CA2688314A1 - Polymer films for medical device coating - Google Patents
Polymer films for medical device coating Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2688314A1 CA2688314A1 CA002688314A CA2688314A CA2688314A1 CA 2688314 A1 CA2688314 A1 CA 2688314A1 CA 002688314 A CA002688314 A CA 002688314A CA 2688314 A CA2688314 A CA 2688314A CA 2688314 A1 CA2688314 A1 CA 2688314A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- polymer
- substrate
- layer
- coating
- depositing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D1/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D1/02—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials performed by spraying
- B05D1/025—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials performed by spraying using gas close to its critical state
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/28—Materials for coating prostheses
- A61L27/34—Macromolecular materials
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L31/00—Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
- A61L31/08—Materials for coatings
- A61L31/10—Macromolecular materials
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D1/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D1/02—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials performed by spraying
- B05D1/04—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials performed by spraying involving the use of an electrostatic field
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2420/00—Materials or methods for coatings medical devices
- A61L2420/02—Methods for coating medical devices
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D2401/00—Form of the coating product, e.g. solution, water dispersion, powders or the like
- B05D2401/90—Form of the coating product, e.g. solution, water dispersion, powders or the like at least one component of the composition being in supercritical state or close to supercritical state
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D5/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures
- B05D5/08—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures to obtain an anti-friction or anti-adhesive surface
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D5/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures
- B05D5/08—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures to obtain an anti-friction or anti-adhesive surface
- B05D5/083—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures to obtain an anti-friction or anti-adhesive surface involving the use of fluoropolymers
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Vascular Medicine (AREA)
- Surgery (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Dermatology (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
- Transplantation (AREA)
- Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)
- Prostheses (AREA)
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
- Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)
- Paints Or Removers (AREA)
Abstract
A method for depositing a coating comprising a polymer and impermeable dispersed solid on a substrate, comprising the following steps: discharging at least one impermeable dispersed solid in dry powder form through a first orifice; discharging at least one polymer in dry powder form through a second orifice; depositing the polymer and/or impermeable dispersed solid particles onto said substrate, wherein an electrical potential is maintained between the substrate and the impermeable dispersed solid and/or polymer particles, thereby forming said coating; and sintering said coating under conditions that do not disrupt the activity and/or function of the substrate. A similar method is provided for depositing a coating comprising a hydrophobic polymer and a water-vapor-trapping material on a substrate.
Description
POLYMER FILMS FOR MEDICAL DEVICE COATING
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No.
60/940,365 filed May 25, 2007 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/979,375 filed October 11, 2007. The disclosure of these applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No.
60/940,365 filed May 25, 2007 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/979,375 filed October 11, 2007. The disclosure of these applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Medical devices often must be shielded from interacting with body fluids in vivo. For example, for devices that are electrical in nature, for example, such as pacemakers and other "active" implants for sensing, delivery of therapeutics and/or active control of various bodily functions should be protected.
[0003] One prevalent method used to provide this protection is to weld the device inside a titanium or other biocompatible metal "can." Another method to provide the shield necessary to protect a medical device from interaction with bodily fluids in vivo is polymer coating the device. Polymer coating such "active" implants has significant technical challenges and limitations which have made polymer coatings relatively unsuccessful as a means of sealing the devices.
[0004] For example, one limitation of traditional coating processes in providing a seal is that traditional polymer coating processes (e.g. dip, spray, etc.) all require the use of a solvent-based system. Exposing the device to a solvent causes problems in the device. Furthermore, there are inherent challenges with effective drying of solvent-based polymer coatings.
[0005] Solvent-less coating processes (e.g. vapor deposition, plasma deposition, dry powder coating, etc.) also have limitations in providing seals to acti.ve devices. Solvent-less coating processes all require very aggressive conditions that could damage the device - such as elevated temperatures to cure a dry powder coated device.
[0006] Additionally, for most current coating technologies, solvent-based and solvent-less, it is often difficult to achieve coatings of uniform thicknesses and prevent the occurrence of defects (e.g. bare spots, webs, pools, clumps). As the size of the substrate decreases, and as the mechanical complexity increases, it grows increasingly difficult to uniformly coat all surfaces of a substrate.
Supplemental steps, therefore, are sometimes necessary to assure proper coating, including, for example, multiple coating steps and/or drying between or after the coating steps (in solvent-based systems).
Supplemental steps, therefore, are sometimes necessary to assure proper coating, including, for example, multiple coating steps and/or drying between or after the coating steps (in solvent-based systems).
[0007] Conventional polymer films likewise have limitations in providing a seal. Conventional polymer films are known to be quite ineffective barriers to the transport of gaseous materials. While this is especially true of small molecule gases, the problem extends to providing a barrier to water vapors and other gases that could deleteriously effect an electrical biomedical implant.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] A cost-effective, easy to apply polymer-based coatings and coating methods to seal a substrate, where the collection process on the substrate is efficient, the coating produced is conformal, substantially defect-free and uniform, and the composition of the coating can be regulated and controlled is provided herein. The method and coatings provide a seal which is impermeable and/or imperveous to gas and/or fluid. The seal can be applied to a variety of substrates, including, but not limited to, implantable medical devices that are electrical in nature such as pacemakers and other "active" implants, which can shield the substrates from interacting with body fluids in vivo.
[0009] The present invention relates to coatings and methods for depositing a coating comprising a polymer and a impermeable dispersed solid onto a substrate. Provided herein are novel, easy to apply, polymer-based coatings and coating methods to seal and, thereby, shield, for example, medical devices that are electrical in nature such as pacemakers and other "active" implants from interacting with body fluids in vivo in a manner that disrupts the substrate's (e.g. active medical device's) intended funetions and/or proper functioning, if any, or in a manner that has unintended consequences within and/or to the patient. Provided herein are novel, easy to apply, polymer-based coatings and coating methods to seal, for example, irnplantable medical devices that are electrical in nature such as pacemakers and other "active" implants and, thereby, shield the body from degradation products, leachants, and extractables from the medical device. The coatings and methods provided herein result in a collection process on the substrate that is efficient, a conformal, substantially defect-free, and uniform coating, and a regulatable and controllable coating composition. The coating structures and methods provided herein not only avoid the problems of polymer coatings (solvent-based, and solvent-less), but they also improve the barrier properties of polymer films for use as a seal upon, for example, biologically implanted devices.
100101 Provided herein is a method for electrostatic capture of polymer particles upon a substrate followed by sintering of these particles by exposure to compressed gasses. The coating methods used, including e-RESS, e-SEDS, and/or eDPC are free from elevated temperatures, solvent exposure, plasma environments, and other challenges associated with traditional polymer coating methods.
[0011] In some embodiments, a coating comprising electrostatically captured polymer particles (generated by eRESS, eSEDS or eDPC) with either concurrent or sequential captured impermeable particles (by eDPC, eRESS, eSEDS) on a medical implant substrate. A method is also provided for electrostatically captnring polymer particles (generated by eRESS, eSEDS or eDPC) with either concurrent or sequential capturing impermeable particles (by eDPC, eRESS, eSEDS) on a medical implant substrate. Following electrostatic capture of the impermeable particles and the polymer, the method comprises sintering the medical implant substrate with a compressed gas at conditions adequate to cause flow of the polymer particles into a continuous film on the substrate.
[0012] The polymers that could be used in the coatings or methods provided herein are all solution or thermally processible polymers (e.g. acrylates, olefins, fluoropolymers, urethanes, etc.). For example, a polymer (or polymers) could be used with known biocompatibility and high resistance to chemical degradation such as polymers of fluorinated olefins. The impermeable particles that could be used in this coating method includes all inorganic particles that can be obtained in the micron and/or sub-micron size range (for example, various compositions of clay, metal-oxides, ceramics, etc.) [0013] In one embodiment, a polymer coating is sufficient to provide the requisite sealing properties. In another embodiment, the coating would contain a polymer continuous phase with particles embedded therein.
The existence and distribution of the particles cases an increase in the barrier properties of the film to small molecules and gases by blocking diffusion pathways.
[0014] In some embodiments, the surface of the particles is chemically modified to provide great r dispersion and incorporation into the polymer film. In some embodiments of the method for coating, the Tnethod comprises chemically modifying the surface of the particles to provide greater dispersion and incorporation into the polymer film. For example in the case of a highly polar particle (e.g. clay, Si02, Ti02, etc.) in a highly non-polar polymer (e.g. polymeric fluorinated olefins), the process comprises binding or bonding a non-polar chemistry to the surface of the particle prior to incorporation into the powder-coating and sintering process.
[0015] Also, provided herein are stacked polymer films with an intervening impermeable layer which could provide similar protection for sensitive devices in vivo without the difficulty associated with welding metal cans around the device. In some embodiments, polymers to be used in the processes and in the coatings provided herein are inherently hydrophobic, thereby greatly reducing the likelihood of penetration of biological fluids.
For exasnple, fluoropolymers as a class yield high surface energy surfaces that meet this requirement. However, surfaces created from such polymers in some cases act as membranes through which water vapor transport can occur. Thus, in some embodiments, a second layer that can trap any water vapor that might permeate the fluoropolymer membrane is provided. In some embodiments, the method comprises depositing a hydrophilic polymer layer such as a silicon based polymer over the initial fluoropolymer layer. Silicon based polymers can be designed to possess differing degrees of hydrophilicity and therefore trap any water vapor that might permeate the fluoropolymer layer membrane. In some embodiments, the silicon-based polymer is reduced to native silicon and metallized with titanium. In some embodiments, a third layer of fluoropolymer is deposited to encapsulate the silicon based polymer layer between the fluropolymer layers.
In some embodiments, the coating comprises multiple alternating layers of fluoropolymers and silicon based polymers. In some embodiments, the method comprises alternating multiple layers of the silicon based polymer and the fluropolymer.
[0016] In some embodiments, the coating is designed to remain impermeable and/or impervious to gas and/or fluid for at least as long as the expected Hfe span (e.g., period of time inside a subjects body) of the device and/or substrate it coats.
[0017] One aspect of the invention provides methods for depositing a coating comprising a polymer and impermeable dispersed solid on a substrate, comprising discharging at least one impermeable dispersed solid in dry powder form through a first orifice; discharging at least one polymer in dry powder form through a second orifice; depositing the polymer and/or impermeable dispersed solids onto said substrate, wherein an electrical potential is maintained between the substrate and the impermeable dispersed solid and/or polymer particles, thereby forming said coating; and sintering said coating under conditions that do not substantially affect the substrate. In some embodiments, the impermeable dispersed solid is dispersed uniformly on all exposed surfaces of the substrate. In some embodiments, the impermeable dispersed solid is impermeable and/or impervious to gas. In some embodiments, the impermeable dispersed solid is impermeable and/or impervious to fluid. In some embodiments, the impermeable dispersed solid is impermeable and/or impervious to biological material.
(0018] In some embodiments, the impenmeable dispersed solid comprises nanoparticles, such as, for example, a polyurethane adhesive nanocomposite (organically modified tnontmorillonite and polyurethane). In some embodiments, the oxygen transmission rate across the coating is at most about 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70%. In some embodiments the water vapor permeation through the coating is at most about 1%, 5%, 10 /a, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70%. In referring to transmission rate or permeation, "about" refers to variations of.01%to .1%, or i%to 5%.
[0019] Although the size, resistivity and moisture content of the polymer and impermeable dispersed solid may vary widely based on the conditions used, desired particle sizes are typically in the range of 0.01 m - 2500 lun, and more preferably in the range of 0.01 m - 100 m, resistivity is typically in the range of from about i 06bZm to about 102492an and moisture content is less than 5% by weight. In one embodiment of the invention the molecular weight range of the polymer is from about 5,000 a.u. to about 100,000 a.u.
[0020] In other embodiments, the first and second orifices are provided as one single orifice wherein the impermeable dispersed solid and polymer may be mixed together prior to discharging. In yet other embodiments the impermeable dispersed solid and polymer particles may be discharged simultaneously or in succession. In another embodiment of the invention the method further comprises discharging a third dry powder comprising a second impermeable dispersed solid whereby a coating comprising at least two difl'erent impermeable dispersed solids is deposited on said substrate. In certain other embodiments of the invention the impermeable dispersed solid is prepared by milling, jet-milling, granulation, spray drying, crystallizing or fluidizing.
[0021] In a further embodiment the impermeable dispersed solid and/or the polymer becomes electrostatically charged prior to deposition, and the substrate may be electrically grounded.
In a preferred embodiment, the substrate is electrostatically charged. In some embodiments the polymer and impermeable dispersed solid are discharged using a gas based propellant, which typically comprises carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, helium, nitrogen, compressed air, argon, or volatile hydrocarbons with a vapor pressure greater than 750 Torr at 20oC, and is preferably carbon dioxide.
[0022] In one embodiment of the invention the irnpermeable dispersed solid comprises at least one drug. In another embodiment of the invention the ratio of impermeable dispersed solid to polymer is from about 1:1000 to about 3: 10. In some embodiments, the amount of impermeable dispersed solid will depend on the particular dispersed solid being employed, the type of substrate, and the medical condition being treated.
[0023] Yet another aspect of the invention provides methods for depositing a coating comprising a polymer and a impermeable dispersed solid on a substrate, comprising discharging at least one impermeable dispersed solid in a therapeutically desirable morphology in dry powder form through a first orifice; forming a supercritical or near supercritical fluid mixture that includes at least one supercritical fluid solvent and at least one polymer and discharging said supercritical or near supereritical fluid solution through a second orifice under conditions sufficient to form solid particles of the polymer; depositing the polymer and/or impermeable dispersed solids onto said substrate, wherein an electrical potential is maintained between the substrate and the impermeable dispersed solids and/or polymer particles, thereby forming said coating and sintering said coating under conditions that do not substantially disrupt the substrate's (e.g. active medical device's) intended functions and proper functioning, if any, or that have unintended consequences within and/or to the patient once implanted.
[0024] Each of the above methods may be carried out from about 0 C to about 80 C and from about 0.1 atmospheres to about 73 atmospheres, in either open or closed vessel. In some embodiments, the substrate is a biomedical implant which may be a. a stent (e.g., vascular stents), electrode, catheter, lead, implantable pacemaker, implantable cardioverter, a housing for an implantable pacemaker, a housing for an implantable defibrillator, a housing for an implantable cardioverter, sensor, drug delivery device, therapy delivery device, device comprising telemetry capability, device comprising electrical impulses, diagnostic device, measurement device, joint, screw, rod, ophthalmic implant, femoral pin, bone plate, graft, anastomotic device, perivascular wrap, suture, staple, shuntsfor hydrocephalus, dialysis graft, colostomy bag attachment device, ear drainage tube, lead for pace makers and implantable cardioverters and defibrillators, vertebral disk, bone pin, suture anchor, hemostatic barrier, clamp, screws, plate, clip, vascular implant, tissue adhesive, sealant, tissue scaffolds, shunts, opthalmic implant, prosthetic, shunt, urologic implant, reproductive anatomy device, gastrologic device, neurologic lead, neurologic device, various types of dressings (e.g., wound dressings), bone substitutes, intraluminal devices, and vascular supports.
[0025] In some embodiments of the invention the thickness of said coating is from about 1 to about 100 m, preferably about l0 m, and the variation in the thickness along said coating is within 0.5pun, within 0.25 m, within 0.1 m or within 10% of the total thickness of said coating, within 5%
of the total thickness of said coating, or within 2.5% of the total thickness of said coating. In yet other embodiments, the impermeable dispersed solid is positioned at a selected distance from top of said coating.
In further embodiments, the impermeable dispersed solid is positioned at about midway between the top of said coating and the substrate surface. In other embodiments of the invention the variability in the amount of impermeable dispersed solid deposited on said substrate is 20% or less, 15% or less, 10% or less, 5% or less, for a batch of substrates coated at the same time. Preferably the variability is 5% or less.
[0026] In yet other embodiments of the invention, the methods further comprise depositing a top layer on said coating wherein said top layer is a polymer film. In some embodiments, the polymer film has a thickness of 0.5 to 10 microns, and can be deposited by an eRESS or eSEDS, or a eDPC process.
In yet other embodiments, the polymer film is formed by depositing a single polymer and for example by depositing substantially pure PBMA.
[0027] The invention further relates to the use of a supercritical solution comprising a second fluid in its supercritical state.
100281 In some embodiments, the addition of a second fluid in its supercritical state is to act as a flammability suppressor. In other embodiments, a second fluid is used, wherein said second fluid has critical parameters lower than the first fluid's critical parameters, and therefore lowers the critical properties of the mixture/solution enabling access to the mixture supercritical state.
100291 In some embodiments the supercritical solution comprises isobutylene.
In other embodiments, the supercritical fluid comprises isobutylene and carbon dioxide as a second fluid.
[0030] Other embodiments of the invention provide a way to dissolve two polymers in a supercritical solvent.
In some embodiments said two polymers are PEVA and PBMA. In other embodiments, a supercritical solution comprising two polymers is used to create a RESS spray of the polymers generating -10 to 100 nm particles of each polymer. In further embodiments, PEVA and PBMA are dissolved in a supercritical solvent that further comprises CO2 to act as a fire suppressor in the event of an ignition source causing a fire.
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
[0031] All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein iztcorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0032] The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended Claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:
[0033] Figure 1. Schematic Representation of the Coating and Sintering Process Apparatus.
[0034] Figure 2. Detailed images of the Coating and Sintering Process Apparatus.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0035] The present invention is explained in greater detail below. This description is not intended to be a detailed catalog of all the different ways in which the invention may be implemented, or all the features that may be added to the instant invention. For example, features illustrated with respect to one embodiment may be incorporated into other embodiments, and features illustrated with respect to a particular embodiment may be deleted from that embodiment. In addition, numerous variations and additions to the various ernbodiments suggested herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the instant disclosure, which do not depart from the instant invention. Hence, the following specification is intended to illustrate some particular embodiments of the invention, and not to exhaustively specify all permutations, combinations and variations thereof.
100361 Applicants specifically intend that all United States patent references cited herein be incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[0037] The present invention relates to coatings and methods for depositing a coating comprising a polymer and a impermeable dispersed solid onto a substrate. Provided herein are novel, easy to apply, polymer-based coatings and coating methods to seal and, thereby, shield, for example, implantable medical devices that are electrical in nature such as pacemakers and other "active" implants from interacting with body fluids in vivo in a manner that disrupts the medical device's intended functions and proper functioning, or in a manner that has unintended consequences within and/or to the patient. Provided herein are novel, easy to apply, polymer-based coatings and coating methods to seal, for example, implantable medical devices that are electrical in nature such as pacemakers and other "active" implants and, thereby, shield the body from degradation products, leachants, extractables from the medical device. The coatings and methods provided herein result in a collection process on the substrate that is an efficient, conformal, substantially defect-free, and uniform coating, and a regulatable and controllable coating composition. The coating structures and methods provided herein not only avoid the problems of polymer coatings (solvent-based, and solvent-less), but they also improve the barrier properties of polymer films for use as a seal upon, for example, biologically implanted devices.
[0038] Provided herein is a composite material coating containing polymer to provide increased barrier properties for gases such as water vapor, and method of creating such coating.
[0039] Provided herein is a composite material coating containing polymer plus a irnpermeable dispersed solid to provide increased barrier properties for gases such as water vapor, and method of creating such coating.
[0040] Provided herein is the a method for electrostatic capture of polymer particles upon a substrate followed by sintering of these particles by exposure to compressed gasses. The coating methods used, including e-RESS, c-SEDS, and/or eDPC are free from elevated temperatures, solvent exposure, plasma environments, and other challenges associated with traditional polymer coating methods.
[0041] In some embodiments, a coating comprising electrostatically captured polymer particles (generated by eRESS, eSEDS or eDPC) alone or optionally with either concurrent or sequential captured impermeable particles (by eDPC, eRESS, eSEDS) on a medical implant substrate. A method is also provided for electrostatically capturing polymer particles (generated by eRESS, eSEDS or eDPC) alone or with either concurrent or sequential capturing impermeable particles (by eDPC, eRESS, eSEDS) on a medical implant substrate. Following electrostatic capture of the polymer and optionally impermeable particles, the method comprises sintering the medical implant substrate with a compressed gas at conditions adequate to cause flow of the polymer particles into a continuous film on the substrate.
[0042] The polymers that could be used in the coatings or methods provided herein are all solution or thermally processible polymers (e.g. acrylates, olefins, fluoropolymers, urethanes, etc.). For example, a polymer (or polymers) could be used with known biocompatibility and high resistance to chemical degradation such as polymers of fluorinated olefins. The impermeable particles that could be used in this coating method includes all inorganic particles that can be obtained in the micron and/or sub-micron size range. For example various compositions of clay, metal-oxides, ceramics, etc.
[0043] The resulting film would contain a polymer continuous phase optionally with particles embedded therein. The existence and distribution of the particles causes an increase in the barrier properties of the film to small molecules and gases by blocking diffusion pathways.
[0044] In some embodiments of the coating, the surface of the particles is chemically modified to provide greater dispersion and incorporation into the polymer film. In some embodiments of the method for coating, the method comprises chemically modifying the surface of the particles to provide greater dispersion and incorporation into the polymer film. For example in the case of a highly polar particle (e.g. clay, Si02, Ti02, etc.) in a highly non-polar polymer (e.g. polymeric fluorinated olefins), the process comprises binding or bonding a non-polar chemistry to the surface of the particle prior to incorporation into the powder-coating and sintering process.
[0045] Provided herein are stacked polymer films with an intervening impermeable layer which could provide similar protection for sensitive devices in vivo without the difficulty associated with welding metal cans around the device. In some embodiments, polymers to be used in the processes and in the coatings provided herein are inherently hydrophobic, thereby greatly reducing the likelihood of penetration of biological fluids. For example, fluoropolymers as a class yield high surface energy surfaces that meet this requirement. However, surfaces created from such polymers in some cases act as membranes through which water vapor transport can occur.
Thus, in some embodiments, a second layer that can trap any water vapor that might permeate the fluoropolymer membrane is provided. In some embodiments, the method comprises depositing a hydrophilic polymer layer such as a silicon based polymer over the initial fluoropolymer layer. Silicon based polymers can be designed to possess differing degrees of hydrophilicity and therefore trap any water vapor that might permeate the fluoropolymer layer membrane. In some embodiments, the silicon-based polymer is reduced to native silicon and metallized with titanium.
[0046] In some embodiments, a highly absorbent material is used as the water-vapor trapping material. In some embodiments, the highly absorbent material comprises a hydrophilic polymer. In some embodiments, highly absorbent material comprises a superabsorbent polymer.
[0047] In some embodiments, a third layer of fluoropolymer is deposited to encapsulate the silicon based polymer layer between the fluropolymer layers. In some embodiments, the coating comprises multiple altemating layers of fluoropolymers and silicon based polymers. In some embodiments, the method comprises alternating multiple layers of the silicon based polymer and the fluropolymer.
[0048] In some embodiments, the coating is designed to remain ixnpermeable for at least as long as the expected life span of the device and/or substrate it coats.
[0049] One aspect of the invention provides methods for depositing a coating comprising a polymer and ixnpermeable dispersed solid on a substrate, comprising discharging at least one impermeable dispersed solid in dry powder form through a first orifice; discharging at least one polymer in dry powder form through a second orifice; depositing the polymer and/or impermeable dispersed solids onto said substrate, wherein an electrical potential is maintained between the substrate and the impermeable dispersed solid and/or polymer particles, thereby forming said coating; and sintering said coating under conditions that do not substantially affect the substrate. In some embodiments, the impermeable dispersed solid is dispersed uniformly on all exposed surfaces of the substrate.
[0050] In some embodiments, the impermeable dispersed solid comprises a nanoparticle, such as, for example, a polyurethane adhesive nanocomposite (organically modified montmorillonite and polyurethane). In some embodiments, the oxygen transmission rate across the coating is at most about 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70%. In some embodiments the water vapor permeation through the coating is at most about 1%, 5%, l0o/a, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70%. In referring to transmission rate or permeation, "about" refers to variations of .01 % to . I%, or 1% to 5%.
(0051] ln some embodiments, the impermeable dispersed solid comprises a nanoparticle that is impervious to small particle transport. In some embodiments, the nanoparticle comprises at least one of a ceramic and a metal.
In some embodiments, the nanoparticle comprises clay. In some embodiments the nanoparticle comprises silica.
In some embodiments, the nanoparticle comprises titanium oxide. In some embodiments, the nanoparticle does not include nickel. In some embodiments, the nanoparticle does not include copper. In some embodiments, the small particle transmission rate across the coating is at most about 0.001%, 0.0 1 %, 0.1%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70%. In some embodiments, the oxygen transmission rate across the coating is at most about 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70%. In some embodiments the water vapor permeation through the coating is at most about 0.001%, 0.01 %, 0.1%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70%. In referring to transmission rate or permeation, "about" refers to variations of.001%
to.01%,0.01%to0.1%,or1%to5%.
[0052] Although the size, resistivity and moisture content of the polymer and impermeable dispersed solid may vary widely based on the conditions used, desired particle sizes are typically in the range of 0.01 m - 2500 Ji.m, and more preferably in the range of 0.01 pzn - 100 m, resistivity is typically in the range of from about 10692m to about 1024SZzn and rnoisture content is less than 5% by weight. In one embodiment of the invention the molecular weight range of the polymer is from about 5,000 a.u. to about 100,000 a.u.
[0053] In other embodiments, the first and second orifices are provided as one single orifice wherein the impermeable dispersed solid and polymer may be mixed together prior to discharging. In yet other embodiments the impermeable dispersed solid and polymer particles may be discharged simultaneously or in succession. In another embodiment of the invention the metbod further comprises discharging a third dry powder comprising a second impermeable dispersed solid whereby a coating comprising at least two different impermeable dispersed solids is deposited on said substrate. In certain other embodiments of the invention the impermeable dispersed solid is prepared by milling, jet-milling, granulation, spray drying, crystallizing or fluidizing.
[0054] In a further embodiment the impermeable dispersed solid and/or the polymer becomes electrostatically charged prior to deposition, and the substrate may be electrically grounded.
In a preferred embodiment, the substrate is electrostatically charged. In some embodiments the polymer and impermeable dispersed solid are discharged using a gas based propellant, which typically comprises carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, helium, nitrogen, compressed air, argon, or volatile hydrocarbons with a vapor pressure greater than 750 Torr at 20oC, and is preferably carbon dioxide.
[0055] In one embodiinent of the invention the impermeable dispersed solid comprises at least one drug. In another embodiment of the invention the ratio of impermeable dispersed solid to polymer is from about 1:1000 to about 3:10. In some embodiments, the amount of impermeable dispersed solid will depend on the particular dispersed solid being employed, the type of substrate, and the medical condition being treated.
[0056] Yet another aspect of the invention provides methods for depositing a coating comprising a polymer and a impermeable dispersed solid on a substrate, comprising discharging at least one a impermeable dispersed solid in a therapeutically desirable morphology in dry powder form through a first orifice; forming a supercritical or near supercritical fluid mixture that includes at least one supercritical fluid solvent and at least one polymer and discharging said supercritical or near supercritical fluid solution through a second orifice under conditions sufficient to form solid particles of the polymer; depositing the polymer and/or impermeable dispersed solids onto said substrate, wherein an electrical potential is maintained between the substrate and the impermeable dispersed solids and/or polymer particles, thereby forming said coating and sintering said coating under conditions that do not substantially disrupt the substrate's (e.g. implantable active medical device's) intended functions and proper functioning, if any, or that have unintended consequences within and/or to the patient once implanted.
