CN101553968A - 模块化能量控制系统 - Google Patents

模块化能量控制系统 Download PDF

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CN101553968A
CN101553968A CNA2007800233122A CN200780023312A CN101553968A CN 101553968 A CN101553968 A CN 101553968A CN A2007800233122 A CNA2007800233122 A CN A2007800233122A CN 200780023312 A CN200780023312 A CN 200780023312A CN 101553968 A CN101553968 A CN 101553968A
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wireless
elementary cell
memory
processor
loads
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P·L·科希尔
R·K·刘易斯
B·高登
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Gridpoint Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/12—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load
    • H02J3/14—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load by switching loads on to, or off from, network, e.g. progressively balanced loading
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00002—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by monitoring
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00004—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by the power network being locally controlled
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00006—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment
    • H02J13/00022—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using wireless data transmission
    • H02J13/00026—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using wireless data transmission involving a local wireless network, e.g. Wi-Fi, ZigBee or Bluetooth
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2310/00—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
    • H02J2310/10—The network having a local or delimited stationary reach
    • H02J2310/12—The local stationary network supplying a household or a building
    • H02J2310/14—The load or loads being home appliances
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/30—Systems integrating technologies related to power network operation and communication or information technologies for improving the carbon footprint of the management of residential or tertiary loads, i.e. smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the buildings sector, including also the last stages of power distribution and the control, monitoring or operating management systems at local level
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/30—Systems integrating technologies related to power network operation and communication or information technologies for improving the carbon footprint of the management of residential or tertiary loads, i.e. smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the buildings sector, including also the last stages of power distribution and the control, monitoring or operating management systems at local level
    • Y02B70/3225—Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S20/00—Management or operation of end-user stationary applications or the last stages of power distribution; Controlling, monitoring or operating thereof
    • Y04S20/20—End-user application control systems
    • Y04S20/222—Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S20/00—Management or operation of end-user stationary applications or the last stages of power distribution; Controlling, monitoring or operating thereof
    • Y04S20/20—End-user application control systems
    • Y04S20/242—Home appliances

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Remote Monitoring And Control Of Power-Distribution Networks (AREA)
  • Supply And Distribution Of Alternating Current (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)

Abstract

无线基本单元与一个或多个无线负载管理器单元通信，以接收连接到该无线负载管理器的一个或多个负载的功率测量值。响应诸如电的变动价格之类的动态变量，该无线基本单元将命令传输给无线负载管理器以关断或降低一个或多个负载所消耗的电。在一变体中，无线适配器还接收来自该无线基本单元的命令，并将该命令转换成用来控制诸如光伏(PV)逆变器之类的其他设备的供应商专用形式。

Description

模块化能量控制系统
本发明一般涉及能量管理领域，尤其涉及用于控制能量产生和消耗设备的系统和方法。本申请的主题与共同所有的于2005年6月6日提交、题为“Optimized Energy Management System”(最优化能量管理系统)的美国申请No.11/144,834有关，其内容通过引用结合于此。
