻头体的粘土,以及施加于铸模表面将特定的 钻头或铸模部件固定在其位置上的胶合剂,都应当与浸渗合金不发生反应,而且不阻碍浸渗过程。一种合适的粘土是氧化铝粉末,聚乙烯石蜡(滴点=92℃)和硼酸的混合物构成的。其它的基体置换材料包括砂,石墨,造型粘土,烧石膏,而且也可使用其它可铸的陶瓷材料。迄今试验过的最合适的粘合剂是Testor的NO.3501粘合剂(这是常常用来制作塑料模型的粘合剂),或者是一种滴点高于100℃的聚乙烯石蜡。
上面所说明的制造带有金刚石刀具的岩石钻头的方法。与现有方法相比有许多优点。第一,如果在1000℃以下使用,它消除了GeosetTM切削构件所发生的性能变坏,这种切削构件名义上在1100℃以下的温度下是稳定的,但在约1000℃以上性能就开始变坏。其次,这方法可以允许STSR Syndill切削构件(它只在约1000℃以下是稳定的)在浸渗过程中结合到基体钻头上,因而不再需要钎焊。第三,它避免了发生于某些敷施在金刚石颗粒上的金属复盖层的起泡问题。某些金属复盖层含有一层铜。当浸渗温度高于铜的熔点(1083℃)时,铜层就会发生起泡。但是,由于本发明的方法是在1050℃以下进行,最好是在950℃的温度下进行,这个问题就避免了。第四,由于本方法是在较低的温度下进行,浸渗剂凝固后冷却过程中所产生的热应力也有显著降低。许多其他优点对本领域的技术人员是显然的。
发明的浸渗合金的用途并不限于制造基体钻头,它也能用于任何铸造过程,通过浸渗基体粉末并将颗粒粘结在一起而制造整体的机件,这一点也应当是明显的。例如,这浸渗合金也可用于一种制造拉丝模的过程,其中含有金刚石的阴模通过浸渗过程而结合到模块上。本发明的其它许多变换形式和实施方法,对本领域的技术人员将是显而易见的。

Claims (22)

1、一种整体式粘结基体,其特征在于它包含嵌埋在粘结基体中的许多切削构件,所述粘结基体由基体材料与浸渗合金构成,该浸渗合金是一种含有5%至65%重量的锰的铜基合金。
2、一种如权利要求1所述的整体式粘结基体,其特征在于该浸渗合金还含有10%至35%重量的锌。
3、如权利要求1或2所述的整体式粘结基体,其特征在于所述浸渗合金含有20%至30%重量的锰,10%至25%重量的锌,其余为铜。
4、如权利要求1或2所述的整体式粘结基体,其特征在于所述浸渗合金含有20%重量的锰,20%重量的锌,其余为铜。
5、如权利要求1或2所述的整体式粘结基体,其特征在于所述浸渗合金含有5%以下的一种附加合金元素,所述附加合金元素选自硅、锡、硼这一组物质。
6、如权利要求5所述的整体式粘结基体,其特征在于所述浸渗合金含有20%重量的锰,25%重量的锌,0.2%重量的硼,其余为铜。
7、如权利要求1或2所述的整体式粘结基体,其特征在于所述切削构件包含超硬颗粒,所述超硬颗粒包含一种金刚石材料。
8、如权利要求7所述的整体式粘结基体,其特征在于所述金刚石材料包含多晶金刚石材料。
9、如权利要求7所述的整体式粘结基体,其特征在于所述超硬颗粒包括一种金属外复盖层,所述金属外复盖层选自以下一组物质:钨、钼、钽、铌、钛以及它们的合金。
10、如权利要求9所述的整体式粘结基体,其特征在于所述金属外复盖层是钨。
11、如权利要求9所述的整体式粘结基体,其特征在于所述超硬颗粒是粘结在一种衬底材料上,所述衬底材料包含粘结的碳化钨。
12、如权利要求1或2所述的整体式粘结基体,其特征在于所述基体材料包含碳化钨、浇铸碳化钨及它们的混合物。
13、如权利要求12所述的整体式粘结基体,其特征在于所述基体材料是浇铸碳化钨。
14、如权利要求1或2所述的整体式粘结基体,其特征在于它是一个钻头体。
15、一种制造整体式粘结基体的方法,其特征在于它包括以下步骤:制造一个中空的铸模,以至少铸造所述基体的一部分,至少在铸模的一部分装入粉状基体材料,在炉内用浸渗合金浸渗上述粉状基体材料以形成一聚集体,再让该聚集体固化,该浸渗合金含有5%至65%重量的锰,10%至35%重量的锌,其余为铜。
16、如权利要求15所述的方法,其特征在于所述的浸渗合金含有20%至30%重量的锰,10至25%重量的锌,其余为铜。
17、如权利要求15所述的方法,其特征在于所述的浸渗合金含有20%重量的锰,20%重量的锌,其余为铜。
18、如权利要求15所述的方法,其特征在于所述的浸渗合金含有20%重量的锰,25%重量的锌,和0.2%重量的硼,其余为铜。
19、如权利要求15所述的方法,其特征在于在所述浸渗步骤之前,还进一步包含将一钢质坯件放入所述铸模之内的步骤,由此使该钢质坯件成为所述基体的一部分。
20、如权利要求15所述的方法,其特征在于在所述的浸渗步骤之前,还进一步包含将许多切削构件置于所述铸模之内的步骤,由此把这些切削构件变为所述基体的一部分。
21、如权利要求20所述的方法,其特征在于所述切削构件包含一种超硬的金刚石材料。
22、如权利要求20所述的方法,其特征在于所述切削构件包含一种多晶金刚石材料。
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AU6862491A (en) 1991-07-11
EP0437855B1 (en) 1997-09-03
NO910036L (no) 1991-07-08
EP0437855A2 (en) 1991-07-24
US5000273A (en) 1991-03-19
DE69031381D1 (de) 1997-10-09
CN1055771A (zh) 1991-10-30
IE910002A1 (en) 1991-07-17
DE69031381T2 (de) 1998-02-26

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