[0057] Each of the above methods may be carried out from about 0 C to about 80 C and from about 0.1 atmospheres to about 73 atmospheres, in either open or closed vessel. In some embodiments, the substrate is a stent (e.g., vascular stents), electrode, catheter, lead, implantable pacemaker, implantable cardioverter, a housing for an implantable pacemaker, a housing for an implantable defibrillator, a housing for an implantable cardioverter, sensor, drug delivery device, therapy delivery device, device comprising telemetry capability, device comprising electrical impulses, diagnostic device, measurement device, joint, screw, rod, ophthalmic implant, femoral pin, bone plate, graft, anastomotic device, perivascular wrap, suture, staple, shuntsfor hydrocephalus, dialysis graft, colostomy bag attachment device, ear drainage tube, lead for pace makers and implantable cardioverters and defibrillators, vertebral disk, bone pin, suture anchor, hemostatic barrier, clamp, screws, plate, clip, vascular implant, tissue adhesive, sealant, tissue scaffolds, shunts, opthalmic implant, prosthetic, shunt, urologic implant, reproductive anatomy device, gastrologic device, neurologic lead, neurologic device, various types of dressings (e.g., wound dressings), bone substitutes, intraluminal devices, and vascular supports..
[0058] In some emboditnents of the invention the thickness of said coating is from about 1 to about 100 m, preferably about l0 m, and the variation in the thickness along said coating is within 0.5 m, within 0.25 m, within 0.1 m or within 10% of the total thickness of said coating, within 5%
of the total thickness of said coating, or within 2.5% of the total thickness of said coating. In yet other embodiments, the impermeable dispersed solid is positioned at a selected distance from top of said coating.
In further embodiments, the impermeable dispersed solid is positioned at about midway between the top of said coating and the substrate surface. In other embodiments of the invention the variability in the amount of impermeable dispersed solid deposited on said substrate is 20% or less, 15% or less, 10% or less, 5% or less, for a batcb of substrates coated at the same time. Preferably the variability is 5% or less.
[0059] In yet other embodiments of the invention, the methods further comprise depositing a top layer on said coating wherein said top layer is a polymer film. In some embodiments, the polymer film has a thickness of 0.5 to 10 microns, and can be deposited by an eRESS or eSEDS, or a eDPC process.
In yet other embodiments, the polymer film is formed by depositing a single polymer and can be formed by depositing substantially pure PBMA.
[0060] The invention further relates to the use of a supercritical solution comprising a second fluid in its supercritical state.
[00611 In some embodiments, the addition of a second fluid in its supercritical state is to act as a flammability suppressor. In other embodiments, a second fluid is used, wherein said second fluid has critical paranneters lower than the first fluid's critical parameters, and therefore lowers the critical properties of the mixture/solution enabling access to the mixture supercritical state.
[0062] In some embodiments the supercritical solution comprises isobutylene.
In other embodiments, the supercritical fluid comprises isobutylene and carbon dioxide as a second fluid.
[0063] Other embodiments of the invention provide a way to dissolve two polymers in a supercritical solvent.
In some embodiments said two polymers are PEVA and PBMA. In other embodiments, a supercritical solution comprising two polymers is used to create a RESS spray of the polymers generating - 10 to 100 nm particles of each polymer. In further embodiments, PEVA and PBMA are dissolved in a supercritical solvent that further comprises COZ to act as a fire suppressor in the event of an ignition source causing a fire.
[0064] One aspect of the invention entails the deposition of the a impermeable dispersed solid as dry powders, using electrostatic capture to attract the powder particles to the substrate.
Dry powder spraying is well known in the art, and dry powder spraying coupled with electrostatic capture has been described, for example in US
Patents 5,470,603 6,319,541 or 6,372,246. The deposition of the polymer can be performed in any number of standard procedures, as the morphology of the polymer, so long as it provides coatings possessing the desired properties (e.g. thickness, confornnity, defect-free, uniformity), and are free from elevated temperatures, solvent exposure, plasma environments, and other challenges associated with traditional polymer coating methods.
[0065] The second step of the coating process involves taking the substrates that have been coated with impermeable dispersed solids and polymers and subjecting them to a sintering process that takes place under conditions free from elevated temperatures, solvent exposure, plasma environments, and other challenges associated with traditional polymer coating methods. The sintering process as used in the current invention refers to the process by which the co-deposited impermeable dispersed solid -polymer matrix become fused and adherent to the substrate by treatment of the coated substrate with a compressed gas, compressed liquid, or supercritical fluid that is a non-solvent for the polymers and the impermeable dispersed solid(s), but a plasticizing agent for the polymer. The sintering process takes place under conditions (e.g, mild temperatures), and using benign fluids (e.g. supercritical carbon dioxide) which will not affect the active substrate or its subsequent function, if any.
[0066] One aspect of the invention is the combination of two or more of the e-DPC, e-RESS and e-SEDS
spraying techniques.
[0067] A specific aspect of the invention involves the dry powder spraying of impermeable dispersed solid, in a preferred particle size, into the same capture vessel as a polymer that is also dry powder sprayed, whereby the spraying of the impermeable dispersed solid and the polymer is sequential or simultaneous.
[0068] In some embodiments, the invention involves the e-DPC spraying of the impermeable dispersed solid, into the same capture vessel as a polymer that is sequentially or simultaneously sprayed by the eRESS spray process. In some embodiments, the invention involves the e-DPC spraying of the impermeable dispersed solid, into the same capture vessel as a polyxner that is sequentially or simultaneously sprayed by the eSEDS spray process. In some embodiments, the invention involves the e-DPC spraying of the impermeable dispersed solid, into the same capture vessel as a polymer that is sequentially or simultaneously sprayed by the eDPC spray process.
100691 In some embodiments, the invention involves the e-RESS spraying of the impermeable dispersed solid, into the same capture vessel as a polymer that is sequentially or simultaneously sprayed by the eRESS spray process. In some embodiments, the invention involves the e-RESS spraying of the impermeable dispersed solid, into the same capture vessel as a polymer that is sequentially or simultaneously sprayed by the eSEDS spray process. In some embodiments, the invention involves the e-RESS spraying of the impermeable dispersed solid, into the same capture vessel as a polymer that is sequentially or simultaneously sprayed by the eDPC spray process.
[0070] In some embodiments, the invention involves the e-SEDS spraying of the impermeable dispersed solid, into the same capture vessel as a polymer that is sequentially or simultaueously sprayed by the eRESS spray process. In some embodiments, the invention involves the e-SEDS spraying of the impermeable dispersed solid, into the same capture vessel as a polymer that is sequentially or simultaneously sprayed by the eSEDS spray process. In some embodiments, the invention involves the e-SEDS spraying of the impermeable dispersed solid, into the same capture vessel as a polymer that is sequentially or simultaneously sprayed by the eDPC spray process.
[00711 Any combination of the above processes is contemplated by this aspect of the invention.
[00721 In further aspects of the invention the substrates that have been coated with impermeabie dispersed solid and polymers, as described in the above embodiments are then subjected to a sintering process. The sintering process takes place under conditions free from elevated temperatures, solvent exposure, plasma environments, and other challenges associated with traditional polymer coating methods, and refers to a process by which the co-deposited impermeable dispersed solid-polymer matrix, becomes fused and adherent to the substrate. This is achieved by treating the coated substrate with a compressed gas, compressed liquid or supercritical fluid that is a non-solvent for the polymers, the iznpermeable dispersed solids, but a plasticizing agent for the polymer. The sintering process takes place under conditions (e.g. mild temperatures), and using benign fluids (e.g. supercritical carbon dioxide) which will not affect the active substrate or its subsequent function, if any. Other sintering processes, which do not affect the active substrate or its subsequent function, if any may also be contemplated by the present invention.
Definitions [00731 As used in the present specification, the following words and phrases are generally intended to have the meanings as set forth below, except to the extent that the context in which they are used indicates otherwise.
[00741 "Substrate" as used herein, refers to any surface upon which it is desirable to deposit a coating comprising a polymer or a mix of polymer with or without impermeable dispersed solid, or hydrophobic polymers and a water-vapor-trapping material, wherein the coating process does not substantially disrupt the substrate's (e.g. implantable active medical device's) intended functions and/or proper functioning, if any, or in a manner that has unintended consequences within and/or to the patient.
Biomedical implants are of particular interest for the present invention; however the present invention is not intended to be restricted to this class of substrates. Those of skill in the art will appreciate alternate substrates that could benefit from the coating process described herein, such as temporary implantable devices, diagnostic tests or kits.
[00751 "Biomedical implant" as used herein refers to any implant for insertion into the body of a human or animal subject, including but not limited to a stent (e.g., vascular stents), electrode, catheter, lead, inmplantable pacemaker, implantable cardioverter, a housing for an implantable pacemaker, a housing for an implantable defibrillator, a housing for an implantable cardioverter, sensor, drug delivery device, therapy delivery device, device comprising telemetry capability, device comprising electrical impulses, diagnostic device, measurement device, joint, screw, rod, ophthalmic implant, femoral pin, bone plate, graft, anastomotic device, perivascular wrap, suture, staple, shuntsfor hydrocephalus, dialysis graft, colostomy bag attachment device, ear drainage tube, lead for pace makers and implantable cardioverters and defibrillators, vertebral disk, bone pin, suture anchor, hemostatic barrier, clamp, screws, plate, clip, vascular implant, tissue adhesive, sealant, tissue scaffolds, shunts, opthahnic implant, prosthetic, shunt, urologic implant, reproductive anatomy device, gastrologic device, neurologic lead, neurologic device, various types of dressings (e.g., wound dressings), bone substitutes, intraluminal devices, and vascular supports, etc.
[00761 The implants may be formed from any suitable material, including but not limited to organic polymers (including stable or inert polymers and biodegradable polymers), metals, inorganic materials such as silicon, and composites thereof, including layered structures with a core of one material and one or more coatings of a different material.
[0077] Subjects into which biomedical implants of the invention may be applied or inserted include both human subjects (including male and female subjects and infant, juvenile, adolescent, adult and geriatric subjects) as weil as animal subjects (including but not limited to dog, cat, horse, monkey, etc.) for veterinary purposes.
[0078] In a preferred embodiment the biomedical implant is an implantable pacemaker, cardioverter or defibrillator, or another active device or any implantable (permanent or temporary) device requiring sealing to prevent gas or fluid permeation.
[0079] "Active" or "Active medical device" as used herein refers to medical devices that are electrical in nature, such as pacemakers and other medical devices for sensing, delivery of therapeutics and/or active control of various bodily functions.
[0080] "Medical device" as used herein can refer to biological implants as defined herein active or inactive. A
medical device may be permanently implantable, temporarily implantable, entirely implantable (such as, for example, an implantable defibrillator), partially implantable (such as, for example, a sensing drainage catheter) and/or can refer to devices used on or in a patient during a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure, including during an invasive surgery or during a minimally invasive surgery. A medical device includes any instrument, apparatus, appliance, material or other article, whether used alone or in combination, including any software necessary for its proper application intended by the manufacturer to be used for human beings for the purpose of:
diagnosis, prevention, monitoring, treatment or alleviation of disease, alleviation of pain, diagnosis, monitoring, treatment, alleviation of or compensation for an injury or handicap, investigation, replacement or modification of the anatomy or of a physiological process, control of conception, and which does not achieve its principal intended action in or on the human body by pharmacological, immunological or metabolic means, but which may be assisted in its function by such means. For example, an insulin pump implanted in a diabetic person which dispenses insulin stored in the pump into the patient's blood based upon glucose levels sensed by the pump is a medical device (and is an active medical device and a biological implant).
[0081] "Biological material" as used herein can refer a biological material in gas or fluid state including small solid particles.
[0082] "Defect" as used herein can refer to, but is not limited to: surface topology variability, such as a clump, a web, or a pool; a through-layer deficiency, such as a bare spot, a fracture, a crack, a pin hole, a thin spot, a blemish; or a under-layer defect, such as a bubble between layers, a bubble beneath a layer, matter trapped beneath a layer or between layers of coating which is not a part of the substrate or of the layer(s), such as dust, liquid, gas, or particulate, An under-layer defect might affect the seal of a substrate device. For example, an under-layer water vapor bubble might act as a sink for diffnsion of water vapor, making an active device more prone to interacting with the vapor and/or potentially with body fluids in vivo in a manner that disrupts the substrate's (e.g. active device's) intended functions and/or proper functioning, if any, or in a manner that has unintended consequences within and/or to the patient. Likewise, any other defect (through-layer, or surface topology variability) which allows gas or fluids to interact with the substrate can potentially result in disruption of the substrate's (e.g. active device's) intended functions and/or proper functioning, if any, or in a manner that has unintended consequences within and/or to the patient (such as, for a non-Iimiting example, freeing leachables, and/or creating or releasing degradation products or extractables from the device and into the body of the patient).
[0083] "Conformal coating", "conformally coated", or "conformably coated" as used herein can refer to a protective covering that conforms to the configuration of the objects coated.
A covering that is conformal covers susbtantially all surfaces with a uniform layer. For example, a coating layering process may confomally coat a device with a 10 micron coating (of a layer or of layers) plus or minus 10%, which results in a 10 micron plus or minus 10% coating on every external surface of the device that is at least about 20 microns apart from another external surface of the device (external surfaces of the device that are closer may appear to have thicker coatings as the coatings on of the two nearby surfaces join).
[0084] "Seal" or "Substantially seal" as used herein can refer to coating that substantially shields a substrate from interacting with materials (fluids, gases, solids), in a manner that disrupts the substrate's intended functions and/or proper functioning, if any, or in a manner that has unintended consequences within and/or to the patient. As used herein, the term(s) can refer to coating that substantially shields transmission of degradation products, leachants, and extractables from the substrate past and/or through the coating. Seals on a substrate can be applied to electronic circuitry to act as protection for the circuitry against, for example, moisture, dust, chemicals, and/or temperature extremes. Similarly, seals can be applied to devices to act as protection against, for example, moisture, dust, chemicals, leachants, extractable components (extractables) and/or degradation products, from passing from the device through the coating layer(s). A seal, therefore can be a one-way and/or two-way barrier to moisture, dust, chemicals, leachants, degradation products, and/or other material (fluid or gas), including biologic material. The one-way barrier can be a barrier in either direction, a barrier to allowing material to contact the substrate, or a barrier to allowing material to pass from the substrate through the coating for example to the blood stream of a subject. For example, a medical device that is electrical in nature such as a pacemaker and/or another "active" implant body fluids in vivo can be substantially sealed by a coating and, tliereby, substantially shielded from interacting with materials (fluids, gases, solids), in a manner that disrupts the substrate's intended functions and/or proper functioning, if any, or in a manner that has unintended consequences within and/or to the patient. Medical devices that are not electrical in nature (or not primarily electrical in nature) may also be sealed as provided herein. "Substantially"
where used herein with respect to sealing or seals, can mean at least about one of 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5% 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9%, 99.95%, 99.99%, and 99.995% sealed. "About" where used herein with respect to sealing or seals percentages, can mean variability of .1 to .5%, or 1-5%. "Substantially"
where used herein with respect to sealing or seals, can also or alternatively mean a seal that passes a coating visual inspection, an adhesion test, a chemical resistance test, and/or a coating fatigue test, device fatigue in an in vitro test, device fatigue in a simulated in vivo environment test, a resistance test in a simulated in vivo environment Examples of such tests include, but are not limited to, ASTM D6677, ASTM D3359, ASTM D4541, ASTM
D2197, ASTM D2370, ASTM D5179, ASTM D4145, ASTM 4146, ASTM F1854-01.
[0085] "Polymer" as used herein, refers to a series of repeating monomeric units that have been cross-linked or polymerized. Any suitable polymer can be used to carry out the present invention. It is possible that the polymers of the invention may also comprise two, three, four or more different polymers. In some embodiments, of the invention only one polymer is used. In some preferred embodiments a combination of two polymers are used.
Combinations of polymers can be in varying ratios, to provide coatings with differing properties. Those of skill in the art of polymer chemistry will be familiar with the different properties of polymeric compounds. Examples of ploymers that may be used in the present invention include, but are not limited to polycarboxylic acids, cellulosic polymers,, proteins, polypeptides, polyvinylpyrrolidone, maleic anhydride polymers, polyamides, polyvinyl alcohols, polyethylene oxides, glycosaminoglycans, polysaccharides, polyesters, polyurethanes, polystyrenes, copolymers, silicones, polyorthoesters, polyanhydrides, copolymers of vinyl monomers, polycarbonates, polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polylactic acids, polyglycolic acids, polycaprolactones, polyhydroxybutyrate valerates, polyacrylamides, polyethers, polyurethane dispersions, polyacrylates, acrylic latex dispersions, polyacrylic acid, mixtures and copolymers thereof. The polymers of the present invention may be natural or synthetic in origin, including gelatin, chitosan, dextrin, cyclodextrin, Poly(urethanes), Poly(siloxanes) or silicones, Poly(acrylates) such as poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(butyl methacrylate), and Poly(2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate), Poly(vinyl alcohol) Poly(olefins) such as poly(ethylene), poly(isoprene), halogenated polymers such as Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) - and derivatives and copolymers such as those commonly sold as Teflon products, Poly(vinylidine fluoride), Poly(vinyl acetate), Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone),.
Poly(acrylic acid), Polyacrylamide, Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), Poly(ethylene glycol), Poly(propylene glycol), Poly(methacrylic acid); etc. Suitable polymers also include absorbable and/or resorbable polymers including the following, combinations, copolymers and derivatives of the following: Polylactides (PLA), Polyglycolides (PGA), Poly(lactide-co-glycolides) (PLGA), Polyanhydrides, Polyorthoesters, Poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl) metbacrylamide), Poly(I-aspartamide), etc.
[00861 "Water-vapor trapping material" as used herein includes, but is not limited to a hydrophilic polymer.
"Water-vapor trapping material" as used herein includes, but is not limited to a highly absorbent material, which may comprises a superabsorbent polymer. Examples of water-vapor trapping materials include, but are not limited to, acrylate polymers, generally formed from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, a dialkylaminoalkyl acrylate, a dialkylaminoalkyl methacrylate, a trialkyiammonioalkyl acrylate, and/or a trialkyiammonioalkyl methacrylate, and include the polymers or copolymers of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, and trimethylammonioethyl methacrylate chloride. Examples of hydrophilic polymers include, but is not limited to poly(N-vinyl lactams), poly(N-vinyl acrylamides), poly(N-alkylacrylamides), substituted and unsubstituted acrylic and methacrylic acid polymers, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinylamine, copolymers thereof and copolymers with other types of hydrophilic monomers (e.g.
vinyl acetate), polysaccharides, crosslinked acrylate polymers and copolymers, carbomers, crosslinked acrylamide-sodium acrylate copolymers, gelatin, vegetable polysaccharides, such as alginates, pectins, carrageenans, or xanthan, starch and starch derivatives, galactomannan and galactomannan derivatives.
polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), poly(N- vinyl caprolactam) (PVCap), poly(N- vinyl acetamides), polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, and copolymers and blends thereof. PVP and PVCap.
Examples of superabsorbent polymers include hydrogels. Copolymers of any of the water-vapor trapping materials mentioned herein, and blends thereof may also be used.
[00871 "Hydrophobic polymer" as used herein can refer to any polymer resistant to wetting, or not readily wet, by water, i.e., having a lack of affinity for water. Examples of hydrophobic polymers include, by way of illustration only, polyolefins, such as polyethylene, poly(isobutene), poly(isoprene), poly(4-methyl-l-pentene), polypropylene, ethylene-propylene copolymers, ethylene-propylene-hexadiene copolymers, and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers; metallocene polyolefins, such as ethylene-butene copolymers and ethylene-octene copolymers; styrene polymers, such as poly(styrene), poly(2-methylstyrene), and styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers having less than about 20 mole-percent acrylonitrile; vinyl polymers, such as poly(vinyl butyrate), poly(vinyl decanoate), poly(vinyl dodecanoate), poly(vinyl hexadecanoate), poly(vinyl hexanoate), poly(vinyl octanoate), and poly(methacrylonitrile); acrylic polymers, such as poly(n-butyl acetate), and poly(ethyl acrylate);
methacrylic polymers, sucb as poly(benzyl methacrylate), poly(n-butyl methacrylate), poly(isobutyl methacrylate), poly(t-butyl methacrylate), poly(t-butylaminoethyl methacrylate), poly(do-decyl methacrylate), poly(ethyl methacrylate), poly(2-ethylhexyl methacrylate), poly(n-hexyl methacrylate), poly(phenyl methacrylate), poly(n-propyl methacrylate), and poly(octadecyl methacrylate);
polyesters, such a poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(butylene terephthalate); and polyalkenes and polyalkynes, such as polybutylene and polyacetylene. Copolymers of any of the hydrophobic polymers mentioned herein, and blends thereof may also be used. The hydrophobic polymer also may contain minor amounts of additives as is customary in the art. For example, the hydrophobic polymer may contain pigments, delustrants, antioxidants, antistatic agents, stabilizers, oxygen scavengers, and the like. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic polymer is a polymer having a bulk density of at least about 1.00 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc). In some embodiments, the hydrophobic polymer is a polymer having a bulk density of greater than about 1.00 gram per cubic centimeter (g/cc). ln some embodiments, the hydrophobic polymer is a polymer having a bulk density of one of at least about 1.01, 1.02, 1.03, 1.05, 1.06, 1.07, 1.08, 1.09, 2.00, 2.01, 2.02, 2.03, 2.04, 2.05, 2.06, 2.07, 2.08, 2.09, 2.10, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13, 2.14,2.15,2.16,2.17,2.18,2.19,2.20,2.21,2.22,2.23,2.24,2.25,2.26,2.27,2.28,2.29 ,2.30,2.31,2.32,2.33, 2.34, 2.35, 2.36, 2.37, 2.38, 2.39, 2.40 grains per cubic centimeter (g/cc).
In referring to bulk density, "about"
refers to variations of .001 to .005, or of 0.005 to 0.01 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc).
[0088] "Polyolefiin" as used herein can refer to a polymer prepared by the addition polymerization of one or more unsaturated monomers which contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Examples of such polyolefins include polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(1-butene), poly(2-butene), poly(1-pentene), poly(2-pentene), poly(3-methyl-l-pentene), poly(4-methyl-l-pentene), and the like, In addition, such term is meant to include blends of two or more polyolefms and random and block copolymers prepared from two or more different unsaturated monomers.
[0089] "Compressed fluid" as used herein refers to a fluid of appreciable density (e.g., >0.2 g/cc) that is a gas at standard temperature and pressure. " Supercritical fluid", "near-critical fluid", "near-supercritical fluid", "critical fluid", "densified fluid" or "densified gas" as used herein refers to a compressed fluid under conditions wherein the temperature is at least 80% of the critical temperature of the fluid and the pressure is at least 50% of the critical pressure of the fluid.
[0090] Examples of substances that demonstrate supercritical or near critical behavior suitable for the present invention include, but are not limited to carbon dioxide, isobutylene, ammonia, water, methanol, ethanol, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, dimethyl ether, xenon, sulfur hexafluoride, halogenated and partially halogenated materials such as chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons (such as perfluoromethane and perfuoropropane, chloroform, trichloro-fluoromethane, dichloro-difluoromethane, dichloro-tetrafluoroethane), 1, 1, 1,2,3,3-hexafluoopropane (R236ea) and mixtures thereof.
[0091] "Sintering" as used herein refers to the process by which the co-deposited impermeable dispersed solid-polymer matrix, as described herein, or the hydrophobic polymer and water-vapor-trapping material becomes fused and adherent to the substrate by treatment of the coated substrate with a compressed gas, compressed liquid, or supercritical fluid that is a non-solvent for both the polymer and the impermeable dispersed solid or the hydrophobic polymer and water-vapor-trapping material, but a plasticizing agent for the polymer(s).
[0092] "Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solutions" or "RESS" as used herein involves the dissolution of a polymer into a compressed fluid, typically supercritical C02, followed by rapid expansion into a chamber at atmospheric pressure. The rapid expansion of the supercritical fluid solution through a small opening, with its accompanying decrease in density, reduces the dissolution capacity of the fluid and results in the nucleation and growth of polymer particles.
[0093] "Solution Enhanced Dispersion of Supercritical Solutions" or "SEDS" as used herein involves a spray process for the generation of polymer particles, which are formed when a compressed fluid (e.g. supercritical fluid, preferably supercritical C02) is used as a diluent to a vehicle in which a polymer dissolved, (one that can dissolve both the polymer and the compressed gas). The mixing of the compressed fluid diluent with the polymer-containing solution may be achieved by encounter of a first stream containing the polymer solution and a second stream containing the diluent compressed fluid, for example, witbin one spray nozzle or by the use of multiple spray nozzles. The solvent in the polymer solution may be one compound or a mixture of two or more ingredients and may be or comprise an alcohol (including diols, triols, etc.), ether, amine, ketone, carbonate, or alkanes, or hydrocarbon (aliphatic or aromatic) or may be a mixture of compounds, such as mixtures of alkanes, or mixtures of one or more alkanes in combination with additional compounds such as one or more alcohols.
(e.g., from 0 or 0.1 to 5% of a CE to C15 alcohol, including diols, triols, etc.). See for example US Patent No.
6,669,785. The solvent may optionally contain a surfactant, as also described in (for example) US Patent No.
6,669,785.
[0094] In one embodiment of the SEDS process, a first stream of fluid comprising a polymer dissolved in a common solvent is co-sprayed with a second stream of compressed fluid. Polymer particles are produced as the second stream acts as a diluent that weakens the solvent in the polymer solution of the first stream. The now combined streams of fluid, along with the polymer particles, flow out of the nozzle assembly into a collection vessel. Control of particle size, particle size distribution, and morphology is achieved by tailoring the following process variables: temperature, pressure, solvent composition of the f~irst stream, flow-rate of the first stream, flow-rate of the second stream, composition of the second stream (where soluble additives may be added to the compressed gas), and conditions of the capture vessel. Typically the capture vessel contains a fluid phase that is at least five to ten times (5-lOx) atmospheric pressure.
[0095] "Electrostaticaily charged" or "electrical potential" or "electrostatic capture" as used herein refers to the collection of the spray-produced particles upon a substrate that has a different electrostatic potential than the sprayed particles. Thus, the substrate is at an attractive electronic potential with respect to the particles exiting, which results in the capture of the particles upon the substrate. i.e. the substrate and particles are oppositely charged, and the particles transport through the fluid medium of the capture vessel onto the surface of the substrate is enhanced via electrostatic attraction. This may be achieved by charging the particles and grounding the substrate or conversely charging the substrate and grounding the particles, or by some other process, which would be easily envisaged by one of skill in the art of electrostatic capture.
[0096] "Electrostatic Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solutions" or "e-RESS"
or "eRESS" as used herein refers to Electrostatic Capture as described herein combined with Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solutions as described herein.
[0097] "Electrostatic Solution Enhanced Dispersion of Supercritical Solutions"
or "e-SEDS" or "eSEDS" as used herein. refers to Electrostatic Capture as described herein combined with Solution Enhanced Dispersion of Supercritical Solutions as described herein.
[0098] "Electrostatic Dry Powder Coating" or "e-DPC" or "eDPC" as used herein refers to Electrostatic Capture as described herein combined with Dry Powder Coating. e-DPC deposits material (including, for example, polymer or impermeable dispersed solid) on the device or other substrate as dry powder, using electrostatic capture to attract the powder particles to the substrate. Dry powder spraying ("Dry Powder Coating" or "DPC" ) is well known in the art, and dry powder spraying coupled with electrostatic capture has been described, for exanaple in US Patents: 5,470,603; 6,319,541; or 6,372,246.
