CA2637488A1 - High efficiency absorption heat pump and methods of use - Google Patents

High efficiency absorption heat pump and methods of use Download PDF

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Publication number
CA2637488A1
CA2637488A1 CA002637488A CA2637488A CA2637488A1 CA 2637488 A1 CA2637488 A1 CA 2637488A1 CA 002637488 A CA002637488 A CA 002637488A CA 2637488 A CA2637488 A CA 2637488A CA 2637488 A1 CA2637488 A1 CA 2637488A1
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CA
Canada
Prior art keywords
energy conversion
conversion system
working fluid
pressure
thermal
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
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CA002637488A
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French (fr)
Inventor
Michael H. Gurin
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Echogen Power Systems LLC
Original Assignee
Rexorce Thermionics, Inc.
Michael H. Gurin
Echogen Power Systems, Inc.
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Publication date
Application filed by Rexorce Thermionics, Inc., Michael H. Gurin, Echogen Power Systems, Inc. filed Critical Rexorce Thermionics, Inc.
Publication of CA2637488A1 publication Critical patent/CA2637488A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B30/00—Heat pumps
    • F25B30/04—Heat pumps of the sorption type
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
    • C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
    • C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
    • C09K5/047—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for absorption-type refrigeration systems
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K23/00—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids
    • F01K23/02—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
    • F01K25/06—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using mixtures of different fluids
    • F01K25/065—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using mixtures of different fluids with an absorption fluid remaining at least partly in the liquid state, e.g. water for ammonia
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K3/00—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein
    • F01K3/02—Use of accumulators and specific engine types; Control thereof
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/10—Process efficiency
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
    • Y02P20/54—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using solvents, e.g. supercritical solvents or ionic liquids

Abstract

An energy conversion system including a high efficiency absorption heat pump cycle is disclosed using a high pressure stage, a supercritical cooling stage, and a mechanical energy extraction stage to provide a non-toxic combined heat, cooling, and energy system. Using the preferred carbon dioxide gas with partially miscible absorber fluids, including the preferred ionic liquids as the working fluid in the system, the present invention desorbs the CO2 from an absorbent and cools the gas in the supercritical state to deliver heat. The cooled CO2 gas is then expanded, preferably through an expansion device transforming the expansion energy into mechanical energy thereby providing cooling, heating temperature lift and electrical energy, and is returned to an absorber for further cycling. Strategic use of heat exchangers, preferably microchannel heat exchangers comprised of nanoscale powders and thermal-hydraulic compressor / pump can further increase the efficiency and performance of the system.

Claims (98)

1. An energy conversion system comprising an absorption heat pump system and at least one working fluid selected from the group consisting of ionic liquids, ionic solids, electride solutions, and alkalide solutions.
2. An energy conversion system comprising an absorption heat pump system, at least one supercritical working fluid, and at least one device selected from the group consisting of (a) a spinning disk reactor, (b) a thermal-hydraulic compressor including a pressure train heat exchanger, (c) a series of independent pressure stages having staggered or pulsed flow, (d) a hydraulic pump having an integral thermal sink or a gerotor, and (e) a mechanical energy extraction device including a gerotor, an expansion turbine, an expansion pump, a Stirling cycle engine, an Ericsson cycle engine, or a ramjet turbine.
3. An energy conversion system comprising an absorption heat pump system and a working fluid desorbed by at least one thermal method and at least one non-thermal method including non-thermal methods selected from the group consisting of magnetic refrigeration, solar activated direct spectrum light absorption, electrodialysis, applying electrostatic fields, membrane separation, electrodesorption, pervaporation, applying gas centrifuge, applying vortex tube CO2-liquid absorber, and decanting.
4. The energy conversion system according to claim 2, wherein the at least one supercritical fluid is staggered or pulsed sequentially in series into at least two desorption or superheated vapor zones.
5. The energy conversion system according to claim 4 further comprised of a sealed container capable of capturing refrigerant leaked by the absorption heat pump system and wherein the sealed container is periodically evacuated into the weak solution.
6. The energy conversion system according to claim 4 further comprised of a cavitation device capable of enhancing the absorption rate including cavitation devices capable of creating hydrodynamic cavitation.
7. The energy conversion system according to claim 4, wherein the at least one supercritical fluid is staggered or pulsed sequentially by means void of pistons, capillary devices, or heat pipes.
8. An energy conversion system comprising a multiple stage absorption heat pump , capable of operating in a first stage and a second stage, and having at least one first refrigerant used in the first stage and at least one second refrigerant used in the second stage.
