CN101635512B - 谐振开关式功率转换器中的音频噪声抑制 - Google Patents

谐振开关式功率转换器中的音频噪声抑制 Download PDF

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CN101635512B
CN101635512B CN200910164951.1A CN200910164951A CN101635512B CN 101635512 B CN101635512 B CN 101635512B CN 200910164951 A CN200910164951 A CN 200910164951A CN 101635512 B CN101635512 B CN 101635512B
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约翰·L.·米兰森
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F38/00—Adaptations of transformers or inductances for specific applications or functions
    • H01F38/02—Adaptations of transformers or inductances for specific applications or functions for non-linear operation
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    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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    • H01F3/00—Cores, Yokes, or armatures
    • H01F3/10—Composite arrangements of magnetic circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/42—Circuits or arrangements for compensating for or adjusting power factor in converters or inverters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F38/00—Adaptations of transformers or inductances for specific applications or functions
    • H01F38/02—Adaptations of transformers or inductances for specific applications or functions for non-linear operation
    • H01F38/023—Adaptations of transformers or inductances for specific applications or functions for non-linear operation of inductances
    • H01F2038/026—Adaptations of transformers or inductances for specific applications or functions for non-linear operation of inductances non-linear inductive arrangements for converters, e.g. with additional windings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F3/00—Cores, Yokes, or armatures
    • H01F3/10—Composite arrangements of magnetic circuits
    • H01F3/14—Constrictions; Gaps, e.g. air-gaps
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F38/00—Adaptations of transformers or inductances for specific applications or functions
