CA2500711C - Medical devices and methods of making the same - Google Patents
Medical devices and methods of making the same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2500711C CA2500711C CA 2500711 CA2500711A CA2500711C CA 2500711 C CA2500711 C CA 2500711C CA 2500711 CA2500711 CA 2500711 CA 2500711 A CA2500711 A CA 2500711A CA 2500711 C CA2500711 C CA 2500711C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- stent
- radiopaque
- alloy
- radiopaque material
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
- C23C8/08—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases only one element being applied
- C23C8/10—Oxidising
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/82—Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/86—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
- A61F2/90—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
- A61F2/91—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/82—Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/86—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
- A61F2/90—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
- A61F2/91—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes
- A61F2/915—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes with bands having a meander structure, adjacent bands being connected to each other
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L31/00—Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
- A61L31/08—Materials for coatings
- A61L31/082—Inorganic materials
- A61L31/088—Other specific inorganic materials not covered by A61L31/084 or A61L31/086
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L31/00—Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
- A61L31/14—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
- A61L31/18—Materials at least partially X-ray or laser opaque
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/06—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the coating material
- C23C14/14—Metallic material, boron or silicon
- C23C14/16—Metallic material, boron or silicon on metallic substrates or on substrates of boron or silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/34—Sputtering
- C23C14/46—Sputtering by ion beam produced by an external ion source
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/02—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material
- C23C28/021—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material including at least one metal alloy layer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/02—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material
- C23C28/023—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material only coatings of metal elements only
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/02—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material
- C23C28/028—Including graded layers in composition or in physical properties, e.g. density, porosity, grain size
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/32—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer
- C23C28/321—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer with at least one metal alloy layer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/32—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer
- C23C28/322—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer only coatings of metal elements only
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/32—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer
- C23C28/325—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer with layers graded in composition or in physical properties
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/34—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/34—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates
- C23C28/341—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates with at least one carbide layer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/34—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates
- C23C28/345—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates with at least one oxide layer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/36—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including layers graded in composition or physical properties
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/40—Coatings including alternating layers following a pattern, a periodic or defined repetition
- C23C28/42—Coatings including alternating layers following a pattern, a periodic or defined repetition characterized by the composition of the alternating layers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/48—After-treatment of electroplated surfaces
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
- A61B90/39—Markers, e.g. radio-opaque or breast lesions markers
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/82—Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/86—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
- A61F2/90—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
- A61F2/91—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes
- A61F2/915—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes with bands having a meander structure, adjacent bands being connected to each other
- A61F2002/91525—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes with bands having a meander structure, adjacent bands being connected to each other within the whole structure different bands showing different meander characteristics, e.g. frequency or amplitude
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/82—Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/86—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
- A61F2/90—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
- A61F2/91—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes
- A61F2/915—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes with bands having a meander structure, adjacent bands being connected to each other
- A61F2002/91533—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes with bands having a meander structure, adjacent bands being connected to each other characterised by the phase between adjacent bands
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/82—Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/86—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
- A61F2/90—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
- A61F2/91—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes
- A61F2/915—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes with bands having a meander structure, adjacent bands being connected to each other
- A61F2002/9155—Adjacent bands being connected to each other
- A61F2002/91566—Adjacent bands being connected to each other connected trough to trough
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/82—Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/86—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
- A61F2/90—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
- A61F2/91—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes
- A61F2/915—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes with bands having a meander structure, adjacent bands being connected to each other
- A61F2002/9155—Adjacent bands being connected to each other
- A61F2002/91575—Adjacent bands being connected to each other connected peak to trough
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2250/00—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2250/0014—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof having different values of a given property or geometrical feature, e.g. mechanical property or material property, at different locations within the same prosthesis
- A61F2250/0032—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof having different values of a given property or geometrical feature, e.g. mechanical property or material property, at different locations within the same prosthesis differing in radiographic density
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2250/00—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2250/0058—Additional features; Implant or prostheses properties not otherwise provided for
- A61F2250/0096—Markers and sensors for detecting a position or changes of a position of an implant, e.g. RF sensors, ultrasound markers
- A61F2250/0098—Markers and sensors for detecting a position or changes of a position of an implant, e.g. RF sensors, ultrasound markers radio-opaque, e.g. radio-opaque markers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
- Y10T428/2991—Coated
- Y10T428/2993—Silicic or refractory material containing [e.g., tungsten oxide, glass, cement, etc.]