背景
随着全世界对能量需求的增大，来自环境考虑和能源价格波动的压力已提高了对节能和替代能源的需求。可编程自动调温器已允许消费者对他们的供暖和制冷系统编程从而减少他们不在家或入睡期间的消耗。自动定时器已使消费者能在不需要时关灯。太阳能电池板、燃料电池、风车、备用发电机和其他能源已变得更加适用于居家和企业。然而，因为诸如回收成本的困难、替代能源供应(例如太阳、风)的不可预测性、以及在将这些能源和设备集成到常规电力系统中的困难之类的因素，这些替代能源和技术的使用已受到限制。常规家庭自动化系统通常不会成熟到考虑发电变数和需求预测表。
诸如那些在以上标识的专利申请中所描述的系统和方法向诸如住宅家庭用户之类的能量消费者提供一种更好地平衡电能的产生、消耗和存储的手段，包括存储例如由光伏(PV)板产生的电能的能力。通过监控电源和规划能量需求，能量消费者能够更有效地使用能源。
如上所述的协调能量平衡所需的设备可能是昂贵并庞大的。因此，提供用于在诸如居家或办公室之类的环境中测量和控制能量装置的模块化体系结构是合乎需要的。
发明概要
本发明一实施例包括与一个或多个负载管理器无线通信的能量管理器基本单元。各个负载管理器测量被一个或多个耦合到那个负载管理器的设备所消耗的能量，无线地将能量测量读数传回基本单元，并且基于基本单元的无线控制可关闭或减少对这一个或多个设备提供的能量。新的负载管理器可被模块化地添加到具有最低配置和可容易缩放成本的系统。
根据本发明另一实施例，能量管理器基本单元与一个或多个控制由PV板产生的电力的光伏(PV)逆变器、或替换地与一个或多个耦合到这些PV逆变器的无线适配器无线通信。各个适配器将关于太阳电池板上可用的太阳能的测量值无线传输回基本单元，并且可无线接收来自基本单元的命令以配置各个逆变器控制PV板的发电、并可任选地引导这些能量以存储于一个或多个电池或其他储能设备。
根据本发明又一实施例，能量管理器基本单元与耦合到测量进入屋内的功率的“智能”功率表的无线适配器无线通信，并可任选地将由智能功率表使用的协议转换成系统内部使用的协议。
以下更详细地描述其他变体和实施例，且本发明并不旨在以任何方式受此概要的限制。
附图简述
图1示出其中可实践本发明各种原理的能量管理系统。
图2示出根据本发明一种变体的包括无线基本单元、无线负载管理器、以及用于PV逆变器的无线适配器的模块化体系结构。
图3示出根据本发明某些方面控制能量的产生和使用的过程。
图4示出根据本发明各方面的用于无线适配器的一种可能配置。
发明详述
图1示出2005年6月6日提交的题为“Optimized Energy ManagementSystem Patent Application”(最优化能量管理系统专利申请)的美国申请No.11/144,834中所述类型的系统。如图1所示，装置101包括单元103，该单元103包括控制器104和内部存储设备105。内部存储设备105可包括例如多个用于存储电能的铅酸或镍金属氢化物存储电池、飞轮、和/或诸如所谓“超级电容器”之类的大型电容器。可任选地包括外部存储设备106以存储附加的电能。存储设备105和106可在电网中断时期或电网价格超过某些临界值期间对各种设备供电，且它们可被用来在确定为有利期间将电量售回电力行业(electricalutility)。设备105和106的存储容量可被选择以适合特定环境，诸如通常的居家、企业、或其他电消费者的需求。
包括用于将直流电能转换为交流电能的逆变器、断路器、换相换能器之类的电量电子设备也可被包括在内，但它们在图1中未被单独示出。
为了基于诸如电力的时价；电池上的存储电荷；诸如太阳能之类的替代能源的可用性；温度；以及诸如在此所描述的其他变量之类的一个或多个动态变量来控制电能在设备116到122的分配，控制器104可包括用计算机软件编程的计算机和存储器用于控制装置101的运行。
控制器104和内存设备105可存放于诸如具有适当电缆布线和支承结构的金属支架之类的单元103内。装置101还包括用于控制单元103的运行的用户界面102。用户界面可包括小键盘和阴极射线管(CRT)、发光二极管(LED)或液晶显示器(LCD)显示板或真空荧光显示器；计算机显示器和键盘；或任何其他类似的界面。用户接口可被用来选择各种运行模式；显示关于装置运行的信息；以及用于对装置编程。单元101的商业可用版本包括GRIDPOINTCONNECTTM和GRIDPOINT PROTECTTM产品，这两种都可向华盛顿的GridPoint股份有限公司购买。