    • H01F38/08—High-leakage transformers or inductances
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0003—Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits
    • H02M1/0032—Control circuits allowing low power mode operation, e.g. in standby mode
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    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/10—Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes

Abstract

在低功率触发模式操作中谐振开关式功率转换器的音频噪音由于触发造成的频谱分散而降低，也降低了由开关电路通过谐振回路提供的电流的音频频谱峰值幅度。这种分散能够通过变化触发之间的间隔和/或变化触发中的脉冲宽度来完成。触发中脉冲波形能够通过变化触发中脉冲的数量，触发起始脉冲的极性，和/或触发中脉冲的宽度而均一的或者随机的发生变化。触发脉冲波形也可以从一个存储器存储的脉冲波形设置中选择，并且这种选择可以是随机的或者有系统的。

Description

谐振开关式功率转换器中的音频噪声抑制
技术领域
本发明涉及一种开关式功率调节电路，尤其是一种谐振开关式功率转换器，其中触发模式下的脉冲形式在触发间不断变化。
背景技术
在谐振开关式功率转换器中，当输出电流需求降低，开关频率就升高以减小功率输出。但是，当遇到低负载或者零负载的情况时，所需要的开关频率可能会变得失效，并且通常会由于开关损耗的增加及输出功率对比正常开关操作下的功率消耗的下降而产生效率突然下降。由于上述原因，低功率“触发”模式就被应用到很低的或者零输出电流需求时候，此时由于发出了一个触发脉冲来重新启动谐振电路振荡达到一个足够的水平以对谐振开关功率转换器的输出电容充电，使得输出电压能够被保持住。在触发与触发之间，输出电容为负载提供功率。
但是，通常的触发动作会由于触发的频率不高而落入可听区域内，从而引起音频噪声。由于磁约束行为(magneto-restrictive behavior)，电感和变压器的磁心会因为触发产生的瞬间而引起音频震动。
因此，现在非常需要有一种能够降低音频震动的具有低功率操作模式的谐振开关式功率转换器。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种谐振开关式功率转换器及其操作方法，以达到上述为谐振开关式功率转换器提供低功率操作模式的目的，并具有减小音频震动的效果。
本发明谐振开关式功率转换器包括一个谐振回路电路，一个从输入电压源向谐振回路电路传输能量的开关电路，和一个将谐振混路电路耦合至开关式功率转换器的输出的变压器。在低功率模式中，开关电路产生在触发之间具有变化的波形或者脉宽的脉冲触发，以在声音频谱上分散音频噪声，降低音频频谱上峰值的能量，并降低可被听到的噪声。
如果触发中脉冲的波形是变化的，变化量可以是脉冲的数量及起始脉冲的极性。至少一个的，触发中脉冲的脉宽可以均匀变化的，随机变化的或者根据预先存储的表格从大量设定的波形中选择出来的。
以下将结合附图及实施例，对本发明中上文已经描述的以及其它目的、特征以及先进之处进行更详细的描述。
附图说明
图1为本发明谐振开关式功率转换器一个实施例的简略原理示意图；
图2为本发明图1所示的开关式功率转换器的触发模式一个实施例的时序图；
图3为本发明图1所示的开关式功率转换器的触发模式另一个实施例的时序图；
图4A～图4C为本发明图1所示的开关式功率转换器的触发模式不同实施例的时序图；
图5为本发明图1所示的谐振开关式功率转换器的作为本发明可选实施例中控制电路10A的模块图。
具体实施方式
本发明所提供的电路和方法为了降低工作在低功率触发模式中的谐振开关式功率转换器的电感和输出变压器的音频震动。本发明在触发和/或脉冲结构中发生变化，以使得音频震动发生的瞬间时的声音频谱变宽。
