CA2559718A1 - Power control methods and apparatus - Google Patents
Power control methods and apparatus Download PDFInfo
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- CA2559718A1 CA2559718A1 CA002559718A CA2559718A CA2559718A1 CA 2559718 A1 CA2559718 A1 CA 2559718A1 CA 002559718 A CA002559718 A CA 002559718A CA 2559718 A CA2559718 A CA 2559718A CA 2559718 A1 CA2559718 A1 CA 2559718A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
- H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/42—Circuits or arrangements for compensating for or adjusting power factor in converters or inverters
- H02M1/4208—Arrangements for improving power factor of AC input
- H02M1/4225—Arrangements for improving power factor of AC input using a non-isolated boost converter
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/42—Circuits or arrangements for compensating for or adjusting power factor in converters or inverters
- H02M1/4208—Arrangements for improving power factor of AC input
- H02M1/425—Arrangements for improving power factor of AC input using a single converter stage both for correction of AC input power factor and generation of a high frequency AC output voltage
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
- H02M3/157—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators with digital control
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
- H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/33561—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having more than one ouput with independent control
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
- H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
- H05B41/24—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by high frequency ac, or with separate oscillator frequency
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H05B45/10—Controlling the intensity of the light
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H05B45/10—Controlling the intensity of the light
- H05B45/14—Controlling the intensity of the light using electrical feedback from LEDs or from LED modules
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H05B45/20—Controlling the colour of the light
- H05B45/24—Controlling the colour of the light using electrical feedback from LEDs or from LED modules
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H05B45/30—Driver circuits
- H05B45/305—Frequency-control circuits
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H05B45/30—Driver circuits
- H05B45/355—Power factor correction [PFC]; Reactive power compensation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H05B45/30—Driver circuits
- H05B45/37—Converter circuits
- H05B45/3725—Switched mode power supply [SMPS]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/0003—Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits
- H02M1/0012—Control circuits using digital or numerical techniques
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/0003—Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits
- H02M1/0016—Control circuits providing compensation of output voltage deviations using feedforward of disturbance parameters
- H02M1/0019—Control circuits providing compensation of output voltage deviations using feedforward of disturbance parameters the disturbance parameters being load current fluctuations
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/0067—Converter structures employing plural converter units, other than for parallel operation of the units on a single load
- H02M1/008—Plural converter units for generating at two or more independent and non-parallel outputs, e.g. systems with plural point of load switching regulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/42—Circuits or arrangements for compensating for or adjusting power factor in converters or inverters
- H02M1/4208—Arrangements for improving power factor of AC input
- H02M1/4291—Arrangements for improving power factor of AC input by using a Buck converter to switch the input current
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H05B45/30—Driver circuits
- H05B45/37—Converter circuits
- H05B45/3725—Switched mode power supply [SMPS]
- H05B45/375—Switched mode power supply [SMPS] using buck topology
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H05B45/30—Driver circuits
- H05B45/37—Converter circuits
- H05B45/3725—Switched mode power supply [SMPS]
- H05B45/38—Switched mode power supply [SMPS] using boost topology
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H05B45/30—Driver circuits
- H05B45/37—Converter circuits
- H05B45/3725—Switched mode power supply [SMPS]
- H05B45/385—Switched mode power supply [SMPS] using flyback topology
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
- Y02B70/10—Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes
Abstract
Methods and apparatus for providing and controlling power to at least some types of loads. In one example, a controlled predetermined power is provided to a load (218) without requiring any feedback information from the load (i.e., without monitoring a load voltage end/or load current). In another example, a ~feed-forward~ power driver (200 in Fig. 12) for an LED-based light source combines the functionality of a DC-DC converter and a light source controller, and is configured to control the intensity of light generated by the light source based on modulating the average power delivered to the light source in a given time period, without monitoring and/or regulating the voltage or current provided to the light source. In various examples, significantly streamlined circuits having fewer components, higher overall power efficiencies, and smaller space requirements are realized. Based on various power driver configurations, lighting apparatus incorporating one or more power drivers (200A, 200B, 200C) for one or more LED-based loads (100A, 100B, 100C) may be implemented, and multiple such lighting apparatus may be coupled together to form a lighting network in is which operating power is efficiently provided throughout the network.