9. The energy conversion system according to claim 2 further comprised of a combustion process wherein the combustion process is capable of creating exhaust and wherein the exhaust is infused into the absorption heat pump as a means of carbon dioxide sequestration.
10. The energy conversion system according to claim 9, wherein the combustion process exhaust is further processed to reduce the exhaust byproducts including NOx and sulfur.
11. The energy conversion system according to claim 2 further comprised of a combustion process and a combustion recuperator capable of recovering waste heat including thermal conduction losses, wherein the recovered waste heat is utilized to desorb supercritical working fluids from the absorption heat pump system.
12. The energy conversion system according to claim 2 further comprised of at least one integral solar collector and at least one integral solar concentrator in series creating at least two independent pressure zones.
13. The energy conversion system according to claim 12 further comprised of at least one absorber selected from the group consisting of ionic liquids, ionic solids, electride solutions, and alkalide solutions.
14. An energy conversion system comprising an absorption heat pump system with at least one integral supersonic device selected from the group consisting of a compressor and a turbine, wherein the compressor and turbine is capable of operating on either a ramjet or a pulsejet principle.
15. The energy conversion system according to claim 2, wherein the energy conversion system is operable on a thermodynamic cycle selected from the group consisting of a Goswami cycle, a Kalina cycle, a Baker cycle, a Uehara cycle, and derivatives thereof.
16. The energy conversion system according to claim 1 further comprised of at least one nanoscale powder selected from the group consisting of conductive, semi-conductive, ferroelectric, and ferromagnetic powders.
17. The energy conversion system according to claim 3 further comprised of at least one nanoscale powder selected from of the group consisting of conductive, semi-conductive, ferroelectric, ferromagnetic powders including powders with nanoscale surface modifications, including surface modified powders having monolayer, or multi-layer nanoscale coatings.
18. The energy conversion system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one working fluid has partial miscibility including and wherein phase separation is by means of varying at least one working fluid parameter selected from the group consisting of temperature, pressure, and pH.
19. The energy conversion system according to claim 2, wherein the at least one working fluid has a partial miscibility and wherein phase separation is by means of varying at least one working fluid parameter selected from the group consisting of temperature, pressure, and pH.
20. The energy conversion system according to claim 1, wherein the working fluid is an electride or alkalide solution further operable with additional thermodynamic cycles as a means of maximizing thermal energy into power generation.
21. The energy conversion system according to claim 3, wherein the at least one working fluid has a partial miscibility and wherein phase separation is by means of varying at least one working fluid parameter selected from the group consisting of temperature, pressure, and pH.
22. An energy conversion system comprising an absorption heat pump operable as a thermal hydraulic pump, wherein the thermal hydraulic pump is further comprised of a supercritical working fluid, wherein the supercritical working fluid is staggered or pulsed sequentially through an integral heat exchanger, and wherein the supercritical working fluid is desorbed by the absorption heat pump.
23. The energy conversion system according to claim 22 wherein the supercritical working fluid is further comprised of at least one absorber selected from the group consisting of ionic liquids, ionic solids, electride solutions, and alkalide solutions.
24. The energy conversion system according to claim 1 wherein the working fluid is further comprised of at least one ionic liquid monomer and at least one ionic liquid polymer.
25. The energy conversion system according to claim 24, wherein the ionic liquid polymer is of a particle size approximately between about 0.1 nanometers and about 500 microns.
26. The energy conversion system according to claim 24, wherein the ionic liquid polymer is of a particle size approximately between about 10 nanometers and about 5 microns.
27. The energy conversion system according to claim 24, wherein the ionic liquid polymer is of a particle size approximately between 0.1 nanometers and 500 nanometers.
28. An energy conversion system working fluid comprising an absorption heat pump system and a working fluid, wherein the working fluid is further comprised of a poly(ionic liquid) polymer and at least one additional additive selected from the group consisting of ionic liquids, non-polymeric solid adsorbents, and combinations thereof.
29. The energy conversion system according to claim 28, wherein the working fluid is further comprised of at least one non-ionic compound selected from the group consisting of cyclic, polycyclic, and macrocycle compounds including antioxidants, polyphenols, lignans, and vitamins, and whereby the working fluid has enhanced thermal stability and operating life.
30. The energy conversion system according to claim 28, wherein the working fluid is further comprised of at least one additive selected from the group consisting of electron transfer mediator, electron donor, electron acceptor, ultraviolet absorber, infrared absorber, quantum dot, and nanoscale powder.
