CN100428733C - Error recovery method and device for IP header compression in mobile communication network - Google Patents
Error recovery method and device for IP header compression in mobile communication network Download PDFInfo
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- CN100428733C CN100428733C CNB2004100584292A CN200410058429A CN100428733C CN 100428733 C CN100428733 C CN 100428733C CN B2004100584292 A CNB2004100584292 A CN B2004100584292A CN 200410058429 A CN200410058429 A CN 200410058429A CN 100428733 C CN100428733 C CN 100428733C
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Abstract
The present invention discloses an error recovering method for IP header compression in the mobile communication network. The method is used for raising the data transmission efficiency between a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The utility model comprises steps: the receiving unit is provided with a data package serial number increment threshold value, when the receiving unit receives a speech data package, a header decompressor judges whether the increment of the serial number, which is relative to the serial number of the previous speech data package is less than the threshold value or not. If the increment is less than the threshold value, the compression communication process is normal, and if the increment is not less than the threshold value, the header decompressor sets conversation environment as nullification. The present invention also discloses an error recovering device applying the method.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to VoIP (the Voice Over IP) speech business in the mobile communications network, particularly relate to a kind of method that improves IP (Internet Protocol) header compression efficiency of data packets for transmission between transmitter unit and the receiving element.
Background technology
The VoIP speech business claims IP phone again, is a kind of communication technology by the IP network transferring voice, the i.e. voice transmission technology of IP based network.At present, VoIP has been widely used in the wired communication system, for the user provides cheap high-quality speech business.
Along with the high speed development of mobile communication technology, set up several ripe GSM/CDMA/WCDMA networks in the world wide introduction, CDMA 1X moves packet switching network can provide high-speed data service for the user.Are current hot issues by mobile packet switching network for the user provides high-quality VoIP speech business and other value-added services.
And one of key technology that high-quality VoIP speech business is provided is IP head compression (IPHC, IPHeaders Compressing) technology, as the compress technique of compression protocol definitions such as RFC2507, RFC2508.After adopting IP head compression technology RFC2508, the IP/UDP/RTP head of 40 bytes can be compressed into minimum 2 bytes, when using CheckSum (verification and), minimal compression becomes 4 bytes.
Described IP head compression technology RFC2508 can consult Casner, S.and V.Jacobson, " Compressing IP/UDP/RTP Headers for Low-Speed Serial Links ", and RFC 2508, and February 1999.
IP head compression technology RFC2508 can be applied in fixed communications and the mobile communication system.In the cell site, whole header information is compressed by header compressor, and this compressed header information is transmitted by wireless communication link; In receiving station, a header decompressor is rebuild whole header from the described compressed header information that receives, thereby is reduced to the quantity that transmits the necessary wireless communication link resource of header information.
In communication process, often owing to various factors causes occurring mistake.The fault recovering mechanism of its suggestion has been described in the RFC2508 agreement:
Except that the FULL_HEADER bag, when the series number increment that session-context occurs was not 1 situation, header decompressor thought that the current sessions environment is invalid, and sent the CONTEXT_STATE packet to header compressor; And header decompressor is thought that the current compressed data packets that receives is invalid and it is abandoned, up to receiving that the FULL_HEADER bag just rebulids session-context.
Though described IP head compression technology RFC2508 can realize effectively wrong the recovery to guarantee speech quality.But when it is applied to mobile packet switching network, has the some shortcomings part.
At first, when realizing the VoIP speech business based on mobile packet switching network, because the wireless communication link between portable terminal (MS) and base station (BTS) is in the transmission of VoP, the probability that lost data packets takes place is bigger, and Radio Resource is comparatively limited, and losing of low volume data bag can't influence the VoIP voice quality.If according to the regulation of RFC2508 agreement, when the series number increment was not 1, it is invalid that header decompressor is changed to the session environment, and transmission CONTEXT_STATE wraps to header compressor; Header compressor is received the CONTEXT_STATE packet, sends a FULL_HEADER frame to rebulid session-context.Can cause the frequent transmission CONTEXT_STATE packet of decompression machine like this, the backward channel bandwidth that can occupy too much compression influences the efficiency of transmission of Radio Link.
