CN101603626B - 卸压装置的致动 - Google Patents

卸压装置的致动 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN101603626B
CN101603626B CN2009101491137A CN200910149113A CN101603626B CN 101603626 B CN101603626 B CN 101603626B CN 2009101491137 A CN2009101491137 A CN 2009101491137A CN 200910149113 A CN200910149113 A CN 200910149113A CN 101603626 B CN101603626 B CN 101603626B
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China
Prior art keywords
pressurized container
heat conducting
conducting element
composite bed
container according
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CN2009101491137A
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CN101603626A (zh
Inventor
M·林纳
W·厄勒里奇
M·赫尔曼
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GM Global Technology Operations LLC
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GM Global Technology Operations LLC
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C1/00—Pressure vessels, e.g. gas cylinder, gas tank, replaceable cartridge
    • F17C1/16—Pressure vessels, e.g. gas cylinder, gas tank, replaceable cartridge constructed of plastics materials
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
    • B29C70/28—Shaping operations therefor
    • B29C70/30—Shaping by lay-up, i.e. applying fibres, tape or broadsheet on a mould, former or core; Shaping by spray-up, i.e. spraying of fibres on a mould, former or core
    • B29C70/32—Shaping by lay-up, i.e. applying fibres, tape or broadsheet on a mould, former or core; Shaping by spray-up, i.e. spraying of fibres on a mould, former or core on a rotating mould, former or core
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2705/00—Use of metals, their alloys or their compounds, for preformed parts, e.g. for inserts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2995/00—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds
    • B29K2995/0012—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds having particular thermal properties
    • B29K2995/0013—Conductive
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
    • B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