31. The energy conversion system according to claim 28, wherein the absorption heat pump utilizes microwaves for desorption energy.
32. The energy conversion system according to claim 28, wherein the absorption heat pump is further comprised of a nanofiltration device void of materials that absorbs energy from at least one energy source or field selected from the group consisting of microwave energy, radio frequency energy, electrostatic field, and magnetic field.
33. The energy conversion according to claim 28, wherein the working fluid is selected from the group consisting of magnetic ionic liquids, poly(ionic liquids) polymers, and combinations thereof.
34. The energy conversion system according to claim 30, wherein the electron transfer mediator includes polycationic protein, thialoto-bridged complexes, thiolated complexes, metalloproteins, protein complexes having an iron-sulfur cluster, trehalose complexes, iron-sulfur cluster, sodium-ammonia, sulfur-ammonia, a chitosan complex including chitosan lactate, chitosan alpha lipoic acid, and thiolated chitosan, and combinations thereof.
35. The energy conversion system according to claim 28, wherein the working fluid is further comprised of an additive capable of enhancing electron transfer including iron salts, derivatives of iron salts, potassium salts, lactic acid salts, derivatives of potassium salts, derivatives of lactic acid salts, phytic acid, gallic acid and combinations thereof.
36. An energy conversion system comprised of an absorption heat pump system with multiple pressure stages, wherein a first pressure stage has a first pressure, P1, and a second pressure stage has a second pressure, P2, and wherein the first pressure P1 is less than the second pressure P2.
37. The energy conversion system according to claim 36, wherein the multiple pressure stages are comprised of at least one absorption pressure stage and at least one vapor compression pressure stage.
38. The energy conversion system according to claim 36, wherein the multiple pressure stages are capable of operating in a first pressure stage and a second pressure stage, and have at least one first absorbent A1 used in the first pressure stage and at least one second absorbent A2 used in the second pressure stage, and whereby absorbents include solid adsorbents, ionic liquids, poly(ionic liquid) polymers, and combinations thereof.
39. The energy conversion system according to claim 38, wherein the absorbent A1 is blended into absorbent A2, and wherein the energy required to achieve an increase to pressure P2 is lower than the energy required to raise the pressure from P1 to P2 for absorbent A1.
40. The energy conversion system according to claim 39, wherein the absorbent A1 is selected from the group consisting of a solid adsorbent, a poly(ionic liquid) polymer, and combinations thereof, and wherein the absorbent A2 is selected from the group consisting of ionic liquids, glycerine, water, and combinations thereof.
41. An energy conversion system comprised of an absorption heat pump system, a working fluid, and a desorption stage wherein the working fluid is desorbed into a weak solution working fluid and a refrigerant, and wherein the refrigerant is subsequently processed in at least one process stage selected from the group consisting of (a) a reaction chemistry process including enzymatic chemistry, fermentation chemistry, (b) a component extraction process, (c) a supercritical combustion process, and combinations thereof, wherein the combined mechanical and electrical energy E 1 required to increase working fluid pressure to operating pressure P1 is at least ten percent lower than the combined mechanical and electrical energy E2 required to increase working fluid pressure to operating pressure P1 by compressing the compressible portion of the working fluid.
42. The energy conversion system according to claim 41, wherein the at least one process stage utilizes a process intensification reactor including reactors selected from the group consisting of hydrodynamic cavitation, microchannel, spinning disk, spinning tube in tube, oscillating flow, and reactive distillation reactors.
43. The energy conversion system according to claim 42, wherein the at least one process stage is further comprised of nanoscale catalysts.
44. The energy conversion system according to claim 42, wherein the at least one process stage is further comprised of immobilized enzymes.
45. The energy conversion system according to claim 44, wherein the immobilized enzymes are immobilized into at least one ionic liquid selected from the group consisting of poly(ionic liquid) polymer, and ionic liquid.
46. The energy conversion system according to claim 45, wherein the immobilized enzymes are further processed by sequential process stages including (a) removing immobilized enzymes from the ionic liquid, and (b) replenishing then immobilizing active enzymes within the ionic liquid.
47. The energy conversion system according to claim 46, wherein the immobilized enzymes are further processed by sequential process stages including (a) removing immobilized enzymes from the ionic liquid by the further addition of enzymes to convert the immobilized enzymes into byproducts including amino acids, protein hydrolysates, and combinations thereof.
48. The energy conversion system according to claim 47, wherein the working fluid is comprised of at least a first phase and a second phase, and wherein the first phase contains the ionic liquid and the second phase is insoluble or partially immiscible with the ionic liquid, and wherein the byproducts are insoluble or partially immiscible in the first phase.