可设置可任选控制中心108以便经由诸如广域网(WAN)107(例如因特网)之类的网络向装置101传输命令。向位于不同家庭或企业的多个单元101传输命令的控制中心108可位于诸如中央控制机构之类的远程位置。除了传输命令，控制中心108可传输定价信息(例如电力的时价)，以使控制器104可根据本发明的各种原理作有关电力控制和分配的决定。
装置101经由可包括断路器、浪涌抑制器及其他电力设备的电源接口(未示出)耦合到公用电网115。可以诸如通常在家发现的110伏特或240伏特之类的各种形式提供电力。备用发电机114也可被设置，并在需要时由装置101控制。为了对装置提供电力，还可设置一个或多个替代能源109到113。这些电源可包括：可被安装在家庭或企业的屋顶上的光伏(PV)电池109；基于水的流动发电的微型水力发电机110；燃气涡轮111；风车或其他基于风的设备112；以及燃料电池113。当然可设置其他电源。
在正常运行期间，除电网115之外，来自一个或多个电源的电能可被用来对存储单元105和106充电和/或满足需求。在从电网115断电或限制用电期间，这些附加的电源(以及存储单元105和106)可被用来满足能量需求。此外，剩余电能可如在此更详细解释地基于供求计算的最优化被售回电网。
图1所示的粗线指示配电路径。去往和来自各种设备的控制路径未被单独示出，但隐含于图1中。
一个或多个耗电设备116到122也可由装置101控制，并从装置101接收电力。这些包括一个或多个传感器116(例如自动调温器、占用传感器、湿度计等)；供暖/通风/空调单元117；热水加热机118；遮光帘119；窗户120(例如打开/关闭和/或色调控制)；以及一个或多个家用电器121(例如洗衣机；烘干机；洗碗机；冰箱等)。一些家用电器可以是可直接从装置101接收控制信号的所谓的“智能”家用电器。可使用一个或多个可控继电器122控制其他常规家用电器。在所有实施例中装置101不必直接对设备116到112供电。例如，装置101在家庭或企业中可被结合到电能系统，且电力将经由该路径被提供给设备。例如如果发生断电，则可使用适当的断流器和旁路开关以使家庭布线系统与电网断开连接并使装置101连接到布线网络。这些方案是常规的，且要了解它们的运行不必再作赘述。
如先前所提及的专利申请中所描述地，控制器104可包括计算机软件，该计算机软件测量来自各种电源(例如光伏109等)的电力的可用性、存储单元105和106中的可用存储容量、以及系统中的当前和预测的电力需求，并有效分派资源。例如，在有足够太阳能可用时，控制器104分派来自太阳电池板的电能以在系统中供给需求；使用这些电力对存储单元105和106充电；以及如果有多余容量，则可任选地将多余容量售回电网。
根据本发明各实施例，电量使用可被最优化以便以最有效的方式传递电力，其中效率根据所使用能量的量、成本或两者的平衡来定义。在常规能量管理系统中，重点在于节能-例如，在房间没人时关灯，或者在晚上关闭自动调温器。通过将供电侧选项与节能选择相结合，可使用各种算法来增强节能和节约成本。
例如，小企业可在计费期间在每千瓦时基础上付费并加上峰值千瓦时数的附加费用。所谓的“按需求计算的电费”因短期提供大量电力的高成本被设计成不鼓励峰值消费。根据本发明各实施例，可监控瞬时电能使用，并且如果需求超过阈值，则来自电池的电力可被用来降低对电网的需求，或者可临时关断非关键性能量使用，诸如能被容易地拔掉插头/或断开连接延长时段而产生很小影响或没有影响的大型商用冷藏库。这通过数个特征变得可能。例如，传感器(116)允许监控各个负载。直接控制(117、118、119、120)允许某些家用电器的断路，而可控继电器(122)允许在没有内置控制逻辑的情况下控制家用电器。家用电器是否可被断路或可被断路到什么程度用能源配置元件(313)定义，如以下参考图3所述。后面所述的用于解决可延期负载的方法使电气服务(在此示例中为制冷)能被最优地重排在稍后时间以降低成本。
作为另一示例，假设屋内的居民正在烹饪、洗澡、看电视以及启动洗衣机。他们支付在早晨和晚上达到高峰的分时电价，所以来自电网的电力是每千瓦时(KWh)14美分。考虑到高价，根据各发明原理，系统可控制洗衣设备，以使它们不被启动直到一天中能量成本更便宜的稍后时间才被启动。在一变体中，系统可基于日期(例如6月21日)和天气预报(例如晴天)确定来自太阳电池板的可能产量将为高，并预测电池可在一天中家人不在家且能量使用为最小时的稍后时段可被重新充电，从而决定将电能从电池售回电网(在时价为高时)。电池可替换地在一天中电价较低时从电网重新充电。
本发明某些变体在预测电力需求和来自诸如PV板之类的其产量依赖于天气的电源供应时考虑天气。