    • B29L2031/712—Containers; Packaging elements or accessories, Packages
    • B29L2031/7154—Barrels, drums, tuns, vats
    • B29L2031/7156—Pressure vessels
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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Abstract

本发明涉及卸压装置的致动。提供用于存储加压流体的压力容器。所述压力容器包括具有外表面和内表面的复合层。所述内表面限定内部腔室。所述压力容器还包括与所述内部腔室流体连通的至少一个卸压装置。至少一个导热元件连续地缠绕在所述复合层的外表面上，且适合于承载负载并将热从靠近所述复合层的热源传递给所述至少一个卸压装置。也提供一种制造压力容器的方法。

Description

卸压装置的致动
技术领域
本发明涉及存储容器，且更具体地涉及用于燃料电池系统的高压容器。
背景技术
燃料电池系统已经被提出作为电动车辆和各种其它应用的清洁、有效和环保的电源。一种燃料电池系统采用质子交换膜(PEM)使得氢燃料和氧化剂进行催化反应，以产生电力。通常，所述燃料电池系统具有一个以上的燃料电池，所述燃料电池包括阳极和阴极，PEM位于阳极和阴极之间。阳极接收氢气，阴极接收氧气(通常来自于空气)。氢气在阳极中离子化，以产生自由氢离子和电子。氢离子穿过PEM到达阴极。氢离子与阴极中的氧和电子反应，产生水。来自于阳极的电子不能穿过PEM，且相反被引导通过电负载，如车辆，以在送至阴极之前做功。许多燃料电池可以组合在燃料电池系统中的燃料电池堆中，以产生期望的功率量。
燃料电池功率系统能够包括转化器或处理器，所述转化器或处理器将液体燃料(如，醇(例如，甲醇或乙醇))、碳氢化合物(例如，汽油)和/或其混合物(如，乙醇/甲醇和汽油的混合物)转化为用于燃料电池堆的氢气。更典型地，用作燃料电池系统中的燃料的氢气与车辆分离地加工和存储。氢气被输送至车辆上的高压容器或贮存器，以根据需要提供希望的氢气给车载燃料电池堆。
高压容器通常分成以下四种类型之一：具有全金属结构的I型容器；具有金属衬里结构的II型容器，所述II型容器带有用于增强的纤维环箍包装；具有金属衬里结构的III型容器，所述III型容器带有全纤维增强包装；和具有塑料衬里结构的IV型容器，所述IV型容器带有全纤维增强包装。如Immel在美国专利No.6,742,554中公开的那样，所设想的在工业中用于存储氢气的IV型压力容器总体上是圆柱形以提供期望的整体性，且包括外部结构壁和在其中限定贮存器腔室的内部衬垫，所述专利的全部内容作为参考引入本文。本领域也能想到具有衬垫较少的复合结构的V型容器。
容纳压缩氢气的高压容器必须具有期望的机械稳定性和整体性，以防止压力容器由于内部压力而破裂或爆破。通常也希望使得车辆上的压力容器是轻质的，从而不会显著地影响车辆的重要要求。行业中的当前趋势是采用IV型压力容器来在车辆上存储压缩氢气。
已知的高压容器包括至少一个热致动安全阀或卸压装置(PRD)。所述PRD设置在高压容器的端部的凸台上，所述凸台容纳各种阀、压力调节器、管道连接器、过流限制器等，以允许压力容器用压缩氢气填充。所述PRD也可以设置在压力容器中的另一开口处，但是所述PRD通常布置在压力容器的一端或两端。当压力容器暴露于高温时，所述PRD是有用的。当高温可能在远离单个PRD位置的局部区域存在时，可以使用一个以上的PRD。
已知不靠近带有PRD的压力容器端部的局部热源可能不会被PRD检测，因为形成压力容器的复合材料的导热率低。对该问题的现有技术解决方案的状态是采用热管来从靠近局部热源的压力容器区域传热。不过，热管不覆盖压力容器的整个表面。其它已知设计使用附加隔热层来减小进入压力容器的热通量。不过，附加隔热层仅仅是延迟压力容器的破裂，因而是不合需要的。
在Winter等的美国申请公布No.2008/0066805中也描述了一种压力容器系统，所述压力容器系统带有热传导层，用于从压力容器上的任何地方传递热给PRD，所述专利申请的全部内容作为参考引入本文。已知的热传导层包括围绕压力容器包绕的且在压力容器外部的热传导网、和连接到PRD的热传导条，所述热传导条沿压力容器延伸。围绕压力容器外部包绕的热传导片、箔和层也是已知的。
持续需要一种压力容器，所述压力容器在从局部热源传递热给PRD方面是有效的，且利于使用单个PRD代替多个PRD。期望压力容器设置有附加保护层，所述附加保护层承载经过压力容器的一部分负载，不需要附加防石装置(stone shield)，且比当前压力容器设计更成本有效。
发明内容
根据本发明，令人惊奇地发现了一种压力容器，所述压力容器提供从靠近压力容器的局部热源向卸压装置(PRD)的有效热传递，利于使用单个PRD，提供附加负载承载保护层，不需要附加防石装置，且与已知设计相比是成本有效的。
