CN101680286A - 电隔离绝缘导体加热器 - Google Patents

电隔离绝缘导体加热器 Download PDF

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CN101680286A
CN101680286A CN200880017260A CN200880017260A CN101680286A CN 101680286 A CN101680286 A CN 101680286A CN 200880017260 A CN200880017260 A CN 200880017260A CN 200880017260 A CN200880017260 A CN 200880017260A CN 101680286 A CN101680286 A CN 101680286A
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heating system
sheath
electric conductor
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D·S·金
S·V·恩古彦
C·L·桑德伯格
H·J·维内加
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Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种用于地下地层的加热系统，包括导电体和至少部分地围绕所述导电体的绝缘层。包括铁磁材料的护套至少部分地围绕所述绝缘层。在所述导电体导电并且所述护套的温度低于铁磁材料的居里温度的同时，所述护套的外表面构造为几乎没有或没有电势。

Description

电隔离绝缘导体加热器
技术领域
本发明总体涉及用于从例如含烃地层的各种地下地层中产出烃类、氢和/或其他产物的加热方法和加热系统。
背景技术
从地下地层获得的烃类通常用作能源、用作原料、以及用作消费品。对可用烃资源衰竭的关注和对产出烃类的总体质量下降的关注导致开发出用于更有效地回收、处理和/或使用可用烃资源的方法。就地处理过程可用于从地下地层移出烃材料。可能需要改变地下地层中的烃材料的化学和/或物理性能以使烃材料更容易从地下地层移出。化学和物理变化可包括地层中烃材料的生成可移出流体的就地反应、成分变化、溶解度变化、密度变化、相变和/或粘度变化。流体可以是，但是不限于气体、液体、乳状液、浆液和/或具有与液体流类似的流动特性的固体颗粒流。
井眼可形成在地层中。在一些实施例中，套管或其它管道系统可设置或形成在井眼中。在一些实施例中，膨胀管可用于井眼中。加热器可设置在井眼中以在就地处理过程中加热地层。
在授予Ljungstrom的美国专利2,923,535和授予Van Meurs等人的美国专利4,886,118中描述了将热施加至油页岩地层。热可施加至油页岩地层以热解油页岩地层中的油母。热还可使地层断裂以提高地层的渗透性。增强的渗透性可使地层流体行进到生产井，在所述生产井流体从油页岩地层中移出。在由Ljungstrom公开的一些过程中，含氧气体介质被引入可渗透层，优选地在所述含氧气体介质由于预加热步骤而仍然是热的情况下被引入，以引发燃烧。
热源可用于加热地下地层。电加热器可用于通过辐射和/或传导加热地下地层。电加热器可通过电阻方式加热元件。授予Germain的美国专利2,548,360、授予Eastlund等人的美国专利4,716,960和授予Van Egmond的美国专利5,065,818描述了一种设置在井眼中的电加热元件。授予Vinegar等人的美国专利6,023,554描述了一种设置在套管中的电加热元件。加热元件产生辐射能，辐射能加热套管。
授予Van Meurs等人的美国专利4,570,715描述了一种电加热元件。所述加热元件具有导电芯部、包围的绝缘材料层和包围的金属套。导电芯部可具有在高温下相对低的电阻。绝缘材料可具有在高温下相对高的电阻、压缩强度和热传导性能。绝缘层可阻止从芯部向金属套的电弧放电。金属套可具有在高温下相对高的拉伸强度和抗蠕变性能。授予Van Egmond的美国专利5,060,287描述了一种具有铜镍合金芯部的电加热元件。
