CN101080729A - 用于测试非接触式支付设备的基准装置 - Google Patents

用于测试非接触式支付设备的基准装置 Download PDF

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CN101080729A
CN101080729A CNA2005800285081A CN200580028508A CN101080729A CN 101080729 A CN101080729 A CN 101080729A CN A2005800285081 A CNA2005800285081 A CN A2005800285081A CN 200580028508 A CN200580028508 A CN 200580028508A CN 101080729 A CN101080729 A CN 101080729A
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card
reader
antenna
card reader
payment
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P·斯梅茨
E·L·H·范德维尔德
D·加勒特
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Mastercard International Inc
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/28—Testing of electronic circuits, e.g. by signal tracer
    • G01R31/302—Contactless testing
    • G01R31/308—Contactless testing using non-ionising electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical radiation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/28—Testing of electronic circuits, e.g. by signal tracer
    • G01R31/302—Contactless testing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K17/00—Methods or arrangements for effecting co-operative working between equipments covered by two or more of main groups G06K1/00 - G06K15/00, e.g. automatic card files incorporating conveying and reading operations
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
    • G06K7/0008—General problems related to the reading of electronic memory record carriers, independent of its reading method, e.g. power transfer
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
    • G06K7/0095—Testing the sensing arrangement, e.g. testing if a magnetic card reader, bar code reader, RFID interrogator or smart card reader functions properly
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
    • G06K7/10—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation
    • G06K7/10009—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves
    • G06K7/10019—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves resolving collision on the communication channels between simultaneously or concurrently interrogated record carriers.