在一个实施例中，一种压力容器包括复合层，所述复合层具有外表面和内表面。所述内表面中限定用于存储加压流体的内部腔室。至少一个卸压装置与所述内部腔室流体连通。至少一个导热元件连续地缠绕在所述复合层的外表面上，且适合于承载负载并将热从靠近所述复合层的热源传递给所述至少一个卸压装置。
在另一实施例中，设置在所述复合层的外表面上的所述导热元件是大致实心的。
在其它实施例中，一种用于制造压力容器的方法，包括步骤：提供具有外表面和内表面的复合层，所述内表面中限定用于存储加压流体的内部腔室；和将至少一个导热元件缠绕在所述复合层的外表面上。
附图说明
本发明的上述益处以及其它益处从以下详细说明尤其是在结合本文所述的附图考虑时对于本领域技术人员来说显而易见。
图1是根据本发明的压力容器的侧视截面图；
图2是图1所示的压力容器的侧视图，还示出了设置在压力容器的表面上且大致平行于压力容器的纵轴线的导热元件阵列；
图3是图1所示的压力容器的透视图，还示出了设置在压力容器上且相对于压力容器的纵轴线成一定角度的导热元件的一部分；和
图4是图3所示的压力容器的透视图，还示出了压力容器用设置成相对于压力容器的纵轴线成一定角度的导热元件大致覆盖。
具体实施方式
以下说明本质上仅仅是示例性的，且不旨在限制本发明、应用或使用。也应当理解的是，在整个附图中，相应的附图标记表示相同或相应的部件和特征。关于所公开的方法，所阐述的步骤本质上是示例性的，因而不是必要的或关键的。
图1示出了根据本发明一个实施例的压力容器2。压力容器2是IV型压力容器，但是应当理解的是，其它压力容器结构、类型和设计(如，III型和V型)也可以适合于本发明。压力容器2是大致圆柱形的，以提供期望的整体性，但是应当理解的是，也可以使用其它形状。
压力容器2包括具有外表面5和内表面6的复合层4。复合层4的内表面6限定压力容器2的内部腔室8。通常，复合层4由具有足以容纳压力容器2中的加压流体(如，加压氢气)的厚度和机械刚度的材料制成。复合层4也提供抗冲击性。复合层4通常由合适的复合材料形成，如塑料复合材料、玻璃复合材料、碳复合材料及其组合。本领域技术人员将理解，可以根据期望选择其它材料。复合材料通常被包绕以形成复合层4，例如在Schlag的共同未决的美国申请No.11/677,781中公开的那样，所述申请的全部内容作为参考引入本文。
压力容器2可以包括靠近复合层4设置的衬垫10。衬垫10是抑制加压流体从压力容器2的内部腔室8渗透的屏障。衬垫10材料在由工作的压力容器2所经历的工作温度范围内是耐用的。衬垫10通常是薄的，以保持压力容器2是轻质的。作为非限制性示例，聚合物衬垫10厚度小于约10mm，在特定实施例中小于约5mm。可以根据期望使用其它厚度。在特定实施例中，衬垫10由聚合材料制成，如热塑性材料。适合于聚合衬垫10的热塑性材料的非限制性示例包括：聚乙烯、尼龙、聚氯乙烯、纤维素、氯乙烯共聚物、聚酰亚胺及其组合物。一种合适的热塑性材料包括高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)。本领域技术人员应当理解，可以使用其它聚合材料。
压力容器2具有第一端12和第二端14。第一凸台16设置在压力容器2的第一端12，且形成穿过复合层4的通路。所述通路与容器腔室8连通。第一凸台16通常是容纳各种部件的结构，包括适配器、阀、压力调节器、管道连接器、过流限制器等。这些附加部件允许压力容器2用加压流体(例如氢气)装填，且允许加压流体从压力容器2排出给燃料电池系统。也采用合适的粘合剂、密封环或类似物来使得第一凸台16与压力容器2密封，以保持加压流体。粘合剂、密封环或类似物将凸台16紧固到复合层4。在特定实施例中，大致类似的第二凸台18设置在压力容器2的第二端14。
第一凸台16包括第一卸压装置(PRD)20。第一PRD20通常与容器腔室8连通，且开口，以使得加压流体以受控速率排放通过PRD通风管路(未示出)。具体地，第一PRD20在暴露到预定温度的情况下热致动。作为非限制性示例，PRD20可以在达到大于约120℃的温度时被致动。在一些实施例中，PRD20包括含有钎料(未示出)的机构，所述钎料在期望或临界温度时熔融。在另一实施例中，PRD20包括填充有流体(未示出)的玻璃贮存器，玻璃贮存器在前述温度时爆破。钎料的熔融或填充有流体的玻璃贮存器的破裂使得第一PRD20打开，从而排放压力容器腔室8的内容物。压力容器2的第二端14可以包括大致类似的第二PRD22。应当理解的是，在达到期望温度或期望内部压力时排放压力容器2的内容物的其它PRD装置也是合适的。
本发明的压力容器2包括导热元件24。导热元件24设置在复合层4的外表面5上。例如，导热元件24可以缠绕在外表面5上。如本文所使用的那样，缠绕指的是包括大致平行于压力容器2的纵轴线A的线性应用。导热元件24适合从靠近复合层4的热源传递热给第一PRD20和第二PRD22中的至少一个。热源可以局限于第一端12和第二端14之间沿压力容器2的一定长度。应当理解的是，导热元件24用来在发生压力容器2的局部加热时致动第一PRD20和第二PRD22中的至少一个。