图1所示为本发明谐振开关式功率转换器电路的一个实施例。一个开关控制电路10由晶体管N1和N2控制开关电路。由一个电感和一个电容构成的串联谐振回路电路由晶体管N1和N2的开关动作来提供能量。一个变压器T 1将能量从谐振回路电路耦合至一个整流电桥BR1，来提供整流后的电流为输出电容C3充电。输出电压VOUT可以由为开关控制电路10提供反馈信号的反馈电路12在触发模式中保持在一个预先设定的电压上。作为选择的，触发模式也可以是“续流的(free-wheeling)”，这样那个足以为触发模式操作提供足够低的负载电流的触发，可以提前被设定并且不需要由反馈控制来提供。开关控制电路10包括逻辑和/或运算法则在触发周期之间产生具有变化的触发，以使得在加载谐振回路电路中晶体管N1和N2动作瞬间的声音频谱被加宽。
在图1中，谐振回路电路的电感可以采用如电感器L1加上变压器T1初级线圈的任意漏电感。然而，谐振回路电路中的电感也可以完全由变压器T1的漏电感来提供，因此在本发明的一些实施例中就没有电感器L1。谐振回路电路的电容由回路中全部串联连接的电容来提供，例如包括并联连接的电容C1和C2，在变压器T1初级线圈并联任何反射电容的寄生线圈电容CT，以及当晶体管N1和N2都截止时，晶体管N1和N2的并联连接的寄生电容(CpN1和CpN2)。
在低负载或者开路情况下，开关控制电路10工作在触发模式下，以在这种状况下保持谐振开关式功率转换器电路的效率。因为由开关控制电路10产生的开关频率一般会非常高并且随负载电流的减小由串联谐振回路电路的谐振频率而升高，对晶体管进行开关操作带来的损耗一般也会很高并且随负载的降低而增加。因此，为了使输出电压VOUT保持在期望的水平，最好的方法就是探测输出电压VOUT的下降，并且由开关控制电路10产生一个脉冲的触发，从而为谐振回路提供能量，使得对输出电容C3充电，同时保证触发之间的时间足够长。作为选择的，如上所述，根据输出电压VOUT传输给负载的特定最小电流所需要的最小触发长短和触发间隔，以产生具有预先的设定的间隔的触发。
图2所示为图1所示的谐振开关式功率转换器电路触发模式操作的一个实施例的一个时序图。在时刻T1，一个触发开始并且包括六个正脉冲和六个负脉冲。控制信号CA控制晶体管N1产生的正脉冲，其可由电压VS得知，并且由开关电路(例如图1中的晶体管N1和N2)提供给谐振回路电路。控制信号CB控制晶体管N2产生负脉冲，其可由电压VS得知。如图所示，脉冲的脉宽不是均一的，这并非本发明所提出，但其对降低总体上的瞬间能量有益处，正如之前所述的美国专利申请“具有触发模式过渡成形的谐振开关式功率转换器(RESONANT SWITCHING POWER CONVERTER WITH BURSTMODE TRANSITION SHAPING)”中的描述。触发中最前面的两个脉冲和最后的两个脉冲的脉宽缩减为其它脉冲的脉宽的一半，这在下文中会有进一步详细的描述。在时刻T2，第一个触发结束并且电压VS不再由晶体管N1和N2加载到输入电压的水平，而由谐振回路电路的“振荡(ringing)”来产生。
为了使触发产生的声音频谱变宽，从而降低特定频率的音频震动的能量，以降低可被听到的噪声，开关控制电路10可以在多种技术选择。两种可以被采用的技术如图2中所示，他们可以单独应用，或者一起使用。第一种技术是变化时刻T1和T3之间的时间间隔的数值，即触发重复周期TBURST，这相当于变化触发之间(时刻T3-时刻T2)的时间。结果是触发中的脉冲没有被改良，但是触发的基本重复速率发生了变化，而这正是在可听范围内产生震动频率的主要因素。第二种技术如图所示，变化触发中脉冲n的数值。在图2中，第一个触发脉冲n＝6，第二个触发n＝8。变化脉冲的数量将影响频谱的宽度，并且数量变化的脉冲会在频谱上分散开，从而产生在音频范围内分散能量的预期效果。
图3所示为本发明谐振开关式功率转换器触发模式操作的另一个实施例。在图示的实施例中，起始脉冲的极性在触发之间发生变化，这将改变瞬间能量的声音频谱，并且这是图3中唯一的这样特征，因为触发在重复速率和脉冲波形方面都是一样的。根据上文所述，两个脉冲相对于触发中部脉冲的脉宽(时刻Td-时刻Tc)被缩短。缩短两个或者更多的脉冲会有两个好处：1)触发开始和结束时候的瞬间特性被更进一步的缓解；2)效率被更进一步的提高并且开关瞬间会由于为产生下一个触发脉冲而开关的谐振回路电路的“振荡(ringing)”结束时的静态值VS的改变而减小。为了达到第二个目的，每个触发的第一个脉冲(和最后一个脉冲)的极性改变如图中所示，通过在每个触发中交换控制信号CA和CB的波形来实现。