加热器可由锻不锈钢制造。授予Maziasz等人的美国专利7,153,373和Maziasz等人的美国专利申请公开US 2004/0191109描述了用作铸造显微结构或细化晶粒板和薄片的改性237不锈钢。
如上面所概述的，已经对开发用于从含烃地层经济地产出烃类、氢和/或其它产品的加热器、方法和系统付出了大量的努力。但是目前仍存在很多不能从其中经济地产出烃类、氢和/或其它产品的含烃地层。因而，仍需要改进的加热方法和系统以从各种含烃地层中产出烃类、氢和/或其它产品。
发明内容
在此所描述的实施例总体涉及用于处理地下地层的系统、方法和加热器。在此所描述的实施例还总体涉及其内具有新颖部件的加热器。这种加热器可通过使用在此所描述的系统和方法获得。
在某些实施例中，本发明提供了一种或多种系统、方法和/或加热器。在一些实施例中，所述系统、方法和/或加热器用于处理地下地层。
在某些实施例中，本发明提供了一种用于地下地层的加热系统，包括：导电体；至少部分地围绕所述导电体的绝缘层；和包括铁磁材料的护套，所述护套至少部分地围绕所述绝缘层，其中，在所述导电体导电并且所述护套的温度在铁磁材料的居里温度以下的同时，所述护套的外表面构造为几乎没有或没有电势。
在另外的实施例中，特定实施例的特征可与其它实施例的特征结合。例如，一个实施例的特征可以与其它实施例中任一个的特征结合。
在另外的实施例中，利用在此所述的任何方法、系统或加热器处理地下地层。
在另外的实施例中，附加特征可添加到在此所述的特定实施例中。
附图说明
根据下述详细描述的有益效果和参照附图，本发明的优点对本领域的技术人员来说可变得显而易见，附图中：
图1描述了加热含烃地层的各阶段的图示。
图2显示了用于处理含烃地层的就地热处理系统的一部分的一个实施例的示意图。
图3描述了其本身与地层电隔离的、单端部的、基本上水平的绝缘导体加热器的一个实施例。
图4A和4B描述了在护套外侧电隔离的绝缘导体的一个实施例的剖视图。
图5描述了位于管状物内部的绝缘导体的一个实施例的切开部分的侧视图。
图6描述了位于管状物内部的绝缘导体的一个实施例基本上沿图5的直线A-A剖切的剖视图。
图7描述了位于管状物内部的绝缘导体的远端部的一个实施例的剖视图。
虽然本发明易于具有多种修改和替代形式，但是其具体实施例在附图中以示例方式进行显示，并且可在此进行详细描述。附图可不按比例绘制。但是，应该理解的是，附图和对附图的详细描述不旨在将本发明限制为所公开的特别形式，而是相反地，旨在覆盖落入由所附权利要求所限定的本发明的精神和范围内的所有修改、等同物和替代方案。
具体实施方式
下述描述总体涉及用于处理地层中烃类的系统和方法。这种地层可被处理以生产烃产品、氢和其它产品。
“交流电(AC)”是指基本上按照正弦曲线反转方向的时变电流。AC在铁磁性导体中产生集肤效应电流。
“居里温度”是指在该温度以上铁磁性材料失去其全部铁磁性能的温度。除了在居里温度以上失去所有铁磁性能外，铁磁性材料还在增大的电流经过铁磁性材料时开始失去其铁磁性能。
“流体压力”是由地层中的流体产生的压力。“静岩压力”(有时称为“静岩应力”)是与覆岩块的单位面积的重量相等的地层中的压力。“流体静压”是由水柱施加在地层中的压力。
“地层”包括一个或多个含烃层、一个或多个非烃层、上覆岩层和/或下伏岩层。“烃层”指地层中的含烃层。烃层可含有非烃材料和烃材料。“上覆岩层”和/或“下伏岩层”包括一种或多种不同类型的不可渗透材料。例如，上覆岩层和/或下伏岩层可包括岩石、页岩、泥岩或润湿/致密的碳酸盐。在一些就地热处理过程的实施例中，上覆岩层和/或下伏岩层可包括一层或多层含烃层，其在就地热处理的处理过程中是相对不可渗透的并且不受温度影响，所述就地热处理导致上覆岩层和/或下伏岩层的含烃层的性能发生显著变化。例如，下伏岩层可含有页岩或泥岩，但是下伏岩层在就地热处理处理期间不允许加热到热解温度。在一些情形中，上覆岩层和/或下伏岩层可以是稍微可渗透的。