作为又一示例，假设发生断电，从家庭除去电力。为了对诸如冷藏库、冰箱、所选电灯等的预选“关键”设备提供电力，常规备用系统立刻提供备用电池或启动备用发电机。根据本发明某些原理，被编程以最优化供电和断电的控制器可在停电的开始一或二小时延期开启冷藏库或电冰箱，因为这些设备可从电网断开连接一小时或两小时而产生不严重或已知结果，从而保存电力。然而，如果断电持续，则备用电源可被选择性地施加到那些设备，同时禁止其他设备。以下更详细地解释其他示例和原理。
暂时转到图3，示出用于根据本发明某些实施例控制能量产生和使用的过程。时钟301起过程的控制回路的作用。在步骤302，能量使用由电路或服务站点监控，且在步骤303，能量产生由电源监控。在步骤312，关于诸如电网时价；燃料价格；有效计费周期的当前电力使用总计；电网电压；当前/预测天气；需求侧管理(DSM)请求(例如在已建立需求响应程序下的来自公用电网的对在特定时间赞成消费者降低需求、或提供来自用户控制电源的电能的请求)之类的变量的外部信息，以及从中央控制中心108接收的命令被监控。当前能源配置被确定(步骤313)，包括诸如哪些电源是可用的且有多少能量存储于存储设备中之类的这些事。获得技术配置的最终用途(步骤314)，包括在从诸如电灯之类的小耗电源到大型的HVAC设备范围内的家庭或企业消耗能量的技术的详细目录。该详细目录可包括这些家用电器的数量、有家用电器位于其上的电路、可如何控制它们并可控制到什么程度、典型的日常使用模式、以及在安排家用电器的使用时是否有弹性。例如，可能将洗碗机启动的时间从其被加载的时间往后延一小时，如果价格在那时较低的话。框314可在配置步骤期间通过用户界面设置。来自这些框的信息被输入到基线需求预测步骤304和基线产量预测步骤305。
需求预测步骤304可以许多不同方式执行。在一实施例中，基于历史数据(例如基于针对设备位于其中的特定设施的一天中某时间和一年中某时间的能量需求)来预测能量需求。在另一实施例中，能量需求可考虑诸如温度和日照之类的周围环境条件。在又一实施例中，几个预编程的能量需求模型中的一个可由系统用户选择。在这些实施例中的一个或多个中，能量需求可在预测时段(例如24小时)的特定时间点(例如以五分钟为增量)预测。
基线产量预测步骤305还可以各种方式执行。如果太阳能电池是可用的，则产量预测可以是基于与一年中某时间相结合、与历史数据相结合的天气预测(例如晴、局部晴、局部多云、多云、阵雨等)。如果燃料电池是可用的，则可获得关于燃料电池的产品可用性的数据等。对于不依赖于天气的电源，产量(以及根据$/kWh测得的效率)可最初从工程数据中估算出。工程估算数据可随后被反映特定单元而非一般模型的特性的实际工作数据替代。
对于太阳能，产量可使用电池板的设计效率数据特性因变于太阳辐射量来估算。当然，这也可随实际位置和诸如自上次下雨之后已在单元上堆积的灰尘量之类的因素而改变。这些因素可通过两种方法解决。设施具体因素(朝向、遮蔽程度)可通过采集不同季节的实际性能数据来纳入。短期因素可通过每15分钟重新估算模型参数的方法、而非简单地执行同一模型来纳入。下一15分钟的最佳产量预测值通常是前15分钟。在一变体中，设置接口以接收来自测量太阳光强度的日射表的测量值，从而估计应有多少太阳能产量。
基线需求预测304和基线产量预测305通过能量使用的供求提供潜在电力供应的详细画面。实质上这些构造可解决的最优化问题。本发明各实施例可确定如何通过关闭不需要的服务和/或延迟其他的服务来修改需求，如何使用各种能源来满足需求，以及如何分配电力到电网以实现服务的最低可能成本(如果家庭或企业能够在一时段产生比其消费掉的电力更多的电力，则其可以为负)。
给定输入需求和供给计划，此最优化可分两个基本步骤-计算和执行完成。此最优策略的计算可分三个部分进行。首先，最低成本调度模型步骤308确定使用可用能源满足未更改需求的最低成本方法。此计算在预测期间提供预期电力值的估计。此估算值然后被用来确定电能的哪种用途应被延期并延期到何时。该可延期服务调度元件309可包括关于哪些设备可被延期以及它们所引起的时间和延迟的信息。计算中的最后一步是确定电能何时应被购买或出售(套利)。
一旦最终用途技术、能源、以及存储的用途已在308、309和310中被确定，命令就被发往设备，从而影响它们在318中的运行。一些设备可在系统的直接控制下(例如电池)，但其他设备可藉由通信接口控制。与家用电器通信的手段在配置说明书317中指定，在该配置说明书317中系统的安装者指定与设备通信的物理手段、通信协议、寻址协议、以及消息的结构和内容。通信手段可包括无线手段(例如不同代的IEEE 802.11网络、或者IEEE 802.15.4网络)、电力线上的射频传输(诸如X10)、或以太网。通信协议可包括因特网协议或对诸如LonWorks之类的低成本、低带宽控制设计的方法。寻址协议可包括任何用于区别连接到同一网络的多个家用电器的方法。IP地址是作为由X10使用的命名方案(房屋代码：单元代码)的示例，但是许多家庭自动化控制器实现专用方案。消息结构可对家用电器设计是特定的。
