CN102271753A - 阀系统 - Google Patents

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CN102271753A
CN102271753A CN2010800039317A CN201080003931A CN102271753A CN 102271753 A CN102271753 A CN 102271753A CN 2010800039317 A CN2010800039317 A CN 2010800039317A CN 201080003931 A CN201080003931 A CN 201080003931A CN 102271753 A CN102271753 A CN 102271753A
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valve
magnet
hole
core
enclosed member
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CN102271753B (zh
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M.F.史密斯
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Fresenius Medical Care Holdings Inc
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16K—VALVES; TAPS; COCKS; ACTUATING-FLOATS; DEVICES FOR VENTING OR AERATING
    • F16K31/00—Actuating devices; Operating means; Releasing devices
    • F16K31/02—Actuating devices; Operating means; Releasing devices electric; magnetic
    • F16K31/06—Actuating devices; Operating means; Releasing devices electric; magnetic using a magnet, e.g. diaphragm valves, cutting off by means of a liquid
    • F16K31/08—Actuating devices; Operating means; Releasing devices electric; magnetic using a magnet, e.g. diaphragm valves, cutting off by means of a liquid using a permanent magnet
    • F16K31/082—Actuating devices; Operating means; Releasing devices electric; magnetic using a magnet, e.g. diaphragm valves, cutting off by means of a liquid using a permanent magnet using a electromagnet and a permanent magnet
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
    • A61M1/14—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis
    • A61M1/16—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis with membranes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M2205/00—General characteristics of the apparatus
    • A61M2205/12—General characteristics of the apparatus with interchangeable cassettes forming partially or totally the fluid circuit