“地层流体”是指存在于地层中的流体，并且可包括热解流体、合成气、流动的烃类和水(蒸汽)。地层流体可包括烃流体以及非烃流体。术语“流动的流体”是指由于地层的热处理而能够流动的含烃地层中的流体。“产出流体”是指从地层移出的流体。
“热源”是用于基本上通过传导和/或辐射热传递向地层的至少一部分提供热的任何系统。例如，热源可包括电加热器，比如绝缘导体、细长部件和/或布置在导管中的导体。热源还可包括通过燃烧地层外部或地层中的燃料来产生热的系统。所述系统可以是地表燃烧器、井下气体燃烧器、无焰分布式燃烧器和自然分布式燃烧器。在一些实施例中，一个或多个热源所提供或产生的热可由其它能源提供。所述其它能源可直接加热地层，或者所述能量可施加到直接或间接加热地层的传递介质。应该理解的是，将热施加到地层的一个或多个热源可使用不同的能源。因而，例如，对于给定地层，一些热源可由电阻加热器提供热，一些热源可通过燃烧提供热，一些热源可由一个或多个其它能源(例如，化学反应、太阳能、风能、生物质或其它可再生能源)提供热。化学反应可包括放热反应(例如氧化反应)。热源还可包括向加热位置(比如加热器井)附近或周围的区域提供热的加热器。
“加热器”是用于在井中或井眼附近的区域产生热的任何系统或热源。加热器可以是，但不限于，电加热器、燃烧炉、与地层中的材料或从地层产出的材料发生反应的燃烧器、和/或其组合。
“烃类”通常定义为主要由碳和氢原子形成的分子。烃类还可包括其它元素，比如，但不限于，卤素、金属元素、氮、氧、和/或硫。烃类可以是，但不限于，油母、沥青、焦沥青、油类、天然矿物蜡和沥青岩。烃类可位于大地中的矿物基体中或与矿物基体相邻。基体可包括，但不限于，沉积岩、砂、沉积石英岩、碳酸盐、硅藻土和其它多孔介质。“烃流体”是包括烃类的流体。烃流体可包括夹带非烃流体或被夹带在非烃流体中的流体，所述非烃流体比如为氢、氮、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、硫化氢、水和氨。
“就地转化过程”是指通过热源加热含烃地层以将地层的至少一部分的温度升高到热解温度以上以使得在地层中产生热解流体的过程。
“就地热处理过程”是指使用热源加热含烃地层以将地层的至少一部分的温度升高到导致含烃材料地层的流体流动、降粘和/或热解的温度以上以使得在地层中产生流动的流体、降粘的流体和/或热解的流体的过程。
“绝缘导体”是指任何能够导电的并且全部或部分由电绝缘材料覆盖的细长物体。
“热解”是由于施加热而导致化学键的断裂。例如，热解可包括仅通过热将化合物转变为一种或多种其它物质。热可被传递到地层的一部分以发生热解。
“热解流体”或“热解产物”是指基本上在烃类的热解期间产生的流体。通过热解反应产生的流体可与地层中的其它流体混合。混合物被认为是热解流体或热解产物。如在此所使用的，“热解区”是指被反应或进行反应以形成热解流体的地层体(例如，相对不可渗透的地层，比如沥青砂地层)。
“热的叠加”是指从两个或更多个热源向地层的选定部分提供热，以使得在热源之间的至少一个位置处的地层温度受热源影响。
“限温加热器”通常是指加热器将热输出调节(例如，减少热输出)到规定温度以上而无需使用外部控制器的加热器，所述外部控制器比如为温度控制器、功率调节器、整流器或其它装置。限温加热器可以是AC(交流电流)或调制(例如“斩波”)DC(直流)供电的电阻加热器。
“导热流体”包括在标准温度和压力(STP)(0℃和101.325kPa)下具有比空气高的导热率的流体。
“导热率”是材料的一种性能，其描述了对于材料的两个表面之间的给定温度差，热以稳定状态在材料的两个表面之间流动的速率。
层的“厚度”是指层横截面的厚度，其中横截面垂直于层的表面。
“时变电流”是指在铁磁性导体中产生集肤电流并且大小随时间变化的电流。时变电流既包括交变电流(AC)又包括调制直流电流(DC)。
限温加热器的“调节比”是对于给定电流，居里温度以下的最大AC或调制DC电阻与居里温度以上的最小电阻的比值。