49. The energy conversion system according to claim 41, wherein the absorption heat pump system is further comprised of a detector to monitor at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of ionic liquid absorption rate, ionic liquid desorption rate, catalytic conversion rate, and enzymatic conversion rate.
50. The energy conversion system according to claim 41, wherein the supercritical combustion process stage is further comprised of at least one fuel additive including chitosan, glycerine, cellulose, and lignan.
51. The energy conversion system according to claim 50, wherein the supercritical combustion process stage is further comprised of fuel, and wherein the fuel is further comprised of at least one fuel additive selected from the group consisting of biodiesel, natural gas, butanol, ethanol, gasoline, carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen, and water.
52. The energy conversion system according to claim 41, wherein the supercritical combustion process stage is comprised of a combustion process within a porous combustion chamber.
53. The energy conversion system according to claim 41, wherein the supercritical combustion process stage is capable of producing a waste byproduct and wherein the waste byproduct is removed by at least component within the working fluid.
54. The energy conversion system according to claim 53, wherein the combustion process stage is capable of operating discontinuously having a combustion cycle and non-combustion cycle, and wherein the waste byproduct is removed during the non-combustion cycle.
55. The energy conversion system according to claim 41, wherein the supercritical combustion process stage is further comprised of a fuel containing an excess quantity of gas greater than the quantity of gas required for stoichiometric combustion, and wherein the excess quantity of gas cleans the combustion chamber of waste byproducts.
56. An energy conversion system comprising an absorption heat pump system and a working fluid, wherein the working fluid absorbs at least one byproduct from a biomass to biofuel conversion process including a byproduct comprised of at least one gas selected from the group consisting of carbon dioxide, methane, and methanol, and wherein the working fluid absorbs the at least one byproduct at an operating pressure P0.
57. The energy conversion system according to claim 56, wherein the biomass to biofuel conversion process is capable of producing waste heat, and wherein the waste heat is utilized to desorb the at least one byproduct at an operating pressure P1, and wherein P1 is greater than P0.
58. The energy conversion system according to claim 56, wherein the biomass to biofuel conversion process has at least one conversion process stage selected from the group consisting of catalytic reactions, combustion reactions, and enzymatic reactions.
59. The energy conversion system according to claim 56, wherein the biomass to biofuel conversion process is further comprised of a process stage capable of electrochemically converting the at least one byproduct into a liquid or gaseous fuel.
60. The energy conversion system according to claim 58, wherein the process stage is capable of electrochemically converting the at least one byproduct is powered by electricity produced at least in part from the absorption heat pump system.
61. The energy conversion system according to claim 41, wherein the absorption heat pump is further comprised of a pressure exchanger selected from the group consisting of gerotor, piston, and turbine.
62. The energy conversion system according to claim 41, wherein the working fluid is comprised of a refrigerant, and wherein the refrigerant is made into a blend further comprised of at least one additive selective from the group consisting of water, wet biomass, glycerine, glycerol, glycol including a glycol, dimethyleglycol, trimethylene glycol, biodiesel, natural gas, butanol, ethanol, gasoline, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and hydrogen.
63. The energy conversion system according to claim 62, wherein the blend is capable of being utilized within a supercritical combustion process.
64. The energy conversion system according to claim 63, wherein the blend is capable of being utilized within a process intensification reactor.
65. An energy conversion system comprised of an absorption heat pump system in fluid communication with a liquid desiccant system.
66. The energy conversion system according to claim 65, further comprised of a combustion cycle capable of producing waste heat, and wherein the waste heat is utilized to produce additional cooling, power, or combinations thereof.
67. The energy conversion system according to claim 66, wherein the waste heat is utilized to desorb working fluid, regenerate liquid desiccant system, or combinations thereof.
68. The energy conversion system according to claim 65, wherein the waste heat is utilized to desorb working fluid, regenerate liquid desiccant system, or combinations thereof.
69. An energy conversion system comprised of an absorption heat pump system and a combustion system, wherein the combustion system is capable of producing a combustion byproduct, and wherein the absorption heat pump working fluid is utilized to clean the combustion system of the combustion byproducts.
70. The energy conversion system according to claim 69, wherein the absorption heat pump system is comprised of a refrigerant absorption stage, wherein the combustion byproduct is comprised of impurities, and wherein the working fluid is further processed to isolate the impurities from the working fluid prior to the refrigerant absorption stage.