[0099] "Open vessel" as used herein refers to a vessel open to the outside atmosphere, and thus at substantially the same temperature and pressure as the outside atmosphere.
[00100] "Closed vessel" as used herein refers to a vessel sealed from the outside atmosphere, and thus may be at significantly different temperatures and pressures to the outside atmosphere.
Examples [00101] The following examples are given to enable those skilled in the art to more clearly understand and to practice the present invention. They should not be considered as limiting the scope of the invention, but merely as being illustrative and representative thereof.
[00102] Example 1:
[00103] A biocompatible fluoropolymer or other hydrophobic biocompatible polymer is dissolved in an appropriate supercritical solvent such as carbon dioxide. This solution is maintained in a syringe pump or other pressure vessel and transferred to a spraying vessel that is maintained above the compressed gas's critical pressure and temperature as modified by the solute. The device or other substrate to be coated is held such that it can placed at an electrical potential relative to a nozzle through which the compressed gas solution is to be sprayed (10 kV, for example, with the device held at 5 kV and the nozzle held at -5kV). The electrical field between the device and the nozzle is designed to be homogenous and constant.
The polymer solution is expanded through the restrictor nozzle by electrostatic rapid expansion of a supercritical solution (e-RESS), thereby coating the device with a fine film controllable in both thickness and conformality. Subsequent processing in the gas in its uncompressed state further reduces the volume of the film increasing its conformality.
A second layer is deposited consisting of a silicon based polymer in the same manner as the first polymer layer.
Alternatively, this polymer could be deposited as a dry dispersed solid using e-DPC or from solution in a compressed gas solvent. This silicon based polymer is selected so that it traps any water vapor that permeates the fluoropolymer layer. Finally, the polymer stack is completed by deposition of another layer of fluoropolymer using the e-RESS process and processed to reduce its volume (processing in the gas in its uncompressed state to further reduce the volume of the filrn and increase its conformality).
[00104] Example 2 [00105] A biocompatible fluoropolymer or other hydrophobic biocompatible polymer is dissolved in an appropriate supercritical solvent such as carbon dioxide. This solution is maintained in a syringe pump or other pressure vessel and transferred to a spraying vessel that is maintained above the compressed gas's critical pressure and temperature as modified by the solute. The device or other substrate to be coated is held such that it can placed at an electrical potential relative to a nozzle through which the compressed gas solution is to be sprayed (10 kV, for example, with the device held at 5 kV and the nozzle held at -5kV). The electrical field between the device and the nozzle is designed to be homogenous and constant.
The polymer solution is expanded through the restrictor nozzle by electrostatic rapid expansion of a supercritical solution (e-RESS), thereby coating the device with a fine film controllable in both thickness and conformality. Subsequent processing in the gas in its uncompressed state further reduces the volume of the film increasing its conformality.
A second layer of carbonaceous material is deposited by e-DPC. A quantity of carbonaceous material is loaded as a plug into a chamber. The quantity of material initially loaded is dependent upon the desired coating mass and is a function of the potential at which the device or other substrate is held and the backpressure placed on the plug. A valve is rapidly opened through which the material expands creating an aerosolized cloud which coats the device or other substrate as a dry powder. This coating is immediately followed with a second fluoropolymer coating and undergoes the same volume reducing process as the initial layer (processing in the gas in its uncompressed state to further reduce the volume of the film and increase its conformality).
[001061 While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is intended that the following Claims define the scope of the invention and that methods and structures within the scope of these Claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.
100101 Provided herein is a method for electrostatic capture of polymer particles upon a substrate followed by sintering of these particles by exposure to compressed gasses. The coating methods used, including e-RESS, e-SEDS, and/or eDPC are free from elevated temperatures, solvent exposure, plasma environments, and other challenges associated with traditional polymer coating methods.
[0011] In some embodiments, a coating comprising electrostatically captured polymer particles (generated by eRESS, eSEDS or eDPC) with either concurrent or sequential captured impermeable particles (by eDPC, eRESS, eSEDS) on a medical implant substrate. A method is also provided for electrostatically captnring polymer particles (generated by eRESS, eSEDS or eDPC) with either concurrent or sequential capturing impermeable particles (by eDPC, eRESS, eSEDS) on a medical implant substrate. Following electrostatic capture of the impermeable particles and the polymer, the method comprises sintering the medical implant substrate with a compressed gas at conditions adequate to cause flow of the polymer particles into a continuous film on the substrate.
[0012] The polymers that could be used in the coatings or methods provided herein are all solution or thermally processible polymers (e.g. acrylates, olefins, fluoropolymers, urethanes, etc.). For example, a polymer (or polymers) could be used with known biocompatibility and high resistance to chemical degradation such as polymers of fluorinated olefins. The impermeable particles that could be used in this coating method includes all inorganic particles that can be obtained in the micron and/or sub-micron size range (for example, various compositions of clay, metal-oxides, ceramics, etc.) [0013] In one embodiment, a polymer coating is sufficient to provide the requisite sealing properties. In another embodiment, the coating would contain a polymer continuous phase with particles embedded therein.
The existence and distribution of the particles cases an increase in the barrier properties of the film to small molecules and gases by blocking diffusion pathways.
[0014] In some embodiments, the surface of the particles is chemically modified to provide great r dispersion and incorporation into the polymer film. In some embodiments of the method for coating, the Tnethod comprises chemically modifying the surface of the particles to provide greater dispersion and incorporation into the polymer film. For example in the case of a highly polar particle (e.g. clay, Si02, Ti02, etc.) in a highly non-polar polymer (e.g. polymeric fluorinated olefins), the process comprises binding or bonding a non-polar chemistry to the surface of the particle prior to incorporation into the powder-coating and sintering process.
[0015] Also, provided herein are stacked polymer films with an intervening impermeable layer which could provide similar protection for sensitive devices in vivo without the difficulty associated with welding metal cans around the device. In some embodiments, polymers to be used in the processes and in the coatings provided herein are inherently hydrophobic, thereby greatly reducing the likelihood of penetration of biological fluids.
For exasnple, fluoropolymers as a class yield high surface energy surfaces that meet this requirement. However, surfaces created from such polymers in some cases act as membranes through which water vapor transport can occur. Thus, in some embodiments, a second layer that can trap any water vapor that might permeate the fluoropolymer membrane is provided. In some embodiments, the method comprises depositing a hydrophilic polymer layer such as a silicon based polymer over the initial fluoropolymer layer. Silicon based polymers can be designed to possess differing degrees of hydrophilicity and therefore trap any water vapor that might permeate the fluoropolymer layer membrane. In some embodiments, the silicon-based polymer is reduced to native silicon and metallized with titanium. In some embodiments, a third layer of fluoropolymer is deposited to encapsulate the silicon based polymer layer between the fluropolymer layers.
In some embodiments, the coating comprises multiple alternating layers of fluoropolymers and silicon based polymers. In some embodiments, the method comprises alternating multiple layers of the silicon based polymer and the fluropolymer.
[0016] In some embodiments, the coating is designed to remain impermeable and/or impervious to gas and/or fluid for at least as long as the expected Hfe span (e.g., period of time inside a subjects body) of the device and/or substrate it coats.
[0017] One aspect of the invention provides methods for depositing a coating comprising a polymer and impermeable dispersed solid on a substrate, comprising discharging at least one impermeable dispersed solid in dry powder form through a first orifice; discharging at least one polymer in dry powder form through a second orifice; depositing the polymer and/or impermeable dispersed solids onto said substrate, wherein an electrical potential is maintained between the substrate and the impermeable dispersed solid and/or polymer particles, thereby forming said coating; and sintering said coating under conditions that do not substantially affect the substrate. In some embodiments, the impermeable dispersed solid is dispersed uniformly on all exposed surfaces of the substrate. In some embodiments, the impermeable dispersed solid is impermeable and/or impervious to gas. In some embodiments, the impermeable dispersed solid is impermeable and/or impervious to fluid. In some embodiments, the impermeable dispersed solid is impermeable and/or impervious to biological material.
(0018] In some embodiments, the impenmeable dispersed solid comprises nanoparticles, such as, for example, a polyurethane adhesive nanocomposite (organically modified tnontmorillonite and polyurethane). In some embodiments, the oxygen transmission rate across the coating is at most about 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70%. In some embodiments the water vapor permeation through the coating is at most about 1%, 5%, 10 /a, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70%. In referring to transmission rate or permeation, "about" refers to variations of.01%to .1%, or i%to 5%.
[0019] Although the size, resistivity and moisture content of the polymer and impermeable dispersed solid may vary widely based on the conditions used, desired particle sizes are typically in the range of 0.01 m - 2500 lun, and more preferably in the range of 0.01 m - 100 m, resistivity is typically in the range of from about i 06bZm to about 102492an and moisture content is less than 5% by weight. In one embodiment of the invention the molecular weight range of the polymer is from about 5,000 a.u. to about 100,000 a.u.
[0020] In other embodiments, the first and second orifices are provided as one single orifice wherein the impermeable dispersed solid and polymer may be mixed together prior to discharging. In yet other embodiments the impermeable dispersed solid and polymer particles may be discharged simultaneously or in succession. In another embodiment of the invention the method further comprises discharging a third dry powder comprising a second impermeable dispersed solid whereby a coating comprising at least two difl'erent impermeable dispersed solids is deposited on said substrate. In certain other embodiments of the invention the impermeable dispersed solid is prepared by milling, jet-milling, granulation, spray drying, crystallizing or fluidizing.
[0021] In a further embodiment the impermeable dispersed solid and/or the polymer becomes electrostatically charged prior to deposition, and the substrate may be electrically grounded.
In a preferred embodiment, the substrate is electrostatically charged. In some embodiments the polymer and impermeable dispersed solid are discharged using a gas based propellant, which typically comprises carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, helium, nitrogen, compressed air, argon, or volatile hydrocarbons with a vapor pressure greater than 750 Torr at 20oC, and is preferably carbon dioxide.
[0022] In one embodiment of the invention the irnpermeable dispersed solid comprises at least one drug. In another embodiment of the invention the ratio of impermeable dispersed solid to polymer is from about 1:1000 to about 3: 10. In some embodiments, the amount of impermeable dispersed solid will depend on the particular dispersed solid being employed, the type of substrate, and the medical condition being treated.
[0023] Yet another aspect of the invention provides methods for depositing a coating comprising a polymer and a impermeable dispersed solid on a substrate, comprising discharging at least one impermeable dispersed solid in a therapeutically desirable morphology in dry powder form through a first orifice; forming a supercritical or near supercritical fluid mixture that includes at least one supercritical fluid solvent and at least one polymer and discharging said supercritical or near supereritical fluid solution through a second orifice under conditions sufficient to form solid particles of the polymer; depositing the polymer and/or impermeable dispersed solids onto said substrate, wherein an electrical potential is maintained between the substrate and the impermeable dispersed solids and/or polymer particles, thereby forming said coating and sintering said coating under conditions that do not substantially disrupt the substrate's (e.g. active medical device's) intended functions and proper functioning, if any, or that have unintended consequences within and/or to the patient once implanted.
[0024] Each of the above methods may be carried out from about 0 C to about 80 C and from about 0.1 atmospheres to about 73 atmospheres, in either open or closed vessel. In some embodiments, the substrate is a biomedical implant which may be a. a stent (e.g., vascular stents), electrode, catheter, lead, implantable pacemaker, implantable cardioverter, a housing for an implantable pacemaker, a housing for an implantable defibrillator, a housing for an implantable cardioverter, sensor, drug delivery device, therapy delivery device, device comprising telemetry capability, device comprising electrical impulses, diagnostic device, measurement device, joint, screw, rod, ophthalmic implant, femoral pin, bone plate, graft, anastomotic device, perivascular wrap, suture, staple, shuntsfor hydrocephalus, dialysis graft, colostomy bag attachment device, ear drainage tube, lead for pace makers and implantable cardioverters and defibrillators, vertebral disk, bone pin, suture anchor, hemostatic barrier, clamp, screws, plate, clip, vascular implant, tissue adhesive, sealant, tissue scaffolds, shunts, opthalmic implant, prosthetic, shunt, urologic implant, reproductive anatomy device, gastrologic device, neurologic lead, neurologic device, various types of dressings (e.g., wound dressings), bone substitutes, intraluminal devices, and vascular supports.
[0025] In some embodiments of the invention the thickness of said coating is from about 1 to about 100 m, preferably about l0 m, and the variation in the thickness along said coating is within 0.5pun, within 0.25 m, within 0.1 m or within 10% of the total thickness of said coating, within 5%
of the total thickness of said coating, or within 2.5% of the total thickness of said coating. In yet other embodiments, the impermeable dispersed solid is positioned at a selected distance from top of said coating.
In further embodiments, the impermeable dispersed solid is positioned at about midway between the top of said coating and the substrate surface. In other embodiments of the invention the variability in the amount of impermeable dispersed solid deposited on said substrate is 20% or less, 15% or less, 10% or less, 5% or less, for a batch of substrates coated at the same time. Preferably the variability is 5% or less.
[0026] In yet other embodiments of the invention, the methods further comprise depositing a top layer on said coating wherein said top layer is a polymer film. In some embodiments, the polymer film has a thickness of 0.5 to 10 microns, and can be deposited by an eRESS or eSEDS, or a eDPC process.
In yet other embodiments, the polymer film is formed by depositing a single polymer and for example by depositing substantially pure PBMA.
[0027] The invention further relates to the use of a supercritical solution comprising a second fluid in its supercritical state.
100281 In some embodiments, the addition of a second fluid in its supercritical state is to act as a flammability suppressor. In other embodiments, a second fluid is used, wherein said second fluid has critical parameters lower than the first fluid's critical parameters, and therefore lowers the critical properties of the mixture/solution enabling access to the mixture supercritical state.
100291 In some embodiments the supercritical solution comprises isobutylene.
In other embodiments, the supercritical fluid comprises isobutylene and carbon dioxide as a second fluid.
[0030] Other embodiments of the invention provide a way to dissolve two polymers in a supercritical solvent.
In some embodiments said two polymers are PEVA and PBMA. In other embodiments, a supercritical solution comprising two polymers is used to create a RESS spray of the polymers generating -10 to 100 nm particles of each polymer. In further embodiments, PEVA and PBMA are dissolved in a supercritical solvent that further comprises CO2 to act as a fire suppressor in the event of an ignition source causing a fire.
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
[0031] All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein iztcorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0032] The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended Claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:
[0033] Figure 1. Schematic Representation of the Coating and Sintering Process Apparatus.
[0034] Figure 2. Detailed images of the Coating and Sintering Process Apparatus.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0035] The present invention is explained in greater detail below. This description is not intended to be a detailed catalog of all the different ways in which the invention may be implemented, or all the features that may be added to the instant invention. For example, features illustrated with respect to one embodiment may be incorporated into other embodiments, and features illustrated with respect to a particular embodiment may be deleted from that embodiment. In addition, numerous variations and additions to the various ernbodiments suggested herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the instant disclosure, which do not depart from the instant invention. Hence, the following specification is intended to illustrate some particular embodiments of the invention, and not to exhaustively specify all permutations, combinations and variations thereof.
100361 Applicants specifically intend that all United States patent references cited herein be incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[0037] The present invention relates to coatings and methods for depositing a coating comprising a polymer and a impermeable dispersed solid onto a substrate. Provided herein are novel, easy to apply, polymer-based coatings and coating methods to seal and, thereby, shield, for example, implantable medical devices that are electrical in nature such as pacemakers and other "active" implants from interacting with body fluids in vivo in a manner that disrupts the medical device's intended functions and proper functioning, or in a manner that has unintended consequences within and/or to the patient. Provided herein are novel, easy to apply, polymer-based coatings and coating methods to seal, for example, implantable medical devices that are electrical in nature such as pacemakers and other "active" implants and, thereby, shield the body from degradation products, leachants, extractables from the medical device. The coatings and methods provided herein result in a collection process on the substrate that is an efficient, conformal, substantially defect-free, and uniform coating, and a regulatable and controllable coating composition. The coating structures and methods provided herein not only avoid the problems of polymer coatings (solvent-based, and solvent-less), but they also improve the barrier properties of polymer films for use as a seal upon, for example, biologically implanted devices.
[0038] Provided herein is a composite material coating containing polymer to provide increased barrier properties for gases such as water vapor, and method of creating such coating.
[0039] Provided herein is a composite material coating containing polymer plus a irnpermeable dispersed solid to provide increased barrier properties for gases such as water vapor, and method of creating such coating.
[0040] Provided herein is the a method for electrostatic capture of polymer particles upon a substrate followed by sintering of these particles by exposure to compressed gasses. The coating methods used, including e-RESS, c-SEDS, and/or eDPC are free from elevated temperatures, solvent exposure, plasma environments, and other challenges associated with traditional polymer coating methods.
[0041] In some embodiments, a coating comprising electrostatically captured polymer particles (generated by eRESS, eSEDS or eDPC) alone or optionally with either concurrent or sequential captured impermeable particles (by eDPC, eRESS, eSEDS) on a medical implant substrate. A method is also provided for electrostatically capturing polymer particles (generated by eRESS, eSEDS or eDPC) alone or with either concurrent or sequential capturing impermeable particles (by eDPC, eRESS, eSEDS) on a medical implant substrate. Following electrostatic capture of the polymer and optionally impermeable particles, the method comprises sintering the medical implant substrate with a compressed gas at conditions adequate to cause flow of the polymer particles into a continuous film on the substrate.
[0042] The polymers that could be used in the coatings or methods provided herein are all solution or thermally processible polymers (e.g. acrylates, olefins, fluoropolymers, urethanes, etc.). For example, a polymer (or polymers) could be used with known biocompatibility and high resistance to chemical degradation such as polymers of fluorinated olefins. The impermeable particles that could be used in this coating method includes all inorganic particles that can be obtained in the micron and/or sub-micron size range. For example various compositions of clay, metal-oxides, ceramics, etc.
[0043] The resulting film would contain a polymer continuous phase optionally with particles embedded therein. The existence and distribution of the particles causes an increase in the barrier properties of the film to small molecules and gases by blocking diffusion pathways.
[0044] In some embodiments of the coating, the surface of the particles is chemically modified to provide greater dispersion and incorporation into the polymer film. In some embodiments of the method for coating, the method comprises chemically modifying the surface of the particles to provide greater dispersion and incorporation into the polymer film. For example in the case of a highly polar particle (e.g. clay, Si02, Ti02, etc.) in a highly non-polar polymer (e.g. polymeric fluorinated olefins), the process comprises binding or bonding a non-polar chemistry to the surface of the particle prior to incorporation into the powder-coating and sintering process.
[0045] Provided herein are stacked polymer films with an intervening impermeable layer which could provide similar protection for sensitive devices in vivo without the difficulty associated with welding metal cans around the device. In some embodiments, polymers to be used in the processes and in the coatings provided herein are inherently hydrophobic, thereby greatly reducing the likelihood of penetration of biological fluids. For example, fluoropolymers as a class yield high surface energy surfaces that meet this requirement. However, surfaces created from such polymers in some cases act as membranes through which water vapor transport can occur.
Thus, in some embodiments, a second layer that can trap any water vapor that might permeate the fluoropolymer membrane is provided. In some embodiments, the method comprises depositing a hydrophilic polymer layer such as a silicon based polymer over the initial fluoropolymer layer. Silicon based polymers can be designed to possess differing degrees of hydrophilicity and therefore trap any water vapor that might permeate the fluoropolymer layer membrane. In some embodiments, the silicon-based polymer is reduced to native silicon and metallized with titanium.
[0046] In some embodiments, a highly absorbent material is used as the water-vapor trapping material. In some embodiments, the highly absorbent material comprises a hydrophilic polymer. In some embodiments, highly absorbent material comprises a superabsorbent polymer.
[0047] In some embodiments, a third layer of fluoropolymer is deposited to encapsulate the silicon based polymer layer between the fluropolymer layers. In some embodiments, the coating comprises multiple altemating layers of fluoropolymers and silicon based polymers. In some embodiments, the method comprises alternating multiple layers of the silicon based polymer and the fluropolymer.
[0048] In some embodiments, the coating is designed to remain ixnpermeable for at least as long as the expected life span of the device and/or substrate it coats.
[0049] One aspect of the invention provides methods for depositing a coating comprising a polymer and ixnpermeable dispersed solid on a substrate, comprising discharging at least one impermeable dispersed solid in dry powder form through a first orifice; discharging at least one polymer in dry powder form through a second orifice; depositing the polymer and/or impermeable dispersed solids onto said substrate, wherein an electrical potential is maintained between the substrate and the impermeable dispersed solid and/or polymer particles, thereby forming said coating; and sintering said coating under conditions that do not substantially affect the substrate. In some embodiments, the impermeable dispersed solid is dispersed uniformly on all exposed surfaces of the substrate.
[0050] In some embodiments, the impermeable dispersed solid comprises a nanoparticle, such as, for example, a polyurethane adhesive nanocomposite (organically modified montmorillonite and polyurethane). In some embodiments, the oxygen transmission rate across the coating is at most about 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70%. In some embodiments the water vapor permeation through the coating is at most about 1%, 5%, l0o/a, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70%. In referring to transmission rate or permeation, "about" refers to variations of .01 % to . I%, or 1% to 5%.
(0051] ln some embodiments, the impermeable dispersed solid comprises a nanoparticle that is impervious to small particle transport. In some embodiments, the nanoparticle comprises at least one of a ceramic and a metal.
In some embodiments, the nanoparticle comprises clay. In some embodiments the nanoparticle comprises silica.
In some embodiments, the nanoparticle comprises titanium oxide. In some embodiments, the nanoparticle does not include nickel. In some embodiments, the nanoparticle does not include copper. In some embodiments, the small particle transmission rate across the coating is at most about 0.001%, 0.0 1 %, 0.1%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70%. In some embodiments, the oxygen transmission rate across the coating is at most about 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70%. In some embodiments the water vapor permeation through the coating is at most about 0.001%, 0.01 %, 0.1%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70%. In referring to transmission rate or permeation, "about" refers to variations of.001%
to.01%,0.01%to0.1%,or1%to5%.
[0052] Although the size, resistivity and moisture content of the polymer and impermeable dispersed solid may vary widely based on the conditions used, desired particle sizes are typically in the range of 0.01 m - 2500 Ji.m, and more preferably in the range of 0.01 pzn - 100 m, resistivity is typically in the range of from about 10692m to about 1024SZzn and rnoisture content is less than 5% by weight. In one embodiment of the invention the molecular weight range of the polymer is from about 5,000 a.u. to about 100,000 a.u.
[0053] In other embodiments, the first and second orifices are provided as one single orifice wherein the impermeable dispersed solid and polymer may be mixed together prior to discharging. In yet other embodiments the impermeable dispersed solid and polymer particles may be discharged simultaneously or in succession. In another embodiment of the invention the metbod further comprises discharging a third dry powder comprising a second impermeable dispersed solid whereby a coating comprising at least two different impermeable dispersed solids is deposited on said substrate. In certain other embodiments of the invention the impermeable dispersed solid is prepared by milling, jet-milling, granulation, spray drying, crystallizing or fluidizing.
[0054] In a further embodiment the impermeable dispersed solid and/or the polymer becomes electrostatically charged prior to deposition, and the substrate may be electrically grounded.
In a preferred embodiment, the substrate is electrostatically charged. In some embodiments the polymer and impermeable dispersed solid are discharged using a gas based propellant, which typically comprises carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, helium, nitrogen, compressed air, argon, or volatile hydrocarbons with a vapor pressure greater than 750 Torr at 20oC, and is preferably carbon dioxide.
[0055] In one embodiinent of the invention the impermeable dispersed solid comprises at least one drug. In another embodiment of the invention the ratio of impermeable dispersed solid to polymer is from about 1:1000 to about 3:10. In some embodiments, the amount of impermeable dispersed solid will depend on the particular dispersed solid being employed, the type of substrate, and the medical condition being treated.
[0056] Yet another aspect of the invention provides methods for depositing a coating comprising a polymer and a impermeable dispersed solid on a substrate, comprising discharging at least one a impermeable dispersed solid in a therapeutically desirable morphology in dry powder form through a first orifice; forming a supercritical or near supercritical fluid mixture that includes at least one supercritical fluid solvent and at least one polymer and discharging said supercritical or near supercritical fluid solution through a second orifice under conditions sufficient to form solid particles of the polymer; depositing the polymer and/or impermeable dispersed solids onto said substrate, wherein an electrical potential is maintained between the substrate and the impermeable dispersed solids and/or polymer particles, thereby forming said coating and sintering said coating under conditions that do not substantially disrupt the substrate's (e.g. implantable active medical device's) intended functions and proper functioning, if any, or that have unintended consequences within and/or to the patient once implanted.
[0057] Each of the above methods may be carried out from about 0 C to about 80 C and from about 0.1 atmospheres to about 73 atmospheres, in either open or closed vessel. In some embodiments, the substrate is a stent (e.g., vascular stents), electrode, catheter, lead, implantable pacemaker, implantable cardioverter, a housing for an implantable pacemaker, a housing for an implantable defibrillator, a housing for an implantable cardioverter, sensor, drug delivery device, therapy delivery device, device comprising telemetry capability, device comprising electrical impulses, diagnostic device, measurement device, joint, screw, rod, ophthalmic implant, femoral pin, bone plate, graft, anastomotic device, perivascular wrap, suture, staple, shuntsfor hydrocephalus, dialysis graft, colostomy bag attachment device, ear drainage tube, lead for pace makers and implantable cardioverters and defibrillators, vertebral disk, bone pin, suture anchor, hemostatic barrier, clamp, screws, plate, clip, vascular implant, tissue adhesive, sealant, tissue scaffolds, shunts, opthalmic implant, prosthetic, shunt, urologic implant, reproductive anatomy device, gastrologic device, neurologic lead, neurologic device, various types of dressings (e.g., wound dressings), bone substitutes, intraluminal devices, and vascular supports..
[0058] In some emboditnents of the invention the thickness of said coating is from about 1 to about 100 m, preferably about l0 m, and the variation in the thickness along said coating is within 0.5 m, within 0.25 m, within 0.1 m or within 10% of the total thickness of said coating, within 5%
of the total thickness of said coating, or within 2.5% of the total thickness of said coating. In yet other embodiments, the impermeable dispersed solid is positioned at a selected distance from top of said coating.
In further embodiments, the impermeable dispersed solid is positioned at about midway between the top of said coating and the substrate surface. In other embodiments of the invention the variability in the amount of impermeable dispersed solid deposited on said substrate is 20% or less, 15% or less, 10% or less, 5% or less, for a batcb of substrates coated at the same time. Preferably the variability is 5% or less.
[0059] In yet other embodiments of the invention, the methods further comprise depositing a top layer on said coating wherein said top layer is a polymer film. In some embodiments, the polymer film has a thickness of 0.5 to 10 microns, and can be deposited by an eRESS or eSEDS, or a eDPC process.
In yet other embodiments, the polymer film is formed by depositing a single polymer and can be formed by depositing substantially pure PBMA.
[0060] The invention further relates to the use of a supercritical solution comprising a second fluid in its supercritical state.
[00611 In some embodiments, the addition of a second fluid in its supercritical state is to act as a flammability suppressor. In other embodiments, a second fluid is used, wherein said second fluid has critical paranneters lower than the first fluid's critical parameters, and therefore lowers the critical properties of the mixture/solution enabling access to the mixture supercritical state.
[0062] In some embodiments the supercritical solution comprises isobutylene.
In other embodiments, the supercritical fluid comprises isobutylene and carbon dioxide as a second fluid.
[0063] Other embodiments of the invention provide a way to dissolve two polymers in a supercritical solvent.