- Y10T428/2995—Silane, siloxane or silicone coating
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/3154—Of fluorinated addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
- Y10T428/31544—Addition polymer is perhalogenated
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31551—Of polyamidoester [polyurethane, polyisocyanate, polycarbamate, etc.]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31551—Of polyamidoester [polyurethane, polyisocyanate, polycarbamate, etc.]
- Y10T428/31573—Next to addition polymer of ethylenically unsaturated monomer
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31551—Of polyamidoester [polyurethane, polyisocyanate, polycarbamate, etc.]
- Y10T428/31573—Next to addition polymer of ethylenically unsaturated monomer
- Y10T428/31576—Ester monomer type [polyvinylacetate, etc.]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31678—Of metal
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31678—Of metal
- Y10T428/31692—Next to addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
Abstract
An endoprosthesis, such as a stent, having a layer that can enhance the biocompatibility of the endoprosthesis, and methods of making the endoprosthesis are disclosed.
Description
MEDICAL DEVICES AND METHODS OF MAKING THE SAME
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The invention relates to medical devices, such as, for example, stents and stent-grafts, and methods of making the devices.
BACKGROUND
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The invention relates to medical devices, such as, for example, stents and stent-grafts, and methods of making the devices.
BACKGROUND
[0002] The body includes various passageways such as arteries, other blood vessels, and other body lumens. These passageways sometimes become occluded or weakened.
For example, the passageways can be occluded by a tumor, restricted by plaque, or weakened by an aneurysm. When this occurs, the passageway can be reopened or reinforced, or even replaced, with a medical endoprosthesis. An endoprosthesis is typically a tubular member that is placed in a lumen in the body. Examples of endoprosthesis include stents and covered stents, sometimes called "stent-grafts".
For example, the passageways can be occluded by a tumor, restricted by plaque, or weakened by an aneurysm. When this occurs, the passageway can be reopened or reinforced, or even replaced, with a medical endoprosthesis. An endoprosthesis is typically a tubular member that is placed in a lumen in the body. Examples of endoprosthesis include stents and covered stents, sometimes called "stent-grafts".
[0003] Endoprostheses can be delivered inside the body by a catheter that supports the endoprosthesis in a compacted or reduced-size form as the endoprosthesis is transported to a desired site. Upon reaching the site, the endoprosthesis is expanded, for example, so that it can contact the walls of the lumen.
[0004] The expansion mechanism may include forcing the endoprosthesis to expand radially. For example, the expansion mechanism can include the catheter carrying a balloon, which carries a balloon-expandable endoprosthesis. The balloon can be inflated to deform and to fix the expanded endoprosthesis at a predetermined position in contact with the lumen wall. The balloon can then be deflated, and the catheter withdrawn.
[0005] In another delivery technique, the endoprosthesis is formed of an elastic material that can be reversibly compacted and expanded, e.g., elastically or through a material phase transition. During introduction into the body, the endoprosthesis is restrained in a compacted condition. Upon reaching the desired implantation site, the restraint is removed, for example, by retracting a restraining device such as an outer sheath, enabling the endoprosthesis to self-expand by its own internal elastic restoring force.
[0006] To support a passageway open, endoprostheses are sometimes made of relatively strong materials, such as stainless steel or Nitinol (a nickel-titanium alloy), formed into struts or wires. These materials, however, can be relatively radiolucent. That is, the materials may not be easily visible under X-ray fluoroscopy, which is a technique used to locate and to monitor the endoprostheses during and after delivery. To enhance their visibility (e.g., by increasing their radiopacity), the endoprostheses can be coated with a relatively radiopaque material, such as gold. Because the endoprostheses are typically kept in the body for a relatively long time, it is desirable that they have good biocompatibility.
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
[0007] Some embodiments of the invention relate to methods of making medical devices, such as, for example, stents and stent-grafts, and methods of making the devices. More particularly, some embodiments of the invention features an endoprosthesis, such as a stent, having a layer that can enhance the biocompatibility of the endoprosthesis.
[0008] In one aspect, the invention features a stent including a member having a first portion, and a second portion disposed outwardly of the first portion. The second portion is more radiopaque than the first portion and has a first layer including a radiopaque material, and a second layer defining an outer surface of the member and including the radiopaque material and a second material.
[0009] Embodiments may include one or more of the following features. The second layer includes an alloy of the radiopaque material and the second material. The radiopaque material is selected from the group consisting of gold, platinum, palladium, and tantalum.
The second material is selected from the group consisting of titanium, chromium, palladium, niobium, and silicon- The first portion includes a material selected from the group consisting-of stainless steel and nickel-titanium alloy.