“U型井眼”是指从地层中的第一开口延伸穿过地层的至少一部分并且从地层中的第二开口穿出的井眼。在本文中，井眼可以仅大体上呈“v”型或“u”型，对于视为“u”型的井眼来说，“u”型的“腿”应该理解成不需要彼此平行或垂直于“u”的底部。
“改质”是指提高烃的质量。例如，改质重质烃类可导致提高重质烃类的API重力指标。
术语“井眼”是指通过钻井或将管道插入地层中而在地层中形成的孔。井眼可具有基本上圆形的横截面或其它横截面形状。如在此所使用的，术语“井”和“开口”在指地层中的开口时可与术语“井眼”互换使用。
地层中的烃类可通过各种方式处理以生产出很多不同产物。在某些实施例中，地层中的烃类在各阶段中进行处理。图1描述了加热含烃地层的各阶段的一个图示。图1还描述了以来自地层的每吨地层流体的油当量桶数为单位的产量(“Y”)(y轴)与以摄氏度为单位的受热地层的温度(“T”)(x轴)的曲线关系的示例。
在阶段1加热过程中发生甲烷解吸和水蒸发。阶段1期间的地层加热可尽可能快速地进行。例如，当含烃地层开始加热时，地层中的烃类解吸所吸附的甲烷。解吸的甲烷可从地层产出。如果进一步加热含烃地层，则含烃地层中的水蒸发。在一些含烃地层中，水可占据地层中孔隙体积的约10％至50％之间。在其它地层中，水占据孔隙体积的更多或更少部分。水通常在地层中在600kPa的绝对压力到7000kPa的绝对压力下、在160℃至285℃之间蒸发。在一些实施例中，蒸发的水产生地层中的润湿性变化和/或增加的地层压力。润湿性变化和/或增加的压力可影响地层中的热解反应或其它反应。在某些实施例中，蒸发的水从地层产出。在其它实施例中，蒸发的水用于在地层中或地层外部进行抽汽和/或蒸馏。从地层中移出水和增加地层中的孔隙体积增大了烃类在孔隙体积中的存储空间。
在某些实施例中，在阶段1加热后，地层被进一步加热，以使得地层中的温度达到(至少)初始热解温度(比如在如图2所示的温度范围的下端处的温度)。地层中的烃类可在整个阶段2进行热解。热解温度范围根据地层中的烃类的类型而变化。热解温度范围可包括250℃至900℃之间的温度。用于生产期望产物的热解温度范围可延伸经过总热解范围的仅一部分。在一些实施例中，用于生产期望产物的热解温度范围可包括250℃至400℃之间的温度或270℃至350℃之间的温度。如果地层中烃类的温度缓慢升高经过从250℃到400℃的温度范围，则当温度接近400℃时，可基本上完成热解产物的生产。烃类的平均温度可以小于5℃/天、小于2℃/天、小于1℃/天或小于0.5℃/天的速率升高来经过用于生产期望产物的热解温度范围。利用多个热源加热含烃地层可在热源周围形成热梯度，所述热源使地层中烃类的温度缓慢地升高经过热解温度范围。
温度升高经过用于期望产物的热分解温度范围的速率可影响从含烃地层产出的地层流体的质量和数量。将地层温度缓慢地升高经过用于期望产物的热解温度范围可允许从地层产出高质量、高API重力指标的烃类。将地层温度缓慢地升高经过用于期望产物的热解温度范围可允许以烃产物的形式移出存在于地层中的大量烃类。
在一些就地热处理的实施例中，代替将温度缓慢地加热经过温度范围的是将地层的一部分加热到期望温度。在一些实施例中，期望的温度为300℃、325℃、或350℃。其它温度可选择为期望温度。叠加来自热源的热允许在地层中相对快速有效地建立期望温度。从热源输入地层中的能量可被调节以使地层中的温度基本上保持在期望温度。地层的受热部分基本上保持在期望温度，直到热解减慢使得从地层产出期望的地层流体变得不经济。地层的发生热解的部分可包括通过来自仅一个热源的热传递而进入热解温度范围的区域。
在某些实施例中，包括热解流体的地层流体从地层产出。随着地层温度的升高，产出的地层流体中的可冷凝烃类的量可能减少。在高温下，地层可主要产出甲烷和/或氢。如果在整个热解范围内加热含烃地层，则地层在朝向热解范围上限过程中仅产出少量氢。在所有可用氢气衰竭时，通常会出现从地层中产出极小量的流体。