图2示出根据本发明各实施例的采用模块化体系结构的系统。根据图2的体系结构，图1的系统的各部分已经以无线方式模块化、分配、以及增强。特别地，能量管理器基本单元201经由无线收发器213与一个或多个负载管理器单元202和203无线通信。(有线连接在一些变体中也是可能的)。在一变体中，能量管理器基本单元201对应于图1的控制器104-如上所述地接收测量值并发出命令的系统的“大脑”。该基本单元可设置成与存储单元105和106分开，意味着它可位于不显眼位置(例如家庭办公室)。在一变体中，能量管理器基本单元可包括配备有一个或多个无线接口的个人计算机，如以下将更详细描述地。各个负载管理器(或更一般地能量控制单元)包括允许单元将测量值传输回能量管理器基本单元201并从基本单元201接收指令的无线收发器214和216。各个负载管理器可作为独立单元或与一个或多个家用电器集成地提供。
诸如膝上型计算机210之类的计算机可被用来配置基本单元，诸如经由诸如USB或无线装置之类的电缆提供配置数据和调度信息。在一实施例中，为监控和/或控制基本单元201，在基本单元201内的计算机上运行的网络服务器应用程序与在膝上型计算机210上运行的网络浏览器通信，从而避免对膝上型210上特定软件的需要。
在一变体中，膝上型计算机210代替图1的专用用户界面102，从而可能导致更低的成本。替换地，用户界面可被包括为基本单元的一部分被包括在内，例如与网络服务器通信的网络浏览器、或定制设计的软件用户界面。基本单元201可形成便宜的“启动器套件(starter kit)”的一部分，该“启动器套件”包括可被容易配置并置于住处的负载管理器202。因为基本单元201与负载管理器202和203无线通信，所以它们可被放置在家庭或企业中的任何不同位置而无需使用布线。
在一实施例中，各个负载管理器包括或耦合到一个或多个测量流到一个或多个诸如烘干机之类的负载220的电流的电流换能器215。电流换能器测量流经电路的电力(例如电压、安培数和功率因数)并将测量值提供给将其无线传输给基本单元201的负载管理器202。在此情况下的术语“电流换能器”应被解释成包括诸如电路内分流器(in-circuit shunt)之类的直接测量设备。基本单元201使用测量作为其能量管理过程的一部分，从而基于如上所述的各种因素预测并平衡能量的使用。
负载管理器202还可包括或耦合到一个或多个继电器219，继电器219可由负载管理器202命令关闭或减少对负载221供应的电力。例如，如果基本单元201确定在高能量成本阶段期间关闭对热水器供应的电力会更有效，则基本单元201可将命令无线传输到负载管理器202，该命令命令继电器219关断电能一段时间。继电器还可与电流换能器一起耦合到如222所示的负载。在一变体中，负载管理器202传输换能器指数以及相关联的测量值，以使基本单元201可将换能器与具体设备(例如热水加热器)相关联。在一些实施例中，继电器219和/或电流换能器可被包括在直接耦合到负载管理器202的所谓的“智能家用电器”中。在各个实施例中，电流换能器可与继电器结合或作为其一部分来形成单个单元。
在根据图2的模块化体系结构中，随着更多的家用电器被购买或被包括在系统中，用户可购买附加的负载管理器203来添加到系统中，从而使用户能以合理的成本逐步添加功能。如上所述，“启动器套件”可以合理成本包括单个基本单元201单个负载管理器202与多个继电器和电流换能器。另外的附加套件可包括附加的负载管理器和如下所述的模块。通过用此方式分配体系结构，更多的消费者可能能够负担具有各种发明原理的系统。
还在图2中示出的是PV逆变器204和备用电源模块205，其分别具有相关联的无线适配器224和223，无线适配器224和223可包括或耦合到相应的无线收发器206和207。根据本发明一实施例，PV逆变器204耦合到一个或多个太阳能电池板224，并将直流电力转换成交流电流，该交流电流可分配到负载225和/或用来经由充电电路(未具体示出)对包含于备用电源模块205中的电池充电。
PV逆变器204将交流电力输出到布满屋内的高压总线217。另外，PV逆变器204可测量由太阳能电池板224输出的电力(例如电压)并在诸如RS-485的接口上使用诸如MODBUSTM之类的协议提供诸如输出的测量值。这些测量值可被提供给无线适配器224，其(在一变体中)将测量值转换成由基本单元201使用的不同协议并经由无线收发器207传输到基本单元201。