Claims (50)
1. An apparatus, comprising:
at least one first LED configured to generate first radiation having a first spectrum; and a first feed-forward driver coupled to the at least one first LED and configured to controllably vary a first intensity of the first radiation without monitoring or regulating a first voltage or a first current provided to the at least one first LED.
at least one first LED configured to generate first radiation having a first spectrum; and a first feed-forward driver coupled to the at least one first LED and configured to controllably vary a first intensity of the first radiation without monitoring or regulating a first voltage or a first current provided to the at least one first LED.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first feed-forward driver comprises:
at least one energy transfer element to store input energy derived from a power source and to provide output energy to the at least one first LED; and at least one switch coupled to the at least one energy transfer element to control at least the input energy stored to the at least one energy transfer element.
at least one energy transfer element to store input energy derived from a power source and to provide output energy to the at least one first LED; and at least one switch coupled to the at least one energy transfer element to control at least the input energy stored to the at least one energy transfer element.
3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the first feed-forward driver further comprises an energy transfer arrangement that includes the at least one energy transfer element, the at least one switch, and at least one diode, wherein the energy transfer arrangement is configured as one of a buck converter, a boost converter, a buck-boost converter, a CUK
converter, a flyback converter and a forward converter.
converter, a flyback converter and a forward converter.
4. The apparatus of claim 2 or 3, wherein the at least one energy transfer element includes one of a tapped inductor and a transformer having a non-unity turns ratio.
5. The apparatus of any of claims 2 - 4, further comprising at least one controller configured to receive at least one control signal that includes information representing the first intensity, the at least one controller outputting at least a first driver signal to control the at least one switch of the first feed-forward driver.
6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the at least one controller is configured to control at least one of a frequency and a duty cycle of the first driver signal so as to control the first intensity without using any feedback information relating to the at least one first LED.
7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the at least one controller is configured to control at least one of the frequency and the duty cycle of the first driver signal based on one of a voltage output by the power source and a current drawn from the power source, and the at least one control signal that includes the information representing the first intensity.
8. The apparatus of claims 6 or 7, wherein the at least one controller is configured to control the frequency of the first driver signal by controllably varying an effective frequency of the first driver signal using a pulse number modulation technique.
9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the at least one controller is configured to controllably vary the effective frequency of the first driver signal while holding substantially constant the duty cycle of the first driver signal.
10. The apparatus of claims 6 or 7, wherein the at least one controller is configured to controllably vary the duty cycle of the first driver signal while holding substantially constant the frequency of the first driver signal.
11. The apparatus of claims 6 or 7, wherein the at least one controller is configured to controllably vary both the frequency and the duty cycle of the first driver signal.
12. The apparatus of claims 6 or 7, wherein the at least one controller is configured to control at least one of the frequency and the duty cycle of the first driver signal based on a relative range of a desired intensity for the first intensity.
13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the desired intensity includes at least a first range and a second range, wherein the at least one controller is configured to control only one of the frequency and the duty cycle of the first driver signal in the first range, and wherein the at least one controller is configured to control both of the frequency and the duty cycle of the first driver signal in the second range.
14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the desired intensity includes at least a first range, a second range, and a third range, and wherein the at least one controller is configured to control only the frequency of the first driver signal in the first range, only the duty cycle of the first driver signal in the second range, and both of the frequency and the duty cycle of the first driver signal in the third range.
15. The apparatus of any of claims 5-14, wherein the at least one controller is an addressable device so as to facilitate control of the apparatus via a network.
16. The apparatus of any of claims 5-15 , wherein the at least one control signal is formatted using a DMX protocol.
17. The apparatus of any of claims 5 - 16, further comprising:
a full wave rectifier to receive an A.C. line voltage and output a rectified voltage;
and a power factor correction apparatus, coupled to the full wave rectifier and to at least the first feed-forward driver, to receive the rectified voltage and provide power factor correction for the apparatus.
a full wave rectifier to receive an A.C. line voltage and output a rectified voltage;
and a power factor correction apparatus, coupled to the full wave rectifier and to at least the first feed-forward driver, to receive the rectified voltage and provide power factor correction for the apparatus.
18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the at least one controller is configured to control the power factor correction apparatus based at least on the at least one control signal that includes the information representing the first intensity.
19. The apparatus of any of the foregoing claims, wherein the at least one first LED
includes at least one white LED.
includes at least one white LED.