在烃类热解之后，大量碳和一些氢可仍然存在于地层中。保留在地层中的大部分碳可以合成气的形式从地层产出。合成气的产生可发生在图1所示的阶段3加热期间。阶段3可包括将含烃地层加热到足够高的温度以允许产生合成气。例如，合成气可在大约400℃到大约1200℃、大约500℃到大约1100℃、或大约550℃到大约1000℃的温度范围内产生。当产生合成气的流体被引入地层时，地层受热部分的温度决定在地层中产生的合成气的成分。所产生的合成气可通过一口或多口生产井从地层中移出。
由含烃地层产生的流体的总含能量可在整个热解和产生合成气期间保持相对恒定。在相对低的地层温度下进行热解期间，产出流体中的大部分可以是具有高含能量的可冷凝烃类。然而，在较高的热解温度下，地层流体中的较少部分包括可冷凝烃类。更多的不可冷凝的地层流体可从地层产生。产出流体每单位体积的能含量可能在主要产生不可冷凝的地层流体期间略微下降。在合成气产生期间，产出的合成气的每单位体积的能含量与热解流体的能含量相比显著降低。然而，产出的合成气的体积在很多情况下显著增大，从而补偿降低的能含量。
图2显示了用于处理含烃地层的就地热处理系统的一部分的一个实施例的示意图。就地热处理系统可包括壁障井200。壁障井用于在处理区域周围形成壁障。壁障阻止流体流入和/或流出处理区域。壁障井包括但不限于脱水井、真空井、俘获井、注入井、灌浆井、冷冻井或其组合。在一些实施例中，壁障井200是脱水井。脱水井可去除液态水和/或防止液态水进入要被加热或者地层正被加热的地层部分。在图2所示的实施例中，壁障井200显示为仅沿热源202的一侧延伸，但是壁障井通常围绕所使用的或将要使用的所有热源202以加热地层的处理区域。
热源202设置在地层的至少一部分中。热源202可以包括加热器，比如绝缘导体、导体在导管内的加热器、表面燃烧器、无焰分布式燃烧器和/或自然分布式燃烧器。热源202还可包括其它类型的加热器。热源202向地层的至少一部分提供热量以加热地层中的烃类。能量可通过供应管线204提供给热源202。供应管线204可根据一个或多个用于加热地层的热源的类型而在结构上有所不同。热源的供应管线204可以输送用于电加热器的电能，可以输送用于燃烧室的燃料，或者可以输送在地层中循环的热交换流体。在一些实施例中，用于就地热处理过程的电能可由一个或多个核电站提供。使用核能允许减少或消除从就地热处理过程中释放的二氧化碳。
生产井206用于从地层中移出地层流体。在一些实施例中，生产井206包括热源。生产井中的热源可在生产井处或生产井附近加热地层的一个或多个部分。在一些就地热处理过程的实施例中，由每米生产井从生产井提供给地层的热量小于由加热地层的每米热源提供给地层的热量。
在一些实施例中，生产井206中的热源允许从地层中去除地层流体的汽相。在生产井处或通过生产井提供热可用于：(1)在该生产流体靠近覆盖层在生产井中运动时阻止该生产流体冷凝和/或逆流；(2)增加输入到地层中的热；(3)与没有热源的生产井相比提高生产井的产率；(4)阻止生产井中的高碳数化合物(C6或以上)的冷凝；和/或(5)提高生产井处或生产井附近的地层渗透性。
地层中的地下压力可对应于地层中产生的流体压力。随着地层受热部分中的温度升高，受热部分中的压力可由于流体的热膨胀、生成流体的增加和水的蒸发而增大。控制从地层中移出流体的速率可允许控制地层中的压力。地层中的压力可以在很多不同位置处确定，比如生产井附近或生产井处、热源附近或热源处、或者监测井处。
在一些含烃地层中，从地层中生产烃类受到抑制，直到地层中的至少一部分烃类已经热解。当地层流体具有选定质量时，地层流体可从地层中产出。在一些实施例中，选定质量包括至少大约20°、30°或40°的API重力指标。直到至少一部分烃类被热解，抑制生产才可以加快重质烃类向轻质烃类的转化。抑制初期产量可使从地层产出的重质烃类的量最小。生产大量重质烃类可能需要昂贵的设备和/或缩短生产设备的寿命。
在达到热解温度并且允许从地层中进行生产之后，地层中的压力可发生变化，用于改变和/或控制产出的地层流体的成分、用于控制地层流体中可冷凝流体相对于不可冷凝流体的百分比，和/或用于控制产出的地层流体的API重力指标。例如，降低压力可导致产出较大的可冷凝流体组分。可冷凝流体组分可包含较大百分比的烯烃。