根据一实施例，无线适配器207还接收来自基本单元201的命令(例如闭合逆变器或改变其工作参数)，并将这些指令(例如可应用到各个PV逆变器供应商中的任何一个的一般指令)转换成PV逆变器供应商专用的形式。结果，可提供无线适配器224的不同模型，各个模型对应于不同的PV逆变器制造商。替换地，单个无线适配器可被提供，且无线适配器内的软件可被配置、选择、或修改成符合特定PV逆变器模型或供应商。再次，因为无线接口，无需在基本单元201和PV逆变器204之间连接布线。附加地，高压总线217不需要被连接到基本单元201，使得其能被(例如)至于书架上。
备用电源模块205可包括如上参考图1所述类型的一个或多个存储设备、逆变器和充电电路(例如，图1的元件105和106)。与PV逆变器204一样，无线适配器223在基本单元201和备用电源模块205之间提供无线通信，且还可转换协议。例如，基本单元201可将普通消息传输到备用电源模块以从电力总线217对电池充电，且无线适配器223可将普通消息转换成供应商专用命令，该命令在供应商专用界面上提供或使用MODBUSTM协议提供到备用电源模块205。在一实施例中，单个无线适配器223可被用来控制备用电源模块205和PV逆变器204，从而降低对多个无线适配器的需要。
本领域已知的无线温度控制器208可被用来将温度测量值传输到基本单元201并接收调整温度或例如临时关闭空调的命令。来自风车的测量值和户外温度传感器也可被无线传输到基本单元201、并用于控制屋内的能量使用。
包括无线收发器212的所谓的“智能民用表(utility meter)”211(例如AMI电表)可通过收发器213传输由基本单元201接收的功率读数。例如，由房屋所使用的平均和/或瞬时电力可被基本单元201监控、并如上所述地被用来延迟能量使用。智能民用表在本领域是已知的，且可被公用事业公司用来无线读取由消费者房屋所驱动的仪表。根据本发明一实施例，这些读数也被基本单元201接收，并用来在私人住宅或公司内更有效地分派能量使用。根据本发明又一实施例，实时电价由智能电表211传达到反映电力当前价格的基本单元201，该当前电力价格可随一个或多个变量(一天中某时间、需求等)的因素而变化。
图4示出图2所示类型的无线适配器的可能配置。该无线适配器可包括射频收发器401、CPU 402、存储器404、以及一个或多个取决于接口类型((USB、RS-485、RS-232等)的输入/输出电路403。在一实施例中，CPU 402和存储器404包括从收发器401接收输入、按需转换它们(例如协议转换)以及通过I/O电路403将命令传输给一个或多个输出的计算机指令。或者，协议转换可代替地在基本单元201内执行。无线网络可以是诸如网状网络等的任何类型的网络，且可使用蓝牙可兼容部件、Zigbee、Z波或其他的来构造。
上述任何步骤或模块可设置于软件中，并在一个或多个计算机可读介质上存储成计算机可执行指令。各个单元(例如基本单元、负载管理器以及无线适配器)可包括被编程以执行在此所述的任何方法步骤或功能的处理器和存储器。所附权利要求书中所使用的数字仅为清楚起见而提供，且不应被理解为限制权利要求书中所列出的步骤或元件的次序。
在此使用的术语“无线”可包括诸如局域网之类的在电力线或其他非专用线上的射频传输，但排除在专用线或电缆上的两个设备之间的通信。在电力线传输中，术语“无线收发器”指的是有必要在电力线上传输命令的调制电路和滤波器。

Claims (28)

1.一种包括处理器、存储器、以及无线收发器的基本单元，所述处理器和存储器被编程为：
从无线收发器接收来自无线能量控制单元的指示由耦合到所述无线能量控制单元的一个或多个负载所使用的电力的测量值；
基于一个或多个动态变量作出控制决定；以及
通过所述无线收发器传送一个或多个去除或降低对耦合到所述无线能量控制单元的所述一个或多个负载供应的电能的命令。
2.如权利要求1所述的基本单元，其特征在于，所述控制决定基于电的动态价格。
3.如权利要求1所述的基本单元，其特征在于，所述控制决定是基于一个或多个存储设备上的存储电荷。
4.如权利要求1所述的基本单元，其特征在于，所述控制决定基于替换性非电网电源的可用性。
5.如权利要求4所述的基本单元，其特征在于，所述控制决定基于可从一个或多个太阳电池板获得的太阳能的可用性。
6.如权利要求1所述的基本单元，其特征在于，所述控制决定基于从所述无线能量控制单元接收到的所述测量值。
7.如权利要求1所述的基本单元，其特征在于，所述处理器和存储器被编程为从多个各自耦合到不同负载的能量控制单元接收测量值并无线传输所述一个或多个指令给所述多个能量控制单元。