本领域技术人员应当理解，导热元件24可以由具有比复合层4展现的导热率更大的导热率的任何合适材料制成。通常，导热元件24是大致实心的，与管或类似中空元件不同。在一个实施例中，导热元件24的导热率大于约5W/m-K，在特定实施例中，大于约50W/m-K，在最特定实施例中，大于约100W/m-K。作为非限制性示例，导热元件24可以是由铝、铜、金、银、钢、钛、锌以及它们中的一种或更多种的合金制成的线。整体式线丝或具有一个以上的丝的线索可以根据期望使用。具有合适导热率的其它材料也可以使用。
导热元件24总体上在压力容器2的侧面上从第一端12到第二端14沿复合层4的一定长度设置。为了优化到PRD22，24中的至少一个的热传递，导热元件24还设置成靠近凸台16，18中的至少一个。在特定实施例中，导热元件24与凸台16，18中的至少一个接触。在另一实施例中，导热元件24与PRD22，24中的至少一个接触。如图2所示，所述至少一个导热元件24可以包括设置成大致平行于压力容器2的纵轴线A的多个导热元件24。
在图3和4所示的一个实施例中，导热元件24总体上相对于压力容器2的纵轴线A以一定角度设置在复合层4上。作为非限制性示例，导热元件24可以缠绕在复合层4上以在提供大致螺旋形模式。所述缠绕可以包括将导热元件24沿压力容器2的侧面和围绕压力容器2的第一端12和第二端14包绕。导热元件24的纵向道次期望并排地应用，且用导热元件24大致覆盖复合层4。可以采用多个导热元件24或单个导热元件24来大致覆盖复合层4。在特定实施例中，单个导热元件24连续缠绕在压力容器2上以大致覆盖复合层4。当一个以上的导热元件24从压力容器2的一端朝另一端应用时，各个元件24的端部可以彼此连接，以形成连续缠绕的导热元件24，从而允许所述条承载压力容器2的负载。其它合适的缠绕模式也包括用导热元件24以大致垂直于压力容器2的纵轴线的角度圆周或环状包绕复合层4。应当理解的是，也可以根据期望使用可选缠绕模式及其组合。
应当理解的是，当压力容器2是大致圆柱形时，导热元件24沿压力容器2的侧面设置的角度α可以是大致恒定的。例如，期望角度α可以通过有限元分析来选择。有限元分析可以根据期望考虑带有摩擦或没有摩擦的导热元件24的应用。角度α也可以由克雷洛定律估算，假设在导热元件24应用于压力容器2时摩擦最小。克雷洛定律下的估算值可以用作有限元分析的一部分，以产生要应用的导热元件24的最终期望角度α。期望角度α可以被计算，以对于压力容器2的给定外径提供最佳负载承载效率。
当导热元件24趋近于第一和第二端12，14之一时，角度从α转向，以增加到在靠近第一和第二凸台16，18之一时相对于纵轴线A成约90度(90°)。所述角度在压力容器2的端部12，14处的圆顶中连续地增加，直到达到90度(90°)角度的转向点，且继续往回朝压力容器2的侧面减小。所述角度在移动到圆柱形压力容器2的侧面时回到α。导热元件24的角度也可以与复合层4的下面复合条形成交叉点接触，所述复合条已经相对于纵轴线A以不同角度应用。交叉点接触可以利于热从局部热源传递给PRD22，24之一。
导热元件24还可以具有涂层，所述涂层适合于优化导热元件24的导热率。例如，所述涂层可以是导热金属。作为非限制性示例，导热元件24可以是钢线(约50W/m-K)，用另一种更导热的金属(如，银(约400W/m-K))涂层。应当理解的是，这种设计可能是成本有效的，且提供比单独用没有涂层的线可获得的导热率更大的期望水平的导热率。也可以采用具有期望导热率的其它涂层。
导热元件24还可以根据期望在导热层内形成，如导热聚合物层。
压力容器2还可以包括设置在导热元件24和复合层4之间的隔热层(未示出)。所述隔热层适合于防止热从局部热源传递给复合层4和内部腔室8中的加压流体。可以根据期望选择用于隔热层的合适材料。
本发明还包括用于制造压力容器2的方法。所述方法首先包括步骤：提供具有外表面5和内表面6的复合层4，所述内表面6中限定用于存储加压流体的内部腔室8。然后将至少一个导热元件24缠绕在本文所述的复合层4上。
将导热元件24缠绕在复合层4的外表面上的步骤还可以包括用导热元件4在复合层4的外表面5上形成螺旋形模式的步骤。螺旋形模式可以通过将导热元件24总体上相对于压力容器2的纵轴线A以一定角度包绕而形成。导热元件24的离散条可以设置在复合层4上且随后结合形成连续的导热元件24。在特定实施例中，单个导热元件24可以连续缠绕在复合层4上，直到外表面5大致被覆盖。在将至少一个导热元件24缠绕在复合层4上的步骤之前，复合层4的外表面5也可以用隔热层包绕。