在一些就地热处理过程的实施例中，地层中的压力可保持足够高以促使产出API重力指标大于20°的地层流体。在地层中保持增大的压力可以在就地热处理期间阻止地层下沉。保持增大的压力可促使从地层中产生流体的汽相。汽相的产生允许减小用于输送从地层产出的流体的收集管道的尺寸。保持增大的压力可减少或消除对在地表处压缩地层流体以将收集管道中的流体输送至处理设备的需要。
令人惊讶的是，保持地层受热部分中增大的压力可允许生产出质量提高并且具有较低分子量的大量烃类。压力可以保持成使得产出的地层流体具有最小量的选定碳数以上的化合物。选定碳数可以是至多25、至多20、至多12或至多8。一些高碳数化合物可夹带在地层中的蒸汽中并且可随蒸汽一起从地层移出。在地层中保持增大的压力可抑制在蒸汽中夹带高碳数化合物和/或多环碳氢化合物。高碳数化合物和/或多环碳氢化合物可在地层中在相当长时间保持为液相。相当长时间可为给化合物提供了足够长的时间进行热解以形成低碳数化合物。
从生产井206产出的地层流体可通过收集管线208输送到处理设备210。地层流体还可从热源202产出。例如，流体可以从热源202产出以控制与热源相邻的地层中的压力。从热源202产出的流体可通过生产管或管道输送至收集管线208，或者产出流体可通过生产管或管道直接输送至处理设备210。处理设备210可包括分离单元、反应单元、改质单元、燃料室、涡轮、储存容器、和/或用于处理产出的地层流体的其它系统和单元。处理设备可将从地层产出的至少一部分烃类形成运输燃料。在一些实施例中，运输燃料可以是喷气燃料，例如JP-8。
在一些实施例中，绝缘导体加热器自身放置在地层中，并且绝缘导体加热器的外侧与地层电隔离，这是因为加热器在其外侧几乎没有或没有电势。图3描述了自身与地层电隔离的、单端部的、基本上水平的绝缘导体加热器。在该实施例中，加热器212是绝缘导体214。绝缘导体214可以是矿物绝缘导体加热器(例如，图4A和4B所示的绝缘导体214)。绝缘导体214位于烃层218中的开口216内。在某些实施例中，开口216是无套管的或裸眼的井眼。在一些实施例中，开口216是下套管或下衬管的井眼。在一些实施例中，绝缘导体加热器214是基本上U形加热器并且位于基本上U形开口中。
绝缘导体214几乎没有或没有沿着绝缘导体外表面流动的电流，以使得绝缘导体与地层电隔离并且几乎没有或没有电流泄漏到地层中。绝缘导体214的外表面(或护套)是金属或热辐射体，使得热从绝缘导体向地层辐射。
图4A和4B描述了绝缘导体214的一个实施例的剖视图，所述绝缘导体在护套220的外侧电隔离。在某些实施例中，护套220由铁磁性材料制成。在一个实施例中，护套220由410不锈钢制成。在其它实施例中，护套220由T/P91或T/P92不锈钢制成。在一些实施例中，护套220可包含碳钢。芯部222由高传导性材料(比如，铜或铜合金)制成。电绝缘体226是电绝缘材料，比如，氧化镁。绝缘导体214可以是廉价的且易于制造成加热器。
在图4A和4B所示的实施例中，如箭头所示，芯部222将电流带入地层。芯部222和护套220在加热器的远端部(底部)电联接。电流通过护套220返回地层表面。如图4A中的箭头224所示，护套220的铁磁性性质将电流限制到沿着护套内径的趋肤深度。护套220的厚度为护套中所用的铁磁材料的趋肤深度的至少2或3倍，以使得大部分电流限制在护套的内表面而几乎没有或没有电流在护套外径上流动。因此，在护套220的外侧几乎没有或没有电势。使绝缘导体214的外表面上几乎没有或没有电势不会将地层暴露于任何高电压下，阻止电流泄漏到地层中，并且减少或消除了对隔离变压器的需要，所述隔离变压器降低能量效率。
因为芯部222由高传导性材料(比如铜)制成，护套220由更高电阻的铁磁材料制成，所以由绝缘导体214产生的大部分热在护套中产生。在护套220中产生大部分热提高了从绝缘导体214向位于绝缘导体(或其它加热器)上方的地层的传热效率，所述绝缘导体使用芯部或中心导体来产生大部分热。