Secondly, the VoIP speech business is the real-time voice media stream service, in the communication process, though indivedual not losing of voice medium packet can influence the VoIP speech quality, allows to abandon indivedual voice medium packets.But according to the regulation of RFC2508 agreement, when series number generation saltus step, no matter saltus step what, header decompressor think can not be complete the decompress(ion) raw data packets, so advise abandoning this packet.And as the above analysis, wireless communication link is in the transmission of VoP, and the probability that lost data packets takes place is bigger, will cause the frequent packet discard of header decompressor like this, thereby increases because the possibility that compression causes voice quality to descend.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem that the present invention solves is to provide the error recovery method and the device of IP header-compressed in a kind of mobile communications network, can improve the efficiency of transmission of Radio Link effectively.
For this reason, the technical scheme of technical solution problem of the present invention is: the error recovery method of IP header-compressed in a kind of mobile communications network is provided, is used to promote the data transmission efficiency between transmitter unit and the receiving element, comprise step:
1) at receiving element packet series number incremental thresholds value is set;
2) when receiving element receives VoP, header decompressor judges that whether the increment of series number of the last relatively VoP of its series number is less than aforementioned threshold value, if represent that then the minimize communications process is normal; If not, then enter step 3);
3) header decompressor the session environment is changed to invalid.
Preferably, comprise also in the described step 3) that header decompressor transmission CONTEXT_STATE wraps the header compressor to transmitter unit.
Preferably, comprise that also header compressor receives the CONTEXT_STATE packet after the described step 3), send the FULL_HEADER frame to header decompressor.
Preferably, also comprise header compressor reconstruction session-context after the described step 3).
Preferably, also comprise step: when header decompressor detects the series number generation saltus step of VoP, judge whether to be the same session environment, if then header decompressor has been preserved the correctly VoP of decompress(ion).
Preferably, also comprise step:
4) at transmitter unit timer is set;
5) when transmitter unit sends VoP, whether the time interval that header compressor is judged itself and last VoP is less than the value of timer, if then send behind the header compression; If not, then when sending first packet of follow-up transmission, rebuild session-context.
Preferably, header compressor adopts complete frame format to send first packet of follow-up transmission in the described step 5).
The present invention also provides the error recovery device of IP header-compressed in a kind of mobile communications network, is used to promote the data transmission efficiency between transmitter unit and the receiving element, comprises header compressor, header decompressor; Comprise that also the packet series number incremental thresholds value that is positioned at receiving element is provided with device, is used to be provided with packet series number incremental thresholds value; Described header decompressor is when receiving VoP, and whether the session environment is made as according to described series number incremental thresholds value decision invalid.
Preferably: also comprise the timer that is positioned at transmitter unit; Whether described header compressor rebuilds session-context according to the value decision of timer when sending VoP.
Preferably, it is interior or discrete with header compressor that described timer is integrated in header compressor.。
With respect to prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects as follows: at first, because the present invention is provided with series number incremental thresholds value, only work as the series number increment greater than threshold value, header decompressor just is changed to the session environment invalid and sends CONTEXT_STATE and wraps to compressor reducer.Can effectively reduce the frequency that header decompressor sends the CONTEXT_STATE packet, thereby the backward channel bandwidth that is unlikely to occupy too much compression reduces the influence to the efficiency of transmission of Radio Link.
In addition because at the same session environment, when series number generation saltus step, no matter saltus step what, decompression machine does not all abandon the packet of decompress(ion), can protect the complete of voice to greatest extent, reduces because the possibility that compression causes voice quality to descend.Though this is that the content of packet is correct, does not influence route owing to part header field decompress(ion) mistake.
In addition, because timer is set, after not having packet to send for a long time,, first packet of follow-up transmission uses complete frame FULL_HEADER form to send.Can avoid the asynchronous of session-context effectively like this.Guarantee wrong bag can not occur after the certain hour free time, the compression environment between header compressor and the header decompressor stable improved assurance.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is based on the general frame figure of the VoIP voice communication system of CDMA 1X packet switching network;
Fig. 2 is the flow chart of error recovery method of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is a flow chart of further stablizing session-context in the error recovery method of the present invention;
Fig. 4 is the schematic diagram of error recovery device of the present invention.