    • A61M2205/128—General characteristics of the apparatus with interchangeable cassettes forming partially or totally the fluid circuit with incorporated valves
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
    • Y10T137/8158—With indicator, register, recorder, alarm or inspection means
    • Y10T137/8225—Position or extent of motion indicator
    • Y10T137/8242—Electrical

Abstract

本发明涉及一种阀，该阀具有：与流体能从其流过的孔相邻近的孔闭合构件；具有第一部分和第二部分的移动构件，其中当阀处于打开位置时第一部分邻近孔闭合构件；第一磁体和第二磁体，其中第一和第二磁体足够接近移动构件以将磁力施加在移动构件上；和致动器，该致动器用于产生磁场以朝向第一磁体移动所述移动构件，使第一部分压靠在孔闭合构件上，并且使得孔闭合构件闭合孔。

Description

阀系统
技术领域
本发明总体上涉及阀领域并且更具体地涉及用在功能上需要低能耗、低发热、高可靠性和小、轻尺寸的肾透析系统中的电驱动的电磁阀(magneticvalve)。
背景技术
阀广泛地用来控制通过系统的流体流动。取决于应用的性质和范围，阀需求显著地变化。在肾透析系统，尤其是便携式肾透析系统中，阀的功能需求包括低能耗、低发热、高可靠性和小、轻尺寸。
典型地，肾透析系统中的自动阀需要能量输入以维持至少一种状态，即打开状态或闭合状态。然而，维持状态所需要的能量输入的持续需求具有很多缺点。第一，系统需要更高量的能量，因此降低了系统的便携性。第二，系统故障能引起能量供应的切断，因此不利地影响阀的状态并且引起能伤害肾透析病人的严重的次生系统故障。
已知在两种状态(打开和闭合)之间操作的阀，其中为了改变状态需要能量输入，但是维持状态不需要能量输入。例如，专利号为6,836,201、5,322,258、6,517,045、和7,314,208的美国专利披露了改变状态需要能量输入，但是维持状态不需要能量输入的阀，所有上述美国专利通过引入被结合。然而，这些阀系统没有被应用到，或者没有被建议应用到肾透析领域。而且，在肾透析系统所需要的大小、可靠性和力程度方面，它们典型地不适于可靠地维持阀的闭合状态。
总之，医学，并且更具体地是肾透析技术领域中所披露的阀不适于有效地满足前面所提及的功能需求。因此，在现有技术中有对于具有前面所提及的属性的改进阀的需求。
发明内容
在一个实施方式中，本发明涉及一种具有打开位置和闭合位置的阀，包括：与流体能从其流过的孔相邻近的孔闭合构件；具有第一部分和第二部分的移动构件，其中当阀处于所述打开位置时所述第一部分邻近孔闭合构件；第一磁体和第二磁体，其中所述第一和第二磁体是足够接近所述移动构件的以将磁力施加在所述移动构件上；和致动器，该致动器用于产生磁场以朝向所述第一磁体移动所述移动构件，使所述第一部分压靠在孔闭合构件上，并且使孔闭合构件闭合所述孔。
可选地，第一部分包括壳体，诸如弹簧的屈服材料，杆以及在屈服材料和杆之间的间隙。阀进一步包括设置成感应所述阀中的间隙是否存在的光学传感器。第一部分包括杆并且移动构件的第二部分是具有大于所述杆的直径的金属本体。杆结合到所述圆柱体。第一磁体大于所述第二磁体。孔闭合构件包括隔板、弹性材料、屈服材料和可压缩材料中的至少一种。孔是用于肾透析系统的歧管的组成部分。孔闭合构件压缩靠在阀座上以闭合所述孔。阀座是用于肾透析系统的歧管的组成部分。孔闭合构件是用于肾透析系统的歧管的组成部分。
在另一实施方式中，阀包括a)与流体能从其流过的孔相邻近的孔闭合构件，其中当阀处于闭合位置时所述孔闭合构件压缩靠在阀座上，b)可相对于所述孔闭合构件物理地移动的可移动构件，其中所述可移动构件从所述阀处于打开位置时的第一位置移动到所述阀处于闭合位置时的第二位置并且其中，在处于所述第二位置时，所述可移动构件压靠在孔闭合构件上以使所述孔闭合构件压缩靠在阀座上，c)具有间隔的第一磁体和第二磁体，其中所述第一磁体和第二磁体在间隔中产生磁场并且其中所述磁场具有方向；和d)能产生电磁力的致动器，其中所述电磁力使所述磁场的方向反向。
可选地，阀进一步包括设置成感应间隙是否存在的光学传感器。可移动构件包括杆以及具有比杆加上屈服材料，诸如弹簧更大的直径的圆柱体。第一磁体大于第二磁体。孔闭合构件和阀座是用于肾透析系统的一次性歧管的组成部分。