In some embodiments said two polymers are PEVA and PBMA. In other embodiments, a supercritical solution comprising two polymers is used to create a RESS spray of the polymers generating - 10 to 100 nm particles of each polymer. In further embodiments, PEVA and PBMA are dissolved in a supercritical solvent that further comprises COZ to act as a fire suppressor in the event of an ignition source causing a fire.
[0064] One aspect of the invention entails the deposition of the a impermeable dispersed solid as dry powders, using electrostatic capture to attract the powder particles to the substrate.
Dry powder spraying is well known in the art, and dry powder spraying coupled with electrostatic capture has been described, for example in US
Patents 5,470,603 6,319,541 or 6,372,246. The deposition of the polymer can be performed in any number of standard procedures, as the morphology of the polymer, so long as it provides coatings possessing the desired properties (e.g. thickness, confornnity, defect-free, uniformity), and are free from elevated temperatures, solvent exposure, plasma environments, and other challenges associated with traditional polymer coating methods.
[0065] The second step of the coating process involves taking the substrates that have been coated with impermeable dispersed solids and polymers and subjecting them to a sintering process that takes place under conditions free from elevated temperatures, solvent exposure, plasma environments, and other challenges associated with traditional polymer coating methods. The sintering process as used in the current invention refers to the process by which the co-deposited impermeable dispersed solid -polymer matrix become fused and adherent to the substrate by treatment of the coated substrate with a compressed gas, compressed liquid, or supercritical fluid that is a non-solvent for the polymers and the impermeable dispersed solid(s), but a plasticizing agent for the polymer. The sintering process takes place under conditions (e.g, mild temperatures), and using benign fluids (e.g. supercritical carbon dioxide) which will not affect the active substrate or its subsequent function, if any.
[0066] One aspect of the invention is the combination of two or more of the e-DPC, e-RESS and e-SEDS
spraying techniques.
[0067] A specific aspect of the invention involves the dry powder spraying of impermeable dispersed solid, in a preferred particle size, into the same capture vessel as a polymer that is also dry powder sprayed, whereby the spraying of the impermeable dispersed solid and the polymer is sequential or simultaneous.
[0068] In some embodiments, the invention involves the e-DPC spraying of the impermeable dispersed solid, into the same capture vessel as a polymer that is sequentially or simultaneously sprayed by the eRESS spray process. In some embodiments, the invention involves the e-DPC spraying of the impermeable dispersed solid, into the same capture vessel as a polyxner that is sequentially or simultaneously sprayed by the eSEDS spray process. In some embodiments, the invention involves the e-DPC spraying of the impermeable dispersed solid, into the same capture vessel as a polymer that is sequentially or simultaneously sprayed by the eDPC spray process.
100691 In some embodiments, the invention involves the e-RESS spraying of the impermeable dispersed solid, into the same capture vessel as a polymer that is sequentially or simultaneously sprayed by the eRESS spray process. In some embodiments, the invention involves the e-RESS spraying of the impermeable dispersed solid, into the same capture vessel as a polymer that is sequentially or simultaneously sprayed by the eSEDS spray process. In some embodiments, the invention involves the e-RESS spraying of the impermeable dispersed solid, into the same capture vessel as a polymer that is sequentially or simultaneously sprayed by the eDPC spray process.
[0070] In some embodiments, the invention involves the e-SEDS spraying of the impermeable dispersed solid, into the same capture vessel as a polymer that is sequentially or simultaueously sprayed by the eRESS spray process. In some embodiments, the invention involves the e-SEDS spraying of the impermeable dispersed solid, into the same capture vessel as a polymer that is sequentially or simultaneously sprayed by the eSEDS spray process. In some embodiments, the invention involves the e-SEDS spraying of the impermeable dispersed solid, into the same capture vessel as a polymer that is sequentially or simultaneously sprayed by the eDPC spray process.
[00711 Any combination of the above processes is contemplated by this aspect of the invention.
[00721 In further aspects of the invention the substrates that have been coated with impermeabie dispersed solid and polymers, as described in the above embodiments are then subjected to a sintering process. The sintering process takes place under conditions free from elevated temperatures, solvent exposure, plasma environments, and other challenges associated with traditional polymer coating methods, and refers to a process by which the co-deposited impermeable dispersed solid-polymer matrix, becomes fused and adherent to the substrate. This is achieved by treating the coated substrate with a compressed gas, compressed liquid or supercritical fluid that is a non-solvent for the polymers, the iznpermeable dispersed solids, but a plasticizing agent for the polymer. The sintering process takes place under conditions (e.g. mild temperatures), and using benign fluids (e.g. supercritical carbon dioxide) which will not affect the active substrate or its subsequent function, if any. Other sintering processes, which do not affect the active substrate or its subsequent function, if any may also be contemplated by the present invention.
Definitions [00731 As used in the present specification, the following words and phrases are generally intended to have the meanings as set forth below, except to the extent that the context in which they are used indicates otherwise.
[00741 "Substrate" as used herein, refers to any surface upon which it is desirable to deposit a coating comprising a polymer or a mix of polymer with or without impermeable dispersed solid, or hydrophobic polymers and a water-vapor-trapping material, wherein the coating process does not substantially disrupt the substrate's (e.g. implantable active medical device's) intended functions and/or proper functioning, if any, or in a manner that has unintended consequences within and/or to the patient.
Biomedical implants are of particular interest for the present invention; however the present invention is not intended to be restricted to this class of substrates. Those of skill in the art will appreciate alternate substrates that could benefit from the coating process described herein, such as temporary implantable devices, diagnostic tests or kits.
[00751 "Biomedical implant" as used herein refers to any implant for insertion into the body of a human or animal subject, including but not limited to a stent (e.g., vascular stents), electrode, catheter, lead, inmplantable pacemaker, implantable cardioverter, a housing for an implantable pacemaker, a housing for an implantable defibrillator, a housing for an implantable cardioverter, sensor, drug delivery device, therapy delivery device, device comprising telemetry capability, device comprising electrical impulses, diagnostic device, measurement device, joint, screw, rod, ophthalmic implant, femoral pin, bone plate, graft, anastomotic device, perivascular wrap, suture, staple, shuntsfor hydrocephalus, dialysis graft, colostomy bag attachment device, ear drainage tube, lead for pace makers and implantable cardioverters and defibrillators, vertebral disk, bone pin, suture anchor, hemostatic barrier, clamp, screws, plate, clip, vascular implant, tissue adhesive, sealant, tissue scaffolds, shunts, opthahnic implant, prosthetic, shunt, urologic implant, reproductive anatomy device, gastrologic device, neurologic lead, neurologic device, various types of dressings (e.g., wound dressings), bone substitutes, intraluminal devices, and vascular supports, etc.
[00761 The implants may be formed from any suitable material, including but not limited to organic polymers (including stable or inert polymers and biodegradable polymers), metals, inorganic materials such as silicon, and composites thereof, including layered structures with a core of one material and one or more coatings of a different material.
[0077] Subjects into which biomedical implants of the invention may be applied or inserted include both human subjects (including male and female subjects and infant, juvenile, adolescent, adult and geriatric subjects) as weil as animal subjects (including but not limited to dog, cat, horse, monkey, etc.) for veterinary purposes.
[0078] In a preferred embodiment the biomedical implant is an implantable pacemaker, cardioverter or defibrillator, or another active device or any implantable (permanent or temporary) device requiring sealing to prevent gas or fluid permeation.
[0079] "Active" or "Active medical device" as used herein refers to medical devices that are electrical in nature, such as pacemakers and other medical devices for sensing, delivery of therapeutics and/or active control of various bodily functions.
[0080] "Medical device" as used herein can refer to biological implants as defined herein active or inactive. A
medical device may be permanently implantable, temporarily implantable, entirely implantable (such as, for example, an implantable defibrillator), partially implantable (such as, for example, a sensing drainage catheter) and/or can refer to devices used on or in a patient during a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure, including during an invasive surgery or during a minimally invasive surgery. A medical device includes any instrument, apparatus, appliance, material or other article, whether used alone or in combination, including any software necessary for its proper application intended by the manufacturer to be used for human beings for the purpose of:
diagnosis, prevention, monitoring, treatment or alleviation of disease, alleviation of pain, diagnosis, monitoring, treatment, alleviation of or compensation for an injury or handicap, investigation, replacement or modification of the anatomy or of a physiological process, control of conception, and which does not achieve its principal intended action in or on the human body by pharmacological, immunological or metabolic means, but which may be assisted in its function by such means. For example, an insulin pump implanted in a diabetic person which dispenses insulin stored in the pump into the patient's blood based upon glucose levels sensed by the pump is a medical device (and is an active medical device and a biological implant).
[0081] "Biological material" as used herein can refer a biological material in gas or fluid state including small solid particles.
[0082] "Defect" as used herein can refer to, but is not limited to: surface topology variability, such as a clump, a web, or a pool; a through-layer deficiency, such as a bare spot, a fracture, a crack, a pin hole, a thin spot, a blemish; or a under-layer defect, such as a bubble between layers, a bubble beneath a layer, matter trapped beneath a layer or between layers of coating which is not a part of the substrate or of the layer(s), such as dust, liquid, gas, or particulate, An under-layer defect might affect the seal of a substrate device. For example, an under-layer water vapor bubble might act as a sink for diffnsion of water vapor, making an active device more prone to interacting with the vapor and/or potentially with body fluids in vivo in a manner that disrupts the substrate's (e.g. active device's) intended functions and/or proper functioning, if any, or in a manner that has unintended consequences within and/or to the patient. Likewise, any other defect (through-layer, or surface topology variability) which allows gas or fluids to interact with the substrate can potentially result in disruption of the substrate's (e.g. active device's) intended functions and/or proper functioning, if any, or in a manner that has unintended consequences within and/or to the patient (such as, for a non-Iimiting example, freeing leachables, and/or creating or releasing degradation products or extractables from the device and into the body of the patient).
[0083] "Conformal coating", "conformally coated", or "conformably coated" as used herein can refer to a protective covering that conforms to the configuration of the objects coated.
A covering that is conformal covers susbtantially all surfaces with a uniform layer. For example, a coating layering process may confomally coat a device with a 10 micron coating (of a layer or of layers) plus or minus 10%, which results in a 10 micron plus or minus 10% coating on every external surface of the device that is at least about 20 microns apart from another external surface of the device (external surfaces of the device that are closer may appear to have thicker coatings as the coatings on of the two nearby surfaces join).
[0084] "Seal" or "Substantially seal" as used herein can refer to coating that substantially shields a substrate from interacting with materials (fluids, gases, solids), in a manner that disrupts the substrate's intended functions and/or proper functioning, if any, or in a manner that has unintended consequences within and/or to the patient. As used herein, the term(s) can refer to coating that substantially shields transmission of degradation products, leachants, and extractables from the substrate past and/or through the coating. Seals on a substrate can be applied to electronic circuitry to act as protection for the circuitry against, for example, moisture, dust, chemicals, and/or temperature extremes. Similarly, seals can be applied to devices to act as protection against, for example, moisture, dust, chemicals, leachants, extractable components (extractables) and/or degradation products, from passing from the device through the coating layer(s). A seal, therefore can be a one-way and/or two-way barrier to moisture, dust, chemicals, leachants, degradation products, and/or other material (fluid or gas), including biologic material. The one-way barrier can be a barrier in either direction, a barrier to allowing material to contact the substrate, or a barrier to allowing material to pass from the substrate through the coating for example to the blood stream of a subject. For example, a medical device that is electrical in nature such as a pacemaker and/or another "active" implant body fluids in vivo can be substantially sealed by a coating and, tliereby, substantially shielded from interacting with materials (fluids, gases, solids), in a manner that disrupts the substrate's intended functions and/or proper functioning, if any, or in a manner that has unintended consequences within and/or to the patient. Medical devices that are not electrical in nature (or not primarily electrical in nature) may also be sealed as provided herein. "Substantially"
where used herein with respect to sealing or seals, can mean at least about one of 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5% 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9%, 99.95%, 99.99%, and 99.995% sealed. "About" where used herein with respect to sealing or seals percentages, can mean variability of .1 to .5%, or 1-5%. "Substantially"
where used herein with respect to sealing or seals, can also or alternatively mean a seal that passes a coating visual inspection, an adhesion test, a chemical resistance test, and/or a coating fatigue test, device fatigue in an in vitro test, device fatigue in a simulated in vivo environment test, a resistance test in a simulated in vivo environment Examples of such tests include, but are not limited to, ASTM D6677, ASTM D3359, ASTM D4541, ASTM
D2197, ASTM D2370, ASTM D5179, ASTM D4145, ASTM 4146, ASTM F1854-01.
[0085] "Polymer" as used herein, refers to a series of repeating monomeric units that have been cross-linked or polymerized. Any suitable polymer can be used to carry out the present invention. It is possible that the polymers of the invention may also comprise two, three, four or more different polymers. In some embodiments, of the invention only one polymer is used. In some preferred embodiments a combination of two polymers are used.
Combinations of polymers can be in varying ratios, to provide coatings with differing properties. Those of skill in the art of polymer chemistry will be familiar with the different properties of polymeric compounds. Examples of ploymers that may be used in the present invention include, but are not limited to polycarboxylic acids, cellulosic polymers,, proteins, polypeptides, polyvinylpyrrolidone, maleic anhydride polymers, polyamides, polyvinyl alcohols, polyethylene oxides, glycosaminoglycans, polysaccharides, polyesters, polyurethanes, polystyrenes, copolymers, silicones, polyorthoesters, polyanhydrides, copolymers of vinyl monomers, polycarbonates, polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polylactic acids, polyglycolic acids, polycaprolactones, polyhydroxybutyrate valerates, polyacrylamides, polyethers, polyurethane dispersions, polyacrylates, acrylic latex dispersions, polyacrylic acid, mixtures and copolymers thereof. The polymers of the present invention may be natural or synthetic in origin, including gelatin, chitosan, dextrin, cyclodextrin, Poly(urethanes), Poly(siloxanes) or silicones, Poly(acrylates) such as poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(butyl methacrylate), and Poly(2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate), Poly(vinyl alcohol) Poly(olefins) such as poly(ethylene), poly(isoprene), halogenated polymers such as Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) - and derivatives and copolymers such as those commonly sold as Teflon products, Poly(vinylidine fluoride), Poly(vinyl acetate), Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone),.
Poly(acrylic acid), Polyacrylamide, Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), Poly(ethylene glycol), Poly(propylene glycol), Poly(methacrylic acid); etc. Suitable polymers also include absorbable and/or resorbable polymers including the following, combinations, copolymers and derivatives of the following: Polylactides (PLA), Polyglycolides (PGA), Poly(lactide-co-glycolides) (PLGA), Polyanhydrides, Polyorthoesters, Poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl) metbacrylamide), Poly(I-aspartamide), etc.
[00861 "Water-vapor trapping material" as used herein includes, but is not limited to a hydrophilic polymer.
"Water-vapor trapping material" as used herein includes, but is not limited to a highly absorbent material, which may comprises a superabsorbent polymer. Examples of water-vapor trapping materials include, but are not limited to, acrylate polymers, generally formed from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, a dialkylaminoalkyl acrylate, a dialkylaminoalkyl methacrylate, a trialkyiammonioalkyl acrylate, and/or a trialkyiammonioalkyl methacrylate, and include the polymers or copolymers of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, and trimethylammonioethyl methacrylate chloride. Examples of hydrophilic polymers include, but is not limited to poly(N-vinyl lactams), poly(N-vinyl acrylamides), poly(N-alkylacrylamides), substituted and unsubstituted acrylic and methacrylic acid polymers, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinylamine, copolymers thereof and copolymers with other types of hydrophilic monomers (e.g.
vinyl acetate), polysaccharides, crosslinked acrylate polymers and copolymers, carbomers, crosslinked acrylamide-sodium acrylate copolymers, gelatin, vegetable polysaccharides, such as alginates, pectins, carrageenans, or xanthan, starch and starch derivatives, galactomannan and galactomannan derivatives.
polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), poly(N- vinyl caprolactam) (PVCap), poly(N- vinyl acetamides), polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, and copolymers and blends thereof. PVP and PVCap.
Examples of superabsorbent polymers include hydrogels. Copolymers of any of the water-vapor trapping materials mentioned herein, and blends thereof may also be used.
[00871 "Hydrophobic polymer" as used herein can refer to any polymer resistant to wetting, or not readily wet, by water, i.e., having a lack of affinity for water. Examples of hydrophobic polymers include, by way of illustration only, polyolefins, such as polyethylene, poly(isobutene), poly(isoprene), poly(4-methyl-l-pentene), polypropylene, ethylene-propylene copolymers, ethylene-propylene-hexadiene copolymers, and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers; metallocene polyolefins, such as ethylene-butene copolymers and ethylene-octene copolymers; styrene polymers, such as poly(styrene), poly(2-methylstyrene), and styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers having less than about 20 mole-percent acrylonitrile; vinyl polymers, such as poly(vinyl butyrate), poly(vinyl decanoate), poly(vinyl dodecanoate), poly(vinyl hexadecanoate), poly(vinyl hexanoate), poly(vinyl octanoate), and poly(methacrylonitrile); acrylic polymers, such as poly(n-butyl acetate), and poly(ethyl acrylate);
methacrylic polymers, sucb as poly(benzyl methacrylate), poly(n-butyl methacrylate), poly(isobutyl methacrylate), poly(t-butyl methacrylate), poly(t-butylaminoethyl methacrylate), poly(do-decyl methacrylate), poly(ethyl methacrylate), poly(2-ethylhexyl methacrylate), poly(n-hexyl methacrylate), poly(phenyl methacrylate), poly(n-propyl methacrylate), and poly(octadecyl methacrylate);
polyesters, such a poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(butylene terephthalate); and polyalkenes and polyalkynes, such as polybutylene and polyacetylene. Copolymers of any of the hydrophobic polymers mentioned herein, and blends thereof may also be used. The hydrophobic polymer also may contain minor amounts of additives as is customary in the art. For example, the hydrophobic polymer may contain pigments, delustrants, antioxidants, antistatic agents, stabilizers, oxygen scavengers, and the like. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic polymer is a polymer having a bulk density of at least about 1.00 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc). In some embodiments, the hydrophobic polymer is a polymer having a bulk density of greater than about 1.00 gram per cubic centimeter (g/cc). ln some embodiments, the hydrophobic polymer is a polymer having a bulk density of one of at least about 1.01, 1.02, 1.03, 1.05, 1.06, 1.07, 1.08, 1.09, 2.00, 2.01, 2.02, 2.03, 2.04, 2.05, 2.06, 2.07, 2.08, 2.09, 2.10, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13, 2.14,2.15,2.16,2.17,2.18,2.19,2.20,2.21,2.22,2.23,2.24,2.25,2.26,2.27,2.28,2.29 ,2.30,2.31,2.32,2.33, 2.34, 2.35, 2.36, 2.37, 2.38, 2.39, 2.40 grains per cubic centimeter (g/cc).
In referring to bulk density, "about"
refers to variations of .001 to .005, or of 0.005 to 0.01 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc).
[0088] "Polyolefiin" as used herein can refer to a polymer prepared by the addition polymerization of one or more unsaturated monomers which contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Examples of such polyolefins include polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(1-butene), poly(2-butene), poly(1-pentene), poly(2-pentene), poly(3-methyl-l-pentene), poly(4-methyl-l-pentene), and the like, In addition, such term is meant to include blends of two or more polyolefms and random and block copolymers prepared from two or more different unsaturated monomers.
[0089] "Compressed fluid" as used herein refers to a fluid of appreciable density (e.g., >0.2 g/cc) that is a gas at standard temperature and pressure. " Supercritical fluid", "near-critical fluid", "near-supercritical fluid", "critical fluid", "densified fluid" or "densified gas" as used herein refers to a compressed fluid under conditions wherein the temperature is at least 80% of the critical temperature of the fluid and the pressure is at least 50% of the critical pressure of the fluid.
[0090] Examples of substances that demonstrate supercritical or near critical behavior suitable for the present invention include, but are not limited to carbon dioxide, isobutylene, ammonia, water, methanol, ethanol, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, dimethyl ether, xenon, sulfur hexafluoride, halogenated and partially halogenated materials such as chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons (such as perfluoromethane and perfuoropropane, chloroform, trichloro-fluoromethane, dichloro-difluoromethane, dichloro-tetrafluoroethane), 1, 1, 1,2,3,3-hexafluoopropane (R236ea) and mixtures thereof.
[0091] "Sintering" as used herein refers to the process by which the co-deposited impermeable dispersed solid-polymer matrix, as described herein, or the hydrophobic polymer and water-vapor-trapping material becomes fused and adherent to the substrate by treatment of the coated substrate with a compressed gas, compressed liquid, or supercritical fluid that is a non-solvent for both the polymer and the impermeable dispersed solid or the hydrophobic polymer and water-vapor-trapping material, but a plasticizing agent for the polymer(s).
[0092] "Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solutions" or "RESS" as used herein involves the dissolution of a polymer into a compressed fluid, typically supercritical C02, followed by rapid expansion into a chamber at atmospheric pressure. The rapid expansion of the supercritical fluid solution through a small opening, with its accompanying decrease in density, reduces the dissolution capacity of the fluid and results in the nucleation and growth of polymer particles.
[0093] "Solution Enhanced Dispersion of Supercritical Solutions" or "SEDS" as used herein involves a spray process for the generation of polymer particles, which are formed when a compressed fluid (e.g. supercritical fluid, preferably supercritical C02) is used as a diluent to a vehicle in which a polymer dissolved, (one that can dissolve both the polymer and the compressed gas). The mixing of the compressed fluid diluent with the polymer-containing solution may be achieved by encounter of a first stream containing the polymer solution and a second stream containing the diluent compressed fluid, for example, witbin one spray nozzle or by the use of multiple spray nozzles. The solvent in the polymer solution may be one compound or a mixture of two or more ingredients and may be or comprise an alcohol (including diols, triols, etc.), ether, amine, ketone, carbonate, or alkanes, or hydrocarbon (aliphatic or aromatic) or may be a mixture of compounds, such as mixtures of alkanes, or mixtures of one or more alkanes in combination with additional compounds such as one or more alcohols.
(e.g., from 0 or 0.1 to 5% of a CE to C15 alcohol, including diols, triols, etc.). See for example US Patent No.
6,669,785. The solvent may optionally contain a surfactant, as also described in (for example) US Patent No.
6,669,785.
[0094] In one embodiment of the SEDS process, a first stream of fluid comprising a polymer dissolved in a common solvent is co-sprayed with a second stream of compressed fluid. Polymer particles are produced as the second stream acts as a diluent that weakens the solvent in the polymer solution of the first stream. The now combined streams of fluid, along with the polymer particles, flow out of the nozzle assembly into a collection vessel. Control of particle size, particle size distribution, and morphology is achieved by tailoring the following process variables: temperature, pressure, solvent composition of the f~irst stream, flow-rate of the first stream, flow-rate of the second stream, composition of the second stream (where soluble additives may be added to the compressed gas), and conditions of the capture vessel. Typically the capture vessel contains a fluid phase that is at least five to ten times (5-lOx) atmospheric pressure.
[0095] "Electrostaticaily charged" or "electrical potential" or "electrostatic capture" as used herein refers to the collection of the spray-produced particles upon a substrate that has a different electrostatic potential than the sprayed particles. Thus, the substrate is at an attractive electronic potential with respect to the particles exiting, which results in the capture of the particles upon the substrate. i.e. the substrate and particles are oppositely charged, and the particles transport through the fluid medium of the capture vessel onto the surface of the substrate is enhanced via electrostatic attraction. This may be achieved by charging the particles and grounding the substrate or conversely charging the substrate and grounding the particles, or by some other process, which would be easily envisaged by one of skill in the art of electrostatic capture.
[0096] "Electrostatic Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solutions" or "e-RESS"
or "eRESS" as used herein refers to Electrostatic Capture as described herein combined with Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solutions as described herein.
[0097] "Electrostatic Solution Enhanced Dispersion of Supercritical Solutions"
or "e-SEDS" or "eSEDS" as used herein. refers to Electrostatic Capture as described herein combined with Solution Enhanced Dispersion of Supercritical Solutions as described herein.
[0098] "Electrostatic Dry Powder Coating" or "e-DPC" or "eDPC" as used herein refers to Electrostatic Capture as described herein combined with Dry Powder Coating. e-DPC deposits material (including, for example, polymer or impermeable dispersed solid) on the device or other substrate as dry powder, using electrostatic capture to attract the powder particles to the substrate. Dry powder spraying ("Dry Powder Coating" or "DPC" ) is well known in the art, and dry powder spraying coupled with electrostatic capture has been described, for exanaple in US Patents: 5,470,603; 6,319,541; or 6,372,246.
[0099] "Open vessel" as used herein refers to a vessel open to the outside atmosphere, and thus at substantially the same temperature and pressure as the outside atmosphere.
[00100] "Closed vessel" as used herein refers to a vessel sealed from the outside atmosphere, and thus may be at significantly different temperatures and pressures to the outside atmosphere.
Examples [00101] The following examples are given to enable those skilled in the art to more clearly understand and to practice the present invention. They should not be considered as limiting the scope of the invention, but merely as being illustrative and representative thereof.
[00102] Example 1:
[00103] A biocompatible fluoropolymer or other hydrophobic biocompatible polymer is dissolved in an appropriate supercritical solvent such as carbon dioxide. This solution is maintained in a syringe pump or other pressure vessel and transferred to a spraying vessel that is maintained above the compressed gas's critical pressure and temperature as modified by the solute. The device or other substrate to be coated is held such that it can placed at an electrical potential relative to a nozzle through which the compressed gas solution is to be sprayed (10 kV, for example, with the device held at 5 kV and the nozzle held at -5kV). The electrical field between the device and the nozzle is designed to be homogenous and constant.
The polymer solution is expanded through the restrictor nozzle by electrostatic rapid expansion of a supercritical solution (e-RESS), thereby coating the device with a fine film controllable in both thickness and conformality. Subsequent processing in the gas in its uncompressed state further reduces the volume of the film increasing its conformality.
A second layer is deposited consisting of a silicon based polymer in the same manner as the first polymer layer.
Alternatively, this polymer could be deposited as a dry dispersed solid using e-DPC or from solution in a compressed gas solvent. This silicon based polymer is selected so that it traps any water vapor that permeates the fluoropolymer layer. Finally, the polymer stack is completed by deposition of another layer of fluoropolymer using the e-RESS process and processed to reduce its volume (processing in the gas in its uncompressed state to further reduce the volume of the filrn and increase its conformality).
[00104] Example 2 [00105] A biocompatible fluoropolymer or other hydrophobic biocompatible polymer is dissolved in an appropriate supercritical solvent such as carbon dioxide. This solution is maintained in a syringe pump or other pressure vessel and transferred to a spraying vessel that is maintained above the compressed gas's critical pressure and temperature as modified by the solute. The device or other substrate to be coated is held such that it can placed at an electrical potential relative to a nozzle through which the compressed gas solution is to be sprayed (10 kV, for example, with the device held at 5 kV and the nozzle held at -5kV). The electrical field between the device and the nozzle is designed to be homogenous and constant.
The polymer solution is expanded through the restrictor nozzle by electrostatic rapid expansion of a supercritical solution (e-RESS), thereby coating the device with a fine film controllable in both thickness and conformality. Subsequent processing in the gas in its uncompressed state further reduces the volume of the film increasing its conformality.
