CN101601232A - 三层任播寻址 - Google Patents

三层任播寻址 Download PDF

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CN101601232A
CN101601232A CNA2008800034960A CN200880003496A CN101601232A CN 101601232 A CN101601232 A CN 101601232A CN A2008800034960 A CNA2008800034960 A CN A2008800034960A CN 200880003496 A CN200880003496 A CN 200880003496A CN 101601232 A CN101601232 A CN 101601232A
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switch
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grouping
emulated
hardware address
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CN101601232B (zh
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迪诺·法里纳齐
托马斯·埃兹尔
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Cisco Technology Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/74—Address processing for routing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
    • H04L12/28—Data switching networks characterised by path configuration, e.g. LAN [Local Area Networks] or WAN [Wide Area Networks]
    • H04L12/46—Interconnection of networks
    • H04L12/4633—Interconnection of networks using encapsulation techniques, e.g. tunneling
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/58—Association of routers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L49/00—Packet switching elements
    • H04L49/35—Switches specially adapted for specific applications
    • H04L49/351—Switches specially adapted for specific applications for local area network [LAN], e.g. Ethernet switches
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L49/00—Packet switching elements
    • H04L49/55—Prevention, detection or correction of errors
    • H04L49/552—Prevention, detection or correction of errors by ensuring the integrity of packets received through redundant connections
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L49/00—Packet switching elements
    • H04L49/60—Software-defined switches
    • H04L49/604—Hybrid IP/Ethernet switches