在另一实施方式中，阀包括：a)隔板，b)邻近隔板的阀座，其中，当阀处于闭合状态时，所述隔板压缩靠在阀座上并且引起流体能从其流过的孔的密封，并且其中当阀处于打开状态时，隔板不压缩靠在阀座上，c)包括结合到圆柱体的杆的移动构件，其中所述移动构件是可相对于隔板移动的，其中当阀处于打开位置时杆不压缩隔板，并且其中当阀处于闭合位置时杆压缩隔板，d)第一磁体和第二磁体，其中第一磁体大于第二磁体，其中当阀处于闭合位置时第一磁体将比第二磁体更大的磁力施加在圆柱体上并且其中当阀处于打开位置时第二磁体将比第一磁体更大的磁力施加在圆柱上，和e)用于产生由所述第一磁体施加在所述圆柱体上的磁力的致动器。
附图说明
因为当与附图相结合地考虑并通过参考的下面的详细描述，本发明的这些和其它特征和好处变得更好理解，所以将会认识到本发明的这些和其它特征和好处，其中：
图1示出了本发明的阀的实施方式，其中阀处于打开状态；
图2示出了本发明的阀的实施方式，其中阀处于闭合状态；
图3是致动器的一个实施方式的视图；
图4示出了本发明的移动构件和机构的另一实施方式的示意图；
图5是当阀处于打开状态时本发明的移动系统的一个实施方式的示意图；
图6是曲线图，示出了一个实施方式的孔压缩构件上的力和它的位移之间的代表性的关系；
图7是当阀处于闭合状态时本发明的移动系统的一个实施方式的示意图；
图8是流程图，描述了阀如何打开和闭合的步骤。
具体实施方式
尽管可以以多种不同方式具体表达本发明，为了促进本发明的原理的理解，现在将参考在附图中示出的实施方式并且将使用特定语言描述本发明。然而，将会理解，那样不旨在限制本发明的范围。所描述的实施方式中的任何改变和进一步的修改，以及如同这里所描述的那样的本发明的原理的任何进一步的应用对本发明所涉及的领域的技术人员而言将是可预期得到的。
本发明包括起到肾透析系统，诸如便携式肾透析系统中的流体阀的作用的系统。系统包括磁移系统，该磁移系统是轻量的且耗能最少，使得甚至当便携式肾透析系统使用用于流体回路(fluidic circuit)的一次性歧管时它都是理想的。系统能与任何结构中的孔结合使用。尤其是，孔是任何孔洞、开口、孔穴、或任何类型的材料中的分割部分。这包括管道、歧管、一次性(disposable)歧管、通道中的路径和其它路径。由本申请人共同拥有的、专利号为12/324,924，12/237,914，和12/245,397的美国专利披露了本发明能与其一起实施的代表性的歧管并且通过引用被结合到这里。本领域普通技术人员将会认识到，通过将移动构件和磁体，如同下面进一步讨论的那样，在所期望的阀位置处设置在歧管的外部，目前所披露的阀系统将与一次性歧管一起实现。致动器也是与一次性歧管分离和分开的并且通常是肾透析系统的非一次性部分的组成部分。
功能上，本发明的阀具有两种稳定状态：打开和闭合。通过使用磁力将移动构件移动至靠在隔板(diaphragm)上并且因此形成足够的力以将隔板压靠在阀座上并且使隔板闭合孔，该阀进行操作。孔的闭合切断流体流动。相反的过程，即使用磁力将移动构件移动至远离隔板并且因此将隔板从压缩靠在阀座上释放，打开孔和允许流体流动。
应当认识到，尽管根据图1和2中示出的优选实施方式和图4中示出的非优选实施方式讨论本发明，本发明大体上涉及阀在具有以下属性的肾透析系统中的任何应用：a)两种稳定状态，打开和闭合，b)改变状态需要能量输入，c)维持状态不需要能量输入，d)通过使用磁力改变移动构件的位置以改变状态，其中当移动构件的位置改变时，使阀打开或闭合。
在一个实施方式中，参考图1，本发明的阀系统100用来控制通过流体流动通道102的流体流动，所述流体流动通道102由阀座104限定边界以因此形成阀环形孔103。如同上面所讨论的那样，孔101是任何孔洞、开口、穴，或任何类型的材料中的分割部分，尤其是，歧管、一次性歧管、通道，和其它路径110。阀100被示为处于打开状态。阀系统的部件包括孔闭合构件，移动构件，用于移动所述移动构件的机构，可选的光学传感器，线圈驱动电路，和具有线圈的致动器。
在一个实施方式中，孔闭合构件包括隔板106，当被移动构件压缩时，如同下面所讨论的那样，隔板106压靠在阀座104上，因此使阀环形孔103闭合。在处于打开状态时，隔板106的主本体与阀座104间隔开一间隙198。在一个实施方式中，隔板106由软材料诸如硅橡胶制成。随着时间、温度和致动的变化，隔板106必须维持它的形状。当移动构件(压缩力)被移开，即处于打开状态时，阀100依靠隔板材料106以返回到它的未压缩形状。
本领域普通技术人员应当认识到，孔闭合构件能包括弹簧、可压缩的，或者不可压缩的结构的任意组合，当被移动构件推动时，其闭合孔。在一个实施方式中，阀座104能被模制到歧管中。阀座的合适材料是聚碳酸酯、ABS和类似塑料。优选实施方式中的阀孔103的直径在从0.1到0.3英寸的范围内(并且尤其是0.190英寸)。能增加孔尺寸以增加本发明的可选应用的流量或者，可选地，减少孔的尺寸以减少可选应用的流量。
在一个实施方式中，移动构件包括柱塞帽，或者壳体110，当阀处于打开状态时，其对准地靠在隔板106上，但是基本上不压缩隔板106。屈服部件(compliant component)，诸如弹簧112和柱塞头199设置在柱塞帽110的内侧，并被气隙114间隔开。柱塞帽110被流体密封件120的外侧环绕且边界在流体密封件120的外侧上，在一个实施方式中，所述流体密封件120是薄的、软的硅橡胶垫圈。在一个实施方式中，柱塞帽110被压靠在硅树脂垫圈上并且压缩垫圈以形成流体密封件120。当处于闭合位置时，柱塞帽110不被压靠在垫圈上，垫圈因此不被压缩并且松散地定位在端帽130上。弹簧112是任何弹性或屈服材料并且，在一个实施方式中，包括波形弹簧。
柱塞帽110，内弹簧112，气隙，柱塞头199，柱塞本体140，和芯142是本发明的优选移动构件的部件。在一个实施方式中，柱塞本体140具有在0.1到0.2英寸范围内(尤其是0.122英寸)的外直径和大约0.5到2.5英寸的长度。应当认识到，取决于应用，柱塞本体140是具有任意长度的任何杆结构。柱塞本体140设置在环形芯142内，并且经由本领域普通技术人员已知的任何方法附连到芯，包括环氧树脂、螺钉连接，钉住和焊接，环形芯142具有一个较大端和一个较小端。芯142的较大端的外直径在0.3英寸到0.5英寸的范围内(并且尤其是0.395英寸)，厚度在0.03到0.15英寸的范围内(并且尤其是0.05到0.10)，并且长度在0.50到1.75英寸的范围内(并且尤其是1.05英寸)。芯142的小端的直径为0.1到0.4英寸，并且尤其是0.25英寸。
线圈筒(coil bobbin)195至少部分地环绕芯的小端，所述线圈筒195将线圈148保持在合适的地方并且为线圈148提供尺寸稳定性。间隙优选为存在于线圈筒195和芯142之间。间隙的大小是大约0.01到0.03英寸(并且尤其是0.02英寸)。在一个实施方式中，线圈筒195是玻璃纤维填充尼龙结构，其应当是非金属的和非铁磁的。线圈筒195是环形结构，其外直径的尺寸足以提供在壳体孔中的紧密配合，且其内直径足以围绕芯，使得它具有移动和经历一些程度的热膨胀的空间。两端帽130、160将筒195锲入到合适的地方并且防止它移动或滑动，尤其是当暴露到电磁力时。
柱塞本体由金属或非金属材料制成，诸如黄铜或玻璃纤维，并且芯也由金属，尤其是钢1018或1117制成。优选地，柱塞本体是非磁性的并且芯本体是铁磁性的。如同下面进一步讨论的那样，通过用于移动所述移动构件的机构移动柱塞本体140和芯142，如同下面进一步讨论的那样。
用于移动所述移动构件的机构包括大磁体部件，小磁体部件和供所述磁体和移动构件的一部分，即柱塞本体140和芯142容纳在其内的壳体。更具体地，参考图1，移动所述移动构件的机构包括用于保持和对准大磁体的大磁体端帽130，大磁体132，弹性材料134，间隙197，线圈148，小磁体部件162，小磁体安装件和端帽160，和弹性材料164。
大磁体端帽130将大磁体部件132和线圈筒195保持和对准在壳体170内的合适位置处，所述壳体170被称作致动器本体，其具有供这里所描述的部件穿过其放置的钻孔。大磁体部件132需要与芯142，柱塞本体140和小磁体部件162正确地对准以确保移动构件的正确移动。端帽130和160均将线圈筒195和线圈148固定在合适位置处。此外，安装板能用来捕获和保持端帽130。在一个实施方式中，安装板竖直地定位并且平靠在端帽的一侧并在端帽和孔洞之间。安装板具有在其内的孔，其大约与端帽的较小直径尺寸相同。夹持机构将本体保持靠在板上；可替换地，板能使用本领域普通技术人员已知的任何结合技术被永久地固定。不像现有技术，诸如专利号为6,836,201的美国专利，在优选实施方式中，磁体被定位在孔洞的内侧，而不是外侧并且为柱塞提供支撑，如同下面讨论的那样。
大磁体部件132与芯142被间隙197和弹性材料134，诸如硅树脂垫圈间隔开，在一个实施方式中，其具有0.3到0.5英寸(并且尤其是0.37英寸)的外直径，和0.1到0.3英寸(并且尤其是0.188英寸)的内直径，0.005到0.015英寸(并且尤其是0.01英寸)的厚度，和35到45(并且尤其是40)的硬度。小磁体部件162与芯被弹性材料164，诸如硅树脂垫圈间隔开，其，在一个实施方式中，具有0.1到0.4英寸(并且尤其是0.24英寸)的外直径，0.1到0.3英寸(并且尤其是0.188英寸)的内直径，0.005到0.015英寸(并且尤其是0.01英寸)的厚度，和35到45(并且尤其是40)的硬度。通过小磁体安装件和端帽160将小磁性部件162保持和维持的正确地对准在壳体170内。小磁体端帽螺钉172也用来将小磁体端帽160固定和保持在合适的地方。
参考图1，本发明的阀系统进一步包括线圈驱动器电路板150，其驱动包括线圈148的致动器，并且优选为经由小螺钉，线圈驱动器连接器154，和光学传感器152安装到致动器本体170，所述光学传感器152感应芯196的大端的位置。线圈148用来实现磁场变化以引起芯142和柱塞本体140的移动。在一个实施方式中，线圈是大约0.05到1.5英寸长(并且尤其是1英寸长)，具有0.35到0.55英寸(并且尤其是0.46英寸)的外直径，和0.15到0.35英寸(并且尤其是0.26英寸)的内直径，具有六层线29AWG线。多种弹性材料用在移动构件和用于驱动移动构件的机构中以在阀打开和闭合时给杆140的移动提供“软”停止。具体而言，它用来确保芯的移动不损坏磁体。
大磁体部件132能是一个整体磁体，或者在优选实施方式中，由多个磁体，诸如三个构成。小磁体部件162也能是整体的或者由多个磁体构成。在一个实施方式中，磁体优选为由铝镍钴合金、钐钴、钕、稀土，或陶瓷磁体制成。在一个实施方式中，大磁体132是钕环磁体，具有0.2到0.5英寸(并且尤其是0.375英寸)的外直径、0.05到0.3英寸(并且尤其是0.125英寸)的内直径和0.2到0.5英寸(并且尤其是0.375英寸)的长度。在一个实施方式中，小磁体162由钕环磁体制成，具有0.15到0.4英寸(并且尤其是0.25英寸)的外直径、0.05到0.3英寸(并且尤其是0.125英寸)的内直径和0.15到0.4英寸(并且尤其是0.25英寸)的长度。使用中大磁体132更接近孔闭合构件，因为尺寸是产生相对于阀座的足够反抗力所必须的。进一步地，即使磁体具有不同的大小，致动线圈引起的致动力基本上相等，因此能使用简单的线圈驱动器电路。
在一个实施方式中，杆、柱塞或其它细长构件140将磁体的中心孔用作线性支承。因此，磁体的中心孔应当优选为具有支承表面，诸如具有最小摩擦的铬或任何光滑的硬表面。由于筒的热膨胀，随着时间过去引起的筒的蠕变，以及筒、芯和磁体的误差，在线圈筒195和芯142之间设置一间隙。然而，在所有操作条件下，间隙应当足以使柱塞本体140能自由地移动并且不会卡在磁体和线圈的开口内。在优选实施方式中，在室温时间隙是大约0.01到0.06英寸(并且尤其是0.02英寸)。
当阀闭合时，参考图2，通过压缩孔闭合构件，例如隔板206，并且因此阻塞阀环形孔203，本发明的阀系统200控制通过流体流动通道202的流体流动，所述流体流动通道202由阀座204限定边界。在闭合状态，隔板206的主本体被压靠在阀座204上，并且因此基本上消除间隙198(在图1中所看到的)。
一旦恰好与隔板206相邻，移动构件现在压缩隔板206。具体而言，柱塞帽210已经移动到压缩隔板206。因为磁场的变化引起芯本体242朝着大磁体部件232移动，柱塞帽210已经移动。当芯头296通过间隙197(在图1中)并且停止在与大磁体部件232相邻定位的弹性材料234处时，芯本体242停止移动。芯242的移动也引起芯242被结合到其上的柱塞本体240的移动。柱塞本体240的移动使柱塞头299在柱塞帽210内移动，通过间隙114(在图1中)，并且压缩弹簧212。在压缩了一定量之后，柱塞帽210移动并且压缩隔板206。柱塞帽210的移动在帽本体210和与大磁体端帽230相邻定位的弹性材料220之间形成新间隙292。
如同在图2中所示的那样，阀的其它部件保持相同，包括致动器本体270、线圈驱动器电路250、线圈连接器254，线圈248，线圈筒293，小端帽螺钉272，光学传感器252，小磁体端帽260。然而，应当认识到，由于芯242的移动，在芯294的更小端和被设置成邻近小磁性部件262的弹性材料264之间形成间隙295。
应当认识到，为了闭合阀，移动构件将力施加到孔闭合构件，例如隔板206。来自移动构件的、将隔板变形到隔板接触阀座的点所需要的力是基本上线性的并且能被模型化为线性弹簧。然而，当隔板被压缩到阀座中时力需求指数地增加。这样，移动构件的力曲线变成非线性的并且更加复杂。因此，有几个与阀的设计以及移动构件的各种部件、孔闭合构件之间的误差和移动机构的硬停止相关的独特挑战。移动机构必须能在不使隔板永久地变形的情况下提供非线性的力曲线。这意味着机构必须刚好提供正确量的力。
如同上面所讨论的那样，移动构件包括结合到被称作芯的另一结构的杆、柱塞或其它细长构件，芯具有更大的直径并且当被压靠在另一结构诸如磁体面上时能起到制动器的作用。本领域普通技术人员应当认识到，移动构件或者可移动构件不限定为杆和圆柱体结构。相反，它能包括非圆柱形结构，整体件，或者焊接或以任何其它方式结合在一起的多个件。总之，移动构件能包括许多不同的结构，只要构件的移动能以可靠的和均匀的方式将所需要的力施加的孔压缩构件上。
例如，参考图4，示出了可选的、较不优选的实施方式。对于肾透析应用来说，这个实施方式典型地不能可靠地将阀维持在闭合状态中。移动构件400包括壳体405，该壳体405包括具有基本上圆柱形结构和通过其延伸的钻孔415的电磁体410。电磁体410通过非磁性间隔器420牢固地居中定位在壳体405内，在一个实施方式中，所述非磁性间隔器420是端帽。端帽具有两个目的-将磁体保持在合适的地方和将线圈夹在合适的地方。在一个实施方式中，元件431和420包括第一整体件，并且405和420包括第二整体件。圆柱形形状的铁磁性芯425，具有第一面423和第二面424，被定位成成允许芯425的在第一面423和第二面424之间的一部分具有与孔415可线性移动的配合。第二面424是比孔415显著大的因此限制芯425的线性运动。在一个实施方式中，第二面相对于第一面具有不同的大小以产生将阀保持在闭合位置的足够磁性。芯425能在孔415内左右线性滑动。
两个不同大小的磁体430、435也附接在壳体405内并且附接在壳体的两个端帽431、432处。芯425的第一面423接触第一磁体430以形成移动系统400的第一稳定状态并且芯425的第二面424接触较大磁体435以形成移动系统400的第二稳定状态。永磁体430、435的放置被设计成在壳体405的直径之内，因为这减小移动系统400的大小。连接到芯425的第一面423的第一杆440穿过第一磁体430由此在一端处从壳体405伸出，并且连接到芯425的第二面424的第二杆445穿过第二磁体425由此在另一端处从壳体405伸出。杆440、445能由本领域中已知的无腐蚀性的、非磁性的材料制成，诸如但不限定于黄铜。尽管一个实施方式具有连接到芯的两个面的两个杆，在其它实施方式中，仅仅有连接到梭的其中一个面的一个杆。
本领域普通技术人员将会认识到，由芯425上的电磁体410施加的磁力是足够高的以克服永磁体430、435的保持力，从而移动系统400能从第一稳定状态变化到第二稳定状态。而且，本领域普通技术人员将会认识到，杆/柱塞445与芯425一起移动，因此形成压缩或解压孔闭合构件的原动力。然而，已经确定这个实施方式是劣于第一个实施方式的，因为它不能充分地保持闭合状态。
应当能认识到与移动构件和机构结合操作的孔闭合构件的几个设计特征。第一，参考图5，并且如同上面涉及图1和2所讨论的那样，在柱塞帽504和孔闭合构件505，具体是第一隔板面505之间存在一间隙。该间隙在0.040到0.070英寸的范围内并且优选是大约0.055英寸。隔板包括硅树脂，优选厚度为0.040英寸，并且能被模型化为具有270lbf/in的弹簧常数的弹簧(KV2)。第二隔板面506与阀座507间隔开并且被模型化为具有大约22.5lbf/in的弹簧常数和大约0.047英寸的厚度的弹簧KV1的磁力作用在其上。
杆504将由芯501的磁引力产生的、用弹簧KP建模的力传递给磁体503，当处于闭合状态时其与芯头501被垫圈，例如0.010英寸的硅树脂间隔开，并且当处于打开状态时其与芯头501间隔开大约0.110尺寸。这个硅树脂垫圈提供被模型化为弹簧KSL的力。芯501结合到杆504。当阀被致动时，因为杆结合到其上的芯在朝向大磁体503的方向上移动，所以杆504在朝向阀座507的方向上移动。
参考图5，KV2和KSL相应于弹性材料，诸如硅树脂，其被模型化为刚性弹簧。应当理解，当阀处于闭合状态时，有两个重要位置。第一，是杆靠在隔板上的位置并且第二是芯面靠大磁体的位置。当阀闭合时，杆用足够的力压在阀隔板上以抵抗肾透析系统的流体通道内产生的至少600mmHg的背压(back pressure)。在这个实施方式中，流体压力能达到2600mmHg并且这个系统被设计成维持隔板稳固地压靠在阀座上以密封孔直到并且包括2600mmHg。
此外，当阀闭合时，芯的大面被拉至接近或者直接靠在大磁体上。芯到大磁体的磁引力产生杆施加到孔闭合构件例如隔板的力。为了产生恒定的和可靠的力，芯面和大磁体的面之间的间隙必须是恒定的。因此，优选为将弹性材料502、503放置在芯面501和磁体面504之间。弹性材料具有非线性弹簧常数并且将压缩直到弹性材料所产生的力等于磁力。当杆经由芯将力施加到隔板时，芯将经历所产生的力。对于静态状态的发生来说，芯上的这些力的总和必须等于零。而且，弹性材料用来防止磁体面在致动期间破裂或损坏。
参考图7，当阀700处于闭合状态时，芯头705，702已经移动至远离小磁体面701(从位置702a到位置702)。当处于位置702时，芯头与小磁体701被弹性材料717，诸如具有大约0.015英寸的厚度的硅树脂垫圈间隔开。当处于位置705时，芯头将已经移动了大约0.140+/-0.20英寸，包括在期间杆708不移动的0.45+/-0.005英寸的距离，并且停靠在弹性材料716上(例如，具有大约0.015英寸的厚度的硅树脂垫圈)，其将芯头705与大磁体面706间隔开。大磁体706进而与杆头707间隔开。
当阀处于打开状态时，大磁体706与杆头707被弹性材料715，诸如具有大约0.015英寸的厚度的硅树脂垫圈间隔开。当阀处于闭合状态时，大磁体706与杆头707被弹性材料715，诸如具有大约0.015英寸的厚度的硅树脂垫圈和大约0.055+/-0.10英寸的距离间隔开。当阀闭合时，杆头707已经从接近大磁体706和弹性材料715移动到接近阀座710。尤其是，杆头707移动以压缩隔板708并且因此压靠在弹性材料709上(例如，具有大约0.040英寸厚度的硅树脂)，其进而压靠在阀座710上。这使得用大约14N的力使阀闭合。
应当认识到，这里所描述的移动构件和机构相对于孔闭合构件的构造以及误差提供了隔板移动曲线600，如同在图6中所示的那样，其适于需要抵抗至少600mmHg的背压的应用，诸如肾透析系统。参考图6，提供了代表性的隔板移动曲线，其中移动构件施加的力602提供在y-轴上并且相应的隔板位移提供在x-轴上。这个曲线603上的弯折点指示隔板何时开始压靠在阀座上。从弯折点603向左，隔板正在被强制朝向阀座弯曲，但是基本上没有压缩靠在阀座上。从弯折点603向右，阀弯曲靠在阀座上，变形隔板材料并且抵抗流体压力实现良好的密封。
移动机构系统的另一重要部件是致动器系统。参考图3，在致动过程期间，给线圈305通电并且建立磁场，这样形成对抗小磁体引力的磁力。当力建立时，上面所讨论的芯开始移动到闭合位置(大磁体)。一旦芯移动通过禁止返回点，大磁体在芯上的引力已经克服了小磁体的引力。为了确保由阀隔板引起的对抗力不克服大磁体的引力，因此提供一间隙，如同上面所讨论的那样。
线圈设计由线圈架(coil form)和磁线(magnet wire)组成。线圈架的大小优选为基于市场上可买到的线圈架，电源的脉冲电流容量，并且，尤其是，所需要的致动力和电源电压。致动力与线圈的安培改变率(amp-turnrating)成比例。在一个实施方式中，优选为将线圈电流限定到6安培或更少。
线圈设计中的重要因素包括层的数量，填充因子，线直径，和线圈电阻。在一个实施方式中，本发明使用这样的筒，该筒具有6层线并且在筒凸缘直径和最后一层之间具有大约0.010英寸的间隔。在重聚乙烯尼龙的绝缘需求和3.5+/-0.5欧姆的线圈电阻的情况下，线大小是大约29AWG。能使用任何大小的线圈架。
用来驱动线圈的电路是H-桥电路，对于打开和闭合操作来说其能使电流反向。经由单脉宽调制(PWM)信号驱动H-桥电路。PWM信号用来产生通过线圈的余弦电流脉冲。余弦脉冲的周期与芯的质量和反抗力有关。优选实施方式不使用双级直流电源开关或者感应开关；相反，光学传感器操作以确定芯的位置，决定阀的状态，并且产生电驱动余弦波形以在所期望的方向上移动柱塞，因此改变阀的状态。
任选地，如在图1和2示为元件152，252，阀系统使用传感器，优选为光学传感器，以确定阀的状态(打开或闭合)。通过将光学传感器设置在阀打开状态和阀闭合状态之间具有足够的反光差，或者其它光学性能差别的位置处能实现这一点。例如，当阀闭合时，在一个实施方式中，芯296的大端被定位成靠在弹性材料234和大磁体部件232上。芯296的大端具有足够宽的宽度以被反光光学传感器感应，但是不是太宽使得光学传感器具有位置分辨力。光学传感器将被放置在隔板构件/机构的外侧上并且通过它的本体查看，该本体优选为由透明聚碳酸酯制成。光学传感器的波长将是在近红外(NIR)范围内从而具有良好的通过聚碳酸酯本体的透光性。本领域普通技术人员将会认识到，能选择传感器以适合任何材料结构，只要它包括合适的过滤器(filter)。这里，光学传感器优选为已经将一用于NIR响应度的长传输光学过滤器嵌在它内。
功能上，当芯处于打开位置时，如同在图1中所示的那样，芯196的大端移出光学传感器152的视场，因此光学传感器将能看到非常少的反光。当芯296的大端处于视场内时，如同在图2中所示的那样，传感器将看到反光，因此指示芯处于闭合位置。本领域普通技术人员将会认识到，能将传感器定位成当阀处于打开位置时它感应来自芯的大量反光并且当阀处于闭合位置时感应非常少的反光(因为芯已经移出视场)。进一步地，本领域普通技术人员将会认识到，传感器能被设置的接近间隙以感应何时存在间隙以及何时不存在间隙，因此指示阀的状态。
在操作中，参考图8，阀最初处于两种状态，打开或闭合中的一种。假定阀处于打开状态801，闭合阀的第一步是给线圈驱动器电路供电802并且因此使线圈产生的磁场穿过芯，在芯和小磁体之间形成对抗磁力并且在大磁体和芯的大端之间形成弱引力。当移动构件开始移动803时，小磁体的引力变小同时大磁体的引力增加。移动构件移动803直到禁止返回点，在其之后移动构件闭合间隙804并且将孔闭合构件，即隔板805，压靠在阀座上806。隔板的压缩806使得隔板闭合孔807并且闭合阀808。
参考图8，假定阀处于闭合状态809，打开阀的第一步是给线圈驱动器电路供电810并且因此使线圈产生的磁场穿过芯，在芯和大磁体之间形成反抗力，并且在小磁体和芯的小端之间形成弱引力。当移动构件开始移动811时，大磁体的引力减少同时小磁体的引力增加。移动构件移动811直到禁止返回点，在其之后移动构件解压隔板812使其远离阀座813。由于不再被隔板覆盖孔打开814。移动构件返回到它的初始位置并且重新形成间隙815。
因为甚至当切断供给到电磁体的电源时仍能维持芯的第一和第二稳定状态，相对于现有技术的致动器，这允许移动系统具有低能耗和低发热，其中现有技术的致动器需要连续的电力供应以维持状态，此外导致高发热。
尽管已经示出和描述了目前为止被认为是本发明的优选实施方式，但是本领域技术人员将会理解，在不脱离本发明的真实范围的情况下可以进行多种变化和修改，并且可以用等同物代替其的元件。此外，在不脱离它的中心范围的情况下可以进行多种修改以使特定情形或材料适合本发明的教导。因此，旨在本发明不被限定到所披露的特定实施方式，因为可以预期得到执行本发明的最优模型，但是本发明将包括落入附属权利要求的范围之内的所有实施方式。

Claims (20)

1.一种具有打开位置和闭合位置的阀，包括：
a.与流体能从其流过的孔相邻近的孔闭合构件；
b.具有第一部分和第二部分的移动构件，其中当所述阀处于所述打开位置时所述第一部分邻近所述孔闭合构件；
c.第一磁体和第二磁体，其中所述第一和第二磁体足够接近所述移动构件以将磁力施加在所述移动构件上；和
d.致动器，该致动器用于产生磁场以朝向所述第一磁体移动所述移动构件，使所述第一部分压靠在所述孔闭合构件上，并且使所述孔闭合构件闭合所述孔。
2.如权利要求1所述的阀，其中所述第一部分包括壳体、弹性材料、杆和在所述弹性材料和所述杆之间的间隙。
3.如权利要求1所述的阀，进一步包括设置成感应所述阀中的间隙是否存在的光学传感器。
4.如权利要求1所述的阀，其中所述第一部分包括杆并且所述移动构件的所述第二部分是具有比所述杆更大的直径的金属本体。
5.如权利要求4所述的阀，其中所述杆结合到所述柱体。
6.如权利要求1所述的阀，其中所述第一磁体比所述第二磁体大。
7.如权利要求1所述的阀，其中所述孔闭合构件包括隔板、弹性材料和可压缩材料中的至少一种。
8.如权利要求1所述的阀，其中所述孔是用于肾透析系统的歧管的组成部分。
9.如权利要求1所述的阀，其中所述孔闭合构件压缩靠在阀座上以闭合所述孔。
10.如权利要求9所述的阀，其中所述阀座是用于肾透析系统的歧管的组成部分。
11.如权利要求9所述的阀，其中所述孔闭合构件是用于肾透析系统的歧管的组成部分。
12.一种阀，包括：
a.与流体能从其流过的孔相邻近的孔闭合构件，其中当所述阀处于闭合位置时所述孔闭合构件压缩靠在阀座上；
b.能相对于所述孔闭合构件物理地移动的可移动构件，其中所述可移动构件从所述阀处于打开位置时的第一位置移动到所述阀处于所述闭合位置时的第二位置，并且其中，在处于所述第二位置时，所述可移动构件压靠在所述孔闭合构件上以使所述孔闭合构件压缩靠在所述阀座上；
c.具有间隔的第一磁体和第二磁体，其中所述第一磁体和第二磁体在所述间隔中产生磁场并且其中所述磁场具有方向；和
d.能产生电磁力的致动器，其中所述电磁力使所述磁场的方向反向。
13.如权利要求12所述的阀，进一步包括被定位成感应间隙是否存在的光学传感器。
14.如权利要求12所述的阀，其中所述第一磁体和第二磁体提供用于所述可移动构件的移动的支承表面。
15.如权利要求12所述的阀，其中具有第一磁极的所述第一磁体大于具有第二磁极的所述第二磁体。
16.如权利要求15所述的阀，其中所述第一磁极和第二磁极彼此相斥并且其中所述第一磁体和第二磁体被构造成使所述第一磁极和第二磁极彼此面对。
17.如权利要求11所述的阀，其中所述孔闭合构件和阀座是用于肾透析系统的一次性歧管的组成部分。
18.一种肾透析系统，包括具有第一稳定状态和第二稳定状态的阀，其中所述阀包括磁体，其中输入到所述阀中的能量输入形成磁力，该磁力使移动构件在所述肾透析系统内移动，其中所述移动构件的移动引起在第一状态和第二状态之间的变化，并且其中所述第一或第二状态的维持不需要能量输入。
19.如权利要求18所述的肾透析系统，进一步包括具有孔的一次性歧管，其中当所述阀处于第一稳定状态时所述孔对于流体流动是闭合的，并且其中当所述阀处于第二稳定状态时所述孔对于流体流动是打开的。
20.如权利要求19所述的肾透析系统，其中当所述移动构件将材料压缩到所述孔中时所述孔对于流体流动是闭合的。
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