71. An energy conversion system comprising a liquid desiccant system and a combustion cycle, wherein the liquid desiccant system is capable of producing waste heat from the process of regenerating the spent liquid desiccant, and wherein the waste heat is further utilized to preheat a combustion input including at least one selected from the group consisting of combustion cycle air intake, combustion cycle fuel, and combinations thereof, in a subsequent combustion cycle process.
72. The energy conversion system according to claim 71, wherein the subsequent combustion cycle is capable of producing additional waste heat, and wherein the additional waste heat is further utilized to regenerate the spent liquid desiccant.
73. The energy conversion system according to claim 71, wherein the combustion cycle is capable of burning a fuel, and wherein the fuel is further comprised of the spent liquid desiccant.
74. The energy conversion system according to claim 71, wherein the spent liquid desiccant is further comprised of a supercritical gas.
75. The energy conversion system according to claim 71 wherein the liquid desiccant system is comprised of at least one liquid desiccant selected from the group consisting of (a) glycerine, (b) glycerol, and (c) glycol including a glycol selected from the group consisting of dimethyleglycol and trimethylene glycol.
76. The energy conversion system according to claim 71 wherein the spent liquid desiccant is further comprised of at least one fuel selected from the group consisting of biodiesel, natural gas, butanol, ethanol, gasoline, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and hydrogen.
77. The energy conversion system according to claim 76 wherein the fuel is at a pressure greater than the supercritical pressure.
78. An energy conversion system comprising a combustion process and a liquid absorbent, wherein the combustion process combusts a fuel, wherein the combustion process is capable of producing exhaust, wherein the liquid absorbent is capable of recovering latent energy from the exhaust becoming a spent liquid absorbent, and wherein the spent liquid absorbent is capable of being utilized as at least one component of the fuel.
79. An energy conversion system comprised of a detector/controller to maintain the pressure across a desorption chamber membrane, wherein the pressure across the desorption chamber membrane is a pressure differential, and wherein the pressure differential is less than maximum desorption chamber membrane operating pressure.
80. The energy conversion system according to claim 79, wherein the desorption chamber membrane is comprised of an inlet and an outlet side, wherein the energy conversion system is further comprised of a working fluid, and wherein the detector/controller is capable of varying the working fluid flow individually into both the inlet and outlet side of the desorption chamber membrane.
81. An energy conversion system comprised of a fuel combustion chamber, a compressor capable of being individually and dynamically controlled, and an energy extraction device capable of being individually controlled to maximize power generation.
82. The energy conversion system according to claim 81, wherein the compressor consumes compression energy, and wherein the compression energy is provided from at least one source selected from the group consisting of (a) thermal storage system, (b) high pressure storage tank including air, working fluid, or hydraulic oil, (c) external preheater including thermal energy from the fuel combustion chamber, a solar source, and geothermal source, and (d) absorption heat pump utilizing waste heat from at least one source selected from the group consisting of the fuel combustion chamber, a biomass to biofuel conversion process, a solar source, and a geothermal source.
83. The energy conversion system according to claim 36, wherein the pressure prior to the first pressure stage is an initial pressure P0, and wherein the energy conversion system is further comprised of an operating mode to increase pressure from P0 to P2 selected from the group consisting of (a) having a first adsorption or absorption stage, wherein the first adsorption or absorption stage has a pressure P11, wherein the first adsorption or absorption stage has an absorbent A11 including solid or liquid absorbents, wherein the second adsorption or absorption stage has a pressure P21 and an absorbent A21, wherein A11 is combined with A21, wherein A21 is a liquid non-compressible adsorbent, and wherein P11 is less than P21, and (b) having a first stage non-absorption compression stage including compressors or turbochargers wherein the first adsorption or absorption stage has a pressure P12, wherein first adsorption or absorption stage pressure increases from initial pressure P0 to operating pressure P12, wherein the second adsorption or absorption stage has a pressure P22, wherein the second adsorption or absorption stage has an absorbent A22 including solid or liquid adsorbents, and wherein P12 is less than P22.
84. The energy conversion system according to claim 83, further comprised of a third adsorption or absorption stage capable of increasing the pressure above second stage adsorption or absorption stage pressure, and wherein increasing the pressure is by means including a non-absorption compression process or an absorption pumping process.
85. The energy conversion system according to claim 83, wherein the energy conversion system further comprises a working fluid containing carbon dioxide and at least one additional fluid component, wherein the working fluid passes through at least one separation process step as a means of isolating carbon dioxide from the at least one additional fluid component in the working fluid.
