CN101384804A - 用于颗粒物质探测器信号处理的系统 - Google Patents

用于颗粒物质探测器信号处理的系统 Download PDF

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CN101384804A
CN101384804A CNA2006800470833A CN200680047083A CN101384804A CN 101384804 A CN101384804 A CN 101384804A CN A2006800470833 A CNA2006800470833 A CN A2006800470833A CN 200680047083 A CN200680047083 A CN 200680047083A CN 101384804 A CN101384804 A CN 101384804A
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particulate matter
filter
exhaust
processor
sensor
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M·L·罗德斯
B·C·克拉夫瑟菲尔
D·B·基特尔森
M·洪宾
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Honeywell International Inc
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Honeywell International Inc
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N11/00—Monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus, e.g. for catalytic activity
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
    • F01N3/027—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using electric or magnetic heating means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N9/00—Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F01N9/002—Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus of filter regeneration, e.g. detection of clogging
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/0025—Controlling engines characterised by use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
    • F02D41/0047—Controlling exhaust gas recirculation [EGR]
    • F02D41/005—Controlling exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] according to engine operating conditions
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
    • F02D41/1438—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
    • F02D41/1444—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases
    • F02D41/1466—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases the characteristics being a soot concentration or content
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2550/00—Monitoring or diagnosing the deterioration of exhaust systems
    • F01N2550/04—Filtering activity of particulate filters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
    • F01N2560/02—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
    • F01N2560/05—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being a particulate sensor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
    • F01N2560/14—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics having more than one sensor of one kind
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/24—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means
    • F02D41/26—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means using computer, e.g. microprocessor
    • F02D41/28—Interface circuits
    • F02D2041/286—Interface circuits comprising means for signal processing
    • F02D2041/288—Interface circuits comprising means for signal processing for performing a transformation into the frequency domain, e.g. Fourier transformation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D2200/00—Input parameters for engine control
    • F02D2200/02—Input parameters for engine control the parameters being related to the engine
    • F02D2200/08—Exhaust gas treatment apparatus parameters
    • F02D2200/0812—Particle filter loading
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/021—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine
    • F02D41/0235—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F02D41/027—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus to purge or regenerate the exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F02D41/029—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus to purge or regenerate the exhaust gas treating apparatus the exhaust gas treating apparatus being a particulate filter
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
    • F02D41/1438—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
