CN102523785A - Application of safranine T in seed dye mark tracing aspect - Google Patents
Application of safranine T in seed dye mark tracing aspect Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN102523785A CN102523785A CN2012100165486A CN201210016548A CN102523785A CN 102523785 A CN102523785 A CN 102523785A CN 2012100165486 A CN2012100165486 A CN 2012100165486A CN 201210016548 A CN201210016548 A CN 201210016548A CN 102523785 A CN102523785 A CN 102523785A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- safranine
- seed
- dyeing liquor
- dyeing
- application
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Abstract
The invention discloses application of safranine T in a seed dye mark tracing aspect. According to the application disclosed by the invention, a seed dye marking operation is carried out by using the safranine T, so that the seed is free from damage, the activity of the seed is not influenced, and the dyeing effect is lasting. The application disclosed by the invention can be applied to researching plant seed dispersal and seed bank in various types of ecosystems, such as farmland ecosystem, rivers and lakes ecosystem, grassland ecosystem, forest ecosystem and the like.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of new purposes of safranine T, be specifically related to safranine T and be applied to the spike of seed dye marker.
Background technology
Seed dispersal, diffusion etc. have linked the end of maternal plant cyclostage and the foundation of their offspring populations, think extensively that now it has deep effect to vegetation structure.Seed dispersal has a lot of meanings to plant population, group and ecosystem biology; It not only influences dynamically growing with continuing of population, and the heredity districtization influences interbiotic interaction; Can also change the richness and the distribution of species, and then the structure of group is exerted an influence.And seed dispersal also has crucial meaning to the weeds fauna in the agricultural ecosystem.Studying various media generally adopts botanizing seed bank quantity and spatial distribution dynamically or with the method for bead simulation to propagation, the diffusion influence of plant seed.These methods can disclose various routes of transmission qualitatively to be influenced to the dissemination of plant seed with to plant species word bank space dynamically; Be not sure of the propagation ratio of ruderal plant seed, also be difficult to the group in plant seed propagation and each ecosystem is linked up.Primary reason is that the seed dispersal circulation is complicated: become between the strain formation a lot of intermediate steps and process are arranged in seed generation and a new generation; Another reason is, seed dispersal is difficult to follow the tracks of, and the researcher is difficult to follow the tracks of seed dispersal that maternal plant produces to new place, thereby also is difficult to confirm their destiny.In recent years, the application of some new technologies and method is carried out the mark spike with the seed of propagating, and seed and seedling and maternal plant corresponding aspects are being shown good prospect.These mark tracer techniques comprise: labelled with radioisotope method, fluorochrome label method, stable isotope analysis and molecular genetic marker etc.Use these methods and successful mark often need big grain, contain the seed that enriches endosperm; And these detections that are labeled seed need special instrument and complicated operations comparatively, use inconvenience, time-consuming taking a lot of work; Wherein fluorochrome label method and radioisotope exist safety and problem of environmental pollution especially; In addition, the cost of these methods is all expensive, thereby their range of application is restricted.
Summary of the invention
To the objective of the invention is the defective that exists in the prior art in order solving, a kind of method that adopts safranine T to carry out the spike of seed dye marker to be provided.
In order to achieve the above object, the invention provides the application of a kind of safranine T aspect the spike of seed dye marker.Safranine T may further comprise the steps when being used for the seed dyeing that prematurity comes off:
(1) preparation safranine T dyeing liquor: get safranine T or safranine T and ethanol, add water, mix, safranine T is fully dissolved, preparation safranine T dyeing liquor; The concentration expressed in percentage by weight of safranine T is 0.5～5% in the said safranine T dyeing liquor, and the concentration expressed in percentage by volume of ethanol is 0～70%;
(2) seed dye marker: before the plant seed maturation comes off, get the safranine T dyeing liquor of preparation in the step (1), the original position of plant spray or repeatedly brushing safranine T dyeing liquor on plant seed, dyed redness until seed.