20. The apparatus of any of the foregoing claims, further comprising:
at least one second LED configured to generate second radiation having a second spectrum different from the first spectrum; and a second feed-forward driver coupled to the at least one second LED and configured to control a second intensity of the second radiation without monitoring or regulating a second voltage or a second current provided to the at least one second LED.
at least one second LED configured to generate second radiation having a second spectrum different from the first spectrum; and a second feed-forward driver coupled to the at least one second LED and configured to control a second intensity of the second radiation without monitoring or regulating a second voltage or a second current provided to the at least one second LED.
21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the first and second feed-forward drivers are configured to independently control the first and second intensities based on the at least one control signal, and wherein the information includes first information representing the first intensity and second information representing the second intensity.
22. The apparatus of claims 20 or 21, wherein the at least one second LED
includes at least one non-white LED.
includes at least one non-white LED.
23. The apparatus of claims 20 or 21, wherein the at least one first LED and the at least one second LED include only white LEDs.
24. The apparatus of any of claims 20 - 23 , further comprising:
at least one third LED configured to generate third radiation having a third spectrum different from the second spectrum and the first spectrum; and a third feed-forward driver coupled to the at least one third LED and configured to control a third intensity of the third radiation without monitoring or regulating a third voltage or a third current provided to the at least one third LED.
at least one third LED configured to generate third radiation having a third spectrum different from the second spectrum and the first spectrum; and a third feed-forward driver coupled to the at least one third LED and configured to control a third intensity of the third radiation without monitoring or regulating a third voltage or a third current provided to the at least one third LED.
25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the at least one first LED includes at least one red LED, the at least one second LED includes at least one green LED, and the at least one third LED includes at least one blue LED.
26. A method, comprising acts of:
A) generating first radiation having a first spectrum from at least one first LED;
and B) controllably varying a first intensity of the first radiation without monitoring or regulating a first voltage or a first current provided to the at least one first LED.
A) generating first radiation having a first spectrum from at least one first LED;
and B) controllably varying a first intensity of the first radiation without monitoring or regulating a first voltage or a first current provided to the at least one first LED.
27. The method of claim 26, wherein the act B) comprises acts of:
storing input energy derived from a power source to at least one energy transfer element;
providing output energy from the at least one energy transfer element to the at least one first LED; and controlling at least the input energy stored to the at least one energy transfer element via at least one switch coupled to the at least one energy transfer element.
storing input energy derived from a power source to at least one energy transfer element;
providing output energy from the at least one energy transfer element to the at least one first LED; and controlling at least the input energy stored to the at least one energy transfer element via at least one switch coupled to the at least one energy transfer element.
28. The method of claim 27, wherein the at least one energy transfer element and the at least one switch form part of an energy transfer arrangement that includes the at least one energy transfer element, the at least one switch, and at least one diode, and wherein the energy transfer arrangement is configured as one of a buck converter, a boost converter, a buck-boost converter, a CUK converter, a flyback converter and a forward converter.
29. The method of claims 27 or 28, wherein the energy transfer element includes one of a tapped inductor and a transformer having a non-unity turns ratio.
30. The method of any of claims 27 - 29 , wherein the act B) comprises acts of:
receiving at least one control signal that includes information representing the first intensity; and generating at least a first driver signal to control the at least one switch.
receiving at least one control signal that includes information representing the first intensity; and generating at least a first driver signal to control the at least one switch.
31. The method of claim 30, further comprising an act of:
C) controlling at least one of a frequency and a duty cycle of the first driver signal so as to control the first intensity without using any feedback information relating to the at least one first LED.
C) controlling at least one of a frequency and a duty cycle of the first driver signal so as to control the first intensity without using any feedback information relating to the at least one first LED.
32. The method of claim 31, wherein the act C) comprises an act of:
controlling at least one of the frequency and the duty cycle of the first driver signal based on at least one of a voltage output by the power source and a current drawn from the power source, and the at least one control signal that includes the information representing the first intensity.
controlling at least one of the frequency and the duty cycle of the first driver signal based on at least one of a voltage output by the power source and a current drawn from the power source, and the at least one control signal that includes the information representing the first intensity.
33. The method of claims 31 or 32, wherein the act C) comprises an act of:
controlling the frequency of the first driver signal by controllably varying an effective frequency of each driver signal using a pulse number modulation technique.
controlling the frequency of the first driver signal by controllably varying an effective frequency of each driver signal using a pulse number modulation technique.