The second material is selected from the group consisting of titanium, chromium, palladium, niobium, and silicon- The first portion includes a material selected from the group consisting-of stainless steel and nickel-titanium alloy.
[0010] The first portion can be the innermost portion of the member, and/or contact the second portion.
[00111 The stent can further include a third portion between the first portion and the second portion, a polymeric layer on the member, and/or a drug-releasing layer on the member.
[0012] In another aspect, the invention features a stent including a member having a first portion having a first layer including a radiopaque material, and a second layer defining an outer surface of the member and including the radiopaque material and a second material.
[0013] In another aspect, the invention features a stent including a member having a first portion, and a second portion disposed outwardly of the first portion. The second portion is more radiopaque than the first layer and includes a first layer having a radiopaque material, and a second layer including the radiopaque material and defining an outer surface of the member, the second layer having a lower oxidation potential than an oxidation potential of the first layer.
[0014] Embodiments may include one or more of the following features. The radiopaque material is selected from the group consisting of gold, platinum, palladium, and tantalum.
The second layer includes an alloy of the radiopaque material and a second material. The second material is selected from the group consisting of titanium, niobium, palladium, chromium, and silicon.
[0015] The first portion can include a material selected from the group consisting of stainless steel and a nickel-titanium alloy. The first portion can be the innermost portion of the member. The first portion can contact the second portion.
[0016] The first and second portions can have different compositions.
[0017] The stent can further include a polymeric layer on the member and/or a drug-releasing layer on the member.
[0018] In another aspect, the invention features a stent having a member having a first portion including a first layer comprising a radiopaque material, and a second layer comprising the radiopaque material and defining an outer surface of the member. The second layer has a lower oxidation potential than an oxidation potential of the first layer.
[0019] In another aspect, the invention features a stent having a member including a first portion having a concentration gradient of a radiopaque material, the first portion defining an outer surface of the member.
[0020] Embodiments may include one or more of the following features. The concentration of the radiopaque material increases as a function of distance from the outer surface. The concentration gradient varies substantially linearly along a thickness of the 6041'2-3356 first portion. The radiopaque material is selected from a group consisting of gold, platinum, palladium, and tantalum. The first portion is formed of an alloy including the radiopaque material and a second material. The member further includes a second portion disposed inwardly of the first portion, the second portion being more radiolucent than the first portion.
[0021] In another aspect, the invention features a method of making a stent including a member. The method includes forming an outer layer on the member having a radiopaque material and a second material, and oxidizing a portion of the outer layer.
[0022] Embodiments may include one or more of the following features.
Oxidizing the portion includes forming an oxide or a nitride from the outer layer.
The method further includes forming a radiopaque layer having the radiopaque material. The outer layer is formed with a compositional gradient.
[0023] The outer layer is formed by a process selected from the group consisting of physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, and electrodeposition.
[0024] Oxidizing the portion of the outer layer can be performed by electropolishing, by heating the outer layer in an oxidizing environment, and/or by ion implanting oxygen in the outer layer and heating the outer layer.
[0025] The method can further include forming a polymeric layer on the outer layer, and/or forming a drug-releasing layer on the outer layer.
[0025a] There is also provided a stent, comprising: a member including a first portion; and a second portion disposed outwardly of the first portion and having a first layer including a radiopaque material that is more radiopaque than the first portion, wherein the radiopaque material is selected from the group consisting of gold, platinum, and palladium, a second layer comprising an alloy comprising the radiopaque material and a second material, and a third layer comprising an oxidized form of the alloy.
6041.2-3356 [0025b] Another aspect of the invention provides a stent, comprising: a member including a first portion having a first layer including a radiopaque material, wherein the radiopaque material is selected from the group consisting of gold, platinum, and palladium, and a second layer comprising an alloy comprising the radiopaque material and a second material, and a third layer comprising an oxidized form of the alloy.
[0025c] A further aspect of the invention provides a stent, comprising: a member including an innermost first portion; and a second portion disposed outwardly of the first portion and having a first layer including a radiopaque material that is more radiopaque than the first portion, a second layer comprising an alloy comprising the radiopaque material and a second material, wherein at least one of the radiopaque material and the second material comprises iridium, and a third layer comprising an oxidized form of the alloy, the oxidized form comprising an oxide.
[0026] Other aspects, features and advantages will be apparent from the description of the preferred embodiments thereof and from the claims.
DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0027] Fig. 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a stent.
[0028] Fig. 2 is a schematic, cross-sectional view of the stent of Fig. 1, taken along line 2-2.
[0029] Fig. 3 is a schematic, cross-sectional view of a strut of an embodiment of a stent.