Safranine T may further comprise the steps when being used for ripe seed dyeing:
(1) preparation safranine T dyeing liquor: get safranine T or safranine T and ethanol, add water, mix, safranine T is fully dissolved, preparation safranine T dyeing liquor; The concentration expressed in percentage by weight of safranine T is 0.5～5% in the said safranine T dyeing liquor, and the concentration expressed in percentage by volume of ethanol is 0～70%;
(2) seed dye marker: gather ripe plant seed, after indoor natural wind is done, place the safranine T dyeing liquor of step (1) preparation to soak 0.5～5 hour, pull out then and drain dyeing liquor, plant seed is promptly dyed and is redness behind the room-dry.
Among them, used to stain from weed seeds, forest trees, marsh or aquatic plants, specifically from the following plants: grasses such as Japan A.aequalis A.aequalis, Wang grass, weeds rice, wild oats, Paspalum distichum, barnyard, long barnyardgrass, crabgrass, giant foxtail, Setaria, Pennisetum, bermudagrass, sibiricus, ryegrass, Zoysia, Polypogon grass, long grass awn Polypogon, Gunn hard grass, brome, bluegrass, Roegneria, mango millet, Di, reeds, loyal grass, creeping bentgrass, weedy rice, Caryophyllaceae such as cattle chickweed, sticky Maojuan ears, such as Polygonaceae Rumex, Rumex dentatus , willow smartweed, Ranunculaceae as Shilong Rui, fennel fennel garlic, Chenopodiaceae such as small quinoa, Scrophulariaceae as Mazus grass, Pedicularis, Persian speedwell, erect speedwell, speedwell, North Water Kumai, willow Section dishes such as loosestrife, Asteraceae Cha dishes such as rice, Sonchus, wild wormwood, Hemistepta vegetables, fruit, Solidago canadensis, Conyza canadensis, Su liquor grass, vegetable dippers children, Punta year, amaranth subjects such as Amaranthus, Achyranthes, Malvaceae such as Abutilon Labiatae such as henbit, Rubiaceae such as cleavers, cruciferous vegetables such as Thlaspi, shepherd's purse, sedges such as Scirpus, Eleocharis , green grass green moss ball spike flat Lufthansa, water lice grass, water centipede, sedge, such as Pittosporum Pittosporum Branch, Magnoliaceae like smile, Buxaceae such as Buxus, Ulmaceae such as elm, linden trees such as linden branch tree, maple tree branch, such as maple, Acer mono, chicken feet, mechanical, Juglandaceae as paliurus, maple, Rosaceae such as acaulis; supina, Euphorbiaceae such as the creeper, the earth Kam, maculata Jin, Lythraceae as Rotala, Umbelliferae like a snake bed.
The present invention compares prior art and has the following advantages: safranine T is safranin O again, is a kind of natural dyeing agent of from the safflower column cap, extracting.The employing safranine T carries out the seed dye marker, and is harmless to seed, do not influence the activity of seed, and Color is lasting.It is simple to operate to utilize the present invention that seed is carried out dye marker, and cost is low, and is pollution-free.Can be applicable to study that plant seed in the multiple ecosystems such as field ecosystem, the rivers and lakes ecosystem, forest ecosystem is propagated and the research of seed bank.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with instance the present invention is explained further details.
Embodiment 1
In Wang grass seeds mature before shedding (end of May) with saffron T dye plants on rye grass seed Wang situ stain marks, use a soft brush dipped in dye saffron T stain on Wang repeatedly painted grass seeds brush, until the original yellow grass seed Wang dye to the red dye evenly.
Embodiment 2
1? Cooked weed seeds mature in the summer, gathering weeds Wang wheat grass (
Beckmannia? Syzigachne ), Japan A.aequalis (
Alopecurus? japonicus ) mature seeds, indoor natural dried, soaked with saffron dye T 2 hours after the fish, on the interior dry.Wang originally yellow grass, the Japanese see the real dyed wheat lady in red.
2. the comparison of the weight of weed seed, germination rate comparison and floating ability before and after being labeled
The mensuration of seed weight: the thousand kernel weight before and after the weighing grass seed is labeled, repeat 5 times.
