CA2748412A1

CA2748412A1 - Slice mask and moat pattern partial encryption

Info

Publication number: CA2748412A1
Application number: CA2748412A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Brant L. Candelore; Henry Derovanessian; Leo M. Pedlow, Jr.
Original assignee: Sony Electronics Inc
Current assignee: Sony Electronics Inc
Priority date: 2002-01-02
Filing date: 2002-12-10
Publication date: 2003-07-02
Anticipated expiration: 2022-12-10
Also published as: CA2748417C; CA2413955A1; US7155012B2; US7751563B2; CA2748539A1; CA2413955C; US20070098166A1; CA2748412C; US8103000B2; CA2748417A1; US20030152226A1; US20100189254A1; CA2748539C

Abstract

A selective encryption encoder consistent with certain embodiments of the invention has vertical and/or horizontal stripes encrypted. In one embodiment, packets are examined in the digital video signal to identify a specified packet type, the specified packet type being both packets carrying intra-coded data representing a pattern of horizontal stripes across an image and packets carrying intra-coded data representing a pattern of vertical stripes across an image. The packets identified as being of the specified packet type are encrypted using a first encryption method to produce first encrypted packets. These first encrypted packets are then used to replace the unencrypted packets in the digital video signal to produce a partially encrypted video signal. The packets of the specified type can also be multiple encrypted and replaced in the data stream to produce a multiple encrypted video data stream.

Description

SLICE MASK AND MOAT PATTERN PARTIAL ENCRYPTION
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED DOCUMENTS

This application is a continuation in part of patent docket number SNY-R4646.01 entitled "Critical Packet Partial Encryption" to Unger et al., U.S.
patent number 7,336,787; patent docket number SNY-R4646.02 entitled "Time Division Partial Encryption" to Candelore et al., U.S. patent number 7,139,398;
docket number SNY-R4646.03 entitled "Elementary Stream Partial Encryption" to Candelore , U.S. patent number 7,124,303; docket number SNY-R4646.04 entitled "Partial Encryption and PID Mapping" to Unger et al., U.S. patent number 7,151,831; and docket number SNY-R4646.05 entitled "Decoding and Decrypting of Partially Encrypted Information" to Unger et al., U.S. patent number 7,127,619.
These related patents will be hereinafter referred to as "patent documents".

2 A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which 3 is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the 4 facsimile reproduction of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise 6 reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.

9 This invention relates generally to the field of encryption. More particularly, this invention relates to a encryption method and apparatus particularly useful for 11 scrambling packetized video content such as that provided by cable and satellite 12 television systems.

The above-referenced commonly owned patent applications describe 16 inventions relating to various aspects of methods generally referred to herein as 17 partial encryption or selective encryption. More particularly, systems are described 18 therein wherein selected portions of a particular selection of digital content are 19 encrypted using two (or more) encryption techniques while other portions of the content are left unencrypted. By properly selecting the portions to be encrypted, the 21 content can effectively be encrypted for use under multiple decryption systems 22 without the necessity of encryption of the entire selection of content. In some 23 embodiments, only a few percent of data overhead is needed to effectively encrypt 24 the content using multiple encryption systems. This results in a cable or satellite system being able to utilize Set-top boxes or other implementations of conditional 26 access (CA) receivers from multiple manufacturers in a single system - thus freeing 27 the cable or satellite company to competitively shop for providers of Set-top boxes.

Docket No.: SNY-S5065.01 -2- PATENT

2 The features of the invention believed to be novel are set forth with 3 particularity in the appended claims. The invention itself however, both as to 4 organization and method of operation, together with objects and advantages thereof, may be best understood by reference to the following detailed description 6 of the invention, which describes certain exemplary embodiments of the invention, 7 taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which-8 FIGURE 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary cable system head end 9 consistent with certain embodiments of the present invention.

FIGURE 2 is an illustration of sample transport stream PSI consistent with 11 certain embodiments of the present invention.
12 FIGURE 3 is a further illustration of sample transport stream PSI
consistent 13 with certain embodiments of the present invention.
14 FIGURE 4 is a block diagram of an illustrative control processor 100 consistent with certain embodiments of the present invention.
16 FIGURE 5 illustrates the slice structure of a frame of video data consistent 17 with certain embodiments of the present invention.
18 FIGURE 6 illustrates a video frame with encryption of odd numbered slices 19 consistent with certain embodiments of the present invention.
FIGURE 7 illustrates a video frame with encryption of even numbered slices 21 consistent with certain embodiments of the present invention.
22 FIGURE 8 illustrates a sequence of slice masks used to produce alternating 23 odd and even numbered encrypted slices in a manner consistent with certain 24 embodiments of the present invention.
FIGURE 9 illustrates a sequence of slice masks used to produce random 26 encryption of frame slices in a manner consistent with certain embodiments of the 27 present invention.
28 FIGURE 10 illustrates a pattern of horizontal moats and vertical motes 29 forming a checkerboard pattern representing encrypted portions of video.

Docket No.: SNY-S5065.01 -3- PATENT

1 FIGURE 11 illustrates a television Set-top box that decrypts and decodes in 2 a manner consistent with certain embodiments of the present invention.
3 FIGURE 12 is a flow chart broadly illustrating an encryption process 4 consistent with embodiments of the present invention.

7 While this invention is susceptible of embodiment in many different forms, 8 there is shown in the drawings and will herein be described in detail specific 9 embodiments, with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as an example of the principles of the invention and not intended to limit 11 the invention to the specific embodiments shown and described. In the description 12 below, like reference numerals are used to describe the same, similar or 13 corresponding parts in the several views of the drawings.
14 The terms "scramble" and "encrypt" and' variations thereof are used synonymously herein. Also, the term "television program" and similar terms can 16 be interpreted in the normal conversational sense, as well as a meaning wherein 17 the term means any segment of AN content that can be displayed on a television 18 set or similar monitor device. The term "video" is often used herein to embrace not 19 only true visual information, but also in the conversational sense (e.g., "video tape recorder") to embrace not only video signals but associated audio and data.
The 21 term "legacy" as used herein refers to existing technology used for existing cable 22 and satellite systems. The exemplary embodiments disclosed herein are decoded 23 by a television Set-Top Box (STB), but it is contemplated that such technology will 24 soon be incorporated within television receivers of all types whether housed in a separate enclosure alone or in conjunction with recording and/or playback 26 equipment or Conditional Access (CA) decryption module or within a television set 27 itself. The present document generally uses the example of a "dual partial 28 encryption" embodiment, but those skilled in the art will recognize that the present 29 invention can be utilized to realize multiple partial encryption without departing from Docket No.: SNY-S5065.01 -4- PATENT

1 the invention. Partial encryption and selective encryption are used synonymously 2 herein.
3 Turning now to FIGURE 1, a head end 100 of a cable television system 4 suitable for use in practicing a dual encryption embodiment of the present invention is illustrated. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention could 6 also be implemented using more than two encryptions systems without departing 7 from the present invention. The illustrated head end 100 implements the dual 8 partial encryption scenario of the present invention by adapting the operation of a 9 conventional encryption encoder 104 (such as those provided by Motorola, Inc. and Scientific-Atlanta, Inc., and referred to herein as the primary encryption encoder) 11 with additional equipment.
12, Head end 100 receives scrambled content from one or more suppliers, for 13 example, using a satellite dish antenna 108 that feeds a satellite receiver 110.
14 Satellite receiver 110 operates to demodulate and descramble the incoming content and supplies the content as a stream of clear (unencrypted) data to a 16 selective encryption encoder 114. The selective encryption encoder 114, according 17 to certain embodiments, uses two passes or two stages of operation, to encode the 18 stream of data. Encoder 114 utilizes a secondary conditional access system (and 19 thus a second encryption method) in conjunction with the primary encryption encoder 104 which operates using a primary conditional access system (and thus 21 a primary encryption method). A user selection provided via a user interface on a 22 control computer 118 configures the selective encryption encoder 114 to operate 23 in conjunction with either a Motorola or Scientific Atlanta cable network (or other 24 cable or satellite network).
It is assumed, for purposes of the present embodiment of the invention, that 26 the data from satellite receiver 110 is supplied as MPEG (Moving Pictures Expert 27 Group) compliant packetized data. In the first stage of operation the data is passed 28 through a Special Packet Identifier (PID) 122. Special Packet Identifier 29 identifies specific programming that is to be dual partially encrypted according to the present invention. The Special Packet Identifier 122 signals the Special Packet Docket No.: SNY-55065.01 -5- PATENT

1 Duplicator 126 to duplicate special packets. The Packet Identifier (PID) Remapper 2 130, under control of the computer 118, to remap the PIDs of the elementary 3 streams (ES) (i.e., audio, video, etc.) of the programming that shall remain clear 4 and the duplicated packets to new PID values. The payload of the elementary stream packets are not altered in any way by Special Packet Identifier 122, Special.
6 Packet Duplicator 126, or PID remapper 1306. This is done so that the primary 7 encryption encoder 104 will not recognize the clear unencrypted content as content 8 that is to be encrypted.
9 The packets may be selected by the special packet identifier 122 according to one of the selection criteria described in the above-referenced applications or 11 may use another selection criteria such as those which will be described later 12 herein. Once these packets are identified in the packet identifier 122, packet 13 duplicator 126 creates two copies of the packet. The first copy is identified with the 14 original PID so that the primary encryption encoder 104 will recognize that it is to be encrypted. The second copy is identified with a new and unused PID, called 16 a "secondary PID" (or shadow PID) by the PID Remapper 122. This secondary PID
17 will be used later by the selective encryption encoder 114 to determine which 18 packets are to be encrypted according to the secondary encryption method.
19 FIGURE 2 illustrates an exemplary set of transport PSI tables 136 after this remapping with a PAT 138 defining two programs (10 and 20) with respective PID
21 values 0100 and 0200. A first PMT 140 defines a PID=0101 for the video 22 elementary stream and PIDs 0102 and 0103 for two audio streams for program 10.
23 Similarly, a second PMT 142 defines a PID=0201 for the video elementary stream 24 and PIDs 0202 and 0203 for two audio streams for program 20.
As previously noted, the two primary commercial providers of cable head 26 end encryption and modulation equipment are (at this writing) Motorola, Inc. and 27 Scientific-Atlanta, Inc. While similar in operation, there are significant differences 28 that should be discussed before proceeding since the present selective encryption 29 encoder 114 is desirably compatible with either system. In the case of Motorola equipment, the Integrated Receiver Transcoder (IRT), an unmodulated output is Docket No.: SNY-S5065.01 -6- PATENT

1 available and therefore there is no need to demodulate the output before returning 2 a signal to the selective encryption encoder 114, whereas no such unmodulated 3 output is available in a Scientific-Atlanta device. Also, in the case of current 4 Scientific-Atlanta equipment, the QAM, the primary encryption encoder carries out a PID remapping function on received packets. Thus, provisions are made in the 6 selective encryption encoder 114 to address this remapping.
7 In addition to the above processing, the Program Specific Information (PSI) 8 is also modified to reflect this processing. The original, incoming Program 9 Association Table (PAT) is appended with additional Program Map Table (PMT) entries at a PMT inserter 134. Each added PMT entry contains the new, additional 11 streams (remapped & shadow PIDs) created as part of the selective encryption 12 (SE) encoding process for a corresponding stream in a PMT of the incoming 13 transport. These new PMT entries will mirror their corresponding original PMTs.
14 The program numbers will be automatically assigned by the selective encryption encoder 114 based upon open, available program numbers as observed from the 16 program number usage in the incoming stream. The selective encryption System 17 114 system displays the inserted program information (program numbers, etc) on 18 the configuration user interface of control computer 118 so that the Multiple System 19 Operator (MSO, e.g., the cable system operator) can add these extra programs into the System Information (SI) control system and instruct the system to carry these 21 programs in the clear.
22 The modified transport PSI is illustrated as 144 in FIGURE 3 with two 23 additional temporary PMTs 146 and 148 appended to the tables of transport PSI
24 136. The appended PMTs 146 and 148 are temporary. They. are used for the primary encryption process and are removed in the second pass of processing by 26 the secondary encryption encoder. In accordance with the MPEG standard, all 27 entries in the temporary PMTs are marked with stream type "user private"
with an 28 identifier of OxFO. These PMTs describe the remapping of the PIDs for use in later 29 recovery of the original mapping of the PIDs in the case of a PID remapping in the Docket No.: SNY-S5065.01 -7- PATENT

1 Scientific-Atlanta equipment. Of course, other identifiers could be used without 2 departing from the present invention.
3 In order to assure that the Scientific-Atlanta PID remapping issue is 4 addressed, if the selective encryption encoder 114 is configured to operate with a Scientific-Atlanta system, the encoder adds a user private data descriptor to each 6 elementary stream found in the original PMTs in the incoming data transport 7 stream (TS) per the format below (of course, other formats may also be suitable):

Syntax value # of bits private-data _indicator descriptorQ {
descriptor tag OxFO 8 descriptor length 0x04 8 private_data_indicatorO {
orig_pid Ox???? 16 stream-type Ox?? 8 reserved OxFF 8 }
}
9 The selective encryption encoder 114 of the current embodiment also adds a user private data descriptor to each elementary stream placed in the temporary 11 PMTs created as described above per the format below:

Syntax value # of bits private-data _indicator descriptorQ {
descriptor tag OxFO 8 descriptor length 0x04 8 private-data indicatoro {
orig_pid Ox???? 16 stream_type Ox?? 8 reserved OxFF 8 }
}

Docket No.: SNY-S5065.01 -8- PATENT

1 The "????" in the tables above is the value of the "orig_pid" which is a variable 2 while the "??" is a "stream-type" value. The data field for "orig_pid" is a variable 3 that contains the original incoming PID or in the case of remap or shadow PIDs, the 4 original PID that this stream was associated with. The data field "stream type" is a variable that describes the purpose of the stream based upon the chart below:

8 Stream Type Value Legacy ES Ox00 9 Remapped ES Ox01 Shadow ES 0x02 Reserved 0x03 - OxFF

13 These descriptors will be used later to re-associate the legacy elementary 14 streams, which are encrypted by the Scientific-Atlanta, Inc. primary encryption encoder 104, with the corresponding shadow and remapped clear streams after 16 PID remapping in the Scientific-Atlanta, Inc. modulator prior to the second phase 17 of processing of the Selective Encryption Encoder. Those skilled in the art will 18 appreciate that the above specific values should be considered exemplary and 19 other specific values could be used without departing from the present invention.
In the case of a Motorola cable system being selected in the selective 21 encryption encoder configuration GUI, the original PAT and PMTs can remain 22 unmodified, providing the system does not remap PIDs within the primary 23 encryption encoder. The asterisks in FIGURE 1 indicate functional blocks that are 24 not used in a Motorola cable system.
The data stream from selective encryption encoder 114 is passed along to 26 the input of the primary encryption encoder 104 which first carries out a PID filtering 27 process at 150 to identify packets that are to be encrypted. At 152, in the case of 28 a Scientific-Atlanta device, a PID remapping may be carried out. The data are then 29 passed along to an encrypter 154 that, based upon the PID of the packets encrypts certain packets (in accord with the present invention, these packets are the special 1 packets which are mapped by the packet duplicator 130 to the original PID of the 2 incoming data stream for the current program). The remaining packets are 3 unencrypted. The data then passes through a PSI modifier 156 that modifies the 4 PSI data to reflect changes made at the PID remapper. The data stream is then modulated by a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) modulator 158 (in the 6 case of the Scientific-Atlanta device) and passed to the output thereof.
This 7 modulated signal is then demodulated by a QAM demodulator 160. The output of 8 the demodulator 160 is directed back to the selective encryption encoder 114 to a 9 PSI parser164.
The second phase of processing of the transport stream for selective 11 encryption is to recover the stream after the legacy encryption process is carried 12 out in the primary encryption encoder 104. The incoming Program Specific 13 Information (PSI) is parsed at 164 to determine the PIDs of the individual 14 elementary streams and their function for each program, based upon the descriptors attached in the first phase of processing. This allows for the possibility 16 of PID remapping, as seen in Scientific-Atlanta primary encryption encoders. The 17 elementary streams described in the original program PMTs are located at PSI
18 parser 164 where these streams have been reduced to just the selected packets 19 of interest and encrypted in the legacy CA system format in accord with the primary encryption method at encoder 104. The elementary streams in the temporary 21 programs appended to the original PSI are also recovered at elementary stream 22 concatenator 168. The packets in the legacy streams are appended to the 23 remapped content, which is again remapped back to the PID of the legacy streams, 24 completing the partial, selective encryption of the original elementary streams.
The temporary PMTs and the associated PAT entries are discarded and 26 removed from the PSI. The user private data descriptors added in the first phase 27 of processing are also removed from the remaining original program PMTs in the 28 PSI. For a Motorola system, no PMT or PAT reprocessing is required and only the 29 final secondary encryption of the transport stream occurs.

Docket No.: SNY-S5065.01 -10- PATENT

1 During the second phase of processing, the SE encoder 114 creates a 2 shadow PSI structure that parallels the original MPEG PSI, for example, having at 3 PAT origin at PID 0x0000. The shadow PAT will be located at a PID specified in 4 the SE encoder configuration as indicated by the MSO from the user interface. The shadow PMT PIDs will be automatically assigned by the SE encoder 114 6 dynamically, based upon open, available PID locations as observed from PID
7 usage of the incoming stream. The PMTs are duplicates of the original PMTs, but 8 also have CA descriptors added to the entire PMT or to the elementary streams 9 referenced within to indicate the standard CA parameters and optionally, shadow PID and the intended operation upon the associated elementary stream. The CA
11 descriptor can appear in the descriptorl () or descriptor2() loops of the shadow 12 PMT. If found in descriptor) (),the CA_PID called out in the CA descriptor contains 13 the non-legacy ECM PID which would apply to an entire program.
Alternatively, the 14 ECM PID may be sent in descriptor2(). The CA descriptor should not reference the selective encryption elementary PID in the descriptorl() area.

CA PID Definition Secondary CA private data Value ECM PID Ox00 Replacement PID Ox01 Insertion PID Ox02 ECM PID undefined (default) 18 This shadow PSI insertion occurs regardless of whether the selective 19 encryption operation is for a Motorola or Scientific Atlanta cable network.
The elementary streams containing the duplicated packets of interest that were also 21 assigned to the temporary PMTs are encrypted during this second phase of 22 operation at secondary packet encrypter in the secondary CA format based upon 23 the configuration data of the CA system attached using the DVB (Digital Video 24 Broadcasting) SimulcryptTM standard.

Docket No.: SNY-S5065.01 -11- PATENT

1 The data stream including the clear data, primary encrypted data, secondary 2 encrypted data and other information are then passed to a PSI modifier 176 that 3 modifies the transport PSI information by deletion of the temporary PMT
tables and 4 incorporation of remapping as described above. The output of the PSI
modifier 176 is modulated at a QAM modulator 180 and delivered to the cable plant 184 for 6 distribution to the cable system's customers.
7 The control processor 100 may be a personal computer based device that 8 is used to control the selective encryption encoder as described herein. An 9 exemplary personal computer based controller 100 is depicted in FIGURE 4.
Control processor 100 has a central processor unit (CPU) 210 with an associated 11 bus 214 used to connect the central processor unit 210 to Random Access Memory 12 218 and Non-Volatile Memory 222 in a known manner. An output mechanism at 13 226, such as a display and possibly printer, is provided in order to display and/or 14 print output for the computer user as well as to provide a user interface such as a Graphical User Interface (GUI). Similarly, input devices such as keyboard and 16 mouse 230 may be provided for the input of information by the user at the MSO.
17 Computer 100 also may have disc storage 234 for storing large amounts of 18 information including, but not limited to, program files and data files.
Computer 19 system 100 also has an interface 238 for connection to the selective encryption encoder 114. Disc storage 234 can store any number of encryption methods that 21 can be downloaded as desired by the MSO to vary the encryption on a regular 22 basis to thwart hackers. Moreover, the encryption methods can be varied 23 according to other criteria such as availability of bandwidth and required level of 24 security.
The partial encryption process described above utilizes any suitable 26 conditional access encryption method at encrypters 154 and 174. However;
these 27 encryption techniques are selectively applied to the data stream using a technique 28 such as those described below or in the above-referenced patent applications. In 29 general, but without the intent to be limiting, the selective encryption process utilizes intelligent selection of information to encrypt so that the entire program Docket No.: SNY-S5065.01 -12- PATENT

1 does not have to undergo dual encryption. By appropriate selection of appropriate 2 data to encrypt, the program material can be effectively scrambled and hidden from 3 those who desire to hack into the system and illegally recover commercial content 4 without paying. The MPEG (or similar format) data that are used to represent the audio and video data does so using a high degree of reliance on the redundancy 6 of information from frame to frame. Certain data can be transmitted as "anchor"
7 data representing chrominance and luminance data. That data is then often simply 8 moved about the screen to generate subsequent frames by sending motion vectors 9 that describe the movement of the block. Changes in the chrominance and luminance data are also encoded as changes rather than a recoding of absolute 11 anchor data.
12 In accordance with certain embodiments of the present invention, a method 13 of dual encrypting a digital video signal involves examining unencrypted packets of 14 data in the digital video signal to identify at least one specified packet type, the specified packet type comprising packets of data as will be described hereinafter;
16 encrypting packets identified as being of the specified packet type using a first 17 encryption method to produce first encrypted packets; encrypting the packets 18 identified as being of the specified packet type using a second encryption method 19 to produce second encrypted packets; and replacing the unencrypted packets of the specified packet type with the first encrypted packets and the second encrypted 21 packets in the digital video signal to produce a partially dual encrypted video signal.
22 The MPEG specification defines a slice as "... a series of an arbitrary number 23 of consecutive macroblocks. The first and last macroblocks of a slice shall not be 24 skipped macroblocks. Every slice shall contain at least one macroblock.
Slices shall not overlap. The position of slices may change from picture to picture.
The 26 first and last macroblock of a slice shall be in the same horizontal row of 27 macroblocks. Slices shall occur in the bitstream in the order in which they are 28 encountered, starting at the upper-left of the picture and proceeding by raster-scan 29 order from left to right and top to bottom...."

Docket No.: SNY-S5065.01 -13- PATENT

1 By way of example, to represent an entire frame of NTSC information, for 2 standard resolution, the frame (picture) is divided into 30 slices (but in general j 3 slices may make up a full frame). Each slice contains 33 variable length 4 macroblocks (but in general can include k variable length macroblocks) of information representing a 16x16 pixel region of the image. This is illustrated as 6 standard definition frame 250 of FIGURE 5 with each slice starting with a slice 7 header (SH1-SH30) and each slice having 33 macroblocks (MB1-MB33). By 8 appropriate selection of particular data representing the frame, the image can be 9 scrambled beyond recognition in a number of ways as will be described below.
By variation of the selection criteria for selective encryption, hackers can be thwarted 11 on a continuing basis. Moreover, the selection criteria can be changed to adapt to 12 bandwidth requirements as well as need for security of particular content (or other 13 criteria).
14 Several techniques are described below for encryption of the selected data.
In each case, for the current embodiment, it will be understood that selection of a 16 particular type of information implies that the payload of a packet carrying such 17 data is encrypted. However, in other environments, the data itself can be directly 18 encrypted. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that such variations as well as 19 others are possible without departing from the present invention. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that many variations and combinations of the 21 encryption techniques described hereinafter can be devised and used singularly or 22 in combination without departing from the present invention.

In accordance with one embodiment consistent with the invention referred 26 to herein as "slice mask encryption", a different set of slice headers are encrypted 27 from frame to frame. When a slice header is encrypted, the content for that slice 28 is "frozen" on the screen, while content on adjoining slices is updated.
This has the 29 effect of breaking up the image on the screen. In certain embodiments, certain Docket No.: SNY-S5065.01 -14- PATENT

1 slices can be encrypted more often than others to thus deny the decoder the ability 2 to update the content in those slices.
3 One embodiment of slice mask encryption is illustrated in FIGURE 6 and 4 FIGURE 7. In FIGURE 6, a frame of video 270 is illustrated as 30 slices with each slice having a slice header and 33 macroblocks with alternating odd numbered 6 slices being encrypted. In certain embodiments, the entire slice can be encrypted 7 while in others, only key information in the slice is encrypted (e.g., the slice header,..
8 or slice header and first macroblock, or slice header and all intra-coded 9 macroblocks in the slice). Frame 280 of FIGURE 7, by contrast, has all even numbered slices encrypted. As with frame 270, in certain embodiments, the entire 11 slice can be encrypted while in others, only key information in the slice is encrypted 12 (e.g., the slice header, or slice header and first macroblock, or slice header and all 13 intra-coded macroblocks in the slice). In one embodiment, odd slice encryption as 14 in frame 270 can be alternated with even slice encryption as in frame 280.
In connection with the present embodiment, alternating video frames can be 16 encrypted with odd or even slice encryption, with alternating video frames meaning 17 every other frame or every other I, P or B frame.
18 The slice that is to be encrypted can be coded or represented using a slice 19 mask as shown in FIGURE 8. The slice masks of FIGURE 8 are simply binary one dimensional arrays that contain a 1 to indicate that a slice is to be encrypted and 21 a 0 to indicate that the slice is to be unencrypted (or similar code designation).
22 Thus, for example, slice masks 282, 284 and 286 represent odd slice encryption 23 while slice masks 292 and 294 represent even slice encryption. Such arrays can 24 be stored or generated, in one embodiment, for use in determining which slice is to be encrypted. These masks may be applied to I frames, I frames and P
frames, 26 or just P frames. Moreover, different masks may be used for I frames than P
27 frames. In this illustrative example, fifteen packets/frame can be encrypted to 28 encrypt the slice headers of the slices corresponding to 1 in the slice mask. This Docket No.: SNY-S5065.01 -15- PATENT

1 results in a low percentage of the actual data in a video frame actually being 2 encrypted.
3 The encryption of a slice can depend on any of the following.
4 The location of the slice in the frame (with higher density towards the - "active" part of the screen) 6 Whether found in an I, P or B frame (higher to lower priority) 7 # of patterns or masks used before they are repeated 8 Encrypting I frame slices eliminates anchor chrominance/luminance data 9 used by the other types of frames. Encrypting P frame slices eliminates both anchor chrominance/luminance as well as motion vector data. Anchor 11 chrominance/luminance can come in the form of scene changes, and if the content 12 is Motorola encoded, then "progressive" I slices. The effect of Frame Mask 13 encryption can be very effective. Experiments have shown that for a Motorola 14 encoded program, encrypting only 3% of the packets can make it difficult to identify any objects in an image.
16 In variations of the embodiment described above, slice masks can be varied 17 according to any suitable algorithm. For example, FIGURE 9 illustrates random 18 variation in the slice masks from frame to frame. Each of the slice masks 302, 19 304, 306, 308 and 310 is randomly (or equivalently, pseudo-randomly) generated so that a random array of slices is encrypted (e.g., by encryption of the payload of 21 a packet containing the slice header) at each frame.
22 In another variation, it is noted that selected portions of the frame can be 23 deemed the "active region" of the image. This region is somewhat difficult to define 24 and is somewhat content dependent. But, generally speaking it is approximately a central area of the frame. More commonly, it is approximately an upper central 26 portion of the frame of approximately half (say, one third to 3/4) of the overall area 27 of the frame centered at approximately the center of the frame horizontally and 28 approximately the tenth to fifteenth slice. In accordance with this variation, random 29 or pseudo-random slices are encrypted (e.g., by encryption of packets containing the slice header) with a weighting function applied to cause the active region of the Docket No.: SNY-S5065.01 -16- PATENT

1 image to be encrypted with greater frequency than other portions of the image. By 2 way of example, and not limitation, assume that the center of the image is the 3 active region. In this case, for example, a linear or a bell shaped weighting function 4 can be applied to the random selection of slices to encrypt so that slices near the center are more frequently encrypted than those at the top or bottom of the image.
6 In another example, assume that slices 8-22 of a 30 slice frame are deemed to 7 bound the active region. Slices can then be randomly selected in each frame for 8 encryption with a multiplication factor used to increase the likelihood that slices 8-9 22 will be encrypted. For example, those slices can be made twice or three times as likely to be encrypted as other slices. Equivalently, slices 1-7 and 23-30 can be 11 made less likely to be encrypted. Any suitable pattern of macroblocks within a 12 slice can be encrypted in order to encrypt the slice. Other variations will occur to 13 those skilled in the art upon consideration of the present teachings.

MOAT PATTERN ENCRYPTION

16 The above slice mask encryption technique can be viewed as creating 17 horizontal "moats" of encrypted information in the video frame, with each moat 18 corresponding to a single slice in width. The moat width can be varied by 19 encrypting multiple adjacent slices. In a similar manner, vertical "moats"
can be generated by selecting macroblocks of data to be encrypted in a particular frame 21 of data. This is depicted in FIGURE 10 by an array of binary data that represents 22 encryption of slices 1-5,11-15 and 21-25 to create three horizontal moats 322, 324 23 and 326 respectively (each being 5 slices in width) in a video frame. This array 24 may be referred to as a horizontal moat mask or slice mask. In a similar manner, an array of binary data 330 represents a vertical moat mask for encryption of 26 macroblocks numbered 1-3, 7-9, 13-15, 19-21, 24-27 and 31-33 to create six 27 vertical moats 332, 334, 336, 338, 340 and 342 respectively (each being three 28 macroblocks in width). Of course, other patterns of horizontal moats can also be 29 generated, for example, with greater or lesser density, greater or lesser moat width, Docket No.: SNY-S5065.01 -17- PATENT

1 greater emphasis on an active portion of the image or randomly generated moats, 2 without departing from the present invention.
3 To create the moats in accordance with preferred embodiments, intra-coded 4 macroblocks in the vertical and horizontal stripes through the image are encrypted.
By encrypting the intra-coded macroblocks, inter-coded macroblocks are left 6 without reference data and become meaningless, thus effectively scrambling the 7 video image. In other embodiments, the horizontal stripes can be encrypted by any 8 suitable technique including, but not limited to, encryption of the slice header, 9 encryption of the slice header plus the first macroblock, encryption of all macroblocks in the slice or any other suitable technique. Similarly, the vertical 11 stripes can be encrypted by encryption of intra-coded macroblocks or all 12 macroblocks in the stripe without departing from the invention.
13 It should be noted that to encrypt certain macroblocks generally suggests 14 that the payload of a packet carrying the macroblock is encrypted. This further implies that, in fact, more data on one side, the other or both of the target 16 macroblock will also be encrypted. This results in even greater amounts of data 17 being encrypted and thus greater encryption security.
18 In one embodiment of this encryption mode, it is assumed that the first 19 macroblock with absolute DC luminance and chrominance information. is encrypted. Each macroblock after that is. encrypted differentially from the 21 macroblock to the left to produce the horizontal stripes.
22 By breaking up the image up into a checker board pattern as illustrated, the 23 vertical moats prevent the direct calculation of all the macroblocks on a slice with 24 one good known value anywhere on the slice. Although a known value may be obtained by correlation of macroblocks from previous frames of the same slice or 26 clear intracoded macroblocks from another part of the slice, this is generally 27 inadequate to provide an effective hack to the encryption method. By use of the 28 checkerboard pattern of encryption, the correlated macroblock would only "fix" the 29 macroblocks in the particular checkerboard square in which that macroblock is located ... not the entire slice. Thus, the vertical moat creates a discontinuity which 1 increases distortion in the image.
2 Likewise for horizontal encrypted moats. This encryption technique prevents 3 intracoded macroblocks from slices below or above the encrypted slice from being 4 used to correct information in macroblocks above or below. The horizontal stripe or moat creates a discontinuity that disrupts a hacker's ability to obtain enough 6 reference data to effectively decrypt the image. This checker board pattern 7 produces a bandwidth savings in a dual or multiple encryption scenario which is 8 substantially reduced compared with 100% encryption of the slice.
9 Multiple combinations of the encryption techniques are possible to produce encryption that has varying bandwidth requirements, varying levels of security and 11 varying complexity. Such encryption techniques can be selected by control 12 computer 118 in accordance with the needs of the MSO. The above-described 13 encryption techniques can provide several additional choices to enrich a pallette 14 of encryption techniques that can thus be selected by control computer 118 to vary the encryption making hacking more difficult.
16 Numerous other combinations of the above encryption techniques as well 17 as those described in the above-referenced patent applications and other partial 18 encryption techniques can be combined to produce a rich pallette of encryption 19 techniques from which to select. In accordance with certain embodiments of the 20- present invention, a selection of packets to encrypt can be made by the control 21 computer 118 in order to balance encryption security with bandwidth and in order 22 to shift the encryption technique from time to time to thwart hackers.
23 An authorized set-top box such as 300 illustrated in FIGURE 11 operating 24 under the secondary CA system decrypts and decodes the incoming program by recognizing both primary and secondary PIDs associated with a single program.
26 The multiplexed video data stream containing both PIDs is directed to a 27 demultiplexer 304. When a program is received that contains encrypted content 28 that was encrypted by any of the above techniques, the demultiplexer directs 29 encrypted packets containing encrypted content and secondary PIDS to a secondary CA decrypter 308. These packets are then decrypted at 308 and passed 1 to a PID remapper 312. As illustrated, the PID remapper 312 receives packets that 2 are unencrypted and bear the primary PID as well as the decrypted packets having 3 the secondary PID. The PID remapper 312 combines the decrypted packets from 4 decrypter 308 with the unencrypted packets having the primary PID to produce an unencrypted data stream representing the desired program. PID remapping is 6 used to change either the primary or secondary PID or both to a single PID.
This 7 unencrypted data stream can then be decoded normally by decoder 316. Some or 8 all of the components depicted in FIGURE 11 can be implemented and/or 9 controlled as program code running on a programmed processor, with the code being stored on an electronic storage medium.
11 FIGURE 12 is a flow chart 400 that broadly illustrates the encryption process 12 consistent with certain embodiments of the present invention starting at 404. At 13 408 the packet type that is to be encrypted is specified. In accordance with certain 14 embodiments consistent with the present invention, the selected packet type may be packets containing data representing vertical and/or horizontal stripes in a video 16 frame. Packets are then examined at 412 to identify packets of the specified type.
17 At 416, the identified packets are duplicated and at 420 one set of these packets 18 is encrypted under a first encryption method. The other set of identified packets is 19 encrypted at 424 under a second encryption method. The originally identified packets are then replaced in the data stream with the two sets of encrypted 21 packets at 430 and the process ends at 436.
22 While the above embodiments describe encryption of packets containing the 23 selected data type, it is also possible to encrypt the raw data prior to packetizing 24 without departing from this invention and such encryption is considered equivalent thereto.
26 Those skilled in the art will recognize that the present invention has been 27 described in terms of exemplary embodiments based upon use of a programmed 28 processor (e.g., processor 118, processors implementing any or all of the elements 29 of 114 -or implementing any or all of the elements of 300). However, the invention Docket No.: SNY-S5065.01 -20- PATENT

1 should. not be so limited, since the present invention could be implemented using 2 hardware component equivalents such as special purpose hardware and/or 3 dedicated processors which are equivalents to the invention as described and 4 claimed. Similarly, general purpose computers, microprocessor based computers, micro-controllers, optical computers, analog computers, dedicated processors 6 and/or dedicated hard wired logic may be used to construct alternative equivalent 7 embodiments of the present invention.
8 Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the program steps and associated 9 data used to implement the embodiments described above can be implemented using disc storage as well as other forms of storage such as for example Read 11 Only Memory (ROM) devices, Random Access Memory (RAM) devices; optical 12 storage elements, magnetic storage elements, magneto-optical storage elements, 13 flash memory, core memory and/or other equivalent storage technologies without 14 departing from the present invention. Such alternative storage devices should be considered equivalents.
16 The present invention, as described in embodiments herein, is implemented 17 using a programmed processor executing programming instructions that are 18 broadly described above form that can be stored on any suitable electronic storage 19 medium or transmitted over any suitable electronic communication medium or otherwise be present in any computer readable or propagation medium. However, 21 those skilled in the art will appreciate that the processes described above can be 22 implemented in any number of variations and in many suitable programming 23 languages without departing from the present invention. For example, the order of 24 certain operations carried out can often be varied, additional operations can be added or operations can be deleted without departing from the invention. Error 26 trapping can be added and/or enhanced and variations can be made in user 27 interface and information presentation without departing from the present invention.
28 Such variations are contemplated and considered equivalent.
29 Software code and/or data embodying certain aspects of the present invention may be present in any computer readable medium, transmission Docket No.: SNY-55065.01 -21- PATENT

1 medium, storage medium or propagation medium including, but not limited to, 2 electronic storage devices such as those described above, as well as carrier 3 waves, electronic signals, data structures (e.g., trees, linked lists, tables, packets, 4 frames, etc.) optical signals, propagated signals, broadcast signals, transmission media (e.g., circuit connection, cable, twisted pair, fiber optic cables, waveguides, 6 antennas, etc.) and other media that stores, carries or passes the code and/or data.
7 Such media may either store the software code and/or data or serve to transport 8 the code and/or data from one location to another. In the present exemplary 9 embodiments, MPEG compliant packets, slices, tables and other data structures are used, but this should not be considered limiting since other data structures can 11 similarly be used without departing from the present invention.
12 While the invention has been described in conjunction with specific 13 embodiments, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications, permutations and 14 variations will become apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing description. Accordingly, it is intended that the present invention embrace all such 16 alternatives, modifications and variations as fall within the scope of the appended 17 claims.

Docket No_: SNY-55065.01 -22- PATENT

Claims

1. A method of partially dual encrypting a digital video signal, comprising:
examining unencrypted packets of data in the digital video signal to identify a specified packet type, the specified packet type comprising packets carrying data representing a pattern of horizontal stripes across an image;
encrypting packets identified as being of the specified packet type using a first encryption method to produce first encrypted packets;
encrypting the packets identified as being of the specified packet type using a second encryption method to produce second encrypted packets; and replacing the unencrypted packets of the specified packet type with the first encrypted packets and the second encrypted packets in the digital video signal to produce a partially dual encrypted video signal.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the horizontal stripes are encrypted by encryption of slice headers in the horizontal stripes.

3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the horizontal stripes are encrypted by encryption of slice headers plus a first macroblock in each slice of the horizontal stripes.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the horizontal stripes are encrypted by encryption of macroblocks containing intra-coded data in the horizontal stripes.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the horizontal stripes are encrypted by encryption of all macroblocks in the horizontal stripes.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the horizontal stripes are encrypted by encryption of a predefined pattern of macroblocks in the horizontal stripes.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the horizontal stripes are encrypted by encryption of a predefined pattern of packets in the horizontal stripes.

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the horizontal stripes are encrypted according to a binary array forming a slice mask, and wherein the binary array provides a code for encryption of slices within the image.

9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the horizontal stripes are encrypted by encryption of slice headers for slices coded for encryption.

10. The method according to claim 8, wherein the slices are encrypted by encryption of slice headers plus a first macroblock for slices coded for encryption.

11. The method according to claim 8, wherein the slices are encrypted by encryption of macroblocks containing intra-coded data for slices coded for encryption.

12. The method according to claim 8, wherein the horizontal stripes are encrypted by encryption of all macroblocks in the horizontal stripes.

13. The method according to claim 8, wherein the horizontal stripes are encrypted by encryption of a predefined pattern of macroblocks in the horizontal stripes.

14. The method according to claim 8, wherein the horizontal stripes are encrypted by encryption of a predefined pattern of packets in the horizontal stripes.

15. The method according to claim 1, wherein the pattern of horizontal stripes corresponds to odd numbered slices and even numbered slices on alternating video frames.

16. A computer readable medium storing instructions which, when executed on a programmed processor, carry out the method of encrypting a digital video signal according to claim 1.

17. The computer readable medium of claim 16, wherein the medium comprises an electronic storage medium.

18. A selective encryption encoder, comprising:
a packet identifier that identifies packets of a specified packet type, the specified packet type comprising packets carrying data representing a pattern of horizontal stripes across an image;
a packet duplicator that duplicates the identified packets to produce first and second sets of the identified packets;
means for sending and receiving packets to and from a primary encryption encoder to encrypt the first set of identified packets under a first encryption method;
a secondary encrypter for encrypting the second set of identified packets under a second encryption method.

19. The selective encryption encoder according to claim 18, wherein the horizontal stripes are encrypted by encryption of slice headers in the horizontal stripes.

20. The selective encryption encoder according to claim 19, wherein the horizontal stripes are encrypted by encryption of slice headers plus a first macroblock in each slice of the horizontal stripes.

21. The selective encryption encoder according to claim 18, wherein the horizontal stripes are encrypted by encryption of macroblocks containing intra-coded data in the horizontal stripes.

22. The selective encryption encoder according to claim 18, wherein the horizontal stripes are encrypted by encryption of all macroblocks in the horizontal stripes.

23. The selective encryption encoder according to claim 18, wherein the horizontal stripes are encrypted by encryption of a predefined pattern of macroblocks in the horizontal stripes.

24. The selective encryption encoder according to claim 18, wherein the horizontal stripes are encrypted by encryption of a predefined pattern of packets in the horizontal stripes.

25. The selective encryption encoder according to claim 18, wherein the horizontal stripes are encrypted according to a binary array forming a slice mask, and wherein the binary array provides a code for encryption of slices within the image.

26. The selective encryption encoder according to claim 25, wherein the binary array is 2-dimensional with one dimension representing the slice number, and other dimension representing either one of packets and macroblocks in each slice.

27. The selective encryption encoder according to claim 25, wherein the horizontal stripes are encrypted by encryption of slice headers for slices coded for encryption.

28. The selective encryption encoder according to claim 25, wherein the slices are encrypted by encryption of slice headers plus a first macroblock for slices coded for encryption.

29. The selective encryption encoder according to claim 25, wherein the slices are encrypted by encryption of macroblocks containing intra-coded data for slices coded for encryption.

30. The selective encryption encoder according to claim 18, wherein the pattern of horizontal stripes corresponds to odd numbered slices and even numbered slices on alternating video frames.

31. The selective encryption encoder according to claim 18, wherein the horizontal stripes are encrypted according to a two-dimensional binary array with one dimension representing a slice number, and other dimension representing either one of packets and macroblocks in each slice, and wherein the binary array provides a code for encryption of the packets or macroblocks comprising the slices within the image.

32. A method of partially dual encrypting a digital video signal, comprising:
examining unencrypted packets of data in the digital video signal to identify a specified packet type, the specified packet type comprising packets carrying data representing a pattern of vertical stripes across an image;
encrypting packets identified as being of the specified packet type using a first encryption method to produce first encrypted packets;
encrypting the packets identified as being of the specified packet type using a second encryption method to produce second encrypted packets; and replacing the unencrypted packets of the specified packet type with the first encrypted packets and the second encrypted packets in the digital video signal to produce a partially dual encrypted video signal.

33. The method according to claim 32, wherein the vertical stripes are encrypted by encryption of macroblocks containing intra-coded data in the vertical stripes.

34. The method according to claim 32, wherein the vertical stripes are encrypted according to a binary array forming a moat mask, and wherein the binary array provides a code for encryption of vertical stripes within the image.

35. The method according to claim 34, wherein the vertical stripes are encrypted by encryption of macroblocks containing intra-coded data within the vertical stripes coded for encryption.

36. A computer readable medium storing instructions which, when executed on a programmed processor, carry out the method of encrypting a digital video signal according to claim 32.

37. The computer readable medium of claim 36, wherein the medium comprises an electronic storage medium.

38. A selective encryption encoder, comprising:
a packet identifier that identifies packets of a specified packet type, the specified packet type comprising packets carrying data representing a pattern of vertical stripes across an image;
a packet duplicator that duplicates the identified packets to produce first and second sets of the identified packets;
means for sending and receiving packets to and from a primary encryption encoder to encrypt the first set of identified packets under a first encryption method;
a secondary encrypter for encrypting the second set of identified packets under a second encryption method.

39. The selective encryption encoder according to claim 38, wherein the vertical stripes are encrypted by encryption of macroblocks containing intra-coded data in the vertical stripes.

40. The selective encryption encoder according to claim 38, wherein the vertical stripes are encrypted according to a binary array forming a vertical moat mask, and wherein the binary array provides a code for encryption of vertical stripes within the image.

41. The selective encryption encoder according to claim 38, wherein the vertical stripes are encrypted by encryption of macroblocks containing intra-coded data for slices coded for encryption.

42. A method of partially dual encrypting a digital video signal, comprising:
examining unencrypted packets of data in the digital video signal to identify a specified packet type, the specified packet type comprising both packets carrying data representing a pattern of horizontal stripes across an image and packets carrying data representing a pattern of vertical stripes across the image;
encrypting packets identified as being of the specified packet type using a first encryption method to produce first encrypted packets;
encrypting the packets identified as being of the specified packet type using a second encryption method to produce second encrypted packets; and replacing the unencrypted packets of the specified packet type with the first encrypted packets and the second encrypted packets in the digital video signal to produce a partially dual encrypted video signal.

43. The method according to claim 42, wherein the horizontal stripes are encrypted by encryption of slice headers in the horizontal stripes.

44. The method according to claim 43, wherein the horizontal stripes are encrypted by encryption of slice headers plus a first macroblock in the horizontal stripes.

45. The method according to claim 42, wherein the horizontal stripes are encrypted by encryption of macroblocks containing intra-coded data in the horizontal stripes.

46. The method according to claim 42, wherein the horizontal stripes are encrypted according to a binary array forming a slice mask, and wherein the binary array provides a code for encryption of slices within the image.

47. The method according to claim 42, wherein the vertical stripes are encrypted by encryption of macroblocks containing intra-coded data in the vertical stripes.

48. The method according to claim 42, wherein the vertical stripes are encrypted according to a binary array forming a moat mask, and wherein the binary array provides a code for encryption of vertical stripes within the image.

49. The method according to claim 42, wherein the vertical stripes are encrypted by encryption of macroblocks containing intra-coded data within the vertical stripes coded for encryption.

50. The method according to claim 42, wherein the horizontal stripes are encrypted according to a two-dimensional binary array with one dimension representing a slice number, and other dimension representing either one of packets and macroblocks in each slice, and wherein the binary array provides a code for encryption of the packets or macroblocks comprising the slices within the image.

51. A computer readable medium storing instructions which, when executed on a programmed processor, carry out the method of encrypting a digital video signal according to claim 42.

52. The computer readable medium of claim 42, wherein the medium comprises one of an electronic storage medium and a carrier wave.

53. A selective encryption encoder, comprising:
a packet identifier that identifies packets of a specified packet type, the specified packet type comprising both packets carrying data representing a pattern of horizontal stripes across an image and packets carrying data representing a pattern of vertical stripes across the image;
a packet duplicator that duplicates the identified packets to produce first and second sets of the identified packets;
means for sending and receiving packets to and from a primary encryption encoder to encrypt the first set of identified packets under a first encryption method;
a secondary encrypter for encrypting the second set of identified packets under a second encryption method.

54. The selective encryption encoder according to claim 53, wherein the horizontal stripes are encrypted by encryption of slice headers in the horizontal stripes.

55. The selective encryption encoder according to claim 54, wherein the horizontal stripes are encrypted by encryption of slice headers plus a first macroblock in the horizontal stripes.

56. The selective encryption encoder according to claim 53, wherein the horizontal stripes are encrypted by encryption of macroblocks containing intra-coded data in the horizontal stripes.

57. The selective encryption encoder according to claim 53, wherein the horizontal stripes are encrypted according to a binary array forming a slice mask, and wherein the binary array provides a code for encryption of slices within the image.

58. The selective encryption encoder according to claim 53, wherein the vertical stripes are encrypted by encryption of macroblocks containing intra-coded data in the vertical stripes.

59. The selective encryption encoder according to claim 53, wherein the vertical stripes are encrypted according to a binary array forming a moat mask, and wherein the binary array provides a code for encryption of vertical stripes within the image.

60. The selective encryption encoder according to claim 53, wherein the vertical stripes are encrypted by encryption of macroblocks containing intra-coded data within the vertical stripes coded for encryption.

61. The selective encryption encoder according to claim 53, wherein the horizontal stripes are encrypted according to a two-dimensional binary array with one dimension representing a slice number, and other dimension representing either one of packets and macroblocks in each slice, and wherein the binary array provides a code for encryption of the packets or macroblocks comprising the slices within the image.