经过电感器L1的电感器电流IL(或者经过谐振回路电路中提供串联电感的任何电感元件的电流)在时刻Tb达到峰值。然后，由控制信号CB产生的负脉冲和由控制信号CA产生的正脉冲，在电感器电流IL中持续产生大小相等，极性相反的峰值，并且具有比开始时的脉冲更长的脉宽，如图中所示的时刻Tc和时刻Td之间的脉宽。如果触发第一个脉冲的脉宽是完整的(也就是与触发中部脉冲的脉宽一样)，电感器电流IL的第一个峰值将是图中峰值的两倍，同时会在开关晶体管N1和N2，和变压器T1以及其它与变压器T1初级线圈串联的器件中产生应力，同时在变压器T1和电感器L1中产生音频噪音，由于磁约束(magneto-restriction)。这个瞬间还会由于输出电容器充电电流IOC中更大的峰值造成输出电容器C3更快的充电，从而引起电容器C3和整流电桥BR1中的应力。
在时刻Tb和时刻Tb’之间，触发的一个第二脉冲具有与触发开始时的半脉宽起始脉冲及触发中部完整脉宽脉冲都不同的脉宽(例如，3/4脉宽)，类似地，在时刻Te’和时刻Te之间，采用极性相反、脉宽相等的脉冲来保持总平均值为零的电感器电流IL。但是，尽管电感器电流保持在总和为零的水平，电压VS在触发之间却不能保持在总和为零的水平。在第一个触发结束的时刻Tf，在开关电路的输出上仍旧有一个偏置电压-Voff(例如，在图1中晶体管N1和N2的寄生电容CpN1和CpN2的共同连接端)。通过改变触发的极性(通过控制信号CA和CB的交替的波形)，在时刻Ta’启动下一个触发的脉冲具有与上一个触发的结束脉冲相同的极性，并且开关电路必须产生的电压改变由于偏置电压Voff的数值而被减小，这也减小了开关晶体管N1和N2的应力，并减小了供电瞬间变化。在第二个触发结束的时刻Tf’，电压+Voff仍旧保持在电压VS的静态值，并且与下一个触发开始时产生的正脉冲的极性相匹配。
通过启动脉宽减少的脉冲，而不是一个完整脉宽的脉冲，每个触发开始时候的瞬时电流就消除了。进一步的，在每个触发结束时，极性相反的缩短脉宽的脉冲(实施例中为负)在时刻Te’和Tf之间产生，以防止在触发结束时产生相似的瞬间，以及与一个相反极性的电流匹配输入谐振回路电路的电流。在时刻Tg，谐振回路的振荡说明电感器电流IL和电压VS的相位相差90度。必须有偶数个正脉冲和负脉冲(例如，四个完整脉宽的正脉冲和负脉冲，两个缩短脉宽的正脉冲和两个缩短脉冲的负脉冲)来使得触发的电感器电流IL保持在平均值总共为零的水平，从而使每个触发从一个零电感器电流开始，到一个零电感器电流结束。上述动作确保电感器电流IL不会在触发开始和结束时因晶体管N1和N2的开和关而受到影响，从而减小瞬间应力和声音。
图4A所示为本发明图1所示的谐振开关式电路另一个实施例的触发模式。图4A所示的触发模式与图2和图3所示的触发模式相似，因此以下只描述它们之间的区别之处，并仅仅图示出控制信号CA和CB以便区分。在图4A的触发模式中，不改变如图2中触发之间的比率或者触发中脉冲的数量，而是改变触发脉宽TB，如图示中的脉宽TB1和TB2。因为脉冲的相对的脉宽决定了电感器电流IL的波形，如果整个触发根据时间成一定比例，电流峰值将会减小或者增加，但是触发的总体上为零的电感电流将会保持，而不残留偏置电压，这可以通过保留触发的两个起始和终结脉冲(图中未示出)的宽度来保持，或者根据触发宽度TB的变化而轻微的变化。
图4B所示为本发明图1所示的谐振开关式电路又一个实施例的触发模式。图4B所示的触发模式根据一个伪随机数字发生器(pseudo-randomnumber generator，PRNG)在每个触发中变化脉冲的脉宽。因为电感电流IL一定要保持在总体为零的值，每个正脉冲后面都跟着一个等脉宽的负脉冲，这并非本发明所提出，但是提供了一种简单的技术来确保脉冲的随机脉宽变化能够在不损坏电感电流总共为零的平衡状态的情况下被采用。如图所示，第一个触发与第二个触发不同，引起了由触发造成的音频频谱(假设随机变化持续)在声频范围内被分散开。为了保持上述电压VS中的电压偏置操作，并且在第一个脉冲随机的设置成长脉宽时，防止产生一个很大的初始瞬值，保持住最前面的两个和最后的两个脉冲的固定脉宽，并且仅仅变化触发中部的脉冲的脉宽。但是，这些内容并非本发明的要求。
图4C所示为本发明图1所示的谐振开关式电路另一个实施例的触发模式。图4C中所示的触发模式根据读取存储的预先设定的脉冲宽度波形来变化每个触发的脉冲的脉宽。因为波形不是随机产生的，但却是预先设定的，每个脉冲可以有不同的脉宽，总共为零的电感器电流IL的平衡由预先计算能产生总共为零的电感器电流的脉宽来保持。同样的，最初的两个脉冲和最后的两个脉冲的脉宽能够为了提供电压VS中需要的偏置值而由波形调整。波形可以周期轮换的(有系统的)被选择，或者随机的被选择。
图5为本发明一个实施例的开关控制电路10A，可以用来产生如图4C所示的触发模式。一个计数器或者伪随机数字发生器(PRNG)50提供一个可选择的地址指向一个非易失性(NV)存储52，其中存储了脉冲的波形。成对的脉冲波形被提供给转换器(shift register)54A和54B，并由触发时钟56在每个触发中同步输出而产生控制信号CA和CB。