[0030] Fig. 4 is a schematic, partial cross-sectional view of a strut of an embodiment of a stent.
-4a-[0031] Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of an ion beam assisted deposition system.
[0032] Fig. 6 is a plot of material concentration as a function of time.
[0033] Fig. 7 is a table of parameters for an ion beam assisted deposition process.
[0034] Fig. 8 is a table of parameters for an ion beam assisted deposition process.
[0035] Fig. 9 is a table of parameters for an ion beam assisted deposition process.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0036) Fig. 1 shows a support 12 carrying a stent 10, which is in the form of a tubular member defined by struts 11 and openings 13. Depending on the type of stent 12 (e.g., balloon-expandable or self-expandable), support 12 can be a balloon catheter or a catheter shaft. Referring to Fig. 2, stent 10 includes multiple cross-sectional portions. In particular, struts 11 of stent 10 are formed of a relatively radiolucent core 14 surrounded by a relatively radiopaque portion 16. Radiopaque portion 16 includes a radiopaque layer 18, e.g., made of gold, and a layer 20, e.g., made of a gold-titanium alloy, that can enhance the biocompatibility of stent 10. For example, layer 20 can be passivated to provide stent 10 with a relatively inert outer surface.
[0037] In general, stent 10 can be formed by coating a relatively radiolucent stent with a radiopaque material, such as gold or platinum, to form layer 18. Layer 20 is then formed on the radiopaque material. Layer 20 can be formed on the pre-forined radiopaque layer 18 and/or formed from a portion of the radiopaque layer. Layer 20 is then passivated, e.g., by forming a layer of an oxide or nitride on layer 20 or by converting layer 20 to an oxide or a nitride.
[0038] Core 14 is generally formed of one or more core material selected to provide stent with certain physical and mechanical properties. For example, the core material is selected to provide stent 10 with sufficient hoop strength and radial strength so the scent can maintain a body vessel open. Suitable core materials include stainless steel (e.g., 316L
stainless steel), Nitinol (e.g., for self-expandable stents), other titanium alloys, tantalum alloys, zirconium alloys, and/or niobium alloys. At the same time, it is also desirable to reduce (e.g., minimize) differences or mismatch in mechanical properties (e.g., stiffness) between the stent and the body vessel. The mechanical mismatch can cause, for example, inflammation and/or re-occlusion of the vessel. One method of reducing mechanical mismatch is to form the stent with less material (e.g., by forming smaller struts 11), thereby approximating the compliancy or resiliency of the vessel. However, reducing the amount of core material in stent 10 can also reduce the radiopacity of the stent.
[0039] To increase the radiopacity of stent 10, the stent includes radiopaque portion 16 disposed over core portion 14. Portion 16 includes radiopaque layer 18, which is formed with a radiopaque material. The radiopaque material can be any material with a density and/or linear absorption coefficient sufficient to enhance the radiopacity of stent 10. In embodiments, the radiopaque material has a density and/or linear absorption coefficient to attenuate an incident X-ray beam. In some cases, the radiopaque material has a density of equal to or greater than about 10 g/cc. Examples of radiopaque materials include gold, platinum, palladium, tantalum, iridium, cobalt, titanium, tungsten, stainless steel, Nitinol, and metal alloys containing a sufficient percentage of heavy elements.
Radiopaque layer 18 can be, for example, up to about 8 microns thick, e.g., about 6-8 microns, thick.
Methods of forming radiopaque layer 18 include, for example, electrodeposition, physical vapor deposition (e.g., sputtering), chemical vapor deposition, galvanizing, and/or dipping (e.g., in molten material).
[0040] In some cases, however, the radiopaque materials do not have a desired level of biocompatibility and/or the biocompatibility of the material is unknown (e.g., in the long term). It is believed, for example, that gold may affect (e.g., catalyze) electron transfer in certain undesirable reactions in the body. Accordingly, radiopaque portion 16 includes a relatively inert layer 20 disposed over radiopaque layer 18.
[0041] Layer 20 enhances the biocompatibility of stent 10 by providing the stent with a layer (as shown, an outer layer) that can be passivated, e.g., more easily than radiopaque layer 18. For example, layer 20 is, capable of reacting (e.g., oxidizing) and forming products, such as oxides, nitrides, and/or carbides, that are more inert, and therefore, more biocompatible, than the material(s) in radiopaque layer 18. Relative to radiopaque layer 18, layer 20 has a lower oxidation potential, i.e., can be more easily oxidized to form a biocompatible product.