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L49/00—Packet switching elements
    • H04L49/70—Virtual switches
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L61/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services for addressing or naming
    • H04L61/09—Mapping addresses
    • H04L61/10—Mapping addresses of different types
    • H04L61/103—Mapping addresses of different types across network layers, e.g. resolution of network layer into physical layer addresses or address resolution protocol [ARP]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L2101/00—Indexing scheme associated with group H04L61/00
    • H04L2101/60—Types of network addresses
    • H04L2101/618—Details of network addresses
    • H04L2101/622—Layer-2 addresses, e.g. medium access control [MAC] addresses
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L2101/00—Indexing scheme associated with group H04L61/00
    • H04L2101/60—Types of network addresses
    • H04L2101/677—Multiple interfaces, e.g. multihomed nodes

Abstract

在一个实施例中，提供了一种解决方案，其中，冗余路由器被当作单个仿真交换机。当在第2层边缘交换机处接收到来自主机的分组时，第2层边缘交换机可以使用包含在分组中的目的地任播硬件地址来确定仿真交换机的交换机标识符。任播硬件地址可以标识包括多个路由器的仿真交换机。然后，可以将一头部添加到分组中，该头部包括交换机标识符。接下来，分组可以沿着从第2层边缘交换机到仿真交换机的最短路径被转发到另一第2层交换机。

Description

三层任播寻址
技术领域
本发明涉及计算机联网。
背景技术
尤其随着因特网信息时代的出现，机构内的数据管理越来越受关注。这种数据管理功能的核心有时称为数据中心。在过去十年间，数据中心已经演化成保护、优化和发展机构的信息技术(IT)努力的战略重点。
附图说明
图1示出了“孤立应用程序”环境。
图2示出了DCE网络。
图3示出了包含被耦合到仿真交换机(emulated switch)的第2层交换机的示例网络。
图4示出了ARP请求分组的示例。
图5示出了具有附加的MAC-in-MAC头部的ARP请求分组的示例。
图6示出了具有附加的MAC-in-MAC头部的ARP答复分组的示例。
图7示出了用于处理到由两个或更多个路由器组成的仿真交换机中的路由器的硬件地址请求的示例方法。
图8示出了用于处理在第2层边缘交换机处接收的来自由两个或更多个路由器组成的仿真交换机中的路由器的分组的示例方法。
图9示出了用于在包含第2层交换机的网络中的边缘交换机处处理来自主机的分组的示例方法。
图10示出了用于在包含第2层交换机的网络中的边缘交换机处处理来自主机的分组的示例方法。
图11示出了用于处理到由两个或更多个路由器组成的仿真交换机中的路由器的硬件地址请求的示例装置。
图12图示出了用于处理在第2层边缘交换机处接收的来自由两个或更多个路由器组成的仿真交换机中的路由器的分组的示例装置。
图13图示出了用于在包含第2层交换机的网络中的边缘交换机处处理来自主机的分组的示例装置。
图14图示出了用于在包含第2层交换机的网络中的边缘交换机处处理来自主机的分组的示例装置。
图15图示出了DCE交换机的简化体系结构。
具体实施方式
概述