Embodiment
In mobile communication system, Radio Link has the long characteristics of high bit-error, finite bandwidth and Loop Round Trip Time, and the VoIP speech data wraps in loses one once in a while to almost not influence of voice quality in the transmission course; And have quiet during terminal do not send the characteristics of VoP.The characteristics of the characteristics of combining wireless link and VoIP speech business, the present invention carries out effective optimization to an existing IP compression protocol.By optimizing to improve compression efficiency, for the VoIP voice quality provides sound assurance.
See also Fig. 1, be based on the general frame figure of the VoIP voice communication system of CDMA 1X packet switching network.Wherein, set up PPP between portable terminal (MS) 110 and the CDMA 1X Packet Switch Node (PDSN) 120 and be connected, the side of emission and recipient each other, the session control of VOIP business is responsible for by VOIP control centre 130.
In the VOIP of mobile radio communication business procedure, portable terminal 110 is with after the mould/number conversion of analog voice signal process, carrying out encoding compression, convert condensed frame to the IP packet by certain packetization rules, be transferred to the Internet (Internet) by Packet Switch Node (PDSN) 120, the IP packet is routed to the Packet Switch Node (figure does not show) at called mobile terminal (figure does not show) place on Internet; Carry out data decompression at called mobile terminal, D/A switch is recovered to voice, thereby reach the purpose of voice communication.
When portable terminal 110 and landline telephone 140 intercommunications, when landline telephone 140 is caller, being responsible for analog signal conversion by media gateway 150 is digital signal and compression packing, become the packet voice signal that can on Internet, transmit, be sent to portable terminal 110 by Internet then.When landline telephone 140 when being called, carry out the unpacking of grouped data, decompress(ion) and decoding by media gateway 150, be reduced to the analog voice signal that can be identified, pass to landline telephone 140 by public telephone network (PSTN) again.
In order to save air-link resources, in the VoIP business procedure, between portable terminal 110 and CDMA1X Packet Switch Node 120, realize the IP head compression technology.
Need to prove, in the embodiments of the invention, realize the IP header-compressed, and realized the optimization of error recovery procedure (ERP) based on RFC2508 (CompressingIP/UDP/RTPHeaders for Low-Speed Serial Links) agreement.
The compression goal of IP header-compressed is under the situation that does not send the UDP verification, and the IP/UDP/RTP head of most data packets is compressed to 2 bytes, is compressed to 4 bytes in band UDP verification and Shi Ze.
The basic thought of compress technique is: after serial link is set up, during link keeps, because most of field remains unchanged in the IP/UDP/RTP header field, according to these characteristics, after sending a unpressed packet, these fields can be deleted from the subsequent compression head, and carry out differential coding, so that reduce field length changing field.
Wherein, to TCP head compression discover that IP has the byte of half to remain unchanged with the TCP head during whole the connection, this reduces the primary factor in two key elements of data transfer rate just.Therefore, after sending once not compressing head, these fields can be removed from compressing head thereafter.Remaining compression is from distinguishing coding reducing length to changing field, and calculates according to packet length under normal conditions and change and delete the variation field fully.This length is indicated by link layer protocol.
Compression for the RTP head also can be adopted some identical technology.Although always have several bytes to change in each bag, the difference between bag and the bag is constant, so second order difference is 0.During session, by not compressing head and the first difference sequence of safeguarding that compression and decompression machine are shared, the second order difference of just having only of required communication has been 0 indication.In this case, if do not consider any information dropout, then decompression machine can be rebuild original packet header by the not compressing head that the first difference result is added to preservation after receiving a compressed package.
In the RTP head, as the part of specific environment sign, the SSRC identifier of given environment is invariable.To most of Bao Eryan, having only series number and timestamp is Yin Bao and different.If there is not packet loss or out of order, series number should packet-by-packet change by step value 1.To audio pack, timestamp should increase by the sampling period.For video, timestamp is to change at first bag of every frame, and remains unchanged in other bag of this frame in the back.If each frame of video only occupies a bag, and frame of video produces according to constant speed, and then the variation of timestamp also is constant between frame and the frame.
Notice that the second order difference of series number and timestamp field is 0, exists session-context first difference value to obtain so the respective field value in next packet header can add by this field of previous not compressed header packet whenever this situation appearance.When second order difference was not 0, variable quantity usually also will be much smaller than all number in the field, so can encode and reach the purpose of compression by new first difference being encoded and transmitting this, need not transmit absolute value.