86. The energy conversion system according to claim 83, wherein the energy conversion system is capable of sequestering carbon dioxide.
87. The energy conversion system according to claim 83, wherein the absorption heat pump is further comprised of a cavitation device capable of enhancing at least one rate selected from the group consisting of absorption and desorption rate.
88. The energy conversion system according to claim 83, wherein the energy conversion system further comprises a working fluid containing at least one nanoscale powder including a nanoscale powder selected from of the group consisting of conductive, semi-conductive, ferroelectric, and ferromagnetic nanoscale powder, and combinations thereof.
89. The energy conversion system according to claim 83 further comprised of at least one working fluid, wherein the working fluid has partial miscibility and is capable of phase separation by means including varying at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of temperature, pressure, and pH.
90. The energy conversion system according to claim 36 further comprised of a working fluid containing cyclic, polycyclic, and macrocycle compounds including polyphenols, aromatic ring containing compounds from biomass prior to biomass to biofuel conversion process, and wherein the energy conversion system is further comprised of a separation method to isolate the cyclic, polycyclic, and macrocycle compounds from the working fluid.
91. An energy conversion system comprising a dynamic and switchable thermal bus having multiple thermal bus circuits, multiple devices selected from the group consisting of a thermal source device and a thermal sink device, and a switching circuit, wherein the switching circuit is capable of dynamically routing the thermal transport between the thermal bus circuit and device.
92. The energy conversion system according to claim 91 further comprised of a control system with non-linear algorithms capable of determining at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of thermal source energy efficiency, thermal sink energy efficiency, thermal source end product coefficient of performance, and thermal sink end product coefficient of performance.
93. The energy conversion system according to claim 92, wherein the control system is capable of operating as a function of at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of thermal bus heat exchanger inlet temperature, thermal bus heat exchanger outlet temperature, thermal bus mass flow rate, thermal source inlet temperature, thermal source outlet temperature, and thermal source mass flow rate.
94. The energy conversion system according to claim 92, wherein the control system is capable of dynamically routing fluid flow between the thermal sources, the thermal sinks, and the thermal bus circuits, wherein the thermal sources are capable of being sequentially ordered by increasing thermal source inlet temperature, and wherein the thermal sinks are sequentially ordered by decreasing thermal sink inlet temperature.
95. The energy conversion system according to claim 91 further comprised of a window heat exchanger in thermal contact with a thermal bus circuit, wherein the window heat exchanger is exposed to light, and wherein the window heat exchanger is capable of transforming ultraviolet and/or infrared spectrum into thermal energy.
96. The energy conversion system according to claim 92 wherein, the control system is capable of dynamically routing fluid flow between the thermal sources, the thermal sinks, and the thermal bus circuits, and wherein the thermal bus is controlled to maximize the temperature gain of a thermal bus circuit within the operating parameter constraints of the thermal sinks including maximum thermal energy demand, maximum flow rate and maximum temperature.
97. The energy conversion system according to claim 92, wherein the control system operates in modes selected from the group consisting of (a) maximize total thermal energy to mechanical/electrical energy conversion, (b) maximize mass flow rate at highest achievable temperature, (c) maximize mass flow rate at lowest achievable temperature, (d) minimize energy consumption from fuel sources having green house gas emissions, (e) minimize total energy consumption cost from all sources where cost includes any green house gas emissions penalties, (f) mode "e" further comprised of parametric operating constraints that ensure each thermal source and thermal sink meets minimum operating conditions, and (g) mode "f" further comprised of quantitative costs for failure to meet minimum operating conditions.
98. The energy conversion system according to claim 92 further comprised of data including calendars, equipment operating schedules, predictive equipment operating schedules, predictive weather, and building occupancy schedules, and further comprised of non-linear algorithms including thermal sink energy consumption algorithms and thermal sink energy generation algorithms.
CA002637488A 2006-01-16 2007-01-16 High efficiency absorption heat pump and methods of use Abandoned CA2637488A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US11/306,911 2006-01-16
US11/306,911 US7313926B2 (en) 2005-01-18 2006-01-16 High efficiency absorption heat pump and methods of use
PCT/US2007/001120 WO2007082103A2 (en) 2006-01-16 2007-01-16 High efficiency absorption heat pump and methods of use

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CA2637488A1 true CA2637488A1 (en) 2007-07-19

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US (1) US7313926B2 (en)
EP (1) EP1977174A4 (en)
JP (1) JP2009523992A (en)
CN (1) CN101506596A (en)
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