在一个实施例中，提供了一种解决方案，其中，冗余路由器被当作单个仿真交换机。当在第2层边缘交换机处接收到来自主机的分组时，第2层边缘交换机可以使用包含在分组中的目的地任播(anycast)硬件地址来确定仿真交换机的交换机标识符。任播硬件地址可以标识包括多个路由器的仿真交换机。然后，可以将一头部添加到分组中，该头部包括交换机标识符。接下来，分组可以沿着从第2层边缘交换机到仿真交换机的最短路径被转发到另一第2层交换机。
示例实施例
在此申请中，阐述了多个具体细节以便提供对本发明的透彻理解。然而，可以不用一些或所有这些具体细节来实施本发明，这对本领域技术人员来说是显然的。在其他实例中，未详细描述公知的处理步骤，以便不模糊本发明。
数据中心管理员在实现数据中心的目标时面临着若干挑战。大多数企业的数据中心快速发展以满足当代爆炸式的经济增长。结果，未充分利用的、孤立的基础设施储仓(silo)中的应用程序通常是独立的。各个基础设施储仓是基于被部署的具体应用程序的意向来设计的，以使得物理数据中心支持广泛种类的操作系统、计算平台以及存储系统。支持不同应用程序“孤岛”的完全不同的基础设施难以改变或扩展，并且管理、集成、确保安全以及备份较昂贵。图1图示出了“孤立应用程序”环境。
一种对这种问题的解决方案是设计一种高度可扩展、弹性强、安全，并且能够集成多个应用程序和协议的数据中心环境。一种这样的解决方案称为数据中心网络体系结构。该数据中心网络体系结构的具体实现方式称为数据中心以太网(DCE)。DCE允许增强输入和输出，并改进网络内通信的转发。这可以经由专用协议以及由DCE网络内的交换机经由第2网络层所操作的功能来实现。DCE网络内的每个交换机都可以是第2层交换机。图2图示出了DCE网络。边缘交换机200可以连接到主机202。边缘交换机204可以连接到主机206。边缘交换机200、204随后可以被连接到若干核心交换机208、210，核心交换机208、210然后可以被连接到其它边缘交换机212、214。每个DCE交换机可以被指派有唯一标识符。在DCE内部可以使用诸如中间系统到中间系统(IS-IS)之类的路由协议。实现这种路由协议的边缘交换机可以将信息附加到通过DCE发送的分组中。这种被附加的信息可以以MAC-in-MAC头部(MAC-in-MAC header)的形式被附接到分组。边缘交换机212、214的每个随后可以被连接到第3层设备，例如路由器216、218。取代将分组转发到MAC地址，DCE交换机基于利用MAC-in-MAC头部的边缘交换机标识将分组发送到边缘交换机。边缘交换机随后得知其端口中要将分组发送出以到达正确的IP地址的端口(例如，连接到路由器216的端口)，并且在完成此之前剥离MAC-in-MAC头部。
取代单独操作路由器216和218，链接路由器以使得在路由器或链路故障的情况下一个路由器可以充当另一路由器的备份通常是有益的。这种链接可以通过诸如热备份路由协议(HSRP)之类的另一路由协议来完成。其它的热备份路由协议包括虚拟路由器冗余协议(VRRP)和网关负载均衡协议(GLBP)。在这些协议中，若干路由器被连接到网络中的同一子网，并且一起工作以表现出单个虚拟路由器的样子。通常，单个虚拟IP地址被指派给链接到单个虚拟MAC地址的路由器。然而，单个虚拟MAC地址指向路由器中的特定的一个路由器，该特定的一个路由器被指定为“活动”路由器，而其它一个或多个路由器被指定为“备份”。如果一个路由器出现故障，则另一路由器接替，并且将虚拟MAC地址映射到该备份路由器。但是，当两个都运行时，仅一个被用于外出(outbound)通信。这由于多个原因可能是没有效率的。
首先，仅使用多个冗余路由器中的一个路由器作为用于外出通信的活动路由器可能在单个路由器处或者在其关联链路之一上产生瓶颈。均衡冗余路由器之间负载将更有效。其次，即使将热路由选择协议用来均衡冗余路由器之间的负载，由这些协议产生的流量也可能是浪费的。再次，用于路由器从活动切换到备份的时间量并不是微不足道的。如果需要更快的收敛，则需要其他解决方案。
提供了一种解决方案，其中，多个冗余路由器被当作单个仿真交换机。这允许通过在包含第2层交换机的网络中使用的诸如DCE之类的协议，针对主机-交换机-路由器连接的故障恢复以及负载均衡机制。通过使用这种解决方案，可以不需要诸如HSRP、VRRP和GLBP之类的热备份路由协议。
可以通过首先将同一IP地址指派给仿真交换机中的所有路由器来实现网络的配置。这种IP地址可以称为“路由器任播地址”。另外，同一MAC地址可以被指派给仿真交换机中的所有路由器。这种MAC地址可以称为“路由器任播MAC地址”。然后，可以使用虚拟IP地址为每个主机配置默认路由器。虚拟IP地址映射到虚拟MAC地址。虚拟交换机中的路由器的虚拟MAC地址对应于单个任播硬件地址。任播硬件地址可以用作交换机标识。可以使用诸如IS-IS、RIP或(EIGRP)之类的协议向网络内的所有第2层交换机通告该交换机标识，只要边缘交换机具有可达路由器的连接。