采用导热元件24允许局部热源的热在小于常规复合压力容器观测到的时间段内被传递给第一和第二PRD20，22中的一个。此外，通过允许使用单个PRD20取代在压力容器2的相对端12，14处的常规第一和第二PRD20，22，导热元件24允许压力容器2的设计的简化。在根据本发明的压力容器2中，甚至位于与设置单个PRD20的端部相对的压力容器2端部处的局部热源也能够致动PRD20。因而，导热元件24使得压力容器2的设计复杂性最小化，且与已知压力容器设计相比是更成本有效的途径。
与诸如包绕在压力容器2上的热传导网和条的已知设计相比，在围绕压力容器2连续缠绕时，导热元件24具有附加的功能：承载压力容器2的负载的至少一部分。应当理解的是，与仅仅沿压力容器2的侧面设置的已知网和离散条相比，在围绕压力容器2的端部12，14缠绕时连续缠绕的导热元件24可以提供特定的负载承载益处。
导热元件24的模量和抗拉强度可以大致等于或大于复合材料的模量和抗拉强度。应当理解的是，如当导热元件24是诸如钢的金属且复合层4包括碳纤维时，复合层4的一部分可以用负载承载导热元件24代替，以优化压力容器2的成本。可以根据期望选择导热元件24的合适尺寸和结构，以使得到PRD20，22中的至少一个的热传递最大化并提供合适的负载承载容量。
令人惊奇地发现，导热元件24也提供防石装置功能。例如，在具有压力容器2的车辆运行期间，小石子可能被轮胎加速且抛向压力容器2。为此，通常使用覆盖压力容器2的防石装置。采用导热元件24可以不需要单独和分离的防石装置。因而，使用导热元件可以优化压力容器2的质量和体积。
虽然为了说明本发明已经显示了某些代表性实施例和细节，但是本领域技术人员应当清楚，可以在不偏离本发明的范围的情况下作出各种变化，本发明的范围在所附权利要求书中进一步描述。

Claims (19)

1.一种压力容器，包括：
复合层，所述复合层具有外表面和内表面，所述内表面中限定用于存储加压流体的内部腔室；
至少一个卸压装置，所述至少一个卸压装置与所述内部腔室流体连通；和
至少一个导热元件，所述至少一个导热元件连续地缠绕在所述复合层的外表面上，且适合于承载负载并将热从靠近所述复合层的热源传递给所述至少一个卸压装置，所述至少一个导热元件是线。
2.根据权利要求1所述的压力容器，其中，所述线由铝、铜、金、银、钢、钛、锌及其合金中的一种制成。
3.根据权利要求1所述的压力容器，还包括凸台，所述凸台设置在压力容器的端部处的复合层中且所述卸压装置在所述凸台中形成。
4.根据权利要求3所述的压力容器，其中，所述导热元件设置成靠近所述凸台。
5.根据权利要求1所述的压力容器，其中，所述导热元件与所述卸压装置接触。
6.根据权利要求1所述的压力容器，其中，所述导热元件从压力容器第一端到第二端沿复合层的一定长度设置。
7.根据权利要求1所述的压力容器，其中，所述导热元件大致平行于压力容器的纵轴线设置。
8.根据权利要求1所述的压力容器，其中，所述导热元件相对于压力容器的纵轴线以一定角度设置。
9.根据权利要求8所述的压力容器，其中，所述角度在所述压力容器的端部之间是大致恒定的。
10.根据权利要求1所述的压力容器，其中，所述导热元件覆盖所述复合层的外表面。
11.根据权利要求1所述的压力容器，其中，所述导热元件具有适合于使得其导热率最大化的涂层。
12.根据权利要求1所述的压力容器，还包括设置在导热元件和复合层之间的隔热层。
13.根据权利要求1所述的压力容器，其中，所述导热元件在导热层内形成。
14.根据权利要求1所述的压力容器，其中，所述至少一个导热元件是在复合层的外表面上连续缠绕的多个导热元件。
15.根据权利要求1所述的压力容器，其中，所述复合层由围绕所述内部腔室包绕的至少一个复合条形成，所述导热元件与所述复合层的所述至少一个复合条形成用于传热的交叉接触点。
16.根据权利要求1所述的压力容器，其中，所述至少一个导热元件是大致实心的。
17.一种用于制造压力容器的方法，包括步骤：
提供具有外表面和内表面的复合层，所述内表面中限定用于存储加压流体的内部腔室；
提供至少一个卸压装置，所述至少一个卸压装置与所述内部腔室流体连通；和
将至少一个导热元件连续地缠绕在所述复合层的外表面上，所述至少一个导热元件适合于承载负载并将热从靠近所述复合层的热源传递给所述至少一个卸压装置，所述至少一个导热元件是线。
18.根据权利要求17所述的方法，其中，包绕复合层的外表面的步骤包括步骤：
通过将导热元件总体上相对于压力容器的纵轴线以一定角度连续缠绕，在复合层的外表面上形成螺旋形模式的导热元件。
19.根据权利要求18所述的方法，还包括步骤：
在缠绕所述至少一个导热元件的步骤之前，将隔热层包绕在复合层的外表面上。
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US20090308874A1 (en) 2009-12-17
CN101603626A (zh) 2009-12-16
US8038029B2 (en) 2011-10-18
DE102009024593B4 (de) 2019-03-14

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