Seed germination rate is measured: the filter paper of diameter 10 cm is layered in the culture dish of same diameter, uses water-soaked filter paper, unmarked with 100 respectively then and weed seed dye marker evenly is placed on the filter paper; Add a cover; Repeat, be placed on 20 ± 1 ℃, light for 5 times: in the plant incubator of dark=12:12.Whole experimental session keeps filter paper moistening.Counted the weed seed quantity of once sprouting in per 2 days, till weed seed is no longer sprouted.
Wang stained foxtail grass and seed capsule unstained weight ratio were slightly increased, but the difference was not significant (Table 1), indicating that the increased only slightly dyed two weed seeds weight, does not change their floating properties.Stained Wang grass, Japanese A.aequalis seed germination rates than undyed slightly lower, the difference was not significant (Table 1), indicating that the staining of the two weed seed germination rate was not significantly affected, that they dyed without prejudice vitality, dye safety.
Table 1? Wang grass, Japan before and after dyeing A.aequalis seed weight and germination rate is relatively
Annotate: it is not remarkable that the alphabetical identical table behind the mean value is shown on 0.05 level difference.
Embodiment 3
The safranine T dyeing liquor of preparation variable concentrations: get safranine T 0.5g, 1g, 2g, 3g, 4g, 5g respectively and join in the 100ml ethanolic solution of 50% concentration expressed in percentage by volume, mix, safranine T is fully dissolved, be prepared into the safranine T dyeing liquor.Respectively, Wang grass seeds soaked in different Tibetan red T staining solution, one hour after the fish, on the indoor natural drying, the original pale Wang grass seeds are dyed red, and compare Wang grass seed germination rate before and after dyeing changed.
1% safranine T dyeing liquor of preparation different ethanol concentration: get safranine T 1g; Add concentration expressed in percentage by volume respectively and be 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% 100ml ethanolic solution; Mix, safranine T is fully dissolved, be prepared into the safranine T dyeing liquor.Respectively, Wang grass seeds soaked in different Tibetan red T staining solution, one hour after the fish, on the indoor natural drying, the original pale Wang grass seeds are dyed red, and compare Wang grass seed germination rate before and after dyeing changed.
Germination rate determination, it will be Wang Grass seeds dispersed into petri dish containing moist filter paper, each plate 50 seeds, 5 repetitions, the plates were placed in 20 ± 1 ℃, the light: dark = 12:12 cultivation of plants box.Whole experimental session keeps filter paper moistening.Once every two days counting the number of seeds germinated Wang grass until the seeds germinate far longer.
Table 2? Using different concentrations of saffron T staining Wang grass seed germination rate is relatively
Annotate: (it is not remarkable that ± alphabetical identical table after SE) is shown on 0.05 level difference for mean value.
Table 3? Percent concentration of ethanol using a different formulation of the Tibetan red T staining Wang grass seed germination rate is relatively
Annotate: (it is not remarkable that ± alphabetical identical table after SE) is shown on 0.05 level difference for mean value.
Using different concentrations of Tibet red T dye staining Wang grass germination rate is not significantly different, indicating that 0.5% -5% of the Tibetan red T can be used to Wang grass stain, and the stain does not affect Wang grass sprouting (table 2).
Formulated with different concentrations of ethanol, 1% dye stain safranine T Wang grass germination rate was no significant difference, indicating water or a concentration of not more than the volume percentage of 70% ethanol can be used in the preparation of dye (table 3).
Embodiment 4
Gather ripe weeds rice autumn in the farmland, after drying, seed soaked with the safranine T dyeing liquor pull out after 1 hour, be placed on indoor natural seasoning after, script light color weeds rice is dyed is redness.The relatively germination rate variation of weeds rice dyeing front and back behind the seed drying.In addition the weeds rice of dyeing is imbedded respectively in rice field 5cm, 10 cm, the 15cm soil, observed the change color of dyeing weeds rice after 1 year.