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
    • G06K7/10—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation
    • G06K7/10009—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves
    • G06K7/10316—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves using at least one antenna particularly designed for interrogating the wireless record carriers
    • G06K7/10336—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves using at least one antenna particularly designed for interrogating the wireless record carriers the antenna being of the near field type, inductive coil
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
    • G06K7/10—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation
    • G06K7/10009—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves
    • G06K7/10366—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves the interrogation device being adapted for miscellaneous applications
    • G06K7/10465—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves the interrogation device being adapted for miscellaneous applications the interrogation device being capable of self-diagnosis, e.g. in addition to or as part of the actual interrogation process
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
    • G06Q20/30—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks
    • G06Q20/32—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using wireless devices
    • G06Q20/327—Short range or proximity payments by means of M-devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
    • G06Q20/30—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks
    • G06Q20/34—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using cards, e.g. integrated circuit [IC] cards or magnetic cards
    • G06Q20/341—Active cards, i.e. cards including their own processing means, e.g. including an IC or chip
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • G07F7/00—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus
    • G07F7/08—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus by coded identity card or credit card or other personal identification means
    • G07F7/0806—Details of the card
    • G07F7/0833—Card having specific functional components
    • G07F7/084—Additional components relating to data transfer and storing, e.g. error detection, self-diagnosis
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • G07F7/00—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus
    • G07F7/08—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus by coded identity card or credit card or other personal identification means
    • G07F7/10—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus by coded identity card or credit card or other personal identification means together with a coded signal, e.g. in the form of personal identification information, like personal identification number [PIN] or biometric data
    • G07F7/1008—Active credit-cards provided with means to personalise their use, e.g. with PIN-introduction/comparison system
    • H04B5/48—

Abstract

提供了包括基准卡和基准读卡器的基准装置，用于测试诸如卡和读卡器的电子支付设备。基准装置被设计成模拟当前或期望在电子支付系统中使用的各种支付设备的外部特性。此外，基准装置被配置成使期望现场使用或代表大类支付设备的测试中设备受制于极端特性。该示例特性可相关于功能参数，例如功耗、谐振频率、Q因数、调制深度、噪声和定时。示例性基准设备被配置成展现代表性外部特性，该代表性外部特性是根据经验确定的现场成品设备的平均特性。将基准装置用于产品规范顺应性测试将提高成品支付设备的可互操作性。

Description

用于测试非接触式支付设备的基准装置
相关申请
本申请声明对2004年7月15日提交的美国临时专利申请No.60/588,270的优先权。本申请还相关于同一天共同提交的序列号为＿＿＿、＿＿＿、＿＿＿和＿＿＿的美国专利申请，这些申请都声明对前述专利申请No.60/588,270的优先权。所有前述专利申请都通过引用全部结合于此。
背景技术
射频标识(RFID)标签是与天线相连的小型集成电路(IC)，这些RFID标签可取决于IC的大小用简单的标识信息、或用更复杂的信号对询问RF信号作出响应。RFID技术不需要接触或瞄准线来通信。射频标识(RFID)技术现在是经济上可行的，并且在越来越多的工商业应用中使用。例如，RFID技术现在被广泛用于仓库、商店中物品、ID卡或门卡等上的标签。此外，RFID技术已经以嵌有RFID标签的“非接触式”支付或信用卡的形式(例如由MasterCard、American Express和Visa)引入到支付卡行业。这些非接触式支付卡可用来经由与启用RFID的支付终端的无线通信进行电子支付交易。非接触式支付卡可向消费者提供在例如零售店、商店或超市中支付商品和服务的简单、快速和便捷的方法。
若干RFID技术可用于非接触式支付卡和读卡器/终端。非接触式系统的基本组件是非接触式读卡器(或接近式耦合设备(PCD))和应答器。该非接触式读卡器是与电子电路相连的天线。应答器由电感性天线和与该天线的端部相连的集成电路。该组合读卡器-应答器用作变压器。交流电流经初级线圈(读卡器天线)产生电磁场，该电磁场在次级线圈(应答器天线)中感生电流。应答器将由非接触式读卡器(PCD)发出的电磁场(或RF场)通过二极管整流器转换成DC电压。该DC电压使应答器的内部电路上电。两个天线的配置和调谐决定从一个设备到另一个设备的耦合效率。该应答器可以是非接触式支付卡。
为了使非接触式支付卡系统经济上可行并获得商业认可，即使卡和终端具有专用于特定供卡商/发卡行、供货商或终端制造商的技术特征，非接触式支付卡的时候也必须在所有或大多数启用RFID的支付终端上能互操作。需要行业范围的可互操作性。为此，行业标准组织和团体(例如国际标准组织(ISO)和国际电子技术委员会(IEC))已制定了用于实现非接触式支付技术的非官方行业标准。已由ISO/IEC定义的三种这样的示例性标准是可分别应用于紧耦合(Close Coupling)、接近式(Proximity)和邻近式(Vicinity)卡的ISO/IEC 10536、ISO/IEC 14443和ISO/IEC 15693标准。
ISO/IEC 14443接近式卡的标准(ISO 14443)已用于世界范围内若干非接触式卡的使用。ISO 14443接近式卡的目标工作范围最大达10厘米，尽管该范围会取决于功率要求、存储器大小、CPU和协处理器而变化。
ISO 14443标准文档具有4个不同部分。
·部分1：物理特征，定义接近式集成电路卡(PICC)的物理尺寸。该卡为ID-1尺寸(85.6mm×54.0mm×.76mm)。这是与银行信用卡相同的尺寸。
·部分2：射频功率和信号接口，定义非接触式IC芯片的关键技术特征，包括诸如频率、数据速率、调制和位编码过程等事项。在部分2中详述了两种变体一A类接口和B类接口。它们都在相同频率下工作并使用相同数据速率，但它们的不同之处在于调制和位编码范畴。
·部分3：初始化和防冲突。初始化描述对接近式耦合设备(PCD)(即读卡器)和卡的要求，以在卡进入读卡器的射频(RF)场时建立通信。防冲突定义当多个卡同时进入磁场时会发生什么，从而标识系统如何确定在交易中要使用哪张卡，并确保所出示的所有卡已被盘点和处理。
·部分4：传输协议，定义能在交易期间实现通信的数据格式和数据元。
为了使非接触式支付卡和读卡器的系统能顺应于ISO 14443，它们必须符合非官方标准的至少一些部分的要求。除了根据ISO 14443标准化的非接触式技术，众多专用非接触式接口也在行业中使用(例如Cubic的GO-Card和Sony的FeliCa卡)。随着现有卡技术的使用，互操作性会变成一个问题。由供卡商在市场中使用的读卡器最好应适用若干不同的卡类型。例如，期望的读卡器将支持ISO 14443类型A和类型B的卡、ISO 15693卡和任何其它专用卡类型。
甚至对于可能顺应于单个ISO标准(例如ISO 14443)的卡使用，也会产生可互操作性问题。在ISO 14443标准中，所有与非接触式卡和读卡器系统中的RF功率和信号接口(即系统的开放式系统互连(OSI)模型视图中的物理层)相关的所有要求或规范使用对卡和对读卡器分别标准化的测试来定义。ISO/IEC 10373标准部分6(ISO 10373-6)涉及专用于非接触式集成电路卡技术(接近式卡)的测试方法。非接触式卡和读卡器与ISO 14443的顺应性使用基准设备来校验。根据ISO10373-6，代表非接触式卡的特征的一套“基准”卡(即，基准PICC)被用于测量非接触式读卡器的规范顺应性。(参见例如图1a。)例如，基准PICC被用来测试由PCD产生或传送的磁场，并用来测试PCD向PICC供电的能力。类似地，可代表典型非接触式读卡器的特征的“基准”读卡器(即测试或基准PCD)被用来测量非接触式卡的规范顺应性。例如，基准PCD被用来测试由卡在测试期间生成的负载调制。
图1b示出根据ISO 10373-6对产品读卡器进行的功能测试，用于测试卡和读卡器之间的功率和数据链接。
尽管根据ISO 10373-6的个别卡和读取器分别的顺应性测试过程可确保所使用的产品设备各自具有落入卡或读卡器的指定规范范围内的特征，但这些过程并不确保实地的可互操作性。校验为顺应的卡和/或读卡器可能仅仅是边际顺应的(例如通过具有在指定规范范围的端部或边缘的特征值)。这种标准顺应方式可能导致实地的工作故障。例如，边际顺应的卡可能会不可读取、或者难以使用也仅仅是边际顺应的读卡器来读取。
现在要考虑增强用于非接触式电子支付系统的电子支付设备的可互操作性的方法。注意力指向减小与通用接受的标准一致的卡和读卡器属性中的变化。特别地，注意力指向改进规范顺应性过程以增强支付设备的可互操作性。
发明内容
本发明提供用于测试可在现场使用以便进行电子支付交易的支付设备的基准装置。该基准装置包括可分别用于校验成品卡和成品读卡器对产品规范的顺应性的基准卡和基准读卡器。产品规范可以是例如电子支付行业中普遍接受的ISO 14443标准规范。
基准装置被设计成提高其功能特性会因为设备规范的供货商定制或制造公差而变化的成品支付设备的可互操作性。特别地，基准卡被设计成模拟或表示发给消费者的成品卡的整个观测特性范围。类似地，基准读卡器被设计成模拟或表示例如由商家和商店在现场使用的成品读卡器的整个观测特性范围。使用这些基准设备对成品设备进行的规范顺应性测试可能会提高所发成品卡对现场所使用成品读卡器的可互操作性，以及相反所使用成品读卡器对签发给消费者的成品卡的可互操作性。
基准设备可被用来使用例如在一起提交的序列号为＿＿＿的美国专利申请中公开的方法建立所发卡与所使用读卡器的可接受规范。在所公开的方法中，基准卡和基准读卡器被交叉校准，以链接卡和读卡器的工作规范。对交迭正确的卡和读卡器功能的规范范围或容差的适当选择提高了所发卡对所使用读卡器的可互操作性，并且相反所使用读卡器对所发卡的可互操作性。
从附图以及以下的详细描述中，本发明的其它特征、其性质和各种优点将更为显而易见。
附图说明
图1a是示意性地示出根据本发明原理交叉校准基准PICC与基准PCD的步骤的框图。然后，经交叉校准的基准PICC与PCD设备被分别用于测试成品非接触性支付卡和读卡器的功能属性和规范。
图1b是根据本发明原理的非接触式读卡器与非接触式接近卡之间的功率和数据链接的若干功能测试的示图。
图2a是根据本发明原理设计的一示例性PayPass-基准读卡器的图片。
图2b是根据本发明原理设计的一示例性PayPass-基准卡的图片。
图3a是根据本发明原理用于图2a的PayPass-基准读卡器的天线的电路图。
图3b是根据本发明原理图2b的PayPass-基准卡的电路图。
具体实施方式
本发明提供用于测试可在现场使用以便进行电子支付交易的成品支付设备的基准装置。该基准装置包括可分别用于校验成品卡和成品读卡器对标准行业产品规范的顺应性的基准卡和基准读卡器。基准卡和读卡器设备被设计成指定其外部可观察特性。该外部可观察特性被选择成复制或模拟在现场使用的成品设备的观察或期望特性的标称范围。使用这些基准设备来测试成品支付设备提高了设备的可互操作性，设备的功能特性可因供应商定制或制造公差而变化。
在本文中本发明基准装置在实现电子支付系统的示例性环境中描述，在该环境中非接触式支付设备规范旨在符合诸如ISO 14443标准的通用行业标准，该通用行业标准进一步指定用于校验各个非接触式支付设备的规范的标准化测试方法(即ISO 10373-6测试方法、接近式卡)。近来，本发明受让人MasterCard InternationalIncorporated(“MaserCard”)已开发了专用规范一MasterCard PayPassTM ISO/IEC14443实现规范(“PayPass”)—用来实现接近式支付卡技术(例如通过发卡行、卡和读卡器的供货商或制造商)。PayPass实现与ISO 14443标准一致，并提供说明本发明原理的一方便示例。可以理解，为了本文中的说明目的，选择PayPass实现仅仅是示例性的，并且本发明的原理可更一般地应用于根据其它通用行业或专用标准工作的电子支付设备和系统。
可由不同发卡行、非接触式卡和/或读卡器的供货商或制造商使用的PayPass实现规范提供了用于实现非接触式支付设备技术的标准规范。特定的通信协议要求被加在非接触式支付设备，即卡(PICC)和读卡器(PCD)上。该PayPass规范描述例如PICC和PCD之间的非接触式接口的电特性、以及PCD与PICC之间的通信的数据传送特性，包括在这些通信中使用的高级数据传输协议、详细信令、调制和位编码方案以及数据格式。PayPass规范还指定可用于设备功能的PCD进程和命令，诸如初始化、轮询、PICC激活或去激活、以及这些处理功能中PICC的状态机。
本发明的基准装置可结合在共同待批的序列号为SMETS-I的美国专利申请中公开的系统和方法一起使用，以提高非接触式支付设备的可互操作性(即发给消费者的成品卡和由商家使用的成品读卡器)。所公开的系统和方法确保各个成品卡和读卡器在比根据ISO 14443标准工作所允许的更为严格的规范范围中工作或运作。该系统和方法涉及交叉校准基准设备(即基准PICC和PCD基准设备)，这些基准设备用于测试各个成品读卡器和卡在ISO 14443和ISO 10373-6标准下的规范顺应性。基准PCD被用来建立基准PICC的观察到的功能特性或参数的范围(“标称卡范围”)。成品读卡器需要具有在由基准PCD测量的该标称卡范围内的功能特性或参数。相反，基准PICC被用来建立基准PCD的观察到的功能特性或参数的范围(“标称读卡器范围”)。成品读卡器需要具有在读取基准卡时该标称卡范围内的功能特性或参数。
图1b示意性地示出使用经交叉校准的基准PICC和基准PCD设备在PayPass实现中对支付设备进行的功能测试。
基准PICC和基准PCD的交叉校准建立了两种标准设备之间的关系，并链接各个成品卡的规范与成品读卡器的规范。这避免了例如当卡和读卡器位于在ISO14443标准下允许的其相应规范范围的极端边缘时在卡和读卡器规范的常规未连接或独立测试下会产生的可互操作性故障。
基于经交叉校准的基准PICC和PCD设备的、用于确保或提高成品非接触式支付设备的功率、数据传递和其它功能可互操作性的示例性过程可包括以下步骤：
(a)测量由PCD对基准PICC提供的功率，
(b)测量基准PICC上的数据传输(例如调制深度、或其它信号参数)，
(c)通过经由基准PICC生成不同信号测试由PCD进行的数据接收(例如负载调制灵敏性)。首先相关于基准PCD校准PayPass-基准PICC，以确定由基准PICC生成的不同信号的电平和特征，
(d)测量由PICC对基准PCD的数据传输，且基准PCD向PICC发送“平均”值命令，而基准PCD提供“平均”功率电平。由基准PCD生成的功率电平和命令特征相关于基准PICC进行校准，
(e)使用基准PCD校验PICC的数据接收和功率敏感性，且基准PCD发送命令，其中调制特征和功率电平在容许区间或范围Rrx的边界上。再一次，为了设置这些极值，相关于基准PICC校准基准PCD。
根据本发明，实例性卡和读卡器基准设备被设计成指定其外部可观察特性。基准设备的外部可观察特性可被选择成复制或模拟在现场使用的成品设备的可观察或期望特性的标称范围。这些基准设备(例如图2a和2b，PayPass-基准PCD和PayPass-基准PICC设备)被用于PayPass实现。图2a和2b分别示出根据PayPass实现规范设计的物理PayPass-基准PCD和PayPass-基准PICC设备的照片。
示例性PayPass-基准PCD和PayPass-基准PICC代表非接触式支付技术的现有使用。这些基准设备被设计成与任何对应成品设备一起工作，它们具有在通用行业规范范围(例如ISO 14443标准所允许的或在现场中观察到的范围)内的功能特性。该设计需要基准设备可与所有对应成品设备一起工作，包括其功能特性可处于所允许或观察到的规范范围的极限处的成品设备。该设计要求通过允许测试所有的非接触式PayPass或类似PayPass成品设备来提升可互操作性。任何所发成品卡或PICC可根据PayPass-基准PICC来测试，并且类似地任何所使用的成品读卡器或PCD可使用在序列号为＿＿＿的共同待批申请中描述的方法根据PayPass-基准PCD来检查。
该示例性PayPass-基准PCD包括圆形天线和共模抑制(CMR)电路(参见例如图2a)。
可被制造成为印刷线圈组件的天线具有双重的有源和假绕组。双重绕组降低天线的电场敏感度。图3a示出天线的电路图，除了双重绕组线圈之外，该天线还包括调谐电路、匹配网络和适当的电缆接头(例如SAM接头)。被设计成在13.56MHz谐振的天线线圈装在其上放置卡以便测试的放卡区或板上。在示例性PayPass-基准PCD中，放卡区被指定为在距天线约15厘米处的固定距离。PayPass-基准PCD允许在与信号发生器相连时向PICC发送命令。来自PayPass PICC的响应可使用CMR电路来分析。
表格1示出示例性PayPass-基准PCD的选定天线设计参数值集。
                           表格1
  输入阻抗：   在13.56MHz为50Ω
  线圈直径：   7厘米
  物理位置：   装在放卡区板之下15毫米
  整板尺寸：   4724密耳×3543密耳
  在无互耦时自由空间中的线圈电感：   ＜1微亨利
  匝数：   2，除补偿线圈之外
  形状：   两个同心圆、串联
  迹线宽度：   1毫米
  匝距：   0.5毫米
  Q因数：   30～35
  谐振频率：   13.56MHz±25KHz
天线特性被选择为代表在现场中观察到的成品读卡器的特性。例如，已根据经验注意到：现场使用的PayPass成品终端或读卡器的天线直径在从约4厘米到约10厘米的范围内，这些直径对应于约7厘米的平均直径。因此，PayPass-基准PCD天线直径被选择为约7厘米，代表现场使用的读卡器。其它PayPass-基准PCD设计参数(例如电磁、电路和物理参数)也可类似地选择以使该设备代表现场使用的读卡器。
在操作中，±600mW的信号被馈入天线的50Ω输入阻抗以产生磁场，代表现场使用的大多数PayPass PCD。该电路天线产生可简化测量的围绕z轴对称的磁场分布。
还是在操作中，13.56MHz信号经由匹配网络驱动读卡器线圈，从而在线圈绕组上生成高电压。由天线发射的该13.56MHz RF载波可以是调幅的。天线硬件(例如CMR电路)可允许恢复由测试中的卡或PICC提供的负载调制所产生的在12.7MHz和14.4MHz处的两个载波边频带。该恢复信号被馈入CMR电路以减去13.56MHz的载波信号，并恢复847.5KHz的副载波信号。该CMR电路可具有任何方便或适当的设计。适当的CMR电路及其工作在一起提交的序列号为＿＿＿的美国专利申请中描述。
PayPass-基准PCD天线具有较高Q因数(约为30～35)。该高Q因数在载波关断(“暂停”)时引起显著的电路“振铃”。该“振铃”代表调制的最差情形(即高Q因数的小天线)。成品卡提供更好的品质调制。因此，任何用PayPass-基准PCD在极端负载条件下满意地操作的成品卡有可能在现场与所使用的成品读卡器一起工作。
可以理解，PayPass-基准PCD和PayPass-基准PICC设备的架构和电路参数是考虑了其用于测试成品设备的目的使用来选择的。示例性PayPass-基准设备的特定架构在本文中仅为了说明目的来描述。可选基准设备可具有与本发明一致的任何方便架构和设计，只要类似地指定它们的外部可观察特性即可。可以理解，对基准设备的架构和设计参数的选择与成品卡和成品读卡器的架构和设计参数无关。对基准设备的特定架构的选择不强迫或要求成品设备具有相同或任何特定架构(例如天线配置和谐振频率)。
像PayPass-基准PCD一样，PayPass-基准PICC(图2b)被设计成代表在现场观察到的成品卡特性。PayPass-基准PICC具有与在ID-1卡中发现的相似的天线，并且像PayPass-基准PCD天线一样可在印刷电路板组件上卷绕成线圈。图3b示出PayPass-基准PICC的电路图。除了天线线圈之外，电路板(称为“PICC电路”)包括调谐电路、桥式整流器、FET分流调制器、齐纳或滤除电路、时钟解调器和其它信号处理电路。
此外，除了PICC电路之外，PayPass-基准PICC还包括校准线圈，它装在单个一元化组件的印刷电路板上约15毫米处。该一元化组件被设计成分析由PCD发出的信号。该校准线圈允许分析PCD信号的全部频率成分，这通常不能通过单独使用PICC电路来完成(假设其带宽受限)。该校准线圈可基于在ISO 10372-6标准中定义的标准来设计。
PICC电路被设计成PCD的表征测试总是在模拟现场的卡使用状况的负载条件下进行的。PayPass-基准PICC也被设计成使用不同负载调制电平将信息发回PCD。为此，PICC电路包括一可变负载，该负载自适应以改变磁场强度。当将数据发回PCD时，校准线圈可被用来感生噪声并测试PCD的接收器质量。
表格2列出示例性PayPass-基准PICC的选定设计参数值集。
                            表格2
  线圈尺寸：  72毫米×42毫米，角半径为5毫米
  物理位置：   装在放卡区板之下15毫米
  整板尺寸：   5200密耳×1890密耳
  在无互耦时自由空间中的线圈电感：   约3-4微亨利
  匝数：   4
  形状：   两个同心圆、串联
  迹线宽度：   0.5毫米
  匝距：   0.5毫米
  谐振频率：   16.1MHz±50KHz
  板上电路：   整流器、可变负载、调制电路
此外，PayPass-基准PICC中可变负载的参数值基于当前在现场中使用的PICC中观察到的最大功耗来选择。该最大功耗负载代表PCD的最差情形。当前使用的成品PICC期望消耗比PayPass-基准PICC少的功率。将获益于开发低功率半导体器件技术的PICC的将来版本有可能消耗甚至更少的功率。因此，如果读卡器或PCD与PayPass-基准PICC一起工作，则有可能与当前PICC以及将来的PICC一起工作。
尽管已参照示例性实施例具体描述了本发明，但本领域技术人员可以理解：可作各种更改和变化而不背离本发明的精神和范围。因此，本发明的公开实施例被视为仅仅是说明性的，并且本发明仅限于由所附权利要求所指定的范围。

Claims (14)

1.一种用于测试被用来读取电子支付系统中的数个支付卡的读卡器的基准卡，所述基准卡包括：
电子电路，其外部特性代表用于所述电子支付系统中的数个支付卡的特性，且其中所述电子电路被配置成向测试中的读卡器展现代表性外部特性。
2.如权利要求1所述的基准卡，其特征在于，所述数个支付卡是非接触式支付卡，且其中所述基准卡电子电路包括谐振频率约为16.1MHz的天线。
3.如权利要求1所述的基准卡，其特征在于，还包括校准线圈，所述校准线圈被配置成分析由测试中读卡器发送的信号的全部频率成分。
4.如权利要求1所述的基准卡，其特征在于，所述数个支付卡是非接触式支付卡，其中所述基准卡电子电路包括可变负载，并且其中所述基准卡电子电路被配置成展现模拟所述电子支付系统中数个支付卡对测试中读卡器的现场使用的负载状况。
5.如权利要求4所述的基准卡，其特征在于，所述可变负载代表在最差情形中对所述测试中读卡器的最大卡功耗。
6.如权利要求4所述的基准卡，其特征在于，所述基准卡电子电路被配置成使用不同负载调制电平向所述读卡器发送信息。
7.如权利要求6所述的基准卡，其特征在于，所述校准线圈被配置成感生所发送信息中的噪声，由此可调查所述测试中读卡器的接收器质量。
8.一种用于测试可与电子支付系统中使用的数个读卡器中的任一个一起使用的支付卡的基准读卡器，所述基准读卡器包括：
电子电路，其外部特性代表在所述电子支付系统中使用的数个读卡器的特性，且其中所述电子电路被配置成向测试中的支付卡展现代表性外部特性。
9.如权利要求8所述的基准卡，其特征在于，所述数个读卡器是非接触式支付卡读卡器，且其中所述基准读卡器电子电路包括谐振频率约为13.56MHz的天线。
10.如权利要求9所述的基准读卡器，其特征在于，所述天线是在电路板上制成的圆形天线，且其中所述基准读卡器还包括放置卡以便测试、并且设置在离所述印刷电路板约15毫米的固定距离处的放卡板。
11.如权利要求10所述的基准读卡器，其特征在于，所述天线是直径约为7厘米、并生成代表现场使用读卡器的磁场的圆形天线，所述直径代表在现场使用的数个读卡器天线的平均值。
12.如权利要求10所述的基准读卡器，其特征在于，所述天线具有Q因数，所述Q因数引起电路振铃，并代表对在所述电子支付系统中使用的数个读卡器的信号调制的最差情形。
13.如权利要求10所述的基准读卡器，其特征在于，所述天线的Q因数在约30到约35的范围内。
14.如权利要求8所述的基准读卡器，其特征在于，还包括被配置成分析卡的响应的共模抑制电路。
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