图3图示出了包含被耦合到仿真交换机的第2层交换机的示例网络。当分组从主机300被发送到耦合到仿真交换机302的诸如因特网之类的网络时，其可以将该分组转发到最近的边缘交换机304。但是，该主机300在其存储器(例如地址解析协议(ARP)缓存)中没有默认路由器的MAC地址。因此，主机300可以首先发送对路由器任播地址的请求例如作为ARP请求。ARP请求是在广播树上发送过DCE网络的广播分组。由于路由器组是仿真任播交换机的一部分，因此，仅到仿真任播交换机中的一个链路接收到该ARP分组。这可以通过例如连接到特定仿真交换机的边缘交换机之间的协调来实现。发送请求的链路被连接到单个路由器，而不管该路由器可能是仿真交换机的一部分的事实。
接收到ARP请求的路由器可以通过向作出ARP请求的主机发送单播分组来作出ARP答复。这允许直接连接到主机的第一跳交换机得知与该路由器相关联的边缘交换机。可以根据与仿真任播交换机相关联的交换机标识来标识该边缘交换机。ARP答复可以与等同于路由器任播MAC地址的源MAC地址一起被发送，以使得直接连接到主机的边缘交换机将MAC地址与仿真任播交换机相关联。
此时，主机的离开子网流量将找出到仿真任播交换机的最短路径。这可能是或可能不是答复ARP请求的同一路由器。例如，虽然路由器306可能对ARP请求作出了响应，然而，到路由器308的路径实际上可能是用于流量的最短路径。其它主机将找到它们各自的到仿真任播交换机的最短路径，这些最短路径可能通过不同的路由器。这有效地均衡了仿真交换机中的冗余路由器之间的负载。另外，如果因网络中的拓扑改变或路由器本身发生故障而导致到特定路由器的连接发生故障，则可以快速将流量重新路由到其它路由器。这是因为在包含第2层交换机的网络中使用的诸如DCE之类的协议可以比诸如HSRP、VRRP或GLBP之类的热备份路由协议更快地发现拓扑改变或故障链路。提供了一种解决方案，该解决方案利用这个事实来比现有技术更快地执行故障切换，这是因为现在可以由交换机网络本身来执行故障切换。
假设主机A 300想要获知路由器306、308之一的MAC地址。其可以发送图4所示的ARP分组。IP源地址400可以是A的IP地址。IP目的地地址402可以是SW7的任播IP地址。分组的第2层目的地地址404可以被设为广播(所有地址)。第2层源地址406可以是主机A406。
当接收到来自主机A300的ARP请求时，交换机SW1304得知主机A300不在特定接口上(例如，接口2)。其随后可以附加图5所示的MAC-in-MAC头部。这里，由于分组仍然是ARP请求因此目的地500可以被设为广播，同时源可以设为表示交换机2、接口2的SW2，2。可以建立包括仿真SW5的无环树，因此，该树表明了到仿真SW7302的最短路径(这可以在比ARP请求的接收更早的处理中被执行)。ARP请求随后可以经过该最短路径被传递到仿真交换机SW7。然而，认识到下一交换机是仿真交换机的边缘交换机SW5310可以剥离MAC-in-MAC头部。路由器306、308之一可以接收ARP请求并以ARP答复作出响应。这里，假设这是路由器308。当接收到ARP答复时，边缘交换机SW5310可以添加MAC-in-MAC头部以得出图6所示的分组。答复中的MAC-in-MAC头部的目的地地址600可以是SW1。答复中的MAC-in-MAC头部的源地址602可以是仿真交换机SW7。还可以包括接口标识，但是这种值是不相关的，这是因为分组将不会被用来执行转发。边缘交换机SW5310随后可以得知路由器308在其接口(例如，接口2)上。可以将该信息与整个DCE网络中的交换机上的信息同步，以使得每个交换机都知道路由器308在边缘交换机SW5310的接口上。ARP答复随后流经交换机312、304到达主机A300。
当主机300随后希望通过与仿真交换机SW7302相对应的任播硬件地址将正常流量发送出去时，SW2304可以接收该流量。其随后可以在其表中查找任播硬件地址，并发现该地址在仿真交换机SW7上。其随后可以将MAC-in-MAC头部添加到该流量，并且经由最短路径将其转发到交换机SW7。再次，边缘交换机310认识到交换机SW7是仿真交换机，并且剥离MAC-in-MAC头部以将其转发。通过这样做，使得路由器306和308的负载均衡，这是因为来源于主机A300的分组将通过路由器308(利用最短路径)被发送，而来源于服务器B314的分组将通过路由器306被发送。在两条路径等同的情况中，可以使用平局决胜(tie-breaking)机制，例如基于源地址的散列法。另外，如上所述，如果一条链路发生故障，则DCE网络能够将所有分组转发到另一路由器直至链路恢复时为止。