When germination rate is measured, weeds rice branch interspersed among be equipped with in the plate of moistening filter paper, each dull and stereotyped 50 seed repeats, plate is placed on 20 ± 1 ℃, light for 5 times: in the plant incubator of dark=12:12.Whole experimental session keeps filter paper moistening.Counted the weed seed quantity of once sprouting in per 2 days, till the weeds rice is no longer sprouted.
Finally; Germination rate before the dyeing of weeds rice is 76.2 ± 9.5%, and using the germination rate after the safranine T dyeing liquor dyes is 74.8 ± 10.4%, the weeds rice germination rate there was no significant difference before and after the dyeing; Explain that the safranine T dyeing liquor is good to the safety of weeds rice, does not influence its germination and emergence.Experiment finds, the weeds rice of safranine T dyeing in imbedding rice field 5cm, 10 cm, 15cm soil after 12 months institute's red colouration all clear and legible, explain that this dyeing can keep lastingly.
Embodiment 5
Be collected in the lime tree samara in the string bag of falling into prior setting after autumn, maturation came off; Samara is pulled out after 3 hours with the immersion of safranine T dyeing liquor; After being placed on indoor natural seasoning, the elm seed is all dyed with the fruit wing is redness, and relatively the germination rate of elm seed dyeing front and back changes.
When germination rate is measured, the seed before and after the elm dyeing divided respectively to intersperse among be equipped with in the plate of moistening filter paper, 25 in every ware repeats, plate is placed on 25 ± 1 ℃, light for 4 times: in the plant incubator of dark=12:12.Whole experimental session keeps filter paper moistening.Break in the seed coat 1mm as the seed sprouting standard so that radicle is prominent; In the germination process every day observed and recorded, note to keep filter paper moistening, when continuous 2 d do not have new seed to germinate, be regarded as germinateing and finish; Chitting piece number before and after the statistics dyeing calculates germination rate, germination index.Computing formula is following:
Subnumber * 100 % are planted experimentally in the total germinative number of germination rate (G)=seed/confession
Germination index (G
i)=∑ (G
t/ D
t)
Wherein: G
t-at the germination rate of time t; D
t-fate accordingly germinates
All in the time of 2-4 days, whole germination process has continued about 15 days to elm seed sprouting peak, dyeing front and back, and the germination rate before the dyeing is 89 ± 9.5%, germination index 6.2 ± 1.4%; Using the germination rate after the dyeing of safranine T dyeing liquor is 84 ± 3.3%, germination index 5.7 ± 0.6%, and there are no significant the difference of elm percentage of seedgermination, the germination index before and after the dyeing explains that the safranine T dyeing liquor is good to elm seed safety property, does not influence its germination and emergence.
Embodiment 6
Gather ripe Pedicularis palustris L seed in the fall, behind the natural air drying seed soaked with the safranine T dyeing liquor and pull out after 1 hour, be placed on after the indoor natural seasoning seed promptly quilt dyed and be redness.Relatively the germination rate before and after the dyeing of Pedicularis palustris L seed changes.
When germination rate is measured, Pedicularis palustris L seed branch interspersed among be equipped with in the plate of moistening filter paper, each dull and stereotyped 50 seed repeats, plate is placed on 20 ± 1 ℃, light for 5 times: in the plant incubator of dark=12:12.Whole experimental session keeps filter paper moistening.Counted the weed seed quantity of once sprouting in per 2 days, the chitting piece number before and after statistics dyes respectively till the Pedicularis palustris L seed is no longer sprouted, calculating germination rate.
The Pedicularis palustris L seed germination rate is 69 ± 7.8% before the dyeing; Using the germination rate after the safranine T dyeing liquor dyes is 65 ± 8.2%; Elm Pedicularis palustris L percentage of seedgermination there was no significant difference before and after the dyeing; Explain that the safranine T dyeing liquor is good to Pedicularis palustris L seed safety property, does not influence its germination and emergence.
Embodiment 6
At the end of spring and the beginning of summer or gather ripe following table real (fruit and seed) autumn, behind the natural air drying the practical safranine T dyeing liquor of son soaked and pull out after 1 hour, be placed on after the indoor natural seasoning seed and promptly dyed and be redness.