Between header compressor and header decompressor, keep a state and share information set reliably.According to the source IP address of packet, purpose IP address, udp port a session-context is set up in the combination of the SSRC field of, RTP for each IP/UDP/RTP data packet stream, and used session-context ID sign.Usually, each session-context identifies by one 8 or 16 s' identifier, and concrete scope will be according to the number of contexts decision of consulting, so maximum is 65536.Comprise following information in the session-context:
1, complete IP/UDP/RTP head
2, the first difference result of IPV4ID field
3, the first difference result of RTP timestamp
4, the series number in last packet, the loss situation of packet in the detection communication process.
Certainly, can also comprise some other information in the session-context.
Whether in a session-context, the series number that uses in order that sends packet between header compressor and the header decompressor identifies, just can detect in the minimize communications process packet by described series number and lose.
That is to say that what the bag that does not compress and compress all must carry session-context ID and one 4 is used for detecting the series number of losing in the packet communication.Each session-context all has the series number space of oneself, so losing of single bag only can have influence on a session-context.
Header decompressor can use hash function to come the session-context tabulation of retrieve stored to these fields when realizing.Compressed package carries a small integer that is called session-context identifier or CID and indicates this packet should explain in which session-context.Decompression can directly be retrieved in the environment list of storage to use CID.
In order successfully to realize the minimize communications process, defined 4 types packet in the RFC2508 agreement:
FULL_HEADER, the packet of compressed IP head or be called complete frame not, the information such as session-context ID and series number that carry in this packet be used for setting up both sides synchronously.Header decompressor is set up session-context after receiving this packet.
COMPRESSED_UDP, the packet of compressed IP/UDP head, RTP head wherein is without overcompression.Be used for transmitting and be compressed to 6 bytes or the still less IP and the UDP head of byte (as forbidding UDP verification and then be generally 2 bytes), the back is follow-up (may be RTP) and data of any not compressed format.When the constant field of RTP head is different, just use this type of data packet.
COMPRESSED_RTP, the packet of compressed IP/UDP/RTP head.
CONTEXT_STATE, header decompressor sends to the special data package of header compressor, has been used to transmit or may loses synchronous session-context ID.This packet only sends by point-to-point link, so it does not need the IP head.
This compression scheme also can use another kind of bag type:
COMPRESSED_NON_TCP, the compressed IP/UDP bag that need not carry out differential coding transmission definition.If be used for IPv4, in order to carry the IPv4ID field, the COMPRESSED_UDP that it is said than the front is Duoed with 1 to 2 byte.And IPv6 does not have id field, and is more flexible when this non-difference is compressed in packet loss.
The present invention recognizes, has following characteristics based on the VoIP voice communication system of mobile packet switching network:
Data wireless links loss rate between mobile terminal MS and the base station BTS is higher.And Radio Resource is very limited.
The VoIP speech business is the real-time voice media stream service, and in the communication process, indivedual not losing of voice medium packet can influence the VoIP speech quality, so allow to abandon indivedual voice medium packets.
In transmission course, need reduce the propagation delay time end to end and the delay variation of VoIP voice medium packet as far as possible.
See also Fig. 2, at the VoIP business features based on mobile packet switching network, the error recovery method that the present invention proposes comprises:
At first, packet series number incremental thresholds value is set.Described series number incremental thresholds value is stored in portable terminal (MS) and the CDMA 1X Packet Switch Node (PDSN) of emission side and recipient each other, and it is provided with modes such as device can be set by software upgrading or interpolation series number increment door value and realizes.
Certainly, described series number incremental thresholds value can also be deposited in the header decompressor, and its value can be set according to service needed.
Secondly, when header decompressor receives packet, calculate the increment of series number, and carry out respective handling.
If receive a FULL_HEADER, then whole head is existed in the session-context of being selected by environment ID.4 series numbers also exist in the environment, thereby can realize the synchronous of header decompressor and header compressor.When using the COMPRESSED_NON_TCP bag, series number is inserted in " the Data field " of this bag, after receiving the COMPRESSED_NON_TCP bag, with Generation number with exist the value in the environment to compare.If different, then environment is expired, need wrap with this FULL_HEADER and refresh.If consistent, then IP and UDP header, series number and the RTP head with compression all deposits in the environment of having preserved.
Except being provided with by FULL_HEADER and COMPRESSED_NON_TCP bag data, if the increment of series number is less than threshold value, represent that then the minimize communications process is normal, header decompressor is not changed to the session environment invalid and does not send a CONTEXT_STATE bag repayment compressor reducer; Wrap to header compressor otherwise header decompressor then is changed to the session environment invalid and send CONTEXT_STATE, the expression session-context is invalid.The current bag of all of invalid session-context all must abandon, till receiving a FULL_HEADER or COMPRESSED_NON_TCP reconstruction of stability state.
Because in VoIP speech business process based on mobile packet switching network, the probability of the transmission generation lost data packets of VoP is bigger, losing of low volume data bag can't influence the VoIP voice quality, if using the series number increment of RFC2508 agreement regulation is 1 o'clock, it is invalid that header decompressor is changed to the session environment, and transmission CONTEXT_STATE wraps to header compressor.Header compressor is received the CONTEXT_STATE packet, sends a FULL_HEADER frame.Can cause the frequent transmission CONTEXT_STATE packet of header decompressor like this, the backward channel bandwidth that can occupy too much compression influences the efficiency of transmission of Radio Link.By this optimization, can effectively reduce the frequency that header decompressor sends the CONTEXT_STATE packet.
In addition, when header decompressor detects the series number generation saltus step of VoP, judge whether to be the same session environment, if then header decompressor has been preserved the correctly VoP of decompress(ion).Though so-called correct decompress(ion) is meant that part header field decompress(ion) makes a mistake, the content of packet is correct.
The RFC2508 agreement thinks that this moment header decompressor can not complete decompress(ion) raw data packets, so advise abandoning this packet.But by analysis, at equivalent environment, when series number generation saltus step, it is inconsistent that header decompressor is separated the verification of the id field of IP head of packet of extrusion and UDP and CheckSum field and former message.But do not influence the transmission and the message content of message, so do not abandon this packet.Processing can be protected the complete of voice to greatest extent like this, reduces because the possibility that compression causes voice quality to descend.
See also Fig. 3, error recovery method of the present invention also comprises the process of further stablizing session-context.
At first, timer is set in emission side; Being provided with of described timer can or be added hardware mode and realize by software upgrading.
Certainly, described timer can be integrated in the header compressor or be discrete with header compressor; The time span of timer can be determined according to service needed, as be defined as 30S.
When transmitting as free of data in the time span of the side's of emission timer, first packet of follow-up transmission uses complete frame FULL_HEADER form to send to rebuild session-context.
A kind of embodiment is: when sending VoP, whether the time interval that header compressor is judged itself and last VoP is less than the value of timer, if then send behind the header compression; If not, then when sending first packet of follow-up transmission, rebuild session-context.
This be because: if after not having packet to send between header compressor and the header decompressor for a long time, the compressed data packets of Fa Songing causes the nonsynchronous possibility of session-context bigger subsequently, especially in the VoIP speech business.If send the packet of FULL_HEADER form, can between header compressor and header decompressor, set up new session-context.Can avoid the asynchronous of session-context effectively like this.Guarantee wrong bag can not occur after free time of certain hour, the compression environment between header compressor and the header decompressor stable improved assurance.
See also Fig. 4, corresponding to aforementioned error recovery method, the present invention provides a kind of embodiment of the error recovery device of IP header-compressed in the mobile communications network.
Described error recovery device comprises that header compressor 200, header decompressor 300, packet series number incremental thresholds value are provided with device 400 and timer 500; Described header compressor 200 is arranged in the portable terminal and Packet Switch Node of the mobile communications network of emission side and recipient each other; Described header decompressor 300 also is arranged in the portable terminal and Packet Switch Node of the mobile communications network of emission side and recipient each other.Wherein, be positioned at the header compressor 200 of same unit and header decompressor 300 can be integrated also can be discrete.
Described packet series number incremental thresholds value is provided with device 400 and is arranged at the recipient, is used to be provided with packet series number incremental thresholds value; Described header decompressor 300 is when receiving VoP, and whether the session environment is made as according to described series number incremental thresholds value decision invalid.
Described timer 500 is arranged at emission side, is used for default regular hour length.Whether described header compressor 200 rebuilds session-context according to the value decision of timer when sending VoP.
Be appreciated that described timer 500 is integrated in the header compressor 200 or discrete with header compressor 200.
In sum, for VoIP speech business,, can effectively improve the compression efficiency of the RFC2508 compression protocol that is applied to the VoIP business by the technical scheme that adopts the present invention to describe based on mobile packet switching network.The end-to-end propagation delay time and the delay variation of VoIP voice have been reduced, for the VoIP voice quality provides effective guarantee.
The above only is a preferred implementation of the present invention; should be pointed out that for those skilled in the art, under the prerequisite that does not break away from the principle of the invention; can also make some improvements and modifications, these improvements and modifications also should be considered as protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1, the error recovery method of IP header-compressed in a kind of mobile communications network is used to promote the data transmission efficiency between transmitter unit and the receiving element, it is characterized in that, comprises step:
1) at receiving element packet series number incremental thresholds value is set;
2) when receiving element receives VoP, header decompressor judges that whether the increment of series number of the last relatively VoP of its series number is less than aforementioned threshold value, if represent that then the minimize communications process is normal; If not, then enter step 3);
3) header decompressor the session environment is changed to invalid.
2, error recovery method according to claim 1 is characterized in that: comprise also in the described step 3) that header decompressor transmission CONTEXT_STATE wraps the header compressor to transmitter unit.
3, error recovery method according to claim 2 is characterized in that: comprise that also header compressor receives the CONTEXT_STATE packet after the described step 3), send the FULL_HEADER frame to header decompressor.
4, error recovery method according to claim 1 is characterized in that: also comprise header compressor reconstruction session-context after the described step 3).
5, error recovery method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, also comprise step: when header decompressor detects the series number generation saltus step of VoP, judge whether to be the same session environment, if then header decompressor has been preserved the correctly VoP of decompress(ion).
6, error recovery method according to claim 1 is characterized in that, also comprises step:
4) at transmitter unit timer is set;
5) when transmitter unit sends VoP, whether the time interval that header compressor is judged itself and last VoP is less than the value of timer, if then send behind the header compression; If not, then when sending first packet of follow-up transmission, rebuild session-context.
7, error recovery method according to claim 6 is characterized in that, header compressor adopts complete frame format to send first packet of follow-up transmission in the described step 5).
8, the error recovery device of IP header-compressed in a kind of mobile communications network is used to promote the data transmission efficiency between transmitter unit and the receiving element, comprises header compressor, header decompressor; It is characterized in that: comprise that also the packet series number incremental thresholds value that is positioned at receiving element is provided with device, is used to be provided with packet series number incremental thresholds value; Described header decompressor is when receiving VoP, and whether the session environment is made as according to described series number incremental thresholds value decision invalid.
9, error recovery device according to claim 8 is characterized in that: also comprise the timer that is positioned at transmitter unit; Whether described header compressor rebuilds session-context according to the value decision of timer when sending VoP.
10, error recovery device according to claim 9 is characterized in that: it is interior or discrete with header compressor that described timer is integrated in header compressor.
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN1301448A (en) * | 1998-05-20 | 2001-06-27 | 夸尔柯姆股份有限公司 | Method for detecting delayed data frames in a transport function |
| US6608841B1 (en) * | 1999-12-30 | 2003-08-19 | Nokia Networks Oy | System and method for achieving robust IP/UDP/RTP header compression in the presence of unreliable networks |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1301448A (en) * | 1998-05-20 | 2001-06-27 | 夸尔柯姆股份有限公司 | Method for detecting delayed data frames in a transport function |
| US6608841B1 (en) * | 1999-12-30 | 2003-08-19 | Nokia Networks Oy | System and method for achieving robust IP/UDP/RTP header compression in the presence of unreliable networks |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| Compressing IP/UDP/RTP Headers forLow-Speed Serial Links. S.Casner et al.Network Workinig Group. 1999 |
| Compressing IP/UDP/RTP Headers forLow-Speed Serial Links. S.Casner et al.Network Workinig Group. 1999 * |
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