图7图示出了用于处理到两个或更多个路由器组成的仿真交换机中的第一路由器的硬件地址请求，例如ARP请求或IPv6邻居请求的示例方法。可以在包含第2层交换机的网络中的第2层边缘交换机处执行该处理。在700中，可以接收来自第2层交换机的硬件地址请求。该请求可以是ARP请求，并且可以包括由另一第2层交换机(不一定是直接从其接收到请求的第2层交换机)添加到请求中的第2层网络头部(例如，MAC-in-MAC头部)。在702中，该第2层网络头部可以从请求中被剥离。在704中，硬件地址请求可以被转发到第一路由器。仿真交换机中的哪个路由器被指定为第一路由器是无关紧要的。在706中，可以从该路由器接收硬件地址答复。该答复可以是ARP答复，并且可以包括在仿真交换机中的各个路由器之间共享的任播硬件地址。在708中，诸如MAC-in-MAC头部之类的第2层网络头部可以被添加到硬件地址答复。在710中，硬件地址答复可以被转发到另一第2层交换机。该另一第2层交换机可以是或可以不是与700中相同的第2层交换机。
图8图示出了用于处理在第2层边缘交换机处接收到的来自由两个或更多个路由器组成的仿真交换机中的路由器的分组的示例方法。在800中，分组被接收。分组可以是ARP分组答复，但也可以是通常流量。分组可以包括在仿真交换机中的各个路由器之间共享的任播硬件地址。在802中，任播硬件地址可以与边缘交换机的标识一起被添加到表中。可以定期将该表与关联于网络中的其它第2层交换机的表同步。在804中，诸如MAC-in-MAC头部之类的第2层网络头部可以被添加到分组。在806中，分组可以被转发到网络中的另一第2层交换机。
图9图示出了用于在包含第2层交换机的网络中的边缘交换机处处理来自主机的分组的示例方法。在900中，分组可以被接收。该分组可以包括与多个路由器相对应的仿真交换机的任播硬件地址。在902中，可以利用任播硬件地址来确定仿真交换机的交换机标识符。这可以通过例如在一表中查找任播硬件地址以检索交换机标识符来进行确定。在904中，头部可以被添加到分组，该头部包括交换机标识符。该头部可以是第2层网络头部，例如MAC-in-MAC头部。在906中，分组可以沿着到仿真交换机的最短路径被转发到另一第2层交换机。该最短路径例如可以通过查阅针对包括仿真交换机在内的交换机而创建的生成树来确定。如果两条路径之间存在平局(tie)而使得不能基于距离来确定最短路径，则可以通过例如查阅基于分组的源地址的散列表来打破该平局。
图10图示出了用于在包含第2层交换机的网络中的边缘交换机处处理来自主机的分组的示例方法。在1000中，分组可以被接收。分组可以包括与多个路由器相对应的仿真交换机的目的地任播硬件地址。在1002中，可以利用任播硬件地址来确定仿真交换机的交换机标识符。这可以通过例如在一表中查找任播硬件地址以检索交换机标识符来进行确定。在1004中，头部可以被添加到分组，该头部包括交换机标识符。该头部可以是第2层网络头部，例如MAC-in-MAC头部。在1006中，可以确定到该仿真交换机的最短路径。在1008，可以判断该最短路径是否包括不工作链路。如果是，则在1010中，可以选择不包括不工作链路的新最短路径。在1012中，分组可以沿着代表到仿真交换机的最短路径的路径被转发到另一第2层交换机。该最短路径例如可以通过查阅针对包括仿真交换机在内的交换机而创建的生成树来确定。如果两条路径之间存在平局而使得不能基于距离来确定最短路径，则可以通过例如查阅基于分组的源地址的散列表来打破该平局。
图11图示出了用于处理到由两个或更多个路由器组成的仿真交换机中的第一路由器的硬件地址请求的示例装置。该装置可以是第2层边缘交换机或第2层边缘交换机的一部分(例如，软件)。硬件地址请求接收器1100可以接收来自第2层交换机的硬件地址请求。该请求可以是ARP请求，并且可以包括由另一第2层交换机(不一定是直接从其接收到请求的第2层交换机)添加到请求中的第2层网络头部(例如，MAC-in-MAC头部)。耦合到硬件地址请求接收器1100的第2层网络头部剥离器1102可以从该请求剥离该第2层网络头部。耦合到第2层网络头部剥离器1102的硬件地址请求转发器1104将该硬件地址请求转发到第一路由器。仿真交换机中的哪个路由器被指定为第一路由器是无关紧要的。硬件地址答复接收器1106可以从路由器接收硬件地址答复。该答复可以是ARP答复，并且可以包括在仿真交换机中的各个路由器之间共享的任播硬件地址。耦合到硬件地址答复接收器1106的第2层网络头部添加器1108可以将诸如MAC-in-MAC头部之类的第2层网络头部添加到硬件地址答复。耦合到第2层网络头部添加器1108的硬件地址答复转发器1110可将硬件地址转发到另一第2层交换机。这可以是或可以不是与以前相同的第2层交换机。