本文对本发明做了特殊说明并参照其优选实施例进行了描述，熟悉本领域的技术人员能够领会本发明，并可以在不超出本发明的构思与范围的前提下对上述实施例的细节做出其它形式的变更。

Claims (21)

1.一种谐振开关式功率电路，包括：
一个谐振电路，包括至少一个电感和至少一个电容，用来向谐振开关式功率电路的输出传输能量；
一个开关电路，耦合至谐振电路，用来从输入电压源向谐振电路传输能量；以及
一个控制电路，
其特征在于：
具有在低能量需求情况下控制开关电路的触发模式，这时在间歇的触发中会产生大量的脉冲，并且，触发在一定程度上发生变化以减小触发在平均的音频频谱上的峰值幅度，小于具有基本固定的脉冲波形和重复速率的触发所具有的峰值幅度。
2.根据权利要求1所述的谐振开关式功率电路，其中触发中脉冲的波形发生变化以拓宽触发的平均音频频谱。
3.根据权利要求2所述的谐振开关式功率电路，其中至少一个触发开始或结束脉冲具有的预先设定的脉宽与触发中部脉冲的周期不同。
4.根据权利要求2所述的谐振开关式功率电路，其中脉冲的脉宽随机变化以拓宽触发的平均音频频谱。
5.根据权利要求2所述的谐振开关式功率电路，其中触发中脉冲的波形通过在预先设定的多种多样的脉冲波形中进行选择而发生变化，在每个触发开始前从预先设定的脉冲波形中选择下一个波形。
6.根据权利要求5所述的谐振开关式功率电路，还包括一个存储部件，用来存储一个查询表，这个查询表具有多套预先设定的脉冲波形设置条目，从中能够选取两套或者更多的设置条目，并且其中控制电路选择并读取这些设置条目，以根据选中的设置条目产生触发。
7.根据权利要求2所述的谐振开关式功率电路，其中触发脉冲的波形由触发脉冲脉宽的变化而变化。
8.根据权利要求2所述的谐振开关式功率电路，其中触发脉冲的波形由触发脉冲数量的变化而变化。
9.根据权利要求2所述的谐振开关式功率电路，其中触发脉冲的波形由触发起始脉冲极性的变化而变化。
10.根据权利要求1所述的谐振开关式功率电路，其中触发之间的时间间隔发生变化以拓宽触发的平均音频频谱。
11.一种谐振开关式功率电路中低功率操作的方法，所述方法包括：
由谐振回路电路向谐振开关式功率电路的一个输出传输能量；
通过操作开关电路，从输入电压源向谐振电路传输能量；以及
其特征在于
在触发模式中操作开关电路，触发中产生大量的脉冲，在谐振开关式功率电路输出的能量需求很低的时候，间歇的为谐振开关式功率电路的输出提供能量，并且，触发在一定程度上发生变化以减小触发在平均的音频频谱上的峰值幅度，小于具有基本固定的脉冲波形和重复速率的触发所具有的峰值幅度。
12.根据权利要求11所述的方法，其中触发中的脉冲波形发生变化以拓宽触发的平均音频频谱。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法，其中至少一个触发开始或结束脉冲具有的预先设定的脉宽与触发中部脉冲的周期不同。
14.根据权利要求12所述的方法，其中脉冲的脉宽随机变化以拓宽触发的平均音频频谱。
15.根据权利要求12所述的方法，其中触发中脉冲的波形通过在预先设定的多套的脉冲波形中进行选择而发生变化，在每个触发开始前从预先设定的脉冲波形中选择下一个波形。
16.根据权利要求12所述的方法，还包括一个存储部件，用来存储一个查询表，这个查询表具有多套预先设定的脉冲波形设置条目，从中能够选取两套或者更多的设置条目，并且这种选择从存储部件中选择和读取多套设置条目，以根据选中的设置条目产生触发。
17.根据权利要求12所述的方法，其中触发脉冲的波形由触发脉冲脉宽的变化而变化。
18.根据权利要求12所述的方法，其中触发脉冲的波形由触发脉冲数量的变化而变化。
19.根据权利要求12所述的方法，其中触发脉冲的波形由触发起始脉冲极性的变化而变化。
20.根据权利要求11所述的方法，其中触发之间的时间间隔发生变化以拓宽触发的平均音频频谱。
21.一种集成电路控制器，集成在一个单晶片上，用来控制一个谐振开关式功率转换器，其特征在于：集成电路控制器为一个具有低功率触发模式的开关电路提供控制信号，当谐振开关式功率转换器输出的能量需求很低的时候触发中会产生大量的脉冲，并且，触发在一定程度上发生变化以减小触发在平均的音频频谱上的峰值幅度，小于具有基本固定的脉冲波形和重复速率的触发所具有的峰值幅度。
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US20100020579A1 (en) 2010-01-28
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