8.如权利要求1所述的基本单元，其特征在于，所述处理器和存储器被编程为将命令无线传输到光伏(PV)逆变器，所述PV逆变器将由太阳能电池板产生的直流电流转换成可用于向耦合到所述无线能量控制单元的所述一个或多个负载提供电流的交流电流。
9.如权利要求8所述的基本单元，其特征在于，所述处理器和存储器被编程为将所述命令无线传输给无线适配器，所述无线适配器接收所述命令，将它们转换成不同协议，并基于所述不同协议控制所述PV逆变器。
10.如权利要求1所述的基本单元，其特征在于，所述处理器和存储器被编程为从无线自动调温器无线接收温度测量值，并将命令传输给所述无线自动调温器，从而改变温度设置。
11.如权利要求1所述的基本单元，其特征在于，所述处理器和存储器被编程为从测量由位于建筑物内的设备所使用的功率的无线功率表无线地接收数据。
12.如权利要求11所述的基本单元，其特征在于，所述处理器和存储器被编程为从所述无线功率表无线接收成本可变的电。
13.如权利要求1所述的基本单元，其特征在于，所述处理器和存储器被编程为基于所述控制决定将多余电力售回公用事业公司的电网。
14.如权利要求1所述的基本单元，其特征在于，所述处理器和存储器被编程为向外部耦合计算机提供用户界面，其中所述用户界面允许用户在作出所述控制决定时配置由所述基本单元使用的设置。
15.如权利要求1所述的基本单元，其特征在于，所述处理器和控制器被编程为将所述一个或多个负载的电力消耗延至稍后时间。
16.如权利要求1所述的基本单元，其特征在于，所述测量值包括含有电压、安培数和功率因素的功率测量值。
17.一种包括处理器、存储器、以及无线收发器的无线负载管理器，所述处理器和存储器被编程为：
通过所述无线收发器将来自耦合到所述无线负载管理器的一个或多个负载的测量值传送到无线基本单元，所述测量值指示由所述一个或多个负载当前所消耗的电量；
通过所述无线收发器从所述无线基本单元接收一个或多个指示应当从耦合到所述无线负载管理器的一个或多个负载去除或降低电力的命令；以及
响应所述一个或多个命令，去除或降低到所述一个或多个负载的电力。
18.如权利要求17所述的无线负载管理器，其特征在于，所述测量值包括电压、安培数和功率因数。
19.如权利要求17所述的无线负载管理器，其特征在于，进一步包括一个或多个测量由耦合到所述无线负载管理器的所述一个或多个负载所使用的电力的电流换能器。
20.如权利要求17所述的无线负载管理器，其特征在于，进一步包括用于从所述一个或多个负载去除电力的一个或多个中继器。
21.如权利要求17所述的无线负载管理器，其特征在于，传送到所述基本单元的测量值包括使所述换能器与具体负载相关联的换能器指数。
22.一种套件，包括以下组合：
包括第一处理器、第一存储器、以及第一无线收发器的无线基本单元，所述第一处理器和第一存储器被编程为从所述第一无线收发器接收指示由一个或多个负载所使用的电力；基于一个或多个动态变量作出控制决定；以及通过所述第一无线收发器传送一个或多个从所述一个或多个负载去除或降低电力的命令；以及
包括第二处理器、第二存储器、以及第二无线收发器的无线负载管理器，所述第二处理器和第二存储器被编程为通过所述第二无线收发器将来自耦合到所述无线负载管理器的一个或多个负载的指示由所述一个或多个负载当前所消耗的电量的测量值发送到所述无线基本单元；通过所述第二无线收发器从所述无线基本单元接收指示去除或降低耦合到所述无线负载管理器的一个或多个负载的电力的一个或多个命令；以及响应所述一个或多个命令，去除或降低到所述一个或多个负载的电力。
23.如权利要求22所述的套件，其特征在于，所述控制决定基于电的动态价格。
24.如权利要求22所述的套件，其特征在于，所述控制决定基于一个或多个存储设备上的存储电荷。
25.如权利要求22所述的套件，其特征在于，所述控制决定基于替换非电网电源的可用性。
26.一种无线设备，包括：
处理器、存储器、以及无线收发器，所述处理器和存储器被编程为：
从所述无线收发器接收一个或多个从无线基本单元接收到的指示与逆变器相关联的至少一种逆变器设置的命令，所述逆变器将由太阳能电池板产生的直流电流转换成由受所述无线基本单元控制的负载所使用的交流电流；以及
使所述逆变器上的设置根据接收到的一个或多个命令而改变。
27.如权利要求26所述的无线设备，其特征在于，所述处理器和存储器被编程为将来自专用于所述基本单元的第一协议的一个或多个命令转换成专用于所述逆变器的第二协议。
28.如权利要求26所述的无线设备，其特征在于，所述处理器和存储器被编程为接收指示从一个或多个太阳能电池板获得的电的测量值，并且将所述测量值通过所述无线收发器无线地传送给所述基本单元。
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