A second layer of carbonaceous material is deposited by e-DPC. A quantity of carbonaceous material is loaded as a plug into a chamber. The quantity of material initially loaded is dependent upon the desired coating mass and is a function of the potential at which the device or other substrate is held and the backpressure placed on the plug. A valve is rapidly opened through which the material expands creating an aerosolized cloud which coats the device or other substrate as a dry powder. This coating is immediately followed with a second fluoropolymer coating and undergoes the same volume reducing process as the initial layer (processing in the gas in its uncompressed state to further reduce the volume of the film and increase its conformality).
[001061 While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is intended that the following Claims define the scope of the invention and that methods and structures within the scope of these Claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.
Claims (325)
1. A method of preparing a coated substrate comprising:
2. providing a substrate;
3. depositing on said substrate at least one layer comprising a polymer,
4. wherein the layer substantially seals the substrate.
5. The method of Claim 1, wherein the layer is substantially impermeable to a gas.
6. The method of Claim 1, wherein the layer is substantially impermeable to a fluid.
7. The method of Claim 1-, wherein the layer is substantially impervious to a biological material.
8. The method of Claim 1, wherein the polymer is hydrophobic.
9. The method of Claim 1, wherein the polymer is at least one of a polyolefin, a metallocene polyolefins, a styrene polymers, a vinyl polymer, an acrylic polymers, a polyester, a polyalkene, and a polyalkyne.
10. The method of Claim 1, wherein the polymer has a bulk density of at least about 1.00 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc).
11. The method of Claim 1, wherein the polymer has a bulk density of greater than about 1.00 gram per cubic centimeter (g/cc).
12. The method of Claim 1, wherein the polymer has a bulk density of at least about one of 1.01, 1.02, 1.03, 1.05, 1.06, 1.07, 1.08, 1.09, 2.00, 2.01, 2.02, 2.03, 2.04, 2.05, 2.06, 2.07, 2.08, 2.09, 2.10, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13, 2.14, 2.15, 2.16, 2.17, 2.18, 2.19, 2.20, 2.21, 2.22, 2.23, 2.24, 2.25, 2.26, 2.27, 2.28, 2.29, 2.30, 2.31, 2.32, 2.33, 2.34, 2.35, 2.36, 2.37, 2.38, 2.39, 2.40 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc).
13. The method of Claims 1, further comprising:
14. depositing on said substrate at least one layer comprising an impermeable dispersed solid.
15. The method of Claim 1, wherein the layer provides a substantially conformal coating on the substrate.
16. The method of Claim 1, wherein the layer provides a coating that is substantially impermeable to leachants from the substrate.
17. The method of Claim 12, wherein the impermeable dispersed solid is impermeable to a gas.
18. The method of Claim 1, wherein the substrate is a medical device.
19. The method of Claim 14, wherein the medical device is an active medical device.
20. The method of Claim 1, further comprising depositing on said substrate one or more polymer layers.
21. The method of one of Claim 1, further comprising depositing on said substrate one or more impermeable dispersed solid layers.
22. The method of Claim 1, comprising depositing 5, 10, 20, 50, or 100 layers of at least one of a polymer and an impermeable dispersed solid.
23. The method of Claim 10, comprising depositing said impermeable dispersed solid layer by an e-RESS, an e-SEDS, or an e-DPC process.
24. The method of Claim 1, comprising depositing said polymer layer by an e-RESS, an e-SEDS, or an e-DPC process.
25. The method of Claim 1, wherein the polymer layer is substantially defect-free.
26. The method of Claim 1, comprising depositing a coating formed by the polymer layer and an impermeable dispersed solid layer in combination wherein the coating is substantially defect-free.
27. The method of Claim 10, wherein depositing said impermeable dispersed solid layer provides improved adherence of the impermeable dispersed solid to at least one of the substrate and the polymer layer.
28. The method of Claim 1, wherein depositing said polymer layer provides improved adherence of the polymer to the substrate.
29. A method of preparing a coated substrate comprising:
30. providing a substrate;
31. depositing on said substrate at least one layer comprising an impermeable dispersed solid and a polymer.
32. The method of Claim 25, wherein the layer substantially seals the substrate.
33. The method of Claim 25, wherein the layer is substantially impermeable to a gas.
34. The method of Claim 25, wherein the layer is substantially impermeable to a fluid.
35. The method of Claim 25, wherein the layer is substantially impervious to a biological material.
36. The method of Claim 25, wherein the polymer is hydrophobic.
37. The method of Claim 25, wherein the polymer is at least one of a polyolefin, a metallocene polyolefins, a styrene polymers, a vinyl polymer, an acrylic polymers, a polyester, a polyalkene, and a polyalkyne.
38. The method of Claim 25, wherein the polymer has a bulk density of at least about 1.00 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc).
39. The method of Claim 25, wherein the polymer has a bulk density of greater than about 1.00 gram per cubic centimeter (g/cc).
40. The method of Claim 25, wherein the polymer has a bulk density of at least about one of 1.01, 1.02, 1.03, 1.05, 1.06, 1.07, 1.08, 1.09, 2.00, 2.01, 2.02, 2.03, 2.04, 2.05, 2.06, 2.07, 2.08, 2.09, 2.10, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13, 2.14, 2.15, 2.25, 2.17, 2.18, 2.19, 2.20, 2.21, 2.22, 2.23, 2.24, 2.25, 2.26, 2.27, 2.28, 2.29, 2.30, 2.31, 2.32, 2.33, 2.34, 2.35, 2.36, 2.37, 2.38, 2.39, 2.40 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc).
41. The method of Claim 25, wherein the layer provides a substantially conformal coating on the substrate.
42. The method of Claim 25, wherein the layer provides a coating that is substantially impermeable to leachants from the substrate.
43. The method of Claim 25, wherein the impermeable dispersed solid is impermeable to a gas.
44. The method of Claim 25, wherein the substrate is a medical device.
45. The method of Claim 38, wherein the medical device is an active medical device.
46. The method of Claim 25, comprising depositing 5, 10, 20, 50, or 100 layers of at least one of a polymer and a impermeable dispersed solid.
47. The method of Claim 25, comprising depositing said layer by an e-RESS, an e-SEDS, or an e-DPC
process.
process.
48. The method of Claim 25, wherein the layer is substantially defect-free.
49. The method of Claim 25, wherein depositing said layer provides improved adherence of the layer to the substrate.
50. A method for depositing a coating comprising a polymer on a substrate, comprising the following steps:
51. discharging at least one polymer in dry powder form through a first orifice;
52. depositing the polymer onto said substrate, wherein an electrical potential is maintained between the substrate and the polymer particles, thereby forming said coating; and
53. sintering said coating under conditions that do not substantially disrupt the activity and/or function of the substrate,
54. wherein the coating substantially seals the substrate.
55. The method of Claim 44, further comprising:
56. discharging at least one impermeable dispersed solid in dry powder form through a second orifice.
57. The method of Claim 45, further comprising: depositing the gas impermeable dispersed solid onto said substrate, wherein an electrical potential is maintained between the substrate and the impermeable dispersed solid.
58. The method of Claim 45, wherein the impermeable dispersed solid and/or the polymer becomes electrostatically charged prior to deposition on said substrate.
59. The method of Claim 45, wherein the substrate is electrostatically charged.
60. The method of Claim 45, wherein the substrate is electrically grounded, and the impermeable dispersed solid and/or the polymer particles are charged.
61. The method of Claim 45, wherein said polymer and said impermeable dispersed solid are discharged using a gas based propellant.
62. The method of Claim 50, wherein said gas based propellant comprises at least one of the members selected from the group consisting of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, helium, nitrogen, compressed air, argon, and volatile hydrocarbons with a vapor pressure greater than 750 Torr at 20oC.
63. The method of Claim 51, wherein said gas based propellant comprises carbon dioxide.
64. The method of Claim 45, wherein the average particle size of said polymer and/or impermeable dispersed solid particles is from about 0.1 micron to about 100 microns.
65. The method of Claim 45, wherein the molecular weight range of said polymer is from about 5,000 a.u. to about 100,000 a.u.
66. The method of Claim 45, wherein the resistivity of said polymer and/or impermeable dispersed solid dry powders is from about 106.OMEGA.m to about 1024.OMEGA.m.
67. The method of Claim 45, wherein the moisture content of said polymer and/or impermeable dispersed solid dry powders is less than 5% by weight.
68. The method of Claim 45, wherein said first and said second orifices are provided as one single orifice.
69. The method of Claim 57, wherein said impermeable dispersed solid and said polymer are mixed together prior to discharging.
70. The method of Claim 45, wherein said impermeable dispersed solid and said polymer particles are discharged simultaneously.
71. The method of Claim 45, wherein said impermeable dispersed solid and said polymer particles are discharged in succession.
72. The method of Claim 45, carried out at a temperature from about 0°C
to about 80°C.
to about 80°C.
73. The method of one of Claims 1, 25, and 44, wherein the impermeable dispersed solid comprises a nanoparticle.
74. The method of Claim 62, wherein the nanoparticle is a polyurethane adhesive nanocomposite.
75. The method of Claim 62, wherein the nanoparticle comprises organically modified montmorillonite and polyurethane.
76. The method of one of Claims 1, 25, and 44, wherein the oxygen transmission rate across the coating is at most about 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70%.
77. The method of one of Claims 1, 25, and 44, wherein the water vapor permeation through the coating is at most about 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70%.
78. The method of one of Claims 1, 25, and 44, wherein the small particle transmission rate across the coating is at most about 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70%.
79. The method of Claim 44, carried out at a pressure from about 0.1 atmospheres to about 73 atmospheres.
80. The method of Claim 44, wherein said substrate is a biomedical implant.
81. The method of Claim 69, wherein said biomedical implant is selected from the group consisting of a stent (e.g., vascular stents), electrode, catheter, lead, implantable pacemaker, implantable cardioverter, a housing for an implantable pacemaker, a housing for an implantable defibrillator, a housing for an implantable cardioverter, sensor, drug delivery device, therapy delivery device, device comprising telemetry capability, device comprising electrical impulses, diagnostic device, measurement device, joint, screw, rod, ophthalmic implant, femoral pin, bone plate, graft, anastomotic device, perivascular wrap, suture, staple, shuntsfor hydrocephalus, dialysis graft, colostomy bag attachment device, ear drainage tube, lead for pace makers and implantable cardioverters and defibrillators, vertebral disk, bone pin, suture anchor, hemostatic barrier, clamp, screws, plate, clip, vascular implant, tissue adhesive, sealant, tissue scaffolds, shunts, opthalmic implant, prosthetic, shunt, urologic implant, reproductive anatomy device, gastrologic device, neurologic lead, neurologic device, various types of dressings (e.g., wound dressings), bone substitutes, intraluminal devices, and vascular supports.
82. The method of Claim 44, wherein said sintering comprises treating said coated substrate with a compressed gas, compressed liquid, or supercritical fluid that is a non-solvent for both the polymer and the impermeable dispersed solid, but a plasticizing agent for the polymer.
83. The method of Claim 71, wherein said compressed gas, compressed liquid, or supercritical fluid is carbon dioxide.
84. The method of any of Claims 1, 25, and 44, wherein at least one of the polymer and the impermeable dispersed solid is electrostatically deposited onto the substrate, wherein the polymer initially forms a coating of individual polymer nanoparticles that subsequently coalesce with adjacent polymer nanoparticles to form a polymer film.
85. The method of Claim 73, wherein the polymer film comprises a microstructure.
86. The method of Claim 74, wherein the impermeable dispersed solid is are sequestered within said microstructure.
87. The method of Claim 44, wherein the coating is substantially impermeable to a gas.
88. The method of Claim 44, wherein the coating is substantially impermeable to a fluid.
89. The method of Claim 44, wherein the coating is substantially impervious to a biological material.
90. The method of Claim 44, wherein the polymer is hydrophobic.
91. The method of Claim 44, wherein the polymer is at least one of a polyolefin, a metallocene polyolefins, a styrene polymers, a vinyl polymer, an acrylic polymers, a polyester, a polyalkene, and a polyalkyne.
92. The method of Claim 44, wherein the polymer has a bulk density of at least about 1.00 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc).
93. The method of Claim 44, wherein the polymer has a bulk density of greater than about 1.00 gram per cubic centimeter (g/cc).
94. The method of Claim 44, wherein the polymer has a bulk density of at least about one of 1.01, 1.02, 1.03, 1.05, 1.06, 1.07, 1.08, 1.09, 2.00, 2.01, 2.02, 2.03, 2.04, 2.05, 2.06, 2.07, 2.08, 2.09, 2.10, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13, 2.14, 2.15, 2.16, 2.17, 2.18, 2.19, 2.20, 2.21, 2.22, 2.23, 2.24, 2.25, 2.26, 2.27, 2.28, 2.29, 2.30, 2.31, 2.32, 2.33, 2.34, 2.35, 2.36, 2.37, 2.38, 2.39, 2.40 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc).
95. A substrate comprising a coating deposited on said substrate according to any of Claims 1-83.
96. A device comprising:
97. a substrate and
98. a polymer layer disposed on the substrate
99. wherein the layer substantially seals the substrate.
100. The device of Claim 85, wherein said substrate is a medical device.
101. The device of Claim 86, wherein said medical device is selected from a stent (e.g., vascular stents), electrode, catheter, lead, implantable pacemaker, implantable cardioverter, a housing for an implantable pacemaker, a housing for an implantable defibrillator, a housing for an implantable cardioverter, sensor, drug delivery device, therapy delivery device, device comprising telemetry capability, device comprising electrical impulses, diagnostic device, measurement device, joint, screw, rod, ophthalmic implant, femoral pin, bone plate, graft, anastomotic device, perivascular wrap, suture, staple, shuntsfor hydrocephalus, dialysis graft, colostomy bag attachment device, ear drainage tube, lead for pace makers and implantable cardioverters and defibrillators, vertebral disk, bone pin, suture anchor, hemostatic barrier, clamp, screws, plate, clip, vascular implant, tissue adhesive, sealant, tissue scaffolds, shunts, opthalmic implant, prosthetic, shunt, urologic implant, reproductive anatomy device, gastrologic device, neurologic lead, neurologic device, various types of dressings (e.g., wound dressings), bone substitutes, intraluminal devices, and vascular supports.
102. The device of Claim 85, wherein the polymer layer is substantially impermeable to a gas.
103. The device of Claim 85, wherein the polymer layer is substantially impermeable to a fluid.
104. The device of Claim 85, wherein the polymer layer is substantially impervious to a biological material.
105. . The device of Claim 85, wherein the polymer layer is hydrophobic.
106. The device of Claim 85, wherein the polymer layer comprises at least one of a polyolefin, a metallocene polyolefins, a styrene polymers, a vinyl polymer, an acrylic polymers, a polyester, a polyalkene, and a polyalkyne.
107. The device of Claim 85, wherein a polymer in the polymer layer has a bulk density of at least about 1.00 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc).
108. The device of Claim 85, wherein a polymer in the polymer layer has a bulk density of greater than about 1.00 gram per cubic centimeter (g/cc).
109. The device of Claim 85, wherein a polymer in the polymer layer has a bulk density of at least about one of 1.01, 1.02, 1.03, 1.05, 1.06, 1.07, 1.08, 1.09, 2.00, 2.01, 2.02, 2.03, 2.04, 2.05, 2.06, 2.07, 2.08, 2.09, 2.10, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13, 2.14, 2.15, 2.16, 2.17, 2.18, 2.19, 2.20, 2.21, 2.22, 2.23, 2.24, 2.25, 2.26, 2.27, 2.28, 2.29, 2.30, 2.31, 2.32, 2.33, 2.34, 2.35, 2.36, 2.37, 2.38, 2.39, 2.40 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc).
110. The device of Claim 85, wherein the polymer layer provides a substantially conformal coating on the substrate.
111. The method of Claims 85, wherein the polymer layer provides a coating that is substantially impermeable to leachants from the substrate.
112. The device of Claim 85, comprising: at least one layer comprising an impermeable dispersed solid.
113. The device of Claim 98, wherein the polymer layer and the impermeable dispersed solid layer in combination provide a substantially conformal coating on the substrate.
114. The device of Claims 98, wherein the polymer layer and the impermeable dispersed solid layer in combination provide a coating that is substantially impermeable to leachants from the substrate.
115. The device of Claim 98, wherein the impermeable dispersed solid is impermeable to a gas.
116. The device of Claim 98, comprising 5, 10, 20, 50, or 100 layers of at least one of a polymer and an impermeable dispersed solid.
117. The device of Claim 98, wherein the polymer layer is substantially defect-free.
118. The device of Claim 98, wherein a coating formed by the polymer layer and the impermeable dispersed solid layer in combination is substantially defect-free.
119. A device comprising:
120. a substrate and
121. a layer disposed on the substrate, said layer comprising a polymer and an impermeable dispersed solid
122. wherein the layer substantially seals the substrate.
123. The device of Claim 105, wherein said substrate is a medical device.
124. The device of Claim 105, wherein said medical device is selected from a stent (e.g., vascular stents), electrode, catheter, lead, implantable pacemaker, implantable cardioverter, a housing for an implantable pacemaker, a housing for an implantable defibrillator, a housing for an implantable cardioverter, sensor, drug delivery device, therapy delivery device, device comprising telemetry capability, device comprising electrical impulses, diagnostic device, measurement device, joint, screw, rod, ophthalmic implant, femoral pin, bone plate, graft, anastomotic device, perivascular wrap, suture, staple, shuntsfor hydrocephalus, dialysis graft, colostomy bag attachment device, ear drainage tube, lead for pace makers and implantable cardioverters and defibrillators, vertebral disk, bone pin, suture anchor, hemostatic barrier, clamp, screws, plate, clip, vascular implant, tissue adhesive, sealant, tissue scaffolds, shunts, opthalmic implant, prosthetic, shunt, urologic implant, reproductive anatomy device, gastrologic device, neurologic lead, neurologic device, various types of dressings (e.g., wound dressings), bone substitutes, intraluminal devices, and vascular supports.
125. The device of Claim 105, wherein the layer is substantially impermeable to a gas.
126. The device of Claim 105, wherein the layer is substantially impermeable to a fluid.
127. The device of Claim 105, wherein the layer is substantially impervious to a biological material.
128. The device of Claim 105, wherein the layer is hydrophobic.
129. The device of Claim 105, wherein the polymer comprises at least one of a polyolefin, a metallocene polyolefins, a styrene polymers, a vinyl polymer, an acrylic polymers, a polyester, a polyalkene, and a polyalkyne.
130. The device of Claim 105, wherein a polymer has a bulk density of at least about 1.00 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc).
131. The device of Claim 105, wherein a polymer has a bulk density of greater than about 1.00 gram per cubic centimeter (g/cc).
132. The device of Claim 105, wherein a polymer has a bulk density of at least about one of 1.01, 1.02, 1.03, 1.05, 1.06, 1.07, 1.08, 1.09, 2.00, 2.01, 2.02, 2.03, 2.04, 2.05, 2.06, 2.07, 2.08, 2.09, 2.10, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13, 2.14, 2.15, 2.16, 2.17, 2.18, 2.19, 2.20, 2.21, 2.22, 2.23, 2.24, 2.25, 2.26, 2.27, 2.28, 2.29, 2.30, 2.31, 2.32, 2.33, 2.34, 2.35, 2.36, 2.37, 2.38, 2.39, 2.40 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc).
133. The device of Claim 105, wherein the layer provides a substantially conformal coating on the substrate.
134. The method of Claim 105, wherein the layer provides a coating that is substantially impermeable to leachants from the substrate.
135. The device of Claim 105, wherein the impermeable dispersed solid is impermeable to a gas.
136. The device of Claim 105, comprising 5, 10, 20, 50, or 100 layers of at least one of the polymer and the impermeable dispersed solid.
137. The device of Claim 105, wherein the layer is substantially defect-free.
138. A method of preparing a coated substrate comprising:
139. providing a substrate;
140. depositing on said substrate at least one layer comprising a water-vapor-trapping material, and
141. depositing on said substrate at least one layer comprising a hydrophobic polymer.
142. The method of Claim 121, wherein the hydrophobic polymer layer and the water-vapor-trapping material substantially seals the substrate.
143. The method of Claim 121, wherein the hydrophobic polymer comprises a fluoropolymer.
144. The method of Claim 121, wherein the water-vapor-trapping material comprises a silicon based polymer.
145. The method of Claim 124, wherein the silicon based polymer comprises native silicon and is metallized with titanium.
146. The method of Claim 121, comprising depositing at least a third layer of a hydrophobic polymer encapsulate the water-vapor-trapping material between the hydrophobic polymer layers.
147. The method of Claim 126, wherein the hydrophobic polymer comprises a fluoropolymer.
148. The method of Claim 126, wherein the water-vapor-trapping material comprises a silicon based polymer.
149. The method of Claim 128, wherein the silicon based polymer comprises native silicon and is metallized with titanium.
150. The method of Claim 121, comprising depositing multiple alternating layers of a hydrophobic polymer and a water-vapor-trapping material.
151. The method of Claim 121, wherein the water-vapor-trapping material comprises a hydrophilic polymer.
152. The method of Claim 121, wherein the hydrophobic polymer is at least one of a polyolefin, a metallocene polyolefins, a styrene polymers, a vinyl polymer, an acrylic polymers, a polyester, a polyalkene, and a polyalkyne.
153. The method of Claim 121, wherein the hydrophobic polymer has a bulk density of at least about 1.00 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc).
154. The method of Claim 121, wherein the hydrophobic polymer has a bulk density of greater than about 1.00 gram per cubic centimeter (g/cc).
155. The method of Claim 121, wherein the hydrophobic polymer has a bulk density of at least about one of 1.01, 1.02, 1.03, 1.05, 1.06, 1.07, 1.08, 1.09, 2.00, 2.01, 2.02, 2.03, 2.04, 2.05, 2.06, 2.07, 2.08, 2.09, 2.10, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13, 2.14, 2.15, 2.16, 2.17, 2.18, 2.19, 2.20, 2.21, 2.22, 2.23, 2.24, 2.25, 2.26, 2.27, 2.28, 2.29, 2.30, 2.31, 2.32, 2.33, 2.34, 2.35, 2.36, 2.37, 2.38, 2.39, 2.40 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc).
156. The method of Claim 121, wherein the water-vapor-trapping material comprises a superabsorbent polymer.
157. The method of Claim 121, wherein the hydrophobic polymer layer and the water-vapor-trapping later in combination provide a substantially conformal coating on the substrate.
158. The method of Claim 121, wherein the coated substrate is impervious to a biological material.
159. The method of Claim 121, wherein the hydrophobic polymer layer and the water-vapor-trapping later in combination provide a coating that is substantially impermeable to leachants from the substrate..
160. The method of Claim 121, wherein the impermeable dispersed solid is impermeable to a gas.
161. The method of Claim 121, wherein the substrate is a medical device.
162. The method of Claim 141, wherein the medical device is an active medical device.
163. The method of Claim 121, further comprising depositing one or more water-vapor-trapping material layers.
164. The method of Claim 121, further comprising depositing one or more hydrophobic polymer layers.
165. The method of Claim 121, comprising depositing 5, 10, 20, 50, or 100 layers of at least one of a water-vapor-trapping material and a hydrophobic polymer.
166. The method of Claim 121, comprising depositing said hydrophobic polymer layer by an e-RESS, an e-SEDS, or an e-DPC process.
167. The method of Claim 121, comprising depositing said water-vapor-trapping material layer by an e-RESS, an e-SEDS, or an e-DPC process.
168. The method of Claim 121, wherein at least one of the hydrophobic polymer and the water-vapor-trapping material comprises a nanoparticle.
169. The method of Claim 121, wherein the nanoparticle is a polyurethane adhesive nanocomposite.
170. The method of Claim 149, wherein the nanoparticle comprises organically modified montmorillonite and polyurethane.
171. The method of Claim 121, wherein the oxygen transmission rate across the coating is at most about 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70%.
172. The method of Claim 121, wherein the water vapor permeation through the coating is at most about 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70%.
173. The method of Claim 121, wherein the small particle transmission rate across the coating is at most about 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70%.
174. The method of Claim 121, wherein the hydrophobic polymer layer and the water-vapor-trapping material layer is substantially defect-free.
175. The method of Claim 121, wherein depositing said hydrophobic polymer layer provides improved adherence of the impermeable dispersed solid to the substrate.
176. The method of Claim 121, comprising depositing said water-vapor-trapping material layer provides improved adherence of the water-vapor-trapping material to at least one of the substrate and the hydrophobic polymer.
177. A method of preparing a coated substrate comprising:
178. providing a substrate;
179. depositing on said substrate at least one layer comprising a hydrophobic polymer and a water-vapor-trapping material.
180. The method of Claim 157, wherein the layer substantially seals the substrate.
181. The method of Claim 157, wherein the layer is substantially impermeable to a gas.
182. The method of Claim 157, wherein the layer is substantially impermeable to a fluid.
183. The method of Claim 157, wherein the layer is substantially impervious to a biological material.
184. The method of Claim 157, wherein the hydrophobic polymer comprises a fluoropolymer.
185. The method of Claim 157, wherein the water-vapor-trapping material comprises a silicon based polymer.
186. The method of Claim 163, wherein the silicon based polymer comprises native silicon and is metallized with titanium.
187. The method of Claim 157, comprising depositing at least a third layer of a hydrophobic polymer encapsulate the water-vapor-trapping material between the hydrophobic polymer layers.
188. The method of Claim 157, comprising depositing multiple alternating layers of a hydrophobic polymer and a water-vapor-trapping material.
189. The method of C1aim 157, wherein the layer provides a substantially conformal coating on the substrate.
190. The method of Claim 157, wherein the layer provides a coating that is substantially impermeable to leachants from the substrate.
191. The method of Claim 157, wherein the substrate is a medical device.
192. The method of Claim 169, wherein the medical device is an active medical device.
193. The method of Claim 157, further comprising depositing one or more water-vapor-trapping material layers.
194. The method of Claim 157, further comprising depositing one or more hydrophobic polymer layers.
195. The method of Claim 157, comprising depositing 5, 10, 20, 50, or 1001ayers of at least one of a water-vapor-trapping material and a hydrophobic polymer.
196. The method of Claim 157, comprising depositing said layer by an e-RESS, an e-SEDS, or an e-DPC
process.
process.
197. The method of Claim 157, wherein at least one of the hydrophobic polymer and the water-vapor-trapping material comprises a nanoparticle.
198. The method of Claim 175, wherein the nanoparticle is a polyurethane adhesive nanocomposite.
199. The method of Claim 175, wherein the nanoparticle comprises organically modified montmorillonite and polyurethane.
200. The method of Claim 157, wherein the oxygen transmission rate across the coating is at most about 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70%.
201. The method of Claim 157, wherein the water vapor permeation through the coating is at most about 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70%.
202. The method of Claim 157, wherein the small particle transmission rate across the coating is at most about 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70%.
203. The method of Claim 157, wherein the layer is substantially defect-free.
204. A method for depositing a coating comprising a water-vapor-trapping material and hydrophobic polymer on a substrate, comprising the following steps:
205. discharging at least one water-vapor-trapping material in dry powder form through a second orifice;
206. discharging at least one hydrophobic polymer in dry powder form through a first orifice;
207. depositing the water-vapor-trapping material and/or hydrophobic polymer onto said substrate, wherein an electrical potential is maintained between the substrate and the hydrophobic polymer and/or water-vapor-trapping material particles, thereby forming said coating; and
208. sintering said coating under conditions that do not substantially disrupt the activity and/or function of the substrate.
209. The method of Claim 182, wherein the hydrophobic polymer and/or the water-vapor-trapping material becomes electrostatically charged prior to deposition on said substrate.
210. The method of Claim 182, wherein the substrate is electrostatically charged.
211. The method of Claim 182, wherein the substrate is electrically grounded, and the hydrophobic polymer and/or the water-vapor-trapping material particles are charged.
212. The method of Claim 182, wherein said water-vapor-trapping material and said hydrophobic polymer are discharged using a gas based propellant.
213. The method of Claim 186, wherein said gas based propellant comprises at least one of the members selected from the group consisting of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, helium, nitrogen, compressed air, argon, and volatile hydrocarbons with a vapor pressure greater than 750 Torr at 20oC.
214. The method of Claim 186, wherein said gas based propellant comprises carbon dioxide.
215. The method of Claim 182, wherein the average particle size of said water-vapor-trapping material and/or hydrophobic polymer particles is from about 0.1 micron to about 100 microns.
216. The method of Claim 182, wherein the molecular weight range of said water-vapor-trapping material is from about 5,000 a.u. to about 100,000 a.u.
217. The method of Claim 182, wherein the resistivity of said water-vapor-trapping material and/or hydrophobic polymer dry powders is from about 106.OMEGA.m to about 1024.OMEGA.m.
218. The method of Claim 182, wherein the moisture content of said water-vapor-trapping material and/or hydrophobic polymer dry powders is less than 5% by weight.
219. The method of Claim 188, wherein said first and said second orifices are provided as one single orifice.
220. The method of Claim 182, wherein said hydrophobic polymer and said water-vapor-trapping material are mixed together prior to discharging.
221. The method of Claim 182, wherein said hydrophobic polymer and said water-vapor-trapping material particles are discharged simultaneously.
222. The method of Claim 182, wherein said hydrophobic polymer and said water-vapor-trapping material particles are discharged in succession.
223. The method of Claim 182, carried out at a temperature from about 0°C to about 80°C.
224. The method of Claim 182, carried out at a pressure from about 0.1 atmospheres to about 82 atmospheres.
225. The method of Claim 182, wherein said substrate is a biomedical implant.
226. The method of Claim 199, wherein said biomedical implant is selected from the group consisting of a stent (e.g., vascular stents), electrode, catheter, lead, implantable pacemaker, implantable cardioverter, a housing for an implantable pacemaker, a housing for an implantable defibrillator, a housing for an implantable cardioverter, sensor, drug delivery device, therapy delivery device, device comprising telemetry capability, device comprising electrical impulses, diagnostic device, measurement device, joint, screw, rod, ophthalmic implant, femoral pin, bone plate, graft, anastomotic device, perivascular wrap, suture, staple, shuntsfor hydrocephalus, dialysis graft, colostomy bag attachment device, ear drainage tube, lead for pace makers and implantable cardioverters and defibrillators, vertebral disk, bone pin, suture anchor, hemostatic barrier, clamp, screws, plate, clip, vascular implant, tissue adhesive, sealant, tissue scaffolds, shunts, opthalmic implant, prosthetic, shunt, urologic implant, reproductive anatomy device, gastrologic device, neurologic lead, neurologic device, various types of dressings (e.g., wound dressings), bone substitutes, intraluminal devices, and vascular supports.
227. The method of Claim 178, wherein said sintering comprises treating said coated substrate with a compressed gas, compressed liquid, or supercritical fluid that is a non-solvent for both the water-vapor-trapping material and the hydrophobic polymer, but a plasticizing agent for the water-vapor-trapping material.
228. The method of Claim 201, wherein said compressed gas, compressed liquid, or supercritical fluid is carbon dioxide.
229. The method of Claim 178, wherein at least one of the hydrophobic polymer and the water-vapor-trapping material comprises a nanoparticle.
230. The method of Claim 178, wherein the nanoparticle is a polyurethane adhesive nanocomposite.
231. The method of Claim 204, wherein the nanoparticle comprises organically modified montmorillonite and polyurethane.
232. The method of Claim 178, wherein the oxygen transmission rate across the coating is at most about 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70%.
233. The method of Claim 178, wherein the water vapor permeation through the coating is at most about 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70%.
234. The method of Claim 178, wherein the hydrophobic polymer comprises a fluoropolymer.
235. The method of Claim 178, wherein the water-vapor-trapping material comprises a silicon based polymer.
236. The method of Claim 178, comprising depositing at least a third layer of a hydrophobic polymer encapsulate the water-vapor-trapping material between the hydrophobic polymer layers.
237. The method of Claim 178, comprising depositing multiple alternating layers of a hydrophobic polymer and a water-vapor-trapping material.
238. The method of Claim 178, wherein the water-vapor-trapping material comprises a hydrophilic polymer.
239. The method of Claim 178 wherein the polymer is hydrophobic.
240. A substrate comprising a coating deposited on said substrate according to any of Claims 121-213.
241. A device comprising:
242. a substrate and
243. a water-vapor-trapping material layer, and
244. a hydrophobic polymer layer,
245. wherein the water-vapor-trapping material layer is disposed on the substrate,
246. wherein the hydrophobic layer is disposed on the water-vapor-trapping material layer, and
247. wherein at least one of the water-vapor-trapping material layer and the hydrophobic polymer layer substantially seals the substrate.
248. The device of Claim 215, wherein said substrate is an implantable device.
249. The device of Claim 216, wherein said implantable device is selected from a stent (e.g., vascular stents), electrode, catheter, lead, implantable pacemaker, implantable cardioverter, a housing for an implantable pacemaker, a housing for an implantable defibrillator, a housing for an implantable cardioverter, sensor, drug delivery device, therapy delivery device, device comprising telemetry capability, device comprising electrical impulses, diagnostic device, measurement device, joint, screw, rod, ophthalmic implant, femoral pin, bone plate, graft, anastomotic device, perivascular wrap, suture, staple, shuntsfor hydrocephalus, dialysis graft, colostomy bag attachment device, ear drainage tube, lead for pace makers and implantable cardioverters and defibrillators, vertebral disk, bone pin, suture anchor, hemostatic barrier, clamp, screws, plate, clip, vascular implant, tissue adhesive, sealant, tissue scaffolds, shunts, opthalmic implant, prosthetic, shunt, urologic implant, reproductive anatomy device, gastrologic device, neurologic lead, neurologic device, various types of dressings (e.g., wound dressings), bone substitutes, intraluminal devices, and vascular supports.
250. A device comprising:
251. a substrate and
252. a layer disposed on the substrate, said layer comprising a polymer and an impermeable dispersed solid
253. wherein the layer substantially seals the substrate.
254. The device of Claim 218, wherein said substrate is a medical device.
255. The device of Claim 218, wherein the layer provides a substantially conformal coating on the substrate.
256. The device of Claim 218, wherein the layer is substantially defect-free.
257. A method of preparing a coated substrate comprising:
258. providing a substrate;
259. depositing on said substrate at least one layer comprising a nanoparticle; and
260. depositing on said substrate at least one layer comprising a polymer,
261. wherein the depositing of the nanoparticle and the polymer in combination substantially seals the substrate
262. The method of Claim 222, wherein the substrate is a medical device.
263. The method of Claim 222, further comprising depositing one or more polymer layers.
264. The method of Claim 222, further comprising depositing one or more layers of nanoparticles.
265. The method of Claim 222, comprising depositing 5, 10, 20, 50, or 100 layers of at least one of a polymer and a nanoparticle.
266. The method of Claim 222, comprising depositing said nanoparticle layer by an e-RESS, an e-SEDS, or an e-DPC process.
267. The method of Claim 222, comprising depositing said polymer layer by an e-RESS, an e-SEDS, or an e-DPC process.
268. The method of Claim 222, comprising depositing said polymer layer in a substantially defect-free manner.
269. A method of preparing a conformally coated substrate impervious to a biological material comprising:
270. providing a substrate;
271. depositing on said substrate at least one layer comprising a nanoparticle and a polymer
272. wherein depositing the layer substantially seals the substrate
273. The method of Claim 230, wherein the substrate is a medical device.
274. The method of Claim 230, comprising depositing said layer by an e-RESS, an e-SEDS, or an e-DPC
process.
process.
275. The method of Claim 230, comprising depositing said layer in a substantially defect-free manner.
276. A method for depositing a coating comprising a polymer and a nanoparticle impervious to small particle transport on a substrate, comprising the following steps:
277. discharging at least one nanoparticle in dry powder form through a first orifice;
278. discharging at least one polymer in dry powder form through a second orifice;
279. depositing the polymer and/or nanoparticle onto said substrate, wherein an electrical potential is maintained between the substrate and the nanoparticle and/or polymer particles, thereby forming said coating; and
280. sintering said coating under conditions that do not substantially disrupt the activity and/or function of the substrate.
281. The method of Claim 230, wherein the nanoparticle and/or the polymer becomes electrostatically charged prior to deposition on said substrate.
282. The method of Claim 230, wherein the substrate is electrostatically charged.
283. The method of Claim 230, wherein the substrate is electrically grounded, and the nanoparticle and/or the polymer particles are charged.
284. The method of Claim 230, wherein said polymer and said nanoparticle are discharged using a gas based propellant.
285. The method of Claim 230, wherein the average particle size of said polymer particle and/or nanoparticle is from about 0.1 micron to about 100 microns.
286. The method of Claim 230, wherein the molecular weight range of said polymer is from about 5,000 a.u. to about 100,000 a.u.
287. The method of Claim 230, wherein the resistivity of said polymer and/or nanoparticle dry powders is from about 106.OMEGA.m to about 1024.OMEGA.m.
288. The method of Claim 230, wherein the moisture content of said polymer and/or nanoparticle dry powders is less than 5% by weight.
289. The method of Claim 230, wherein said first and said second orifices are provided as one single orifice.
290. The method of Claim 239, wherein said nanoparticle and said polymer are mixed together prior to discharging.
291. The method of Claim 230, wherein said nanoparticle and said polymer particles are discharged simultaneously.
292. The method of Claim 230, wherein said nanoparticle and said polymer particles are discharged in succession.
293. The method of Claim 230, carried out at a temperature from about 0°C to about 80°C.
294. The method of Claim 343, wherein the nanoparticle is a polyurethane adhesive nanocomposite.
295. The method of Claim 345, wherein the nanoparticle comprises organically modified montmorillonite and polyurethane.
296. The method of one of Claims 222, 230, and 234, wherein the oxygen transmission rate across the coating is at most about 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70%.
297. The method of one of Claims 222, 230, and 234, wherein the water vapor permeation through the coating is at most about 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70%.
298. The method of one of Claims 222, 230, and 234, wherein the small particle transmission rate across the coating is at most about 0.001%, 0.0 1%, 0.1%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70%.
299. The method of Claim 230, carried out at a pressure from about 0.1 atmospheres to about 73 atmospheres.
300. The method of Claim 230, wherein said substrate is a biomedical implant.
301. The method of Claim 230, wherein said sintering comprises treating said coated substrate with a compressed gas, compressed liquid, or supercritical fluid that is a non-solvent for both the polymer and the impermeable dispersed solid, but a plasticizing agent for the polymer.
302. The method of Claim 230, wherein said compressed gas, compressed liquid, or supercritical fluid is carbon dioxide.
303. The method of any of Claims 222, 230, and 234, wherein at least one of the polymer and the nanoparticle is electrostatically deposited onto the substrate, wherein the polymer initially forms a coating of individual polymer nanoparticles that subsequently coalesce with adjacent polymer nanoparticles to form a polymer film.
304. The method of Claim 257, wherein the polymer film comprises a microstructure.
305. The method of Claim 257, wherein the impermeable dispersed solid is are sequestered within said microstructure.
306. A substrate comprising a coating deposited on said substrate according to any of Claims 222- 259.
307. A device comprising:
308. a substrate
309. a layer comprising at least one of a nanoparticle and a polymer disposed on the substrate,
310. wherein the layer substantially seals the substrate.
311. The device of Claim 261, wherein said substrate is a medical device.
312. The device of Claim 262, wherein said medical device is selected from a stent (e.g., vascular stents), electrode, catheter, lead, implantable pacemaker, implantable cardioverter, a housing for an implantable pacemaker, a housing for an implantable defibrillator, a housing for an implantable cardioverter, sensor, drug delivery device, therapy delivery device, device comprising telemetry capability, device comprising electrical impulses, diagnostic device, measurement device, joint, screw, rod, ophthalmic implant, femoral pin, bone plate, graft, anastomotic device, perivascular wrap, suture, staple, shunts for hydrocephalus, dialysis graft, colostomy bag attachment device, ear drainage tube, lead for pace makers and implantable cardioverters and defibrillators, vertebral disk, bone pin, suture anchor, hemostatic barrier, clamp, screws, plate, clip, vascular implant, tissue adhesive, sealant, tissue scaffolds, shunts, opthalmic implant, prosthetic, shunt, urologic implant, reproductive anatomy device, gastrologic device, neurologic lead, neurologic device, various types of dressings (e.g., wound dressings), bone substitutes, intraluminal devices, and vascular supports.
313. The device of Claim 261, wherein the layer is substantially impermeable to a gas.
314. The device of Claim 261, wherein the layer is substantially impermeable to a fluid.
315. The device of Claim 261, wherein the layer is substantially impervious to a biological material.
316. The device of Claim 261, wherein the polymer is hydrophobic.
317. The device of Claim 261, wherein the polymer comprises at least one of a polyolefin, a metallocene polyolefins, a styrene polymers, a vinyl polymer, an acrylic polymers, a polyester, a polyalkene, and a polyalkyne.
318. The device of Claim 261, wherein the polymer has a bulk density of at least about 1.00 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc).
319. The device of Claim 261, wherein polymer has a bulk density of greater than about 1.00 gram per cubic centimeter (g/cc).
320. The device of Claim 261, wherein the polymer has a bulk density of at least about one of 1.01, 1.02, 1.03, 1.05, 1.06, 1.07, 1.08, 1.09, 2.00, 2.01, 2.02, 2.03, 2.04, 2.05, 2.06, 2.07, 2.08, 2.09, 2.10, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13, 2.14, 2.15, 2.16, 2.17, 2.18, 2.19, 2.20, 2.21, 2.22, 2.23, 2.24, 2.25, 2.26, 2.27, 2.28, 2.29, 2.30, 2.31, 2.32, 2.33, 2.34, 2.35, 2.36, 2.37, 2.38, 2.39, 2.40 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc).
321. The device of Claim 261, wherein the layer provides a substantially conformal coating on the substrate.
322. The device of Claim 261, wherein the layer provides a coating that is substantially impermeable to leachants from the substrate.
323. The device of Claim 261, wherein the layer provide a substantially conformal coating on the substrate.
324. The device of Claim 261, comprising 5, 10, 20, 50, or 100 layers of at least one of a polymer and an nanoparticle.
325. The device of Claim 261, wherein the layer is substantially defect-free.
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US94036507P | 2007-05-25 | 2007-05-25 | |
US60/940,365 | 2007-05-25 | ||
US97937507P | 2007-10-11 | 2007-10-11 | |
US60/979,375 | 2007-10-11 | ||
PCT/US2008/064732 WO2008148013A1 (en) | 2007-05-25 | 2008-05-23 | Polymer films for medical device coating |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CA2688314A1 true CA2688314A1 (en) | 2008-12-04 |
CA2688314C CA2688314C (en) | 2013-12-03 |
Family
ID=40075522
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CA2688314A Expired - Fee Related CA2688314C (en) | 2007-05-25 | 2008-05-23 | Polymer films for medical device coating |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8900651B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2170418B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2010527746A (en) |
CN (1) | CN101815540B (en) |
AU (2) | AU2008256684B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2688314C (en) |
IL (1) | IL202321A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2008148013A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (51)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8458879B2 (en) * | 2001-07-03 | 2013-06-11 | Advanced Bio Prosthetic Surfaces, Ltd., A Wholly Owned Subsidiary Of Palmaz Scientific, Inc. | Method of fabricating an implantable medical device |
JP2007521118A (en) | 2004-01-07 | 2007-08-02 | ノクシライザー,インコーポレイテッド | Sterilization system and equipment |
US8017074B2 (en) | 2004-01-07 | 2011-09-13 | Noxilizer, Inc. | Sterilization system and device |
KR101406415B1 (en) | 2005-07-15 | 2014-06-19 | 미셀 테크놀로지즈, 인코포레이티드 | Polymer coatings containing drug powder of controlled morphology |
WO2007011708A2 (en) | 2005-07-15 | 2007-01-25 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Stent with polymer coating containing amorphous rapamycin |
AU2007243268B2 (en) | 2006-04-26 | 2013-06-13 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Coatings containing multiple drugs |
WO2008052000A2 (en) | 2006-10-23 | 2008-05-02 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Holder for electrically charging a substrate during coating |
JP5603598B2 (en) | 2007-01-08 | 2014-10-08 | ミセル テクノロジーズ、インコーポレイテッド | Stent with biodegradable layer |
US11426494B2 (en) | 2007-01-08 | 2022-08-30 | MT Acquisition Holdings LLC | Stents having biodegradable layers |
WO2008148013A1 (en) | 2007-05-25 | 2008-12-04 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Polymer films for medical device coating |
BRPI0910969B8 (en) | 2008-04-17 | 2021-06-22 | Micell Technologies Inc | device |
US20090269480A1 (en) * | 2008-04-24 | 2009-10-29 | Medtronic Vascular, Inc. | Supercritical Fluid Loading of Porous Medical Devices With Bioactive Agents |
JP2011528275A (en) | 2008-07-17 | 2011-11-17 | ミセル テクノロジーズ,インク. | Drug delivery medical device |
US8834913B2 (en) | 2008-12-26 | 2014-09-16 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Medical implants and methods of making medical implants |
EP2361099B1 (en) | 2009-02-23 | 2012-09-12 | Noxilizer, Inc. | Method for gas sterilization |
US20100239635A1 (en) | 2009-03-23 | 2010-09-23 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Drug delivery medical device |
JP2012522589A (en) * | 2009-04-01 | 2012-09-27 | ミシェル テクノロジーズ,インコーポレイテッド | Covered stent |
JP2010251745A (en) | 2009-04-10 | 2010-11-04 | Asml Netherlands Bv | Immersion lithography device and device manufacturing method |
EP3366326A1 (en) | 2009-04-17 | 2018-08-29 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Stents having controlled elution |
EP2453834A4 (en) | 2009-07-16 | 2014-04-16 | Micell Technologies Inc | Drug delivery medical device |
EP2531140B1 (en) | 2010-02-02 | 2017-11-01 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Stent and stent delivery system with improved deliverability |
US8795762B2 (en) | 2010-03-26 | 2014-08-05 | Battelle Memorial Institute | System and method for enhanced electrostatic deposition and surface coatings |
EP2560576B1 (en) | 2010-04-22 | 2018-07-18 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Stents and other devices having extracellular matrix coating |
US8377365B2 (en) * | 2010-04-29 | 2013-02-19 | Medtronic Vascular, Inc. | System and method for stent manufacture |
WO2012009684A2 (en) | 2010-07-16 | 2012-01-19 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Drug delivery medical device |
CA2810842C (en) | 2010-09-09 | 2018-06-26 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Macrolide dosage forms |
US10238776B2 (en) | 2010-12-29 | 2019-03-26 | St. Jude Medical, Atrial Fibrillation Division, Inc. | Hydrophobic catheter and composition |
US20120177742A1 (en) | 2010-12-30 | 2012-07-12 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Nanoparticle and surface-modified particulate coatings, coated balloons, and methods therefore |
WO2012166819A1 (en) | 2011-05-31 | 2012-12-06 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | System and process for formation of a time-released, drug-eluting transferable coating |
WO2013012689A1 (en) | 2011-07-15 | 2013-01-24 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Drug delivery medical device |
US10188772B2 (en) | 2011-10-18 | 2019-01-29 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Drug delivery medical device |
CA2852260C (en) | 2011-10-18 | 2020-09-22 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Drug delivery medical device |
US20130255061A1 (en) * | 2012-04-03 | 2013-10-03 | Becton, Dickinson And Company | Systems and methods for applying a novel antimicrobial coating material to a medical device |
EP2967803B1 (en) | 2013-03-12 | 2023-12-27 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Bioabsorbable biomedical implants |
US9913933B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2018-03-13 | St. Jude Medical, Cardiology Division, Inc. | Multilayered catheter shaft containing polyvinylidene fluoride polymers |
KR102079613B1 (en) | 2013-05-15 | 2020-02-20 | 미셀 테크놀로지즈, 인코포레이티드 | Bioabsorbable biomedical implants |
CN103272280A (en) * | 2013-05-24 | 2013-09-04 | 南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院 | Method for modifying decellularized vascular stent or artificial blood vessel |
US9345897B2 (en) * | 2014-02-21 | 2016-05-24 | Boston Scientific Neuromodulation Corporation | Multi-layer covering for control modules of electrical implantable medical devices and methods of making and using |
RU2699811C1 (en) | 2014-03-07 | 2019-09-11 | Айконлаб Инк. | Multipurpose implant with specified surface structure for soft tissue reconstruction |
US10588732B2 (en) | 2014-03-07 | 2020-03-17 | IconLab USA, Inc. | Multipurpose implant with modeled surface structure for soft tissue reconstruction |
US11406742B2 (en) | 2014-07-18 | 2022-08-09 | M.A. Med Alliance SA | Coating for intraluminal expandable catheter providing contact transfer of drug micro-reservoirs |
JP6154370B2 (en) * | 2014-12-26 | 2017-06-28 | 住友ゴム工業株式会社 | Surface-modified metal and method for modifying metal surface |
KR20180050400A (en) | 2015-09-09 | 2018-05-14 | 미셀 테크놀로지즈, 인코포레이티드 | Biopharmaceutical application of micelle technology |
JP2019510540A (en) | 2016-02-05 | 2019-04-18 | ハヴィ グローバル ソリューションズ、エルエルシー | Microstructured surface with improved thermal insulation and condensation resistance |
US10687642B2 (en) | 2016-02-05 | 2020-06-23 | Havi Global Solutions, Llc | Microstructured packaging surfaces for enhanced grip |
US10752415B2 (en) | 2016-04-07 | 2020-08-25 | Havi Global Solutions, Llc | Fluid pouch with inner microstructure |
CN109279180B (en) * | 2017-07-21 | 2020-06-16 | 深圳市中科先见医疗科技有限公司 | Medical implant component with an encapsulation layer and method for encapsulating a medical implant component |
US11033411B2 (en) * | 2017-12-14 | 2021-06-15 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Stent including an expandable member |
CN109626319A (en) * | 2019-01-11 | 2019-04-16 | 清华大学 | A kind of built-in type device and its packaging method |
CA3149481A1 (en) | 2019-08-02 | 2021-02-11 | Bmic Llc | Water-resistant acrylic coatings |
KR102297774B1 (en) * | 2021-02-09 | 2021-09-03 | (주)테라시스 | Functional sheet and manufacturing method thereof using powder spray type |
Family Cites Families (389)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3123077A (en) | 1964-03-03 | Surgical suture | ||
US3087860A (en) * | 1958-12-19 | 1963-04-30 | Abbott Lab | Method of prolonging release of drug from a precompressed solid carrier |
US3087660A (en) * | 1962-07-24 | 1963-04-30 | Yankee Plasties Inc | Two-step garment hanger |
US3457280A (en) | 1967-06-12 | 1969-07-22 | American Cyanamid Co | Alpha-glycolide and methods for the isolation thereof |
US3597449A (en) | 1967-11-16 | 1971-08-03 | American Cyanamid Co | Stable glycolide and lactide composition |
ZA737247B (en) | 1972-09-29 | 1975-04-30 | Ayerst Mckenna & Harrison | Rapamycin and process of preparation |
US4000137A (en) | 1975-06-10 | 1976-12-28 | American Home Products Corporation | Antitumor derivatives of periodate-oxidized nucleosides |
US4285987A (en) * | 1978-10-23 | 1981-08-25 | Alza Corporation | Process for manufacturing device with dispersion zone |
US4326532A (en) * | 1980-10-06 | 1982-04-27 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Antithrombogenic articles |
SE445884B (en) | 1982-04-30 | 1986-07-28 | Medinvent Sa | DEVICE FOR IMPLANTATION OF A RODFORM PROTECTION |
US4734451A (en) | 1983-09-01 | 1988-03-29 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Supercritical fluid molecular spray thin films and fine powders |
US4582731A (en) | 1983-09-01 | 1986-04-15 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Supercritical fluid molecular spray film deposition and powder formation |
US4734227A (en) | 1983-09-01 | 1988-03-29 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Method of making supercritical fluid molecular spray films, powder and fibers |
US6309669B1 (en) | 1984-03-16 | 2001-10-30 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Therapeutic treatment and prevention of infections with a bioactive materials encapsulated within a biodegradable-biocompatible polymeric matrix |
US4733665C2 (en) * | 1985-11-07 | 2002-01-29 | Expandable Grafts Partnership | Expandable intraluminal graft and method and apparatus for implanting an expandable intraluminal graft |
JPH0698902B2 (en) | 1986-01-30 | 1994-12-07 | マツダ株式会社 | Vehicle transmission torque control device |
US4985625A (en) | 1986-03-06 | 1991-01-15 | Finnigan Corporation | Transfer line for mass spectrometer apparatus |
ES2045280T3 (en) * | 1988-07-14 | 1994-01-16 | Union Carbide Corp | APPLICATION OF COATINGS BY ELCTROSTATIC SPRAY OF LIOQUIDS WITH SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS AS THINNERS AND SPRAYING FROM A HOLE. |
US5106650A (en) | 1988-07-14 | 1992-04-21 | Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation | Electrostatic liquid spray application of coating with supercritical fluids as diluents and spraying from an orifice |
US4950239A (en) | 1988-08-09 | 1990-08-21 | Worldwide Medical Plastics Inc. | Angioplasty balloons and balloon catheters |
DE68922497T2 (en) * | 1988-08-24 | 1995-09-14 | Marvin J Slepian | ENDOLUMINAL SEAL WITH BISDEGRADABLE POLYMERS. |
US4931037A (en) * | 1988-10-13 | 1990-06-05 | International Medical, Inc. | In-dwelling ureteral stent and injection stent assembly, and method of using same |
US4958625A (en) | 1989-07-18 | 1990-09-25 | Boston Scientific Corporation | Biopsy needle instrument |
DE69002295T2 (en) | 1989-09-25 | 1993-11-04 | Schneider Usa Inc | MULTILAYER EXTRUSION AS A METHOD FOR PRODUCING BALLOONS FOR VESSEL PLASTICS. |
US5000519A (en) | 1989-11-24 | 1991-03-19 | John Moore | Towed vehicle emergency brake control system |
US5674192A (en) * | 1990-12-28 | 1997-10-07 | Boston Scientific Corporation | Drug delivery |
JP2641781B2 (en) | 1990-02-23 | 1997-08-20 | シャープ株式会社 | Method of forming semiconductor element isolation region |
WO1991017724A1 (en) | 1990-05-17 | 1991-11-28 | Harbor Medical Devices, Inc. | Medical device polymer |
US5090419A (en) | 1990-08-23 | 1992-02-25 | Aubrey Palestrant | Apparatus for acquiring soft tissue biopsy specimens |
US6248129B1 (en) | 1990-09-14 | 2001-06-19 | Quanam Medical Corporation | Expandable polymeric stent with memory and delivery apparatus and method |
US6524698B1 (en) * | 1990-09-27 | 2003-02-25 | Helmuth Schmoock | Fluid impermeable foil |
GB2253164B (en) | 1991-02-22 | 1994-10-05 | Hoechst Uk Ltd | Improvements in or relating to electrostatic coating of substrates of medicinal products |
US5158986A (en) | 1991-04-05 | 1992-10-27 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Microcellular thermoplastic foamed with supercritical fluid |
US5195969A (en) | 1991-04-26 | 1993-03-23 | Boston Scientific Corporation | Co-extruded medical balloons and catheter using such balloons |
US5372676A (en) * | 1991-05-15 | 1994-12-13 | Lowe; Michael | Method for producing replicated paving stone |
US5356433A (en) | 1991-08-13 | 1994-10-18 | Cordis Corporation | Biocompatible metal surfaces |
US5243023A (en) | 1991-08-28 | 1993-09-07 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Polyimides containing amide and perfluoroisopropylidene connecting groups |
US5366504A (en) | 1992-05-20 | 1994-11-22 | Boston Scientific Corporation | Tubular medical prosthesis |
JPH0698902A (en) * | 1991-11-22 | 1994-04-12 | Janome Sewing Mach Co Ltd | Production of bone implant |
US5697882A (en) | 1992-01-07 | 1997-12-16 | Arthrocare Corporation | System and method for electrosurgical cutting and ablation |
JPH07505316A (en) | 1992-03-31 | 1995-06-15 | ボストン サイエンティフィック コーポレーション | medical wire |
US5288711A (en) | 1992-04-28 | 1994-02-22 | American Home Products Corporation | Method of treating hyperproliferative vascular disease |
US5342621A (en) | 1992-09-15 | 1994-08-30 | Advanced Cardiovascular Systems, Inc. | Antithrombogenic surface |
US5500180A (en) | 1992-09-30 | 1996-03-19 | C. R. Bard, Inc. | Method of making a distensible dilatation balloon using a block copolymer |
US5385776A (en) * | 1992-11-16 | 1995-01-31 | Alliedsignal Inc. | Nanocomposites of gamma phase polymers containing inorganic particulate material |
EP0604022A1 (en) | 1992-12-22 | 1994-06-29 | Advanced Cardiovascular Systems, Inc. | Multilayered biodegradable stent and method for its manufacture |
US5324049A (en) | 1992-12-23 | 1994-06-28 | Xerox Corporation | Mandrel with flared, dish shaped disk and process for using mandrel |
CA2152594C (en) | 1993-01-19 | 1998-12-01 | David W. Mayer | Clad composite stent |
US5340614A (en) | 1993-02-11 | 1994-08-23 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Methods of polymer impregnation |
US6228879B1 (en) | 1997-10-16 | 2001-05-08 | The Children's Medical Center | Methods and compositions for inhibition of angiogenesis |
EP0689465A1 (en) | 1993-03-18 | 1996-01-03 | Cedars-Sinai Medical Center | Drug incorporating and releasing polymeric coating for bioprosthesis |
US20020055710A1 (en) | 1998-04-30 | 2002-05-09 | Ronald J. Tuch | Medical device for delivering a therapeutic agent and method of preparation |
US5403347A (en) * | 1993-05-27 | 1995-04-04 | United States Surgical Corporation | Absorbable block copolymers and surgical articles fabricated therefrom |
US5350627A (en) | 1993-06-11 | 1994-09-27 | Camelot Technologies, Inc. | Coated webs |
US5380299A (en) | 1993-08-30 | 1995-01-10 | Med Institute, Inc. | Thrombolytic treated intravascular medical device |
US5350361A (en) | 1993-11-10 | 1994-09-27 | Medtronic, Inc. | Tri-fold balloon for dilatation catheter and related method |
US5494620A (en) | 1993-11-24 | 1996-02-27 | United States Surgical Corporation | Method of manufacturing a monofilament suture |
US5626611A (en) | 1994-02-10 | 1997-05-06 | United States Surgical Corporation | Composite bioabsorbable materials and surgical articles made therefrom |
US6146356A (en) | 1994-03-02 | 2000-11-14 | Scimed Life Systems, Inc. | Block copolymer elastomer catheter balloons |
WO1995023619A1 (en) | 1994-03-02 | 1995-09-08 | Scimed Life Systems, Inc. | Block copolymer elastomer catheter balloons |
CN1097619C (en) * | 1994-07-12 | 2003-01-01 | 伯温德药品服务公司 | Moisture barrier film coating composition, method, and coated products |
US5626862A (en) | 1994-08-02 | 1997-05-06 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Controlled local delivery of chemotherapeutic agents for treating solid tumors |
EP0805678B1 (en) | 1995-01-05 | 2003-10-29 | THE BOARD OF REGENTS acting for and on behalf of THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN | Surface-modified nanoparticles and method of making and using same |
US6231600B1 (en) | 1995-02-22 | 2001-05-15 | Scimed Life Systems, Inc. | Stents with hybrid coating for medical devices |
US20020091433A1 (en) * | 1995-04-19 | 2002-07-11 | Ni Ding | Drug release coated stent |
US5837313A (en) | 1995-04-19 | 1998-11-17 | Schneider (Usa) Inc | Drug release stent coating process |
US6120536A (en) | 1995-04-19 | 2000-09-19 | Schneider (Usa) Inc. | Medical devices with long term non-thrombogenic coatings |
JP3676374B2 (en) | 1995-05-01 | 2005-07-27 | サム・ヤン・カンパニー・リミテッド | Biodegradable shielding film for transplantation and production method |
US5714007A (en) | 1995-06-06 | 1998-02-03 | David Sarnoff Research Center, Inc. | Apparatus for electrostatically depositing a medicament powder upon predefined regions of a substrate |
US5674242A (en) | 1995-06-06 | 1997-10-07 | Quanam Medical Corporation | Endoprosthetic device with therapeutic compound |
US5609629A (en) | 1995-06-07 | 1997-03-11 | Med Institute, Inc. | Coated implantable medical device |
CA2178541C (en) | 1995-06-07 | 2009-11-24 | Neal E. Fearnot | Implantable medical device |
US6256529B1 (en) | 1995-07-26 | 2001-07-03 | Burdette Medical Systems, Inc. | Virtual reality 3D visualization for surgical procedures |
JP3476604B2 (en) | 1995-08-22 | 2003-12-10 | 鐘淵化学工業株式会社 | Method for manufacturing stent with drug attached / coated |
DE69600289T2 (en) | 1995-09-19 | 1998-09-03 | Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co | Biodegradable water-soluble polymer |
US6461644B1 (en) | 1996-03-25 | 2002-10-08 | Richard R. Jackson | Anesthetizing plastics, drug delivery plastics, and related medical products, systems and methods |
ES2332203T3 (en) | 1996-05-31 | 2010-01-28 | Toto Ltd. | ANTIINCRUSTANT ELEMENT AND ANTIINCRUSTANT COATING COMPOSITION. |
US6143037A (en) | 1996-06-12 | 2000-11-07 | The Regents Of The University Of Michigan | Compositions and methods for coating medical devices |
US5876426A (en) * | 1996-06-13 | 1999-03-02 | Scimed Life Systems, Inc. | System and method of providing a blood-free interface for intravascular light delivery |
FR2750897B1 (en) * | 1996-07-10 | 1998-09-18 | Sames Sa | TRIBOELECTRIC PROJECTOR, COATING PRODUCT PROJECTION INSTALLATION AND METHOD FOR CONTROLLING SUCH A PROJECTOR |
US6013855A (en) | 1996-08-06 | 2000-01-11 | United States Surgical | Grafting of biocompatible hydrophilic polymers onto inorganic and metal surfaces |
US6884377B1 (en) * | 1996-08-27 | 2005-04-26 | Trexel, Inc. | Method and apparatus for microcellular polymer extrusion |
US6193963B1 (en) | 1996-10-17 | 2001-02-27 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Method of treating tumor-bearing patients with human plasma hyaluronidase |
US6387121B1 (en) | 1996-10-21 | 2002-05-14 | Inflow Dynamics Inc. | Vascular and endoluminal stents with improved coatings |
GB9623634D0 (en) * | 1996-11-13 | 1997-01-08 | Bpsi Holdings Inc | Method and apparatus for the coating of substrates for pharmaceutical use |
ZA9711732B (en) * | 1996-12-31 | 1998-12-28 | Quadrant Holdings Cambridge | Methods and compositions for improvement bioavailability of bioactive agents for mucosal delivery |
US6884823B1 (en) * | 1997-01-16 | 2005-04-26 | Trexel, Inc. | Injection molding of polymeric material |
US6273913B1 (en) | 1997-04-18 | 2001-08-14 | Cordis Corporation | Modified stent useful for delivery of drugs along stent strut |
GB9800936D0 (en) | 1997-05-10 | 1998-03-11 | Univ Nottingham | Biofunctional polymers |
US6416779B1 (en) * | 1997-06-11 | 2002-07-09 | Umd, Inc. | Device and method for intravaginal or transvaginal treatment of fungal, bacterial, viral or parasitic infections |
US6433154B1 (en) | 1997-06-12 | 2002-08-13 | Bristol-Myers Squibb Company | Functional receptor/kinase chimera in yeast cells |
US6077880A (en) | 1997-08-08 | 2000-06-20 | Cordis Corporation | Highly radiopaque polyolefins and method for making the same |
JP4352613B2 (en) | 1997-08-28 | 2009-10-28 | 日産化学工業株式会社 | Angiogenesis promoting agent and angiogenic action enhancing agent |
US7378105B2 (en) * | 1997-09-26 | 2008-05-27 | Abbott Laboratories | Drug delivery systems, kits, and methods for administering zotarolimus and paclitaxel to blood vessel lumens |
US6127000A (en) * | 1997-10-10 | 2000-10-03 | North Carolina State University | Method and compositions for protecting civil infrastructure |
EP1028670B1 (en) * | 1997-11-07 | 2008-01-02 | Salviac Limited | An embolic protection device |
ATE242647T1 (en) | 1997-11-24 | 2003-06-15 | Efmt Entwicklungs Und Forschun | METHOD FOR IMMOBILIZING MEDIATOR MOLECULES ON INORGANIC AND METALLIC IMPLANT MATERIALS |
US5957975A (en) | 1997-12-15 | 1999-09-28 | The Cleveland Clinic Foundation | Stent having a programmed pattern of in vivo degradation |
US6129755A (en) | 1998-01-09 | 2000-10-10 | Nitinol Development Corporation | Intravascular stent having an improved strut configuration |
US7208010B2 (en) * | 2000-10-16 | 2007-04-24 | Conor Medsystems, Inc. | Expandable medical device for delivery of beneficial agent |
SE9801288D0 (en) * | 1998-04-14 | 1998-04-14 | Astra Ab | Vaccine delivery system and method of production |
US8029561B1 (en) | 2000-05-12 | 2011-10-04 | Cordis Corporation | Drug combination useful for prevention of restenosis |
GB9808052D0 (en) | 1998-04-17 | 1998-06-17 | Secr Defence | Implants for administering substances and methods of producing implants |
US6206914B1 (en) | 1998-04-30 | 2001-03-27 | Medtronic, Inc. | Implantable system with drug-eluting cells for on-demand local drug delivery |
US6190699B1 (en) * | 1998-05-08 | 2001-02-20 | Nzl Corporation | Method of incorporating proteins or peptides into a matrix and administration thereof through mucosa |
FR2780057B1 (en) | 1998-06-18 | 2002-09-13 | Sanofi Sa | PHENOXYPROPANOLAMINES, PROCESS FOR THEIR PREPARATION AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING THEM |
CA2335055A1 (en) | 1998-06-19 | 1999-12-23 | Jack Fellman | Medical device having anti-infective and contraceptive properties |
US6541033B1 (en) | 1998-06-30 | 2003-04-01 | Amgen Inc. | Thermosensitive biodegradable hydrogels for sustained delivery of leptin |
US6153252A (en) | 1998-06-30 | 2000-11-28 | Ethicon, Inc. | Process for coating stents |
US7004962B2 (en) | 1998-07-27 | 2006-02-28 | Schneider (Usa), Inc. | Neuroaneurysm occlusion and delivery device and method of using same |
US8070796B2 (en) | 1998-07-27 | 2011-12-06 | Icon Interventional Systems, Inc. | Thrombosis inhibiting graft |
US6248127B1 (en) | 1998-08-21 | 2001-06-19 | Medtronic Ave, Inc. | Thromboresistant coated medical device |
US6342062B1 (en) | 1998-09-24 | 2002-01-29 | Scimed Life Systems, Inc. | Retrieval devices for vena cava filter |
US6245104B1 (en) | 1999-02-28 | 2001-06-12 | Inflow Dynamics Inc. | Method of fabricating a biocompatible stent |
US6143314A (en) | 1998-10-28 | 2000-11-07 | Atrix Laboratories, Inc. | Controlled release liquid delivery compositions with low initial drug burst |
US6355691B1 (en) | 1998-11-12 | 2002-03-12 | Tobias M. Goodman | Urushiol therapy of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder |
DE69924749T2 (en) | 1998-11-20 | 2006-04-27 | The University Of Connecticut, Farmington | Generically integrated implantable potentiostat remote sensing device for electrochemical probes |
US6372246B1 (en) * | 1998-12-16 | 2002-04-16 | Ortho-Mcneil Pharmaceutical, Inc. | Polyethylene glycol coating for electrostatic dry deposition of pharmaceuticals |
US6858598B1 (en) | 1998-12-23 | 2005-02-22 | G. D. Searle & Co. | Method of using a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor and one or more antineoplastic agents as a combination therapy in the treatment of neoplasia |
US6706283B1 (en) * | 1999-02-10 | 2004-03-16 | Pfizer Inc | Controlled release by extrusion of solid amorphous dispersions of drugs |
SE9900519D0 (en) | 1999-02-17 | 1999-02-17 | Lars Lidgren | A method for the preparation of UHMWPE doped with an antioxidant and an implant made thereof |
US6171327B1 (en) | 1999-02-24 | 2001-01-09 | Scimed Life Systems, Inc. | Intravascular filter and method |
US6620192B1 (en) * | 1999-03-16 | 2003-09-16 | Advanced Cardiovascular Systems, Inc. | Multilayer stent |
SE9901002D0 (en) | 1999-03-19 | 1999-03-19 | Electrolux Ab | Apparatus for cleaning textile articles with a densified liquid processing gas |
US6364903B2 (en) * | 1999-03-19 | 2002-04-02 | Meadox Medicals, Inc. | Polymer coated stent |
US6368658B1 (en) * | 1999-04-19 | 2002-04-09 | Scimed Life Systems, Inc. | Coating medical devices using air suspension |
US6923979B2 (en) | 1999-04-27 | 2005-08-02 | Microdose Technologies, Inc. | Method for depositing particles onto a substrate using an alternating electric field |
US8016873B1 (en) * | 1999-05-03 | 2011-09-13 | Drasler William J | Intravascular hinge stent |
US6726712B1 (en) | 1999-05-14 | 2004-04-27 | Boston Scientific Scimed | Prosthesis deployment device with translucent distal end |
US6815218B1 (en) | 1999-06-09 | 2004-11-09 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Methods for manufacturing bioelectronic devices |
TR200403328T2 (en) * | 1999-07-06 | 2005-03-21 | Endorecherche, Inc. | Methods of treatment and / or prevention of weight gain. |
US6146404A (en) | 1999-09-03 | 2000-11-14 | Scimed Life Systems, Inc. | Removable thrombus filter |
US6358557B1 (en) | 1999-09-10 | 2002-03-19 | Sts Biopolymers, Inc. | Graft polymerization of substrate surfaces |
US6610013B1 (en) | 1999-10-01 | 2003-08-26 | Life Imaging Systems, Inc. | 3D ultrasound-guided intraoperative prostate brachytherapy |
US6755871B2 (en) * | 1999-10-15 | 2004-06-29 | R.R. Street & Co. Inc. | Cleaning system utilizing an organic cleaning solvent and a pressurized fluid solvent |
US7537785B2 (en) | 1999-10-29 | 2009-05-26 | Nitromed, Inc. | Composition for treating vascular diseases characterized by nitric oxide insufficiency |
US6537310B1 (en) | 1999-11-19 | 2003-03-25 | Advanced Bio Prosthetic Surfaces, Ltd. | Endoluminal implantable devices and method of making same |
US6908624B2 (en) | 1999-12-23 | 2005-06-21 | Advanced Cardiovascular Systems, Inc. | Coating for implantable devices and a method of forming the same |
US6572813B1 (en) | 2000-01-13 | 2003-06-03 | Advanced Cardiovascular Systems, Inc. | Balloon forming process |
TWI284048B (en) | 2000-01-27 | 2007-07-21 | Zentaris Ag | Compressed microparticles for dry injection |
EP1132058A1 (en) * | 2000-03-06 | 2001-09-12 | Advanced Laser Applications Holding S.A. | Intravascular prothesis |
EP1145719A3 (en) * | 2000-03-10 | 2001-11-14 | Pfizer Products Inc. | Use a ferrous salt for inhibiting oxidative degradation of pharmaceutical formulations |
US8088060B2 (en) * | 2000-03-15 | 2012-01-03 | Orbusneich Medical, Inc. | Progenitor endothelial cell capturing with a drug eluting implantable medical device |
AU2001261455B2 (en) | 2000-05-12 | 2007-01-25 | Vactronix Scientific, Llc | Self-supporting laminated films, structural materials and medical devices |
WO2001087368A1 (en) * | 2000-05-16 | 2001-11-22 | Ortho-Mcneil Pharmaceutical, Inc. | Process for coating medical devices using super-critical carbon dioxide |
US7217770B2 (en) | 2000-05-17 | 2007-05-15 | Samyang Corporation | Stable polymeric micelle-type drug composition and method for the preparation thereof |
US20020144757A1 (en) | 2000-07-07 | 2002-10-10 | Craig Charles Horace | Stainless steel alloy with improved radiopaque characteristics |
US20030077200A1 (en) | 2000-07-07 | 2003-04-24 | Craig Charles H. | Enhanced radiopaque alloy stent |
WO2002017971A1 (en) | 2000-09-01 | 2002-03-07 | Palmaya Pty Ltd | Slow release pharmaceutical preparation and method of administering same |
US7332242B2 (en) | 2000-09-01 | 2008-02-19 | Itochu Corporation | Lithium-based battery having extensible, ion-impermeable polymer covering on the battery container |
US6506213B1 (en) * | 2000-09-08 | 2003-01-14 | Ferro Corporation | Manufacturing orthopedic parts using supercritical fluid processing techniques |
US6521258B1 (en) * | 2000-09-08 | 2003-02-18 | Ferro Corporation | Polymer matrices prepared by supercritical fluid processing techniques |
US6953560B1 (en) | 2000-09-28 | 2005-10-11 | Advanced Cardiovascular Systems, Inc. | Barriers for polymer-coated implantable medical devices and methods for making the same |
US20020111590A1 (en) | 2000-09-29 | 2002-08-15 | Davila Luis A. | Medical devices, drug coatings and methods for maintaining the drug coatings thereon |
US20060222756A1 (en) | 2000-09-29 | 2006-10-05 | Cordis Corporation | Medical devices, drug coatings and methods of maintaining the drug coatings thereon |
US20040018228A1 (en) * | 2000-11-06 | 2004-01-29 | Afmedica, Inc. | Compositions and methods for reducing scar tissue formation |
US20050084514A1 (en) | 2000-11-06 | 2005-04-21 | Afmedica, Inc. | Combination drug therapy for reducing scar tissue formation |
AU2002239491A1 (en) | 2000-11-09 | 2002-05-27 | Vanderbilt University | Methods for the treatment of cancer and other diseases and methods of developing the same |
US6682757B1 (en) | 2000-11-16 | 2004-01-27 | Euro-Celtique, S.A. | Titratable dosage transdermal delivery system |
KR20020076265A (en) | 2000-11-30 | 2002-10-09 | 가부시키가이샤 이가키 이료 세케이 | Stent for blood vessel and material for stent for blood vessel |
US6913617B1 (en) | 2000-12-27 | 2005-07-05 | Advanced Cardiovascular Systems, Inc. | Method for creating a textured surface on an implantable medical device |
GB0100760D0 (en) | 2001-01-11 | 2001-02-21 | Biocompatibles Ltd | Drug delivery from stents |
GB0100761D0 (en) | 2001-01-11 | 2001-02-21 | Biocompatibles Ltd | Drug delivery from stents |
TWI246524B (en) * | 2001-01-19 | 2006-01-01 | Shearwater Corp | Multi-arm block copolymers as drug delivery vehicles |
AU2002247016A1 (en) | 2001-01-24 | 2002-08-06 | Virginia Commonwealth University | Molecular imprinting of small particles, and production of small particles from solid state reactants |
CA2403670C (en) * | 2001-01-31 | 2010-02-09 | Rohm Gmbh & Co. Kg | Multiparticulate drug form comprising at least two differently coated pellet forms |
US20040220660A1 (en) | 2001-02-05 | 2004-11-04 | Shanley John F. | Bioresorbable stent with beneficial agent reservoirs |
DE10106810A1 (en) | 2001-02-14 | 2002-09-05 | Siemens Ag | Off-grid power supply unit |
US6905555B2 (en) * | 2001-02-15 | 2005-06-14 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Methods for transferring supercritical fluids in microelectronic and other industrial processes |
US6720003B2 (en) * | 2001-02-16 | 2004-04-13 | Andrx Corporation | Serotonin reuptake inhibitor formulations |
US6949251B2 (en) | 2001-03-02 | 2005-09-27 | Stryker Corporation | Porous β-tricalcium phosphate granules for regeneration of bone tissue |
AU2002258923A1 (en) | 2001-04-24 | 2002-11-05 | Edward J. Kaplan | Deflectable implantation device and method for use |
US20040022853A1 (en) * | 2001-04-26 | 2004-02-05 | Control Delivery Systems, Inc. | Polymer-based, sustained release drug delivery system |
EP1390188A4 (en) | 2001-05-04 | 2007-08-15 | Trexel Inc | Injection molding systems and methods |
US7247338B2 (en) * | 2001-05-16 | 2007-07-24 | Regents Of The University Of Minnesota | Coating medical devices |
US6973718B2 (en) * | 2001-05-30 | 2005-12-13 | Microchips, Inc. | Methods for conformal coating and sealing microchip reservoir devices |
US7201940B1 (en) * | 2001-06-12 | 2007-04-10 | Advanced Cardiovascular Systems, Inc. | Method and apparatus for thermal spray processing of medical devices |
US20030044514A1 (en) | 2001-06-13 | 2003-03-06 | Richard Robert E. | Using supercritical fluids to infuse therapeutic on a medical device |
US7485113B2 (en) | 2001-06-22 | 2009-02-03 | Johns Hopkins University | Method for drug delivery through the vitreous humor |
US7501157B2 (en) | 2001-06-26 | 2009-03-10 | Accelr8 Technology Corporation | Hydroxyl functional surface coating |
US6967234B2 (en) * | 2002-12-18 | 2005-11-22 | Ethicon, Inc. | Alkyd-lactone copolymers for medical applications |
US7015875B2 (en) | 2001-06-29 | 2006-03-21 | Novus Partners Llc | Dynamic device for billboard advertising |
US6743505B2 (en) | 2001-07-27 | 2004-06-01 | Ethicon, Inc. | Bioabsorbable multifilament yarn and methods of manufacture |
US6669980B2 (en) | 2001-09-18 | 2003-12-30 | Scimed Life Systems, Inc. | Method for spray-coating medical devices |
US6939376B2 (en) | 2001-11-05 | 2005-09-06 | Sun Biomedical, Ltd. | Drug-delivery endovascular stent and method for treating restenosis |
US20030088307A1 (en) * | 2001-11-05 | 2003-05-08 | Shulze John E. | Potent coatings for stents |
EP1441707A1 (en) | 2001-11-09 | 2004-08-04 | Pharmacia AB | Anti-muscarinic agent and estrogen-agonist for treating unstable or overactive bladder |
US6868123B2 (en) * | 2001-12-07 | 2005-03-15 | Motorola, Inc. | Programmable motion estimation module with vector array unit |
TW497494U (en) * | 2001-12-28 | 2002-08-01 | Metal Ind Redearch & Amp Dev C | Fluid driven stirring device for compressing gas cleaning system |
DE10200388A1 (en) | 2002-01-08 | 2003-07-24 | Translumina Gmbh | coating system |
JP2005514411A (en) * | 2002-01-10 | 2005-05-19 | ノバルティス アクチエンゲゼルシャフト | Drug delivery system for the prevention and treatment of vascular diseases comprising rapamycin and its derivatives |
CA2476431A1 (en) | 2002-02-15 | 2003-08-21 | Cv Therapeutics, Inc. | Coating having polymerized silane derivatives for medical devices |
US20060093771A1 (en) | 2002-02-15 | 2006-05-04 | Frantisek Rypacek | Polymer coating for medical devices |
AU2003228269A1 (en) | 2002-03-01 | 2003-09-16 | Mds Proteomics Inc. | Phosphorylated proteins and uses related thereto |
GB0205868D0 (en) | 2002-03-13 | 2002-04-24 | Univ Nottingham | Polymer composite with internally distributed deposition matter |
US7919075B1 (en) * | 2002-03-20 | 2011-04-05 | Advanced Cardiovascular Systems, Inc. | Coatings for implantable medical devices |
US6743463B2 (en) * | 2002-03-28 | 2004-06-01 | Scimed Life Systems, Inc. | Method for spray-coating a medical device having a tubular wall such as a stent |
US7470281B2 (en) | 2002-04-26 | 2008-12-30 | Medtronic Vascular, Inc. | Coated stent with crimpable coating |
US6669785B2 (en) | 2002-05-15 | 2003-12-30 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Methods and compositions for etch cleaning microelectronic substrates in carbon dioxide |
WO2003101624A1 (en) | 2002-05-28 | 2003-12-11 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Electrostatic deposition of particles generated from rapid expansion of supercritical fluid solutions |
US6756084B2 (en) * | 2002-05-28 | 2004-06-29 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Electrostatic deposition of particles generated from rapid expansion of supercritical fluid solutions |
US6780475B2 (en) * | 2002-05-28 | 2004-08-24 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Electrostatic deposition of particles generated from rapid expansion of supercritical fluid solutions |
US6749902B2 (en) | 2002-05-28 | 2004-06-15 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Methods for producing films using supercritical fluid |
US7229837B2 (en) | 2002-05-30 | 2007-06-12 | Uchicago Argonne, Llc | Enhanced photophysics of conjugated polymers |
WO2003106543A1 (en) * | 2002-06-13 | 2003-12-24 | Kappler, Inc. | Microporous membrane with adsorbent multi-functional filler |
US6794902B2 (en) | 2002-06-14 | 2004-09-21 | Sun Microsystems, Inc. | Virtual ground circuit |
CN100471469C (en) | 2002-06-27 | 2009-03-25 | 微创医疗器械(上海)有限公司 | Drug-eluting stent (DES) with multicoating |
US20040013792A1 (en) | 2002-07-19 | 2004-01-22 | Samuel Epstein | Stent coating holders |
JP2004058431A (en) * | 2002-07-29 | 2004-02-26 | Nitto Denko Corp | Pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet |
US20050019747A1 (en) * | 2002-08-07 | 2005-01-27 | Anderson Daniel G. | Nanoliter-scale synthesis of arrayed biomaterials and screening thereof |
US7029495B2 (en) | 2002-08-28 | 2006-04-18 | Scimed Life Systems, Inc. | Medical devices and methods of making the same |
US7060051B2 (en) | 2002-09-24 | 2006-06-13 | Scimed Life Systems, Inc. | Multi-balloon catheter with hydrogel coating |
MXPA05003238A (en) | 2002-09-26 | 2005-09-12 | Endovascular Devices Inc | Apparatus and method for delivery of mitomycin through an eluting biocompatible implantable medical device. |
US6770729B2 (en) * | 2002-09-30 | 2004-08-03 | Medtronic Minimed, Inc. | Polymer compositions containing bioactive agents and methods for their use |
AU2003277332B2 (en) * | 2002-10-11 | 2009-03-12 | University Of Connecticut | Shape memory polymers based on semicrystalline thermoplastic polyurethanes bearing nanostructured hard segments |
US6800663B2 (en) | 2002-10-18 | 2004-10-05 | Alkermes Controlled Therapeutics Inc. Ii, | Crosslinked hydrogel copolymers |
KR100511030B1 (en) | 2002-10-21 | 2005-08-31 | 한국과학기술연구원 | Blood compatible metallic materials and preparation thereof |
AU2003295422B2 (en) | 2002-11-07 | 2009-01-29 | The Government Of The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services | A new target for angiogenesis and anti-angiogenesis therapy |
US20060121080A1 (en) | 2002-11-13 | 2006-06-08 | Lye Whye K | Medical devices having nanoporous layers and methods for making the same |
US20040098106A1 (en) | 2002-11-14 | 2004-05-20 | Williams Michael S. | Intraluminal prostheses and carbon dioxide-assisted methods of impregnating same with pharmacological agents |
CA2503388C (en) | 2002-11-15 | 2012-05-15 | Synecor, Llc | Improved endoprostheses and methods of manufacture |
JP4371653B2 (en) | 2002-11-25 | 2009-11-25 | テルモ株式会社 | Implantable medical device |
US6790483B2 (en) | 2002-12-06 | 2004-09-14 | Eastman Kodak Company | Method for producing patterned deposition from compressed fluid |
JP4917263B2 (en) | 2002-12-23 | 2012-04-18 | バイカル インコーポレイテッド | Method for lyophilizing nucleic acid / block copolymer / cationic surfactant complex |
US7152452B2 (en) | 2002-12-26 | 2006-12-26 | Advanced Cardiovascular Systems, Inc. | Assembly for crimping an intraluminal device and method of use |
US20040143317A1 (en) | 2003-01-17 | 2004-07-22 | Stinson Jonathan S. | Medical devices |
US20050079199A1 (en) | 2003-02-18 | 2005-04-14 | Medtronic, Inc. | Porous coatings for drug release from medical devices |
US20080051866A1 (en) | 2003-02-26 | 2008-02-28 | Chao Chin Chen | Drug delivery devices and methods |
AU2004215898A1 (en) | 2003-02-26 | 2004-09-10 | Medivas, Llc | Bioactive stents and methods for use thereof |
US7871607B2 (en) | 2003-03-05 | 2011-01-18 | Halozyme, Inc. | Soluble glycosaminoglycanases and methods of preparing and using soluble glycosaminoglycanases |
US20040193262A1 (en) | 2003-03-29 | 2004-09-30 | Shadduck John H. | Implants for treating ocular hypertension, methods of use and methods of fabrication |
US7527632B2 (en) | 2003-03-31 | 2009-05-05 | Cordis Corporation | Modified delivery device for coated medical devices |
US7326734B2 (en) | 2003-04-01 | 2008-02-05 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Treatment of bladder and urinary tract cancers |
US7537803B2 (en) | 2003-04-08 | 2009-05-26 | New Jersey Institute Of Technology | Polymer coating/encapsulation of nanoparticles using a supercritical antisolvent process |
US20060102871A1 (en) | 2003-04-08 | 2006-05-18 | Xingwu Wang | Novel composition |
US20050216075A1 (en) | 2003-04-08 | 2005-09-29 | Xingwu Wang | Materials and devices of enhanced electromagnetic transparency |
US20050208102A1 (en) | 2003-04-09 | 2005-09-22 | Schultz Clyde L | Hydrogels used to deliver medicaments to the eye for the treatment of posterior segment diseases |
US20050038498A1 (en) * | 2003-04-17 | 2005-02-17 | Nanosys, Inc. | Medical device applications of nanostructured surfaces |
US8246974B2 (en) * | 2003-05-02 | 2012-08-21 | Surmodics, Inc. | Medical devices and methods for producing the same |
GB0310300D0 (en) | 2003-05-06 | 2003-06-11 | Univ Belfast | Nanocomposite drug delivery composition |
US7279174B2 (en) * | 2003-05-08 | 2007-10-09 | Advanced Cardiovascular Systems, Inc. | Stent coatings comprising hydrophilic additives |
US7429378B2 (en) | 2003-05-13 | 2008-09-30 | Depuy Spine, Inc. | Transdiscal administration of high affinity anti-MMP inhibitors |
US7553827B2 (en) | 2003-08-13 | 2009-06-30 | Depuy Spine, Inc. | Transdiscal administration of cycline compounds |
US20040236416A1 (en) | 2003-05-20 | 2004-11-25 | Robert Falotico | Increased biocompatibility of implantable medical devices |
US7662864B2 (en) | 2003-06-04 | 2010-02-16 | Rutgers, The State University Of New Jersey | Solution polymerization processes to prepare a polymer that degrades to release a physiologically active agent |
EP1649928A4 (en) | 2003-06-06 | 2008-07-09 | Mitsubishi Chem Corp | Water-absorbent articles and process for the production thereof |
WO2004113429A2 (en) * | 2003-06-23 | 2004-12-29 | The University Of Chicago | Polyolefin nanocomposites |
US7318945B2 (en) | 2003-07-09 | 2008-01-15 | Medtronic Vascular, Inc. | Laminated drug-polymer coated stent having dipped layers |
US8025637B2 (en) * | 2003-07-18 | 2011-09-27 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Medical balloons and processes for preparing same |
US7169404B2 (en) | 2003-07-30 | 2007-01-30 | Advanced Cardiovasular Systems, Inc. | Biologically absorbable coatings for implantable devices and methods for fabricating the same |
US20050033417A1 (en) | 2003-07-31 | 2005-02-10 | John Borges | Coating for controlled release of a therapeutic agent |
US7318944B2 (en) * | 2003-08-07 | 2008-01-15 | Medtronic Vascular, Inc. | Extrusion process for coating stents |
MEP3608A (en) * | 2003-08-08 | 2011-05-10 | Biovail Lab Int Srl | Modified-release tablet of bupropion hydrochloride |
AU2004273998A1 (en) | 2003-09-18 | 2005-03-31 | Advanced Bio Prosthetic Surfaces, Ltd. | Medical device having mems functionality and methods of making same |
US8801692B2 (en) * | 2003-09-24 | 2014-08-12 | Medtronic Vascular, Inc. | Gradient coated stent and method of fabrication |
US20050070990A1 (en) | 2003-09-26 | 2005-03-31 | Stinson Jonathan S. | Medical devices and methods of making same |
US7198675B2 (en) * | 2003-09-30 | 2007-04-03 | Advanced Cardiovascular Systems | Stent mandrel fixture and method for selectively coating surfaces of a stent |
US6984411B2 (en) * | 2003-10-14 | 2006-01-10 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Method for roll coating multiple stents |
JP2007509220A (en) | 2003-10-23 | 2007-04-12 | ユニバーシテイ・オブ・ノツテインガム | Preparation of active polymer extrudates |
US20050131513A1 (en) | 2003-12-16 | 2005-06-16 | Cook Incorporated | Stent catheter with a permanently affixed conductor |
PT1699503E (en) | 2003-12-24 | 2012-06-06 | Novartis Ag | Devices coated with pec polymers |
US20050147734A1 (en) | 2004-01-07 | 2005-07-07 | Jan Seppala | Method and system for coating tubular medical devices |
US20050268573A1 (en) * | 2004-01-20 | 2005-12-08 | Avantec Vascular Corporation | Package of sensitive articles |
US7306677B2 (en) | 2004-01-30 | 2007-12-11 | Boston Scientific Corporation | Clamping fixture for coating stents, system using the fixture, and method of using the fixture |
US7241344B2 (en) | 2004-02-10 | 2007-07-10 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Apparatus and method for electrostatic spray coating of medical devices |
GB2411078B (en) | 2004-02-10 | 2009-02-04 | Samsung Electronics Co Ltd | Mobile communications |
US7550444B2 (en) | 2004-03-26 | 2009-06-23 | Surmodics, Inc. | Composition and method for preparing biocompatible surfaces |
US7335264B2 (en) | 2004-04-22 | 2008-02-26 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Differentially coated medical devices, system for differentially coating medical devices, and coating method |
US20050288481A1 (en) | 2004-04-30 | 2005-12-29 | Desnoyer Jessica R | Design of poly(ester amides) for the control of agent-release from polymeric compositions |
WO2005117942A2 (en) | 2004-05-14 | 2005-12-15 | The Regents Of The University Of Michigan | Methods for encapsulation of biomacromolecules in polymers |
JP5042820B2 (en) | 2004-05-14 | 2012-10-03 | ベクトン・ディキンソン・アンド・カンパニー | Articles with bioactive surfaces and methods for their solvent-free preparation |
US7682656B2 (en) | 2004-06-14 | 2010-03-23 | Agruim Inc. | Process and apparatus for producing a coated product |
US20060001011A1 (en) * | 2004-07-02 | 2006-01-05 | Wilson Neil R | Surface conditioner for powder coating systems |
EP2359842A1 (en) | 2004-07-14 | 2011-08-24 | University of Utah Research Foundation | Netrin-related compositions and uses |
US20060020325A1 (en) * | 2004-07-26 | 2006-01-26 | Robert Burgermeister | Material for high strength, controlled recoil stent |
US8541078B2 (en) * | 2004-08-06 | 2013-09-24 | Societe Bic | Fuel supplies for fuel cells |
US8119153B2 (en) * | 2004-08-26 | 2012-02-21 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Stents with drug eluting coatings |
JP5056013B2 (en) * | 2004-09-08 | 2012-10-24 | 株式会社カネカ | Indwelling stent |
CA2581169A1 (en) * | 2004-09-29 | 2006-04-13 | Cordis Corporation | Pharmaceutical dosage forms of stable amorphous rapamycin like compounds |
US8313763B2 (en) | 2004-10-04 | 2012-11-20 | Tolmar Therapeutics, Inc. | Sustained delivery formulations of rapamycin compounds |
US20060093643A1 (en) | 2004-11-04 | 2006-05-04 | Stenzel Eric B | Medical device for delivering therapeutic agents over different time periods |
US7455688B2 (en) | 2004-11-12 | 2008-11-25 | Con Interventional Systems, Inc. | Ostial stent |
WO2006063021A2 (en) | 2004-12-07 | 2006-06-15 | Surmodics, Inc. | Coatngs with crystallized active agents (s) |
US20070059350A1 (en) * | 2004-12-13 | 2007-03-15 | Kennedy John P | Agents for controlling biological fluids and methods of use thereof |
WO2006063430A1 (en) * | 2004-12-16 | 2006-06-22 | Miv Therapeutics Inc. | Multi-layer drug delivery device and method of manufacturing same |
US7632307B2 (en) | 2004-12-16 | 2009-12-15 | Advanced Cardiovascular Systems, Inc. | Abluminal, multilayer coating constructs for drug-delivery stents |
US8292944B2 (en) * | 2004-12-17 | 2012-10-23 | Reva Medical, Inc. | Slide-and-lock stent |
US20060198868A1 (en) | 2005-01-05 | 2006-09-07 | Dewitt David M | Biodegradable coating compositions comprising blends |
US7727273B2 (en) | 2005-01-13 | 2010-06-01 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Medical devices and methods of making the same |
US7772352B2 (en) | 2005-01-28 | 2010-08-10 | Bezwada Biomedical Llc | Bioabsorbable and biocompatible polyurethanes and polyamides for medical devices |
WO2006110197A2 (en) | 2005-03-03 | 2006-10-19 | Icon Medical Corp. | Polymer biodegradable medical device |
US7837726B2 (en) | 2005-03-14 | 2010-11-23 | Abbott Laboratories | Visible endoprosthesis |
JP2008533149A (en) | 2005-03-14 | 2008-08-21 | スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー | Biocompatible polymer compounds for pharmaceutical formulations |
CA2601312A1 (en) | 2005-03-17 | 2006-09-28 | Elan Pharma International Limited | Injectable compositions of nanoparticulate immunosuppressive compounds |
ATE533520T1 (en) | 2005-03-23 | 2011-12-15 | Abbott Lab | DELIVERY OF HIGHLY LIPOPHILIC AGENTS THROUGH MEDICAL DEVICES |
US20070009564A1 (en) | 2005-06-22 | 2007-01-11 | Mcclain James B | Drug/polymer composite materials and methods of making the same |
WO2007011708A2 (en) | 2005-07-15 | 2007-01-25 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Stent with polymer coating containing amorphous rapamycin |
KR101406415B1 (en) * | 2005-07-15 | 2014-06-19 | 미셀 테크놀로지즈, 인코포레이티드 | Polymer coatings containing drug powder of controlled morphology |
US7862848B2 (en) * | 2005-08-03 | 2011-01-04 | The University Of Western Ontario | Direct coating solid dosage forms using powdered materials |
WO2007022055A1 (en) * | 2005-08-12 | 2007-02-22 | Massicotte J Mathieu | Method and device for extracting objects from the body |
EP1764116A1 (en) * | 2005-09-16 | 2007-03-21 | Debiotech S.A. | Porous coating process using colloidal particles |
US7935379B2 (en) * | 2005-11-14 | 2011-05-03 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Coated and imprinted medical devices and methods of making the same |
US20070196423A1 (en) | 2005-11-21 | 2007-08-23 | Med Institute, Inc. | Implantable medical device coatings with biodegradable elastomer and releasable therapeutic agent |
US8871869B2 (en) | 2005-12-09 | 2014-10-28 | Dsm Ip Assets B.V. | Hydrophilic coating |
US20070148251A1 (en) * | 2005-12-22 | 2007-06-28 | Hossainy Syed F A | Nanoparticle releasing medical devices |
US7919108B2 (en) | 2006-03-10 | 2011-04-05 | Cook Incorporated | Taxane coatings for implantable medical devices |
WO2007092179A2 (en) | 2006-01-27 | 2007-08-16 | Med Institute, Inc. | Device with nanocomposite coating for controlled drug release |
US20070203569A1 (en) | 2006-02-24 | 2007-08-30 | Robert Burgermeister | Implantable device formed from polymer blends having modified molecular structures |
US7955383B2 (en) * | 2006-04-25 | 2011-06-07 | Medtronics Vascular, Inc. | Laminated implantable medical device having a metallic coating |
AU2007243268B2 (en) | 2006-04-26 | 2013-06-13 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Coatings containing multiple drugs |
US7691400B2 (en) | 2006-05-05 | 2010-04-06 | Medtronic Vascular, Inc. | Medical device having coating with zeolite drug reservoirs |
US20070281117A1 (en) | 2006-06-02 | 2007-12-06 | Xtent, Inc. | Use of plasma in formation of biodegradable stent coating |
US20080124372A1 (en) * | 2006-06-06 | 2008-05-29 | Hossainy Syed F A | Morphology profiles for control of agent release rates from polymer matrices |
BRPI0603437A2 (en) * | 2006-06-06 | 2010-07-06 | Luiz Gonzaga Granja Jr | extraluminal stent anastomosis prosthesis |
BRPI0716950A2 (en) | 2006-09-13 | 2013-10-29 | Elixir Medical Corp | PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION, INTRACORPOSE DEVICE, METHOD FOR INHIBITING CELL, COMPOUND PROLIFERATION, AND METHOD FOR PREPARING A COMPOUND |
WO2008039749A2 (en) * | 2006-09-25 | 2008-04-03 | Surmodics, Inc. | Multi-layered coatings and methods for controlling elution of active agents |
WO2008042909A2 (en) | 2006-10-02 | 2008-04-10 | Micell Technologies Inc. | Surgical sutures having increased strength |
EP1913960A1 (en) | 2006-10-19 | 2008-04-23 | Albert Schömig | Coated implant |
EP1916006A1 (en) | 2006-10-19 | 2008-04-30 | Albert Schömig | Implant coated with a wax or a resin |
US7959942B2 (en) | 2006-10-20 | 2011-06-14 | Orbusneich Medical, Inc. | Bioabsorbable medical device with coating |
US20080097591A1 (en) * | 2006-10-20 | 2008-04-24 | Biosensors International Group | Drug-delivery endovascular stent and method of use |
WO2008052000A2 (en) | 2006-10-23 | 2008-05-02 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Holder for electrically charging a substrate during coating |
US8425459B2 (en) | 2006-11-20 | 2013-04-23 | Lutonix, Inc. | Medical device rapid drug releasing coatings comprising a therapeutic agent and a contrast agent |
US20100074934A1 (en) | 2006-12-13 | 2010-03-25 | Hunter William L | Medical implants with a combination of compounds |
US8114466B2 (en) | 2007-01-03 | 2012-02-14 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Methods of applying coating to the inside surface of a stent |
JP5603598B2 (en) | 2007-01-08 | 2014-10-08 | ミセル テクノロジーズ、インコーポレイテッド | Stent with biodegradable layer |
US20130150943A1 (en) | 2007-01-19 | 2013-06-13 | Elixir Medical Corporation | Biodegradable endoprostheses and methods for their fabrication |
US7745566B2 (en) | 2007-01-23 | 2010-06-29 | Ferro Corporation | Methods for the purification of polymers |
US7887830B2 (en) | 2007-02-27 | 2011-02-15 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Medical devices having polymeric regions based on styrene-isobutylene copolymers |
WO2008124634A1 (en) | 2007-04-04 | 2008-10-16 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Polymer-encapsulated reverse micelles |
SG183035A1 (en) | 2007-04-17 | 2012-08-30 | Micell Technologies Inc | Stents having biodegradable layers |
CA2686736A1 (en) | 2007-05-03 | 2008-11-13 | Abraxis Bioscience, Llc | Nanoparticle compositions comprising rapamycin for treating pulmonary hypertension |
WO2008144600A1 (en) | 2007-05-17 | 2008-11-27 | Prescient Medical, Inc. | Multi-channel fiber optic spectroscopy systems employing integrated optics modules |
GB0709517D0 (en) * | 2007-05-17 | 2007-06-27 | Queen Mary & Westfield College | An electrostatic spraying device and a method of electrostatic spraying |
WO2008148013A1 (en) | 2007-05-25 | 2008-12-04 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Polymer films for medical device coating |
US7922760B2 (en) | 2007-05-29 | 2011-04-12 | Abbott Cardiovascular Systems Inc. | In situ trapping and delivery of agent by a stent having trans-strut depots |
US20090068266A1 (en) | 2007-09-11 | 2009-03-12 | Raheja Praveen | Sirolimus having specific particle size and pharmaceutical compositions thereof |
US20090076446A1 (en) | 2007-09-14 | 2009-03-19 | Quest Medical, Inc. | Adjustable catheter for dilation in the ear, nose or throat |
JP5114788B2 (en) | 2007-09-28 | 2013-01-09 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | Lithium secondary battery |
PL2214646T3 (en) * | 2007-10-05 | 2021-12-20 | Wayne State University | Dendrimers for sustained release of compounds |
WO2009051780A1 (en) | 2007-10-19 | 2009-04-23 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Drug coated stents |
EP3505142B1 (en) * | 2007-10-19 | 2020-10-28 | CeloNova Biosciences, Inc. | Implantable and lumen-supporting stents |
US8642062B2 (en) | 2007-10-31 | 2014-02-04 | Abbott Cardiovascular Systems Inc. | Implantable device having a slow dissolving polymer |
US20090111787A1 (en) | 2007-10-31 | 2009-04-30 | Florencia Lim | Polymer blends for drug delivery stent matrix with improved thermal stability |
US20090202609A1 (en) | 2008-01-06 | 2009-08-13 | Keough Steven J | Medical device with coating composition |
US20100042206A1 (en) | 2008-03-04 | 2010-02-18 | Icon Medical Corp. | Bioabsorbable coatings for medical devices |
JP2011513004A (en) | 2008-03-06 | 2011-04-28 | ボストン サイエンティフィック サイムド,インコーポレイテッド | Balloon catheter device comprising a fold balloon |
BRPI0910969B8 (en) | 2008-04-17 | 2021-06-22 | Micell Technologies Inc | device |
US8557273B2 (en) | 2008-04-18 | 2013-10-15 | Medtronic, Inc. | Medical devices and methods including polymers having biologically active agents therein |
US20110143429A1 (en) | 2008-04-30 | 2011-06-16 | Iksoo Chun | Tissue engineered blood vessels |
JP5200099B2 (en) | 2008-05-08 | 2013-05-15 | 新日鉄住金化学株式会社 | Compound for organic electroluminescence device and organic electroluminescence device |
US8298607B2 (en) | 2008-05-15 | 2012-10-30 | Abbott Cardiovascular Systems Inc. | Method for electrostatic coating of a medical device |
US20090297578A1 (en) | 2008-06-03 | 2009-12-03 | Trollsas Mikael O | Biosoluble coating comprising anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory agent combination for treatment of vascular disorders |
JP2011528275A (en) | 2008-07-17 | 2011-11-17 | ミセル テクノロジーズ,インク. | Drug delivery medical device |
WO2010024898A2 (en) * | 2008-08-29 | 2010-03-04 | Lutonix, Inc. | Methods and apparatuses for coating balloon catheters |
US20100055145A1 (en) * | 2008-08-29 | 2010-03-04 | Biosensors International Group | Stent coatings for reducing late stent thrombosis |
US8367090B2 (en) | 2008-09-05 | 2013-02-05 | Abbott Cardiovascular Systems Inc. | Coating on a balloon comprising a polymer and a drug |
CA2743491C (en) * | 2008-11-11 | 2016-10-11 | Zelton Dave Sharp | Inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin |
US8834913B2 (en) | 2008-12-26 | 2014-09-16 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Medical implants and methods of making medical implants |
WO2010075590A2 (en) | 2008-12-26 | 2010-07-01 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Medical implants and methods of making medical implants |
US9572692B2 (en) | 2009-02-02 | 2017-02-21 | Abbott Cardiovascular Systems Inc. | Bioabsorbable stent that modulates plaque geometric morphology and chemical composition |
US20100198330A1 (en) | 2009-02-02 | 2010-08-05 | Hossainy Syed F A | Bioabsorbable Stent And Treatment That Elicits Time-Varying Host-Material Response |
US20100239635A1 (en) | 2009-03-23 | 2010-09-23 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Drug delivery medical device |
EP2410954A4 (en) | 2009-03-23 | 2014-03-05 | Micell Technologies Inc | Peripheral stents having layers |
WO2010111238A2 (en) | 2009-03-23 | 2010-09-30 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Improved biodegradable polymers |
JP2012522589A (en) | 2009-04-01 | 2012-09-27 | ミシェル テクノロジーズ,インコーポレイテッド | Covered stent |
US20110301697A1 (en) | 2009-04-10 | 2011-12-08 | Hemoteq Ag | Manufacture, method and use of drug-eluting medical devices for permanently keeping blood vessels open |
EP3366326A1 (en) | 2009-04-17 | 2018-08-29 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Stents having controlled elution |
EP2266507B1 (en) * | 2009-06-22 | 2015-07-29 | Biotronik VI Patent AG | Stent having improved stent design |
US9327060B2 (en) | 2009-07-09 | 2016-05-03 | CARDINAL HEALTH SWITZERLAND 515 GmbH | Rapamycin reservoir eluting stent |
EP2453834A4 (en) | 2009-07-16 | 2014-04-16 | Micell Technologies Inc | Drug delivery medical device |
US8039147B2 (en) | 2009-08-27 | 2011-10-18 | Sb Limotive Co., Ltd. | Rechargeable secondary battery having improved safety against puncture and collapse |
EP2531140B1 (en) | 2010-02-02 | 2017-11-01 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Stent and stent delivery system with improved deliverability |
US8795762B2 (en) | 2010-03-26 | 2014-08-05 | Battelle Memorial Institute | System and method for enhanced electrostatic deposition and surface coatings |
EP2558026A4 (en) | 2010-04-16 | 2013-10-23 | Micell Technologies Inc | Stents having controlled elution |
EP2560576B1 (en) | 2010-04-22 | 2018-07-18 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Stents and other devices having extracellular matrix coating |
WO2012009684A2 (en) | 2010-07-16 | 2012-01-19 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Drug delivery medical device |
CA2810842C (en) | 2010-09-09 | 2018-06-26 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Macrolide dosage forms |
WO2012078955A1 (en) * | 2010-12-10 | 2012-06-14 | Micropen Technologies Corporation | Stents and methods of making stents |
US20120177742A1 (en) | 2010-12-30 | 2012-07-12 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Nanoparticle and surface-modified particulate coatings, coated balloons, and methods therefore |
US20120323311A1 (en) | 2011-04-13 | 2012-12-20 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Stents having controlled elution |
US20120280432A1 (en) | 2011-05-06 | 2012-11-08 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Method for manufacturing bioabsorbable stents |
WO2012166819A1 (en) | 2011-05-31 | 2012-12-06 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | System and process for formation of a time-released, drug-eluting transferable coating |
WO2013012689A1 (en) | 2011-07-15 | 2013-01-24 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Drug delivery medical device |
WO2013025535A1 (en) | 2011-08-12 | 2013-02-21 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Stents having controlled elution |
CA2852260C (en) | 2011-10-18 | 2020-09-22 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Drug delivery medical device |
WO2013177211A1 (en) | 2012-05-21 | 2013-11-28 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Safe drug eluting stent with absorbable coating |
US20150087671A1 (en) | 2012-05-16 | 2015-03-26 | Micell Technologies, Inc. | Low burst sustained release lipophilic and biologic agent compositions |
JP2015533305A (en) | 2012-10-18 | 2015-11-24 | ミセル テクノロジーズ,インク. | Drug delivery medical device |
-
2008
- 2008-05-23 WO PCT/US2008/064732 patent/WO2008148013A1/en active Application Filing
- 2008-05-23 CN CN200880100102.3A patent/CN101815540B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-05-23 JP JP2010510441A patent/JP2010527746A/en active Pending
- 2008-05-23 AU AU2008256684A patent/AU2008256684B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2008-05-23 EP EP08756215.3A patent/EP2170418B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2008-05-23 CA CA2688314A patent/CA2688314C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-12-04 US US12/601,101 patent/US8900651B2/en active Active
-
2009
- 2009-11-25 IL IL202321A patent/IL202321A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2012
- 2012-05-30 AU AU2012203203A patent/AU2012203203B2/en not_active Ceased
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20100228348A1 (en) | 2010-09-09 |
AU2008256684B2 (en) | 2012-06-14 |
AU2012203203A1 (en) | 2012-06-21 |
AU2012203203B2 (en) | 2014-10-30 |
IL202321A0 (en) | 2010-06-30 |
CN101815540B (en) | 2015-08-19 |
EP2170418B1 (en) | 2016-03-16 |
CN101815540A (en) | 2010-08-25 |
JP2010527746A (en) | 2010-08-19 |
US8900651B2 (en) | 2014-12-02 |
IL202321A (en) | 2014-08-31 |
EP2170418A4 (en) | 2011-11-09 |
WO2008148013A1 (en) | 2008-12-04 |
CA2688314C (en) | 2013-12-03 |
EP2170418A1 (en) | 2010-04-07 |
AU2008256684A1 (en) | 2008-12-04 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CA2688314C (en) | Polymer films for medical device coating | |
US11911301B2 (en) | Polymer coatings containing drug powder of controlled morphology | |
JP2010527746A5 (en) | ||
US11850333B2 (en) | Coatings containing multiple drugs | |
KR101492545B1 (en) | Polymer coatings containing drug powder of controlled morphology | |
AU2011232760B2 (en) | Polymer coatings containing drug powder of controlled morphology |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
EEER | Examination request | ||
MKLA | Lapsed |
Effective date: 20210525 |