With dyeing and the seed that not have to dye bury respectively in the dark soil of paddy field 10cm; Keep the 5cm depth of water in the rice field; After burying 30 days, 90 days, 150 days, the situation of change that the seed of every kind dyeing and non-dyeing digs out 20 above observed and recorded seed colors respectively.Seed digs out and cleans the back 30 ± 2
ZeroC drying box inner drying is after 10-15 days; If naked eyes can go out the difference of the seed of dyeing and non-dyeing respectively; Then get 5 seeds and under identical conditions, these seeds are taken pictures for every kind, use Adobe Photoshop 6.0 softwares that the color of seed is carried out analysis and distinguishing then.
Can be known that by table 4 weed seed of the dyeing when burying 30 days in all tables is all clear and legible, has only the weed seed of only a few to fade when burying 90 days, burying still has can clearly differentiating of seed dyeing over half and non-dyeing after 150 days.
Table 4.The color of the plant seed of dyeing is with the variation of buried time
Annotate: weed seed buries in paddy field, buried depth 10cm, and keep 5 centimetres the depth of water in the rice field.(± lowercase different table after 1SD) is shown in significant difference on 0.05 level to mean value.
Claims (5)
1. the application of safranine T aspect the spike of seed dye marker.
2. the application of safranine T according to claim 1 aspect the spike of seed dye marker is characterized in that: may further comprise the steps:
(1) preparation safranine T dyeing liquor: get safranine T or safranine T and ethanol, add water, mix, safranine T is fully dissolved, preparation safranine T dyeing liquor; The concentration expressed in percentage by weight of safranine T is 0.5～5% in the said safranine T dyeing liquor, and the concentration expressed in percentage by volume of ethanol is 0～70%;
(2) seed dye marker: before the plant seed maturation comes off, get the safranine T dyeing liquor of preparation in the step (1), the original position of plant spray or repeatedly brushing safranine T dyeing liquor on plant seed, dyed redness until seed.
3. the application of safranine T according to claim 1 aspect the spike of seed dye marker is characterized in that: may further comprise the steps:
(1) preparation safranine T dyeing liquor: get safranine T or safranine T and ethanol, add water, mix, safranine T is fully dissolved, preparation safranine T dyeing liquor; The concentration expressed in percentage by weight of safranine T is 0.5～5% in the said safranine T dyeing liquor, and the concentration expressed in percentage by volume of ethanol is 0～70%;
(2) seed dye marker: gather ripe plant seed, after indoor natural wind is done, place the safranine T dyeing liquor of step (1) preparation to soak 0.5～5 hour, pull out then and drain dyeing liquor, plant seed is promptly dyed and is redness behind the room-dry.
According to the arbitrary described safranine T of claim 1 to 3 in the application aspect the spike of seed dye marker, it is characterized in that: said seed source is given birth to or water plants in farmland weed, forest-tree, natural pond.