34. The method of claim 33, wherein the act of controllably varying the effective frequency of the first driver signal comprises and act of controllably varying the effective frequency of the first driver signal while holding substantially constant the duty cycle of the first driver signal.
35. The method of claims 31 or 32, wherein the act C) comprises an act of controllably varying the duty cycle of the first driver signal while holding substantially constant the frequency of the first driver signal.
36. The method of claims 31 or 32, wherein the act C) comprises an act of controllably varying both the frequency and the duty cycle of the first driver signal.
37. The method of claims 31 or 32, wherein the act C) comprises an act of C1) controlling at least one of the frequency and the duty cycle of the first driver signal based on a relative range of a desired intensity for the first intensity.
38. The method of claim 37, wherein the desired intensity includes at least a first range and a second range, wherein the act C1) comprises acts of:
controlling only one of the frequency and the duty cycle of the first driver signal in the first range;
controlling both of the frequency and the duty cycle of the first driver signal in the second range.
controlling only one of the frequency and the duty cycle of the first driver signal in the first range;
controlling both of the frequency and the duty cycle of the first driver signal in the second range.
39. The method of claim 37, wherein the desired intensity includes at least a first range, a second range, and a third range, and wherein the act C1) comprises acts of controlling only the frequency of the first driver signal in the first range;
controlling only the duty cycle of the first driver signal in the second range; and controlling both of the frequency and the duty cycle of the first driver signal in the third range.
controlling only the duty cycle of the first driver signal in the second range; and controlling both of the frequency and the duty cycle of the first driver signal in the third range.
40. The method of any of claims 30 - 39, further comprising an act of:
receiving the at least one control signal that includes the information representing the first and second intensities as an addressed signal via a network.
receiving the at least one control signal that includes the information representing the first and second intensities as an addressed signal via a network.
41. The method of any of claims 30 - 39, further comprising an act of:
formatting the at least one control signal that includes the information representing the first and second intensities using a DMX protocol.
formatting the at least one control signal that includes the information representing the first and second intensities using a DMX protocol.
42. The method of any of claims 30 - 41, further comprising acts of:
rectifying an A.C. line voltage to provide a rectified voltage;
controlling a current drawn from the rectified voltage to provide power factor correction.
rectifying an A.C. line voltage to provide a rectified voltage;
controlling a current drawn from the rectified voltage to provide power factor correction.
43. The method of claim 42, the act of controlling a current drawn from the rectified voltage includes an act of controlling the current drawn from the rectified voltage based at least in part on the at least one control signal that includes the information representing the first intensity.
44. The method of any of claims 26 - 43, wherein the at least one first LED
includes at least one white LED.
includes at least one white LED.
45. The method of any of claims 26 - 44, further comprising acts of:
C) generating second radiation having a second spectrum, different from the first spectrum, from at least one second LED; and D) controlling a second intensity of the second radiation without monitoring or regulating a second voltage or a second current provided to the at least one second LED.
C) generating second radiation having a second spectrum, different from the first spectrum, from at least one second LED; and D) controlling a second intensity of the second radiation without monitoring or regulating a second voltage or a second current provided to the at least one second LED.
46. The method of claim 45, further comprising an act of:
E) independently performing the acts B) and D) based on at least one control signal that includes information representing the first and second intensities.
E) independently performing the acts B) and D) based on at least one control signal that includes information representing the first and second intensities.
47. The method of claims 45 or 46, wherein the at least one second LED
includes at least one non-white LED.
includes at least one non-white LED.
48. The method of claims 45 or 46, wherein the at least one first LED and the at least one second LED include only white LEDs.
49. The method of any of claims 45 - 48 , further comprising acts of:
generating third radiation, having a third spectrum different from the second spectrum and the first spectrum, from at least one third LED; and controlling a third intensity of the third radiation without monitoring or regulating a third voltage or a third current provided to the at least one third LED.
generating third radiation, having a third spectrum different from the second spectrum and the first spectrum, from at least one third LED; and controlling a third intensity of the third radiation without monitoring or regulating a third voltage or a third current provided to the at least one third LED.
50. The method of claim 49, wherein the at least one first LED includes at least one red LED, the at least one second LED includes at least one green LED, and the at least one third LED includes at least one blue LED.
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