图12图示出了用于处理在第2层边缘交换机处接收到的来自由两个或更多个路由器组成的仿真交换机中的路由器的分组的示例装置。分组接收器1200可以接收分组。该分组可以是ARP分组答复，但也可以是通常流量。该分组可以包括在仿真交换机中的各个路由器之间共享的任播硬件地址。耦合到分组接收器1200的任播硬件地址表添加器1202可以将任播硬件地址请求与边缘交换机的标识一起添加到表中。可以定期将该表与关联于网络中的其它第2层交换机的表同步。耦合到任播硬件地址表添加器1202的第2层网络头部添加器1204可以将诸如MAC-in-MAC头部之类的第2层网络头部添加到分组。耦合到第2层网络头部添加器1204的分组转发器1206可以将分组转发到网络中的第2层交换机。
图13图示出了用于在包含第2层交换机的网络中的边缘交换机处处理来自主机的分组的示例装置。分组接收器1300可以接收分组。该分组可以包括与多个路由器相对应的仿真交换机的任播硬件地址。耦合到分组接收器1300的交换机标识单元1302可以利用任播硬件地址来确定仿真交换机的交换机标识符。这可以通过例如在一表中查找任播硬件地址以检索交换机标识符来进行确定。耦合到交换机标识单元1302的交换机标识符头部添加器1304可以将头部添加到分组，该头部包括交换机标识符。该头部可以是第2层网络头部，例如MAC-in-MAC头部。耦合到交换机标识符头部添加器1304的最短路径分组转发器1306可以沿着代表到仿真交换机的最短路径的路径将分组转发到另一第2层交换机。该最短路径例如可以通过查阅针对包括仿真交换机在内的交换机而创建的生成树来确定。如果两条路径之间存在平局(tie)而使得不能基于距离来确定最短路径，则可以通过例如查阅基于分组的源地址的散列表来打破该平局。
图14图示出了用于在包含第2层交换机的网络中的边缘交换机处处理来自主机的分组的示例装置。分组接收器1400可以接收分组。分组可以包括与多个路由器相对应的仿真交换机的目的地任播硬件地址。耦合到分组接收器1400的交换机标识单元1402可以使用任播硬件地址确定仿真交换机的交换机标识符。这可以通过例如在一表中查找任播硬件地址以检索交换机标识符来进行确定。耦合到交换机标识单元1402的交换机标识符头部添加器1404可以将头部添加到分组，该头部包括交换机标识符。该头部可以是第2层网络头部，例如MAC-in-MAC头部。耦合到交换机标识符头部添加器的最短路径确定器1406可以确定到仿真交换机的最短路径。耦合到最短路径确定器1406的最短路径不工作链路判断器1408可以判断最短路径是否包括不工作链路。如果是，则耦合到最短路径不工作链路判断器的新最短路径确定器1410可以选择不包括不工作链路的新的最短路径。耦合到最短路径不工作链路判断器1408和新最短路径确定器1410的最短路径分组转发器1412可以经由代表到仿真交换机的最短路径的路径将分组转发到另一第2层交换机。该最短路径例如可以通过查阅针对包括仿真交换机在内的交换机而创建的生成树来确定。如果两条路径之间存在平局而使得不能基于距离来确定最短路径，则可以通过例如查阅基于分组的源地址的散列表来打破该平局。
在这些实施例中的每个实施例中，可以使用各种协议(例如，使用IS-IS协议的DCE)。另外，在这些实施例中的每个实施例中，不再需要运行热备份路由协议。
图15图示出了DCE交换机1500的简化体系结构。DCE交换机1500包括N个线路卡，每个线路卡特征在于入口侧(或输入)1505以及出口侧(或输出)1525。线路卡入口侧1505经由交换结构1550连接到出口侧1525，在此示例中交换结构1550具有交叉开关。在此实施例中，由一个或多个线路卡来执行上述的一个或多个处理。
虽然在此示出并描述了本发明的例示实施例和应用，然而，保持在本发明的概念、范围和精神之内的许多变更和修改也是可以的，并且在细读了本申请之后，本领域技术人员会清楚这些变更。例如，可以将边缘交换机连接到单个仿真交换机内的多个路由器。因此，所描述的实施例将被认为是例示性的而非限制性的，并且本发明不限于在此给出的细节，而是可以在所附权利要求的等同物和范围内进行修改。

Claims (20)

1.一种用于在第一第2层交换机处处理从第二第2层交换机接收到的硬件地址请求的方法，其中，所述硬件地址请求指向仿真交换机中的第一路由器，其中，所述仿真交换机包括多个路由器，并且其中所述第一第2层交换机是边缘交换机，所述方法包括：
将所述硬件地址请求转发到所述第一路由器；
接收来自所述第一路由器的硬件地址答复，所述硬件地址答复包括在所述仿真交换机中的各个路由器之间共享的任播硬件地址；