5. the application of safranine T according to claim 4 aspect the spike of seed dye marker, it is characterized in that: said seed source is in grass family, Caryophyllaceae, Ranunculaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Oenotheraceae, composite family, Amaranthaceae, Malvaceae, Labiatae, Rubiaceae, Cruciferae, sedge family, Pittosporaceae, Magnoliaceae, Buxaceae, Ulmaceae, Tiliaceae, Aceraceae, Juglandaceae, the rose family, Euphorbiaceae, Lythraceae or samphire.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 201210016548 CN102523785B (en) | 2012-01-19 | 2012-01-19 | Application of safranine T in seed dye mark tracing aspect |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 201210016548 CN102523785B (en) | 2012-01-19 | 2012-01-19 | Application of safranine T in seed dye mark tracing aspect |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN102523785A true CN102523785A (en) | 2012-07-04 |
| CN102523785B CN102523785B (en) | 2013-10-02 |
Family
ID=46332854
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 201210016548 Active CN102523785B (en) | 2012-01-19 | 2012-01-19 | Application of safranine T in seed dye mark tracing aspect |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN102523785B (en) |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3267010A (en) * | 1962-04-16 | 1966-08-16 | Udylite Corp | Electrodeposition of copper from acidic baths |
| CN101002679A (en) * | 2007-01-26 | 2007-07-25 | 中国人民解放军第三军医大学第一附属医院 | Tracing method for medulla desmohemoblast stem cell |
| CN101536629A (en) * | 2009-03-17 | 2009-09-23 | 北京市植物园 | Method for causing seeds of cypripedium macranthum to sprout |
-
2012
- 2012-01-19 CN CN 201210016548 patent/CN102523785B/en active Active
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3267010A (en) * | 1962-04-16 | 1966-08-16 | Udylite Corp | Electrodeposition of copper from acidic baths |
| CN101002679A (en) * | 2007-01-26 | 2007-07-25 | 中国人民解放军第三军医大学第一附属医院 | Tracing method for medulla desmohemoblast stem cell |
| CN101536629A (en) * | 2009-03-17 | 2009-09-23 | 北京市植物园 | Method for causing seeds of cypripedium macranthum to sprout |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN102523785B (en) | 2013-10-02 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| Seif et al. | Monochromatic red light during plant growth decreases the size and improves the functionality of stomata in chrysanthemum | |
| Wei et al. | Different characteristics of high yield formation between inbred japonica super rice and inter-sub-specific hybrid super rice | |
| AKBAR et al. | Breeding for saline-resistant varieties of rice: IV. Inheritance of delayed-type panicle sterility induced by salinity | |
| Haritha et al. | Introgressions from Oryza rufipogon increase photosynthetic efficiency of KMR3 rice lines | |
| Pompeiano et al. | Growth responses and physiological traits of seashore paspalum subjected to short-term salinity stress and recovery | |
| Liu et al. | Influence of pericarp, cotyledon and inhibitory substances on sharp tooth oak (Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata) germination | |
| Vudala et al. | Seed storage and asymbiotic germination of Hadrolaelia grandis (Orchidaceae) | |
| CN104920089B (en) | A kind of resistance to screening technique for flooding parent of Direct-seeding Rice breeding | |
| Fadilah et al. | Growth, morphology and growth related hormone level in Kappaphycus alvarezii produced by mass selection in Gorontalo Waters, Indonesia | |
| CN108207167A (en) | The method of Tomato Seeds Germination rate and observation device under a kind of raising drought stress | |
| Slabbert et al. | Drought tolerance, traditional crops and biotechnology: breeding towards sustainable development | |
| Larré et al. | Growth and chlorophyll a fluorescence in Erythrina crista-galli L. plants under flooding conditions | |
| Matsuura et al. | Hypoxia tolerance of four millet species is attributable to constitutive aerenchyma formation and root hair development of adventitious roots | |
| CN103109747A (en) | Rapid pseudolarix propagation method based on stem node propagation | |
| CN105918173A (en) | Efficient breeding method for families of Portunus trituberculatus | |
| Degu et al. | Drought tolerance of Eragrostis tef and development of roots | |
| Scheiner et al. | Phenotypic flexibility and genetic adaptation along a gradient of secondary forest succession in the grass Danthonia spicata | |
| CN103782782B (en) | Method for identifying late rice head sprouting flowering period drought-enduring type varieties in field | |
| CN114514836B (en) | Biological method for inhibiting rapid growth of mikania micrantha | |
| CN107018707B (en) | A method of identification rape seed Germination And Seedling low temperature tolerance characteristics | |
| Wang et al. | Physiological and biochemical responses of Festuca sinensis seedlings to temperature and soil moisture stress | |
| CN102523785A (en) | Application of safranine T in seed dye mark tracing aspect | |
| Beşkardeş | Lepidoptera fauna of Yuvacik dam watershed in Kocaeli, Turkey | |
| Datta et al. | Bougainvillea | |
| Stephenson et al. | Identification and characterization of pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunose) ecotypes |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| C14 | Grant of patent or utility model | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |