CN100371689C - X射线监控 - Google Patents

X射线监控 Download PDF

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CN100371689C
CN100371689C CNB2004800112213A CN200480011221A CN100371689C CN 100371689 C CN100371689 C CN 100371689C CN B2004800112213 A CNB2004800112213 A CN B2004800112213A CN 200480011221 A CN200480011221 A CN 200480011221A CN 100371689 C CN100371689 C CN 100371689C
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CN1802553A (zh
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爱德华·J.·摩顿
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CXR Ltd
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01FMEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
    • G01F1/00Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow
    • G01F1/66Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow by measuring frequency, phase shift or propagation time of electromagnetic or other waves, e.g. using ultrasonic flowmeters
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B21/00Methods or apparatus for flushing boreholes, e.g. by use of exhaust air from motor
    • E21B21/08Controlling or monitoring pressure or flow of drilling fluid, e.g. automatic filling of boreholes, automatic control of bottom pressure
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01FMEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
    • G01F1/00Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow
    • G01F1/74Devices for measuring flow of a fluid or flow of a fluent solid material in suspension in another fluid
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01VGEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V5/00Prospecting or detecting by the use of nuclear radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
    • G01V5/04Prospecting or detecting by the use of nuclear radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for well-logging
    • G01V5/08Prospecting or detecting by the use of nuclear radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for well-logging using primary nuclear radiation sources or X-rays

Abstract

一种用于实时监控混合物中的多种物质,诸如流过管道(24)的油、水和气体的运动的设备,包括:X射线扫描器(8),被安排在监控期进行混合物的多次扫描以产生多个扫描数据集;和控制装置(26),被安排分析这些数据集以识别每种物质的体积并且测量它们的运动。对于多次扫描的每次,通过识别多个层的每一层中的每种物质的体积,物质的实时分析和成像可被实现。

Description

X射线监控
技术领域
本发明涉及混合物的监控,具体地说,涉及使用X射线扫描的实时监控。它具有在一些在其中要求混合物的监控和成像的领域中的应用,并特别适用于在运动的流体混合物中不同馏分的流速测量,诸如从油井流出的油的测量。它还适用于泥浆流监控和测量、流化处理的监控、和混合处理的监控中。
背景技术
典型地,油井是共同形成油田的许多井中的一个。除了从单独的油井提取油,还提取水和气体,有时有必要使水向下沿着油井循环回到地下。典型地,用泵抽吸的水被用于通过地下向着井(或多个井)的多孔岩石来促使油的渗滤以用于随后的采集。通过抽吸和提取速度的仔细设计,可使油田的油产量最大化。
通常,来自几个油提取井的输出被合并进单个管道以用于随后的下游处理。为了使生产过程最优化,有必要知道在流体相(phase)下油和水的分率并且还知道由油田中的每口井生产的油和水的体积。通过将该信息与油田自身的地球物理学和地震学数据的理解相组合,应该相信可提高从油田生产的油量并可减少生产成本。这样的油和水的相分率(phase fraction)和速度的测量要求井口放置检测仪器。
用于此目的的已知检测仪器依赖于:一旦流由于使用机械系统已被均质化,则使用双能伽马测量的流的线性衰减系数的测量。第二种已知方法是测量流体的电属性(包括电容率和传导率)并从其中推断油和水的相分率。
发明内容
本发明提供一种用于实时监控混合物中的多种物质的运动的设备,该设备包括:X射线扫描器,被安排在监控期进行混合物的多次扫描以产生多个扫描数据集;和控制装置,被安排分析该数据集以识别每种物质的体积并且测量它们的运动。
最好在每次扫描中该设备被安排产生与混合物的一层相关的数据集。更好的是该控制装置被安排界定所述层中的多个体积元素,并在每个所述体积元素中使用X射线衰减的测量来形成所述数据集。更好的是该控制装置被安排使用该数据集来确定所述层中至少一种物质的量。
最好该控制装置被安排使用来自每次扫描的数据集来确定所述至少一种物质的量的时间平均值。
最好该扫描器被安排产生与混合物的多个层相关的数据集,这些层彼此处于不同的位置。更好的是该控制装置被安排使用与所述多个层相关的数据集来测量至少一种物质的运动。更好的是该控制装置被安排跟踪通过多个层的所述物质的区域的运动以确定所述物质的流速。
该控制装置可被安排测量一个第一物质的区域的运动以确定所述区域相对于至少一个其它物质的浮力的测量,并使用所述区域的运动和所述浮力来测量所述至少一个其它物质的运动。
最好该控制装置被安排基于一些变量来定义用于计算物质的运动参数的模型,以产生来自扫描数据集的参数的测量值,并从该测量值和该模型确定至少一个所述变量。
该控制装置可被安排确定至少一种物质的流速,该流速被定义为所述物质在预定时间内流过预定区域的量。
最好该控制装置被安排在两个阶段中分析扫描数据集,一个阶段提供比另一阶段更低的空间分辨率和更高的对比分辨率。在此情况下,该控制装置最好被安排使用较高的空间分辨率分析来识别第一所述物质的体积,并使用较高的对比分析在另两个物质的体积之间进行区分。例如,该控制装置可被安排使用高空间分辨率分析来调整在低空间分辨率分析中定义的体积元素的X射线衰减的测量,以说明在所述体积元素中的第一物质的存在。这在混合物包含两种具有相似X射线衰减系数的物质的情况下特别有用,例如都处于液相或者都处于固相,比如油和水,以及具有显著不同的X射线衰减系数的另一物质,例如处于不同的相,诸如气体相,比如空气体。
该扫描器可被安排绕着管道或其它沟渠被放置以测量通过该管道或沟渠的物质的运动。另一方面,该扫描器可相邻于或绕着混合物在其中正经受流化或混和处理的容器被放置。
该设备还可包括被安排以显示混合物的图像的由控制装置控制的显示装置。例如该显示装置可被安排显示混合物的视频图像。
本发明还提供一种实时监控混合物中的多种物质的运动的方法,该方法包括:在监控期进行混合物的多次X射线扫描以产生多个扫描数据集;和分析该数据集以识别每种物质的体积并测量它们的运动。
附图说明
现在将仅参照附图通过示例描述本发明的优选实施例,附图中:
图1是通过根据本发明第一实施例的X射线扫描设备的横切面;
图2是通过图1的设备的纵切面;
图3显示由图1的设备产生的一部分体积图;
图4是显示使用图1的设备的体积测量中的误差如何随着时间减少的图表;
图5显示如何使用图1的设备确定流速;和
图6是通过根据本发明第二实施例的扫描设备的示意性截面。
具体实施方式
参照图1和图2,根据本发明第一实施例的X射线扫描器8包括一个环形多焦点X射线管10和放射状地位于X射线管10的内向的一个环形分段X射线传感器阵列12。管10包括绕着管10隔开的一些X射线源14,每个X射线源14包括目标16,电子被从电子源18引导至其。传感器阵列12在形式上是圆筒状的并包括被安排在一些相邻的环22a、22b中的一些传感器部件20。X射线源14就在传感器阵列12的顶部之上,并且每个源14被安排将X射线引导到传感器阵列12最接近于其的部分上,并且X射线源14对着在扫描器Z轴的对面的扫描器阵列12的较宽的区域。扫描器8被绕着管道24放置以使管道24位于扫描器的Z轴上。该X射线系统通常将在100-150kVp的管电压和10-50mA的束电流下运行。
控制单元26被连接到每个电子源18以使它能控制在任何时间哪个X射线源14被激活,并还被连接到传感器阵列12中的每个传感器部件20以使它能确定在任何时间到达每个传感器部件20的X射线辐射的强度。控制单元26控制X射线源以每次扫描0.1至10ms的扫描周期重复扫描以获得扫描数据,该扫描数据可被分析以提供量化的输出或者在屏幕27上提供混合物的图像。
在每次扫描期间,每个X射线源14轮流发射一次,并且对于每个源,图像数据集被形成以用于多个图像环中的每一个,一个图像环用于传感器阵列12的每个环22a、22b。由于源14和传感器阵列12之间的轴向偏移,所以每个图像环从法线到管道轴Z具有微小的角度,在此情况下在1和5度之间。控制单元26处理来自在扫描中产生的每个图像环的图像数据集以产生断层图像数据集,该断层图像数据集由如图5所示的沿管道24的长度方向隔开的各个图像平面28a、28b的多个平面图像数据集组成。典型地,以1至2mm的平面间隔存在2至14个平面。每个平面图像数据集包括所述图像的每个像素的灰度等级,其表示在成像的体积的各个‘平面’或层中的一些对应的体积元素(三维像素)中的每一个的X射线衰减系数。所述层具有与一个体积元素的厚度相等的厚度,这使得平面图像实质上是二维的。
断层图像数据集随后被在两个阶段中处理,第一阶段用于确定管道中各种馏分的相对体积,在此情况下为油、水和气体,第二阶段用于确定油、水和气体相的绝对速度。每一相的体积流速可随后被确定为相分率与相速度的乘积。
为了确定相分率,为每个图像平面28a产生两个图像重建,一个在低空间分辨率但是良好的对比分辨率,一个在高空间分辨率但较低的对比分辨率。两上图像重建使用相同的初始投影数据集。每个图像像素的面积与相应的三维像素的横截面面积相对应,并且两个重建都具有相同的切片厚度。图3显示图像平面28a以高和低分辨率被划分的区域。典型地,高分辨率图像将使用具有2mm像素尺寸的较小的像素30被重建,而低分辨率图像可使用具有上至10mm像素尺寸的较大的像素32被重建。在显示的示例中,较小的像素30具有2mm的尺寸,较大的像素32具有6mm的尺寸。在每个图像中,每个象素将具有灰度等级,其指示对应的体积元素中的一个物质或多个物质的衰减系数。对于任何仅包含一种馏分的体积元素,灰度等级将是与油、水和气体相对应的三种可能的等级之一。对于任何包含超过一种馏分的体积元素,灰度等级将是这三个等级之间的等级。
首先,使用适合的二进制分段处理,高分辨率图像被分段以确定较小的像素30中哪个表示气体相、以及哪个表示液相。这依赖于这样的事实,即气体相重建回到与液相非常不同的信号电平,因此这样的二进制分段是直接了当的。表示气体相的像素的数量因而给出了图像层中的气体分率的测量。在图3中,区域34代表气体泡,其填充了一个大像素32还有9个小像素30,在3个大像素之间展开。
接下来,从高空间分辨率扫描中识别出的任何气体三维像素被用于,如图3所示将部分体积校正应用到低空间分辨率扫描。该校正识别出低空间分辨率像素的馏分被充满气体,并且因此测量的灰度等级比仅有液相的三维像素的可能的灰度等级低。例如,中间的大像素32a包括9个表示气体三维像素的小像素30中的3个。这些是标阴影的像素30a。线性体积校正被应用以校正大像素32a的灰度等级,来说明对应的三维像素内的气体部分分率:
true = 1 1 - V gas · actual
这里,true=部分体积校正的灰度等级,Vgas=大像素的气体分率,actual=实际重建的灰度等级。
当这些校正已被完成时,大像素32基于校正的灰度等级被分段为那些表示气体在其中占优势的三维像素的像素、那些表示水在其中占优势的三维像素的像素,以及那些表示油在其中占优势的三维像素的像素。这因而提供了在一个图像平面28a中的空气、油和水的即时体积分率的测量。它还提供了流过管道24的混合物的断层图像,该断层图像可被显示在屏幕27上。
由于流持续地改变,有必要重复该测量多次以实现这三相的体积分率的时间平均的测量。这被以图形方式显示在图4中,图4显示一些连续的即时相体积分率测量40,该测量40在平均分率周围展开。随着测量的数量增加,平均值体积分率的不确定性减少。测量的不确定性取决于每幅图像的三维像素数量以及三维像素被的光子统计数。典型地,单此扫描内的相分率的不确定性在5%的等级。在对来自多个数据集的信息取平均值之后,不确定性减少到小于1%。
此外,当为每次扫描产生新图像并且扫描周期如以上指示典型地在0.1和10ms之间时,产生的图像可被组合以提供管道中的流的实时断层成像。
参照图5,通过在图像平面28a、28b的堆叠中的识别的特征之间应用交叉相关方法,流速可被确定,图像平面28a、28b沿着管道24的长度方向在不同的时间被产生。这允许了这些特征沿着管道的运动速度被确定。在显示的示例中,图3所示的气泡34沿管道24向上移动。在参考时间t=0时该气泡到达一个图像平面28d。在下一次图像扫描时,在时间t=0+δ时,气泡34部分在图像平面28d中,部分在相邻的图像平面28c中。在下一次扫描时间t=0+2δ时,气泡34还部分地在下一图像平面28b中。使用平面28a、28b、28c、28d中的图像之间的交叉相关性,允许气泡34被识别为相同的特征,并且其在每次扫描时的位置被确定。使用扫描之间的位置改变和扫描频率,气泡34沿着管道的速度可被确定。空气运动的速度与如上所述获得的空气的体积分率一起允许了确定空气通过管道24的体积流速,其是空气每单位时间流过管道的体积。
在一些简单的流中,将可使用上述技术识别管道中油、水和气体相的每个的特征并测量它们的个体速度。在其它类型的流中,要求不同的技术来确定所有相的流速。
一种技术旨在包括各种馏分的浮力的计算。在图5所示的示例中,如果气泡34完全被油包围,那么部分地通过其浮力以及部分地通过油的速度和粘性,气泡34的运动速度将被确定。由于油的近似粘性以及油和水的近似密度是已知的,测量气泡34的速度可被用于测量油的速度。
或者,每一相的密度可被测量。每一相的密度与其电子密度密切相关,该电子密度确定当被扫描器测量时的X射线衰减。因此,测量的每个三维像素的衰减随后可被用于确定每种馏分的浮力。
每一相的粘性还可通过测量该相的特征的形状改变速度而被测量。对于高粘性的物质,诸如油,形状的改变速度将相对较低,反之对于低粘性的物质,诸如水,形状的改变速度将相对较快。
对于复杂的流模式,流的数学建模可被用于确定流的速度和不同相的流速。可建立模型,该模型将基于每一馏分的流速以及其它变量,诸如管道大小、管道朝向、和温度,计算每一馏分的区域的大小、形状和速度。已知的变量,诸如管道大小和温度被输入到该模型。可被测量的每一相的任何区域的大小以及可被测量的任意相的流速被匹配,以使用‘最小二乘’或类似的方法找到与使用用于不同流速的模型计算的那些结果的最佳匹配,来确定实际的流速。通过重复最佳匹配处理,产生的结果可被取平均值以提高结果的精确性。该建模技术特别适合于监控汹涌的流或者在其中可发生逆流的具有高气体分率的流。
参照图6,在本发明的第二实施例中,粉末状物质的床100被穿过其的气体102的通过流化。气体102担当化学反应的催化剂。以与第一实施例类似的方式运行的扫描器104绕着流化的床100被放置以产生流化粉末的实时断层成像。使用控制单元106,这可被用于监控和分析流化以确保其如所要求般起作用。
应该理解的是,上述方法可被用于实时成像,或测量在各种条件下的各种物质的运动。例如,除了监控或测量液体和气体流外,它可被用于测量粉末流和泥浆流,在粉末流中粉末被在气体中运送,在泥浆流中粉末被在液体中运送。它还可被用于监控其它处理,诸如流化和混合处理,在流化中气体穿过粉末或颗粒状固体,例如用于促进化学反应,混和处理用于监控不同的物质在一起被混合得有多好。取决于被监控的物质,从数据中各种其它参数可被分析,诸如小滴的、或液体区域的、或固体微粒的、或气泡的大小和速度,或者物质混和的程度。

Claims (29)

1.一种用于实时监控混合物中的多种物质的运动的设备,该设备包括:X射线扫描器,被安排在监控期间进行混合物的多次扫描以产生多个扫描数据集,其中所述数据集是与混合物的多个层相关的图像数据集,这些层彼此处于不同的位置;和控制装置,被安排组合这些数据集以形成断层图像数据集,以及分析所组合的数据集以识别每种物质的体积并且测量它们的运动。
2.根据权利要求1的设备,其中所述扫描器包括多个X射线源,以及所述控制装置被安排为控制在任何时间哪个源被激活以进行所述扫描。
3.根据权利要求1或2的设备,其中所述扫描器包括被安排在相邻的环中的传感器部件。
4.根据权利要求1的设备,其中所述控制装置被安排界定所述层中的多个体积元素并使用在每个所述体积元素中X射线衰减的测量来形成所述数据集。
5.根据权利要求1的设备,其中,控制装置被安排使用这些数据集来确定所述层中至少一种物质的数量。
6.根据权利要求5的设备,其中,控制装置被安排使用来自每次扫描的数据集来确定所述至少一种物质的数量的时间平均值。
7.根据权利要求1的设备,其中,控制装置被安排跟踪所述物质的区域穿过多个层的运动以确定所述物质的流速。
8.根据权利要求1的设备,其中,控制装置被安排测量一个第一物质的区域的运动以确定所述区域相对于至少一个其它物质的浮力的测量,并使用所述区域的运动和所述浮力来测量所述至少一个其它物质的运动。
9.根据权利要求1的设备,其中,控制装置被安排基于一些变量来定义用于计算物质的运动参数的模型,以从所述多个扫描数据集产生参数的测量值,并从该测量值和该模型确定至少一个所述变量。
10.根据权利要求1的设备,其中,控制装置可被安排确定至少一种物质的流速,该流速被定义为所述物质在预定时间内流过预定区域的量。
11.根据权利要求1的设备,其中,控制装置被安排在两个阶段中分析扫描数据集,一个阶段提供比另一阶段更低的空间分辨率和更高的对比分辨率。
12.根据权利要求11的设备,其中,控制装置被安排使用较高的空间分辨率分析来识别所述物质中的第一物质的体积,并使用较高的对比分辨率分析在其它两个物质的体积之间进行区分。
13.根据权利要求12的设备,其中,控制装置被安排使用高空间分辨率分析来调整在低空间分辨率分析中定义的体积元素的X射线衰减的测量,以说明在所述体积元素中第一物质的存在。
14.根据权利要求1的设备,其中,扫描器被安排绕着一个管道放置以测量通过该管道的物质的运动。
15.根据权利要求1的设备,还包括被安排以显示混合物的图像的、由控制装置控制的显示装置。
16.根据权利要求15的设备,其中,显示装置被安排显示混合物的视频图像。
17.一种实时监控混合物中的多种物质的运动的方法,该方法包括:在监控期进行混合物的多次X射线扫描以产生多个扫描数据集,其中所述数据集是与混合物的多个层相关的图像数据集,这些层彼此处于不同的位置;和组合这些数据集以形成断层图像数据集,以及分析所组合的数据集以识别每种物质的体积并测量它们的运动。
18.一种根据权利要求17的方法,包括界定所述层中的多个体积元素并使用在每个所述体积元素中X射线衰减的测量来形成所述数据集。
19.一种根据权利要求18的方法,其中,这些数据集被用来确定所述层中至少一种物质的数量。
20.一种根据权利要求19的方法,其中,来自每次扫描的数据集被用来确定所述至少一种物质的数量的时间平均值。
21.一种根据权利要求17-20任意之一的方法,其中,与所述多个层相关的多个数据集被用来测量至少一种物质的运动。
22.一种根据权利要求21的方法,其中,穿过多个层的所述物质的区域的运动被跟踪以确定所述物质的流速。
23.一种根据权利要求17的方法,其中,一个第一物质的区域的运动被测量,所述区域相对于至少一个其它物质的浮力的测量被确定,并且使用所述区域的运动和所述浮力,所述至少一个其它物质的运动被测量。
24.一种根据权利要求17的方法,其中,用于计算物质的运动参数的一个模型基于一些变量被定义,所述参数的测量值被从所述扫描数据集的产生,并且至少一个所述变量被从该测量值和该模型确定。
25.一种根据权利要求17的方法,其中,至少一种物质的流速被确定,该流速被定义为所述物质在预定时间内流过预定区域的量。
26.一种根据权利要求17的方法,其中,扫描数据集在两个阶段中被分析,一个阶段提供比另一阶段更低的空间分辨率和更高的对比分辨率。
27.一种根据权利要求26的方法,其中,较高的空间分辨率分析被用来识别所述物质中第一物质的体积,并且较高的对比分辨率分析被用于在其它两个物质的体积之间进行区分。
28.一种根据权利要求27的方法,其中,高空间分辨率分析被用来调整在低空间分辨率分析中定义的体积元素的X射线衰减的测量,以说明在所述体积元素中第一物质的存在。
29.一种根据权利要求17的方法,使用被安排绕着一个管道放置的扫描器执行,以测量通过该管道的物质的运动。
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