在某些实施例中，芯部222由铜制成。在芯部222中使用铜允许加热器的加热部分和覆盖层部分具有相同的芯部材料。因此，加热器可由一个长芯部组件制成。该长单芯组件减小或消除了对芯部中的焊接接头的需要，所述焊接接头是不可靠的并且易于失效。另外，长单芯组件加热器可远离安装地点制造并且以最终组件(准备安装组件)的形式运送到安装地点。单芯组件还根据电绝缘体的击穿电压而具有长加热器长度(例如，大约1000米或更长)。
在某些实施例中，护套220由两层或更多层相同和/或不同材料制成。护套220可由两层或更多层形成以获得护套所需的厚度(例如，厚度为护套中所用铁磁材料的趋肤深度的至少3倍)。制造和/或材料限制会限制单层护套材料的厚度。例如，每一层在将所述层制造(形成)在加热器上期间可张紧的量可以限制每层的厚度。因此，为了达到绝缘导体214的某些实施例所需的护套厚度，护套220可由若干层护套材料形成。例如，可以使用三层T/P92不锈钢来形成具有厚度为T/P92不锈钢的趋肤深度的大约3倍的护套220。
在一些实施例中，护套220包括两种或多种不同材料。在一些实施例中，护套220包括不同护套层中的不同材料。例如，护套220可具有为其电和/或电磁性质而选择的一或多个铁磁材料内层和为其不腐蚀性质而选择的一或多个外层。
在一些实施例中，护套220的厚度和/或护套的材料沿着加热器长度而发生变化。护套220的厚度和/或材料可变化以沿着加热器长度改变电性质和/或机械性能。例如，护套220的厚度和/或材料可变化以改变沿着加热器长度的调节比或居里温度。在一些实施例中，护套220的内层在加热器的覆盖层部分中包括铜或其它高传导性金属。铜内层限制加热器覆盖层部分中的热损失。
图5和6描述了位于管状物228内部的绝缘导体214的一个实施例。绝缘导体214可包括芯部222、电绝缘体226和护套220。芯部222和护套220可在绝缘导体的远端部进行电联接(短接)。图7描述了位于管状物228内部的绝缘导体214的远端部的一个实施例的剖面图。端帽230可在绝缘导体214和管状物的远端部处将芯部222和护套220电联接到管状物228上。端帽230可包括导电材料，比如铜或钢。
在某些实施例中，芯部222是铜的，电绝缘体226是氧化镁的，护套220是非铁磁性不锈钢的(例如，347H不锈钢、204-Cu不锈钢或204M不锈钢)。绝缘导体214可放置在管状物228中以保护绝缘导体、增强向地层的热传递、和/或允许绝缘导体盘绕成管或连续安装。管状物228可由铁磁材料制成，比如410不锈钢、T/P91不锈钢或碳钢。在某些实施例中，管状物228由耐腐蚀材料制成。在一些实施例中，管状物228由非铁磁材料制成。
在某些实施例中，如图6所示，绝缘导体214的护套220沿着焊接接头232纵向焊接到管状物228上。纵向焊接可以是将护套220的表面焊接到管状物228上的激光焊、纵列GTAW焊(气体保护钨极电弧焊)、或者电子束焊。在一些实施例中，管状物228由纵向金属条制成。圆柱形管可通过下述方式制成：卷绕纵向条材以形成圆柱形管，随后将该条材的纵向端部焊接到一起来形成管状物。
在某些实施例中，绝缘导体214在条材的纵向端部焊接到一起时被焊接到管状物228上(在同一焊接过程中)。例如，绝缘导体214沿着条材的纵向端部之一放置，以使得护套220在端部焊接在一起的位置处被焊接到管状物228上。在一些实施例中，在条材被卷绕以形成圆柱形管之前，绝缘导体214被焊接到条材的纵向端部之一上。随后，条材端部可被焊接以形成管状物228。
在一些实施例中，绝缘导体214在另一位置(例如，在远离用于形成管状物的条材的端部相连的焊缝的周向位置)被焊接到管状物228上。例如，绝缘导体214的护套220可与焊接用于形成管状物的条材的纵向端部的位置相对地沿径向焊接到管状物228上。在一些实施例中，管状物228由多个条材制成，所述条材卷绕在一起并联接(例如，焊接)以形成具有希望厚度的管状物。使用多于一个金属条材可更易于卷绕成用于形成管状物的圆柱形管。
护套220和管状物228可在焊接接头232处进行电和机械联接。将护套220纵向焊接到管状物228上阻止在绝缘导体214和管状物之间形成电弧。如果管状物是铁磁性的，管状物228可使电流从芯部222沿着管状物内部返回。如果管状物228是非铁磁性的，比如搪瓷涂层或喷涂陶瓷的薄电绝缘层可布置在管状物外侧上以阻止电流从管状物泄漏到地层中。在一些实施例中，流体被置于管状物228中以增强绝缘导体214和管状物之间的热传递和/或阻止在绝缘导体和管状物之间形成电弧。流体的实例包括但不限于导热气体，比如氦气、二氧化碳或蒸汽。流体还可包括流体，比如油、熔融金属、或熔融盐类(例如，日晒盐(60％NaNO3/40％KNO3))。在一些实施例中，热传递流体在管状物228内部输送并且在管状物内(在管状物和绝缘导体214之间的空间内)被加热。在一些实施例中，光纤、热电偶或其它温度传感器放置在管状物228内。
在某些实施例中，图5、6和7中所示的加热器由交流电流(或时变电流)供电。当加热器利用交流电流供电时，在管状物228中产生大部分热。如果管状物228是铁磁性的并且管状物的壁厚至少为趋肤深度的大约两倍，则加热器将用作制温加热器。与在绝缘导体内产生大部分热的加热器相比，在管状物228内产生大部分热量改善了向地层的热传递。
在阅读上述说明之后，本发明各个方面的进一步修改和替代实施例对于本领域技术人员来说是显而易见的。因此，本说明应解释为只是说明性的并且用于教导本领域技术人员实现本发明的一般方式。应当理解，在此所显示和所描述的本发明的形式可以看作是目前优选的实施例。在此所显示和所描述的要素和材料可替换，部件和过程可颠倒，本发明的某些特征可独立使用，所有这些在理解本发明的上述说明之后对本领域技术人员来说变得显而易见。在不脱离如下列权利要求书所述的本发明的精神和范围的情况下，可以对在此描述的要素进行改变。另外，应当理解的是，在此所描述的特征在某些实施例中可以结合。

Claims (11)

1.一种用于地下地层的加热系统，包括：
导电体；
至少部分地围绕所述导电体的绝缘层；和
包括铁磁材料的护套，所述护套至少部分地围绕所述绝缘层，其中，在所述导电体导电并且所述护套的温度低于铁磁材料的居里温度的同时，所述护套的外表面构造为几乎没有或没有电势。
2.如权利要求1所述的加热系统，其中，所述护套的厚度是铁磁材料在低于铁磁材料的居里温度50℃时的趋肤深度的至少2倍或至少3倍。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的加热系统，其中，所述加热系统构造为使得大部分电流在所述护套的内径上流过所述护套。
4.如权利要求1或2所述的加热系统，其中，所述护套和所述导电体在所述护套和所述导电体的远端部电联接。
5.如权利要求1或2所述的加热系统，其中，所述导电体是铜的。
6.如权利要求1或2所述的加热系统，其中，所述护套由多层材料制成。
7.如权利要求1或2所述的加热系统，其中，所述护套构造为当时变电流施加至所述加热系统时在该加热系统内产生大部分热。
8.如权利要求1或2所述的加热系统，其中，所述加热系统位于井眼中，以使得所述加热系统提供热以使地下地层中的烃类移动。
9.一种用于加热地下地层的方法，包括：
向如权利要求1或2中任一项所述的加热系统提供电力，所述加热系统位于地层的开口内；以及
允许热从所述加热系统传递至地下地层的至少一部分。
10.如权利要求10所述的方法，还包括使用来自加热器的热来使地下地层中的烃类移动。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法，还包括从地下地层产出烃类。
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CN110030033A (zh) * 2019-04-08 2019-07-19 贵州盘江精煤股份有限公司 一种钻孔中瓦斯抽放管长度测量装置
CN112817730A (zh) * 2021-02-24 2021-05-18 上海交通大学 深度神经网络服务批处理调度方法、系统及gpu

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