将第2层网络头部添加到所述硬件地址答复；以及
将所述硬件地址答复转发到第三第2层交换机。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，还包括：
将所述任播硬件地址与所述第一第2层交换机的标识一起添加到表中。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法，还包括：
将所述表与与除所述第一第2层交换机之外的一个或多个第2层交换机相关联的一个或多个表同步。
4.一种方法，包括：
在第一第2层交换机处接收来自仿真交换机中的第一路由器的分组，其中所述仿真交换机包括多个路由器，所述分组包括在所述仿真交换机中的各个路由器之间共享的任播硬件地址，并且所述第一第2层交换机是边缘交换机；
将第2层网络头部添加到所述分组；以及
将所述分组转发到第二第2层交换机。
5.如权利要求4所述的方法，还包括：
将所述任播硬件地址与所述边缘交换机的标识一起添加到表中。
6.如权利要求5所述的方法，还包括：
将所述表与与除所述第一第2层交换机之外的一个或多个第2层交换机相关联的一个或多个表同步。
7.一种用于在包含多个第2层交换机的网络中的第2层边缘交换机处处理从主机接收的分组的方法，其中所述分组包括仿真交换机的任播硬件地址，并且所述仿真交换机包括多个路由器，所述方法包括：
使用所述任播硬件地址确定所述仿真交换机的交换机标识符；
向所述分组添加头部，所述头部包括所述交换机标识符；以及
沿着从所述第2层边缘交换机到所述仿真交换机的最短路径将所述分组转发到另一第2层交换机。
8.如权利要求7所述的方法，其中，确定步骤包括在表中查找所述任播硬件地址以检索所述交换机标识符。
9.如权利要求7所述的方法，其中，如果由于两条或更多条路径之间的平局而不能基于距离来确定所述最短路径，则利用散列表基于所述分组的源地址来确定所述最短路径。
10.一种用于在包含多个第2层交换机的网络中的第2层边缘交换机处处理从主机接收的分组的方法，其中所述分组包括仿真交换机的目的地任播硬件地址，并且所述仿真交换机包括多个路由器，所述方法包括：
使用所述任播硬件地址确定所述仿真交换机的交换机标识符；
向所述分组添加头部，所述头部包括所述交换机标识符；
确定从所述第2层边缘交换机到所述仿真交换机的最短工作路径；以及
经由所述最短工作路径将所述分组转发到另一第2层交换机。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法，其中，确定步骤包括在表中查找所述任播硬件地址以检索所述交换机标识符。
12.如权利要求10所述的方法，其中，如果由于两条或更多条路径之间的平局而不能基于距离来确定所述最短路径，则利用散列表基于所述分组的源地址来确定所述最短路径。
13.如权利要求10所述的方法，其中，包含多个第2层交换机的所述网络是数据中心以太网DCE网络。
14.如权利要求10所述的方法，其中，所述头部是MAC-in-MAC头部。
15.如权利要求10所述的方法，其中，所述路由器不运行热备份路由协议。
16.一种用在包含第2层交换机的网络中的第2层边缘交换机，所述第2层边缘交换机包括：
一个或多个线路卡，其中当接收到来自主机的分组时，所述一个或多个线路卡中的至少一个线路卡被配置来执行下面的操作，其中所述分组包括仿真交换机的目的地任播硬件地址，并且所述仿真交换机包括多个路由器：
使用所述任播硬件地址确定所述仿真交换机的交换机标识符；
向所述分组添加头部，所述头部包括所述交换机标识符；
确定从所述第2层边缘交换机到所述仿真交换机的最短工作路径；以及
经由所述最短工作路径将所述分组转发到另一第2层交换机。
17.如权利要求16所述的第2层边缘交换机，其中，所述第2层边缘交换机是DCE交换机。
18.如权利要求16所述的第2层边缘交换机，其中，所述头部是MAC-in-MAC头部。
19.一种装置，包括：
用于在包含多个第2层交换机的网络中的第2层边缘交换机处接收来自主机的分组的装置，其中所述分组包括仿真交换机的目的地任播硬件地址，并且所述仿真交换机包括多个路由器；
用于使用所述任播硬件地址确定所述仿真交换机的交换机标识符的装置；
用于向所述分组添加头部的装置，其中所述头部包括所述交换机标识符；
用于确定从所述第2层边缘交换机到所述仿真交换机的最短工作路径的装置；以及
用于经由所述最短工作路径将所述分组转发到另一第2层交换机的装置。
20.如权利要求19所述的装置，其中，包含多个第2层交换机的所述网络是数据中心以太网DCE网络。
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