    • F02D41/1439—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the position of the sensor
    • F02D41/1441—Plural sensors
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    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/52—Systems for actuating EGR valves
    • F02M26/53—Systems for actuating EGR valves using electric actuators, e.g. solenoids
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/40—Engine management systems

Abstract

一种系统，在发动机(10)的排气流(114)中具有处于颗粒过滤器(102)上游的颗粒物质探测器(105、106)和处于过滤器(102)下游的另一个这样的探测器(107)。在发动机上还可具有排气再循环(EGR)控制器。过滤器(102)中的或过滤器(102)装载的颗粒物质量可由上游颗粒物质探测器(105、106)来确定。过滤器(102)的工作情况可有下游探测器(107)来确定。过滤器(102)可具有加热器(103)和用于提供过滤器(102)的工作和颗粒物质烧掉温度的控制器。处理器(113)可被连接到探测器、EGR控制器和过滤器加热器控制器。处理器还可包含用于提供各独立发动机汽缸行为的分析曲线的程序。

Description

用于颗粒物质探测器信号处理的系统
技术领域
[0001]本发明涉及对颗粒探测器数据进行处理，具体地是涉及发动机的数据。更具体地，本发明涉及对发动机排气活动的颗粒质量探测器数据进行处理。
发明内容
[0002]本发明可包括用于分析发动机排气活动从而获得发动机运行信息的处理器。
附图说明
[0003]图1a是用于发动机排气系统的颗粒物质探测器结构的示意图；
[0004]图1b示出了用于发动机的数据获取和处理的流程图；
[0005]图2a示出了具有类火化塞式支撑物和类灯泡式探头的颗粒物质传感器；
[0006]图2b示出了具有类火化塞式支撑物和轴式探头的颗粒物质传感器；
[0007]图3是用于发动机的数据获取结构的示意图；
[0008]图4是指示汽缸压力、曲柄角、针阀升程以及烟灰浓度的发动机数据的标绘图；
[0009]图5a示出了用伏特-时间表示的由颗粒物质探测器进行的实时捕获；
[0010]图5b示出了被处理的烟尘信号的信号-频率波形；
[0011]图5c示出了被处理的烟尘信号的信号-时间波形；
[0012]图6示出了在发动机催化转化器的上游和下游的电荷探测器信号；
用于发动机的值；
[0014]图7b是对于特定负载的体积密度-黑碳仪(aetholometer)读数的曲线图；
[0015]图7c是探测器信号-颗粒物质质量浓度的曲线图；
[0016]图8示出了在排气管道中的光学颗粒检测器和颗粒电荷探测器的共同定位；
[0017]图9是发动机的排放流的电荷探测器信号、汽缸压力信号、及光学探测器信号的曲线图；
[0018]图10示出了电荷探测器信号和光学探测器信号的放大图；以及
[0019]图11示出了电荷探测器信号和汽缸压力信号的放大图。
具体实施方式
[0020]可通过各个独立柴油发动机汽缸的实时排气活动来具体洞察发动机的运行情况。处理关于排气活动的数据可将实时颗粒排放行为变成可用控制信号。为了对一个汽缸和另一个汽缸进行比较以及为了对一个发动机循环和另一个发动机循环进行比较，处理过程(例如，算法)可使用实时排气颗粒的时间加窗(时域)和频域分析的组合，来产生隔独立汽缸行为的曲线图。可利用瞬时和时间平均的结果。从一个发动机循环到另一个循环的各个汽缸变化以及汽缸之间的变化可以指示出不良的发动机工作状况。可对这些变化进行控制，以便获得更好的整体性能和更低的整体排放。根据时域和/或频域数据还可推导出其它有用信息，例如发动机运转速度和排气流速，这些信息通常很难直接测量出。
[0021]从柴油发动机排放的烟通常会被充电成燃烧过程中产生的弱等离子体。在排气循环流期间，从汽缸排出的充电颗粒流经连接到电荷放大器的导电探头，电荷放大器将颗粒浓度记录成时间的函数(即，在时域内记录)。然后，表示浓度的信号可被数字化并传送到用于分析的微处理器。可将微处理器收集的数据(可能与来自发动机控制单元(ECU)的同步信号耦合)加上时间窗口，并且可识别和分析来自各个汽缸的脉冲以便获得基线、峰值高度和积分峰值面积。这些可以是排放自各汽缸的颗粒物质(PM)的直接测量值。通过傅立叶变换、正弦-余弦分析、拉普拉斯变换等，该实时数据流也可被转换到频域。在频域中，主频率峰值可以是对发动机运转速度的测量值，并且该峰值高度可与总颗粒有关。需要进行信号处理，以便进行信号放大、噪声降低、以及净化电荷信号。在所有汽缸都被相等定时并且具有相等幅度的适当运转的发动机中，仅有很少的谐振频率。在运转不良的发动机中，汽缸与汽缸之间以及循环与循环之间的变化的非重复特性可引起许多谐振频率和谐波。
[0022]图1a示出了用于发动机10排气系统的颗粒物质探测器布局。发动机10可具有排气管道101，其连接到发动机10的排气系统以及颗粒物质(PM)或柴油颗粒过滤器(DPF)102。与DPF 102相关联且邻近DPF 102设置的可以是用于操作DPF 102的控制器103和/或加热器103，例如，可在DPF 102中打开加热器103从而控制DPF 102的温度以便进行工作和/或烧掉捕集到的柴油颗粒或颗粒物质。颗粒物质探测器105和/或106可位于排气管道101中。探测器105可比探测器106离发动机10更近。在某些布布中，可能仅仅存在探测器105或106中的一个。尾管104可被连接到DPF 102的输出端。颗粒物质探测器107可位于尾管104中。
[0023]EGR阀门110可具有排气传送装置111(例如，连接到排气管道101的管道或管)和排气传送装置112(例如连接到发动机10的进气系统120的管道或管)。管111可被连接成靠近探测器105。探测器106可被连接成靠近DPF 102的输入端。总之，探测器105和106可被认为是处于DPF 102的上游，而探测器107相对于DFP 102可被认为是处于下游。探测器105、106和/或107可被连接到信号处理电子装置模块113以便提供信号，这些信号分别指示了进入DPF 102之前的排气流114中的以及离开DPF之后的排气流115中的、传感到的颗粒物质或柴油颗粒的数量或质量。EGR阀门110可被连接到信号处理电子装置113，用于接收信号以打开或关闭阀门110，如由来自探测器105和/或106的信号所指示的。探测器107主要可用于确定排气流115中是否存在颗粒物质，并用于指示DPF 102是否处于失效模式或已经失效。排气流115中的颗粒物质可以是失效或未工作的DPF 102的一种指示。对于运行良好的DPF 102，探测器107不应在流115中检测到任何颗粒物质。
信号处理电子装置模块或处理器113可输出信号130，该信号130具有关于排气流速、PM过滤器装载量、PM过滤器失效指示、清洁PM过滤器的时间、最佳EGR操作等方面的信息。
[0024]探测器105或探测器106可被用于确定DPF 102的装载。探测器105也可被用于控制EGR阀门110，以减少流114中的排气排放。然而，探测器116一般是被用来仅仅确定DPF 102的装载。探测器105或106之一，或探测器105、106两者，可与信号处理电子装置113一起，提供在时间上算术积分的探测器信号，以确定DPF 102中颗粒物质的总质量累计值。由于可在本系统中获得对DPF 102中颗粒物质量的真实确定，因此不是必须需要用于获得诸如DPF 102中颗粒或颗粒物质估算确定值的模型和/或相关计算。
[0025]图1b显示了用于发动机10的数据获取和处理的流程图。该示意图也可被认为是基于排气排放的颗粒物质的发动机控制循环的一种形式。发动机10可输出排气11，其可通过传感器探头12传感以便获得颗粒物质和其它发动机有关数据。在发动机排气11中的可以是颗粒物质(PM)浓度，其可在气体成分13中被检测。可在排气中检测的其它参数包括但不限于压力、温度、振动、发动机速度、排气再循环(EGR)百分比、以及油的种类。测试中，三种不同的发动机10包括John DeereTM4045T装置、CaterpillarTM C12卡车发动机、以及VolkswagonTM TDI EuroIX发动机。4045T是涡轮增压4.5升柴油机、C12是自然吸气12.0升柴油机、以及TDI是1.9升柴油机。各种用于测试的发动机可验证一些数据获取和分析的稳定一致的结果。
[0026]PM传感器探头12可具有如示于图2的类火化塞式支撑物。PM传感器探头12可基于该探头测量的电荷而提供输出。探头12可被设置在发动机10的排气11的路径上。探头12的长度和几何形状可基于探测电子装置、探测器最优化、及发动机的参数而改变。可通过非常薄的非导电涂层或层来钝化或保护探头12。该涂层或层可防止在发动机10工作期间在探头12上堆积的烟灰层造成电短路。钝化材料可包括SiN4、铈或其它氧化物等。探头12上的钝化层厚度可以在0.001和0.010英寸之间。标称厚度可以为约0.01英寸。可通过将探头暴露在高排气温度中获得钝化层，或者钝化层可经由添加到发动机燃料中的材料而被涂敷一层。
[0027]探测器或探头12可具有各种尺寸和电极形状。长度尺寸的例子可以在0.25和12英寸之间。长度的标称值可以为约3-4英寸。厚度或直径尺寸的例子可以在1/32英寸和3/8英寸之间。标称厚度可以为约1/8英寸。探头也可为非圆柱状的或可以在探头的末端具有球状物以优化信号。
[0028]探头的例子可包括标准火花塞外壳，其外部电极或接地电极被移除，并具有约1/8英寸厚度或直径的、焊接到中心电极的4-6英寸金属延长部。探测器12可被安装在靠近排气岐管或发动机10的涡轮增压器之后的排气流11中。该探测电极可连接到处理电子装置30的模拟电荷放大器15。来自电极或探头12的电荷瞬变可以与排气流11中的烟灰(颗粒)浓度成正比。可通过暴露到发动机12的排气11中的电极表面上的非常薄的非导电层来钝化延伸的电极。在超过400摄氏度(750华氏度)的温度下，当在排气流中工作几分钟之后，304型不锈钢可在探头12上自然生长出钝化层。然而，通过将有机金属铈混合物(约100PPM)添加到用于发动机10的燃料中，也可在位于排气11中的探头或电极12上替代地生长出氧化铈钝化层。
[0029]以层来钝化探头或电极12的其他方法可包括在受控环境下溅射沉积耐火陶瓷材料或生长出氧化物层。此外，在位于排气11中的电极探头或电极12上生长或沉积钝化层的目的在于:防止由于PM累积而造成的探头与类火化塞式支持物基座之间的短路，以使得探测器或探头12可保持其对排气流11的镜像电荷监测功能。如果电极在其上不具有钝化层，则探头12可能会在短暂工作后失效，而失效的原因就在于:电极上堆积的烟灰或PM造成了电极与探测器支撑基座间的电短路。
[0030]处理电子装置30可包括电荷放大器15、数据提取器17、输出调节器19、或其他进行平均或FFT处理的电子装置。可根据增益、频率响应以及位置来设计和定位图1的电荷放大器15。输出16可以是实时信号，其指示了排气11中PM的量。信号16可传送到数据提取器单元17。可在单元17的输入40处送入曲轴角信号，用于关联在具体曲轴角处的PM特定量用于发动机10的分析。输出18可提供排气11的平均PM浓度。而且，在输出18处可揭示汽缸-汽缸基础上的PM浓度。
[0031]输出18可传送到输出调节器单元19，其可提供发动机控制、诊断和/或发动机控制电压信号20，该信号20可传送到发动机10或DPF装载或失效确定。
[0032]图3是用于发动机10的数据获取布局的示意图。发动机10上的探测器模块21可经由发动机控制单元(ECU)98向处理器23提供发动机数据22。ECU 98可具有到燃料和空气进气系统94的双向连接99，其中所述燃料和空气进气系统94包含进气岐管95。而且，ECU98可具有到排气再循环单元93的双向连接96。ECU 98可具有来自处理器23输出的输入连接97。数据22可包括与发动机参数(RPM、装载、涡轮增压器压力(VWTM除外)、针阀升程(仅对于DeereTM)、曲柄角以及其他有关发动机的参数)相关的信息。包括排气岐管92以便传送排气11的排气系统24可具有连接到处理器23的探测器25、26、27、28、和29。处理器23的输出可被传送到用于数据读取和观察曲线的示波器31以及数据获取(DAQ)模块32。探测器25-29可分别具有放大器、转换器接口、和/或调节电路35-39，以准备好用于输入到处理器23的信号。在排气系统24中可具有连接到BoschTM(博世)计34的烟探测器探头33。可在排气系统24处设置两级稀释烟道41，用于提供到扩散增压器(diffusion charger，DC)43、光电浮质探测器(PAS)44及浓缩颗粒计数器(CPC)45的连接。
[0033]可在探测器25和26之间设置装置46。BoschTM计探头33和两级稀释烟道可位于在探测器26和27之间。催化转化器47(用于VWTM发动机)可被设置在探测器27和28之间。在探测器28和29之间可以是设置在排气系统24中的PM捕集器48(用于CaterpillarTM发动机)或消声器49(用于VWTM发动机)。利用图3中描述的数据获取系统，可得到随后附图中所示的各种数据和标绘图。
[0034]图4是从DeereTM发动机10获取的数据标绘图，以时间为横坐标轴显示了1400rpm时、无EGR、90％装载情况下的汽缸压力、曲柄角、针阀升程、及烟灰。汽缸压力通过曲线51示出，并以右侧纵坐标轴上的相关数字符号来指示。曲线52通过左侧纵坐标轴上的数字符号示出了来自PM电荷探测器的信号幅度。曲线53是曲柄角线。曲线54以在右侧纵轴中示出的相关幅度揭示了针阀升程。指示线116指示了沿该图横坐标的一个发动机循环。曲线52的下行尖脉冲可标识出汽缸的动作1、2、3、和4，如分别以标识55、56、57、和58指示的那样。曲线51、53、和54的数据可来自探测器模块21。曲线52的数据可来自烟灰电荷探测器25。
[0035]图5a利用曲线59以伏特-时间的形式示出了颗粒物质探测器的实时捕获。图5b示出了被处理的烟尘信号的信号-频率波形60。图5c示出了被处理的烟尘信号的信号-时间波形61。
[0036]图6通过曲线62示出了由电荷探测器27指示的、催化转化器47上游的电荷探测器信号，且通过曲线63示出了由用于VWTM TDIEuro IV发动机的探测器28指示的电荷探测器信号。该图的形式为信号毫伏与秒小数的形式。尺寸线64和65指示了VWTM发动机10的循环，每次循环约0.06秒并等效于约2000RPM。
[0037]图7a是作为用于DeereTM发动机的Bosch烟度值函数的相关度和/或传感器响应，DeereTM发动机在1400RPM下运行，并且以三角形指示无EGR，以圆形指示15％EGR。可注意到:分别对于无EGR和具有一些EGR的情况，数据点或曲线66和67的相关度相对较好。示意图以伏RMS与Bosch烟度值的形式示出了探测器(例如探测器26)的响应。在曲线66和67的开始处，直到Bosch烟度值约为2处，在探测器电压上的微小变化看来会导致Bosch烟度值中的巨大变化。曲线66和67之间最大的不一致出现在烟度值2之前。在Bosch烟度值2之后，探测器响应间的关系几乎呈现为线性的。
[0038]图7b是用于10％和25％装载比较的、体积密度(μm3/cc)与黑碳仪读数(mg/m3)的曲线图。黑碳仪是响应于炭黑的实时仪器。可通过具有方程“y＝2022.2x”的曲线118来拟合数据117。曲线与数据的相关度“R2”约0.8876。图7c是示出探测器信号(伏)与质量浓度(mg/m3)的曲线图。信号与质量的关系数据119可被拟合到曲线121，该曲线可以方程“y＝0.0004x2+0.0099x+0.0001”来表达。曲线与数据的相关度“R2”约0.8565。
[0039]图8示出了排气管道75中的光学PM检测器71和PM电荷探测器12。PM电荷探测器或探头12可具有电极73和支撑电极73的外壳74及在排气管道75中支撑电极73的外壳74。光学PM检测器71可以具有光源76、亮红色LED(例如，LumexTM第LTL-2F3VRNKT号)。光77可传输穿过石英棒78到达排气管道75的内部。保持物或支撑外壳79可在排气管道75中支撑石英棒78。棒78可具有约1/4英寸的直径和4英寸的长度。光线77可撞击或照射排气流11中的PM颗粒80，并反射光线81，光线81可由石英棒82传送到光探测器83(例如，Burr-BrownTM光敏二极管第OPT301号)。棒82可具有与棒78相似的尺寸。可通过排气管道75中的保持物或支撑外壳84支撑棒82。每单位体积的排气11中PM颗粒80数量的增长可指示:到探测器83的反射光81增加(读更大数)，反之亦然。棒78和82可分别在热排气管道75和排放器76及探测器83电子装置之间绝热工作。在使用这一描述中提到的探测器71进行测试时，不需要努力使棒78和82在排气管道75中保持洁净。
[0040]图9是用于DeereTM发动机10的电荷探测器12的信号85、汽缸压力信号86、及光学探测器71的信号87的曲线图，其表现为幅度与时间(横坐标轴，秒)的关系。左侧纵坐标轴上示出了电荷探测器12信号85的幅度。右侧纵坐标轴上示出了汽缸压力信号86和光学探测器71信号87的幅度。人们可注意到作为一阵喷烟以信号85和87的峰值的虚线88示出的相互关系。这些峰显示为与信号86的汽缸压力峰值对齐。而且，加载于光学探测器71上的PM颗粒80的碰撞引起了信号87的幅度改变，如箭头89所示。
[0041]图10a示出了位于同一位置的电荷探测器信号85和光学探测器信号87之间的比较。图10示出了信号85和87的图9的一小段时间(即，相对于0-3.5秒的0.4-0.6秒)。尺寸线64和65都示出了循环的长度。循环的长度通过尺寸线64和65示出。注意，电荷探测器12信号85和光学探测器71信号87的峰值的发生时间有很微小的差异，如虚线91所示。图10b示出了对电荷信号85和光学信号87之间进行的比较，结果得到用于直线拟合的相关度系数0.69。
[0042]图11a是曲线图，其示出了位于同一位置处的电荷探测器信号85与汽缸压力信号86的比较。图11b是曲线图，其中绘制出电荷信号85与压力信号86的比较结构，以确定信号之间的相关度。对于直线拟合，信号85和86的相关度系数为约0.0003。
来自发动机的颗粒大小分布遵循对数正态多重模态大小分布，在任何大小范围内的浓度与在该范围内相应曲线下的面积成比例。核子模式颗粒的直径范围从0.005到0.05微米(5-50nm)。它们包含了在排气稀释和冷却期间形成颗粒的金属性混合物、元素碳和半挥发性有机和硫磺化合物。核子模式一般包含1-20％的颗粒质量以及大于90％的颗粒数目。堆积模式颗粒的直径范围从0.05到0.5微米(50-500nm)。在其中发现了大多数的质量，其主要由碳块和吸附物质构成。进展模式(coursemode)包括了直径大于1微米的颗粒，并包含了PM质量的5-20％。这些相对较大的颗粒通过已被沉积在汽缸或排气系统表面的颗粒物质的再飞散(re-entrainment)而形成。
在本说明书中，物质中的一些可以具有假定或预想的特性，尽管以另一种方式或意义来陈述。
尽管已经针对至少一个示例性例子对本发明进行了描述，但当本领域技术人员阅读了本说明书后，许多变化和改进将变得明显。因此对于本发明，应相对于现有技术被尽可能宽地解释所附权利要求，以包括所有这些变化和改进。

Claims (32)

1.一种探测器系统，包括:
第一颗粒物质探测器，其设置在连接到发动机的排气传送装置中；
颗粒物质过滤器，其设置在所述排气传送装置中所述第一颗粒物质探测器的下游；和
第二颗粒物质探测器，其设置在所述排气传送装置中且处于所述颗粒物质过滤器的下游；而且
其中:
所述第一颗粒物质探测器用于检测接近所述过滤器的颗粒物质；
所述第二颗粒物质探测器用于检测离开所述过滤器的颗粒物质；
所述第一颗粒物质探测器用于指示所述过滤器中颗粒物质的装载量；和
所述第二颗粒物质探测器用于指示所述过滤器的失效。
2.根据权利要求1所述的系统，进一步包括:
排气再循环阀门，其具有连接到所述排气传送装置并靠近所述第一颗粒物质探测器的输入，具有连接到所述发动机的输入传送装置的输出；以及
处理器，其连接到所述第一颗粒物质探测器和排气再循环阀门；并且
所述处理器用于至少部分地响应由所述第一颗粒物质探测器检测到的颗粒物质，调整所述排气再循环阀门。
3.根据权利要求2所述的系统，其中所述处理器用于调整所述排气再循环阀门，以减少由所述第一颗粒物质探测器探测到的颗粒物质的量。
4.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中如果所述第二颗粒物质探测器检测到颗粒物质，则认为所述过滤器已失效。
5.一种探测器系统，包括:
第一颗粒探测器，其设置在发动机的排气传送装置中；
颗粒物质过滤器，其设置在所述排气传送装置中且处于所述第一颗粒物质探测器的下游；和
处理器，其连接到所述第一颗粒物质探测器，用于确定所述过滤器中装载的颗粒物质，并操作所述颗粒物质过滤器以便清洁。
6.根据权利要求5所述的系统，进一步包括:
第二颗粒物质探测器，其设置在所述排气传送装置中且处于所述过滤器的下游，而且
其中，所述第二颗粒物质探测器被连接到所述处理器，用于确定所述过滤器是否恰当地工作。
7.根据权利要求5所述的系统，进一步包括:
排气再循环机构，其被连接到所述排气传送装置和所述发动机的进气装置；而且
其中，为了减少由所述第一颗粒物质探测器探测到的颗粒物质，所述排气再循环机构被连接到所述处理器，用于控制到所述进气装置的排气流。
8.根据权利要求5所述的系统，进一步包括:
设置在所述过滤器中的加热器；而且
其中，所述加热器被连接到所述处理器，用于控制所述过滤器的温度以便进行操作和/或烧掉颗粒物质。
9.一种探测器系统，包括:
颗粒物质过滤器，其设置在发动机的排气系统中；和
颗粒物质探测器，其设置在所述排气系统中且处于所述过滤器的下游。
10.根据权利要求9所述的系统，进一步包括连接到所述颗粒物质探测器的处理器，用于指示所述过滤器是否恰当地工作。
11.根据权利要求10所述的系统，进一步包括:
设置在所述过滤器中的加热器；而且
其中:
所述加热器被连接到所述处理器；并且
所述处理器用于打开所述加热器，以用于在由于所述过滤器中的颗粒物质过量而引起所述过滤器没有恰当地工作时，烧掉颗粒物质。
12.一种用于颗粒物质探测的处理系统，包括:
颗粒物质探测器，用于定位在排气流中；
处理器，其连接到所述颗粒物质探测器；和
发动机曲柄角输入，其连接到所述处理器；以及
其中所述处理器包含用于提供各独立汽缸行为的分析曲线的程序。
13.根据权利要求12所述的系统，其中所述程序包括时域和/或频域分析算法的组合。
14.根据权利要求13所述的系统，其中所述各独立汽缸行为的曲线具有脉冲，其被分析以便获得基线、峰值高度和/或积分峰值面积。
15.根据权利要求14所述的系统，其中所述处理器用于调节到所述发动机的探测器输出信号，以提供调节，从而使得对所有所述汽缸，所述各独立汽缸行为的曲线都相同。
16.根据权利要求15所述的系统，其中所述处理器可提供排气流速。
17.根据权利要求16所述的系统，其中所述算法指示了用于汽缸与汽缸以及循环与循环间差异度的补偿。
18根据权利要求17所述的系统，其中所述各独立汽缸行为的曲线来自于对排放自各独立发动机汽缸的颗粒物质的直接测量。
19一种用于确定发动机参数的处理系统，包括:
颗粒物质传感器曲线；
电荷放大器，其具有连接到所述传感器曲线的输入；
数据提取器，其连接到所述电荷放大器；以及
信号调节器和处理器，其连接到所述数据提取器。
20根据权利要求19所述的系统，其中所述传感器探头包括设置在发动机的排气机构中的电极。
21根据权利要求20所述的系统，其中所述处理器包括用于将来自所述传感器探头的信号转换为有关发动机汽缸数据的程序。
22根据权利要求21所述的系统，其中:
所述有关发动机汽缸的数据提供了关于各独立汽缸的信息；以及
所述关于各独立汽缸的信息被比较，并且在所提供的汽缸间存在差异。
23根据权利要求22所述的系统，其中所述处理器提供了用于最小化所述汽缸间差异的参数调整信号。
24根据权利要求23所述的系统，其中所述程序包括时域和/或频域分析算法的组合。
25根据权利要求24所述的系统，其中所述算法用于从来自所述传感器探头的实时排气颗粒数据的分析中提供各独立汽缸的曲线。
26一种用于分析发动机排气中的颗粒物质的方法，包括:
检测排气的颗粒物质；
将对所述排气的颗粒物质的检测转换为颗粒物质信号；以及
将所述颗粒物质信号处理成关于每个汽缸的信息。
27根据权利要求26所述的方法，进一步包括:
估计所述关于每个汽缸的信息；以及
响应于所述关于每个汽缸的信息进行的估计，将信号提供给发动机控制单元。
28根据权利要求27所述的方法，其中所述估计关于每个汽缸的信息包括:将每个汽缸与另一个汽缸相比较和/或将一个发动机循环和另一个发动机循环相比较。
29根据权利要求28所述的方法，其中所述处理所述颗粒物质信号包括:对所述颗粒物质信号进行时间加窗(时域)和/或频域分析。
30根据权利要求29所述的方法，其中所述将信号提供给发动机控制单元被用于减少所述汽缸间的变化。
31根据权利要求29所述的方法，其中所述将信号提供给发动机控制单元被用于减少所述发动机循环间的变化。
32.一种探测器系统，包括:
第一颗粒物质探测器，其设置在连接到发动机的排气传送装置中；
第二颗粒物质探测器，其设置在排气传送装置中且处于柴油颗粒过滤器的下游；以及
第三颗粒物质装置，其设置在排气传送装置中，且处于所述第一颗粒物质探测器的下游以及所述柴油颗粒过滤器的上游；以及
处理器，其连接到所述第一颗粒物质探测器、所述第二颗粒物质探测器、所述第三颗粒物质探测器和所述柴油颗粒过滤器。
33根据权利要求32所述的系统，其中所述处理器输出具有下述信息的信号:
排气流速；
所述柴油颗粒过滤器的装载量；
所述柴油颗粒过滤器的失效指示；和/或
清洁所述柴油颗粒过滤器的时间。
34根据权利要求32所述的系统，其中所述处理器输出具有下述信息的信号:最佳排气恢复操作。
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CN110412114A (zh) * 2013-08-08 2019-11-05 史密斯探测-沃特福特有限公司 用于浮质检测的方法和便携式离子迁移谱仪
CN107201959A (zh) * 2016-03-18 2017-09-26 西克工程有限公司 内燃机
CN107300518A (zh) * 2016-04-14 2017-10-27 福特环球技术公司 用于排气微粒物质感测的方法和系统
CN107300518B (zh) * 2016-04-14 2022-03-08 福特环球技术公司 用于排气微粒物质感测的方法和系统
CN106762061A (zh) * 2016-12-07 2017-05-31 江苏大学 一种模拟dpf失效的诊断装置和方法
CN106762061B (zh) * 2016-12-07 2020-03-31 江苏大学 一种模拟dpf失效的诊断装置和方法
CN108362325A (zh) * 2017-01-26 2018-08-03 霍尼韦尔国际公司 进入和离开传感器装置的气流
CN108661767A (zh) * 2018-06-13 2018-10-16 江苏大学 一种基于碳加载量检测装置的ntp喷射再生dpf系统及控制方法
CN108661767B (zh) * 2018-06-13 2023-10-10 江苏大学 一种基于碳加载量检测装置的ntp喷射再生dpf系统及控制方法
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