[0042] In some embodiments, layer 20 includes a mixture (here, an alloy) of the radiopaque material(s) in radiopaque layer 18 and one or more alloying material. The alloying material can be any material capable of forming a mixture with the radiopaque material(s), and forming a product that is more easily passivated than the radiopaque material(s). The alloying material can be, for example, tantalum, titanium, niobium, zirconium, chromium, silicon, rhodium, iridium, platinum, and/or palladium.
Any of the alloying materials can be used with any of the radiopaque materials described above.
[0043] As an example, for a gold radiopaque layer 18, the alloying material can be titanium. In this example, layer 20 includes an alloy of gold-titanium, such as Auos0Tio.70, which can be more easily passivated than gold. That is, relative to gold, the gold-titanium alloy can more easily form or be converted to a product, e.g., an oxide, that is relatively inert and biocompatible. In embodiments, for the alloy of gold-titanium (AuTiy) x can range from about 0-30%, and y can range from about 70-100%. For example, x can be equal to or greater than about 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, or 25%, and/or equal to or less than about 30%,25%,20%,15%, 10%, or 5%. In embodiments, the concentration of titanium, y, can be equal to or greater than about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%, and/or less than or equal to 100%, 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, or 75%. Layer 20 can be up to about 10 microns thick, e.g., about 0.1-10 microns thick. Ternary (e.g., Au-Ti-Cr) or higher mixtures or alloy systems can be formed.
[0044] In some embodiments, layer 20 can be formed on a pre-formed radiopaque layer 18. For example, after radiopaque layer 18 is formed, modified layer 20 can be applied on the radiopaque layer by physical vapor deposition, including sputtering and ion beam assisted deposition, chemical vapor deposition, or electrodeposition. Layer 20 can also be formed by forming layers, e.g., alternating layers, of the radiopaque material and the alloying material on layer 18 in a predetermined ratio, and heating the layers (e.g., at elevated, annealing temperatures) to form the alloy by diffusion.
[0045] Alternatively or in addition, layer 20 can be formed from a portion of a formed radiopaque layer 18. That is, a portion of the radiopaque layer 18 can be converted to layer 20. For example, a gold-titanium layer 20 can be formed by implanting titanium ions into a formed gold radiopaque layer 18, and annealing the radiopaque layer. As a result, a certain thickness of the radiopaque layer (e.g., in the sub-micron range) is converted to an alloyed modified layer that can be passivated. In another example, a layer of alloy material, e.g., Ti, can be deposited on radiopaque layer 18, e.g., Au, and the layers can be heated, e.g., annealed, to form an alloy, e.g., Au-Ti.
[0046] It should be noted that while Fig. 2 shows radiopaque layer 18 and layer 20 as two discrete, well-defined layers, in some embodiments, the interface between the layers is not well defined. As a result, the endoprosthesis can be formed with good adhesion and high durability (e.g., reduced risk of flaking). Corrosion from contact of dissimilar material can also be reduced. The interface may not be well defined, for example, when modified layer 20 is formed from a formed radiopaque layer 18.
[0047] In some embodiments, radiopaque portion 16 does not include an interface between two layers. Referring to Fig. 3, a strut 22 of a stent is formed of a relatively radiolucent core 24 surrounded by a relatively radiopaque layer 26. Core 24 is generally the same as core 14 described above. Radiopaque layer 26 includes one or more radiopaque material and one or more alloying material, as described above. In addition, radiopaque layer 26 is formed having a compositional gradient in which the concentration(s) of the alloying material(s) and/or the radiopaque material(s) varies along the thickness of layer 26 (arrows A and B). As an example, for a radiopaque layer 26 formed of a gold-titanium alloy, layer 26 can be relatively gold-rich (or titanium-poor) at surface 28 adjacent to core 24, and relatively gold-poor (or titanium-rich) at outer surface 30. At surface 28, the concentration of the radiopaque material can be about 100%; and at outer surface 30, the concentration of the alloying material can be about 100%. The concentration(s) of the radiopaque material(s)l and/or the alloying material(s) can vary linearly or non-linearly (e.g., exponentially) between surfaces 28 and 30. The concentration(s), e.g., of the alloying material, can increase or decrease from surface 28 to surface 30. In certain embodiments, layer 26 having the compositional gradient can be formed on a radiopaque layer, such as radiopaque layer 18.
[0048) Methods of forming compositionally-graded layer 26 include using physical vapor deposition while controlling the source of materials used for deposition. In another method, layer 26 can be formed by forming alternating layers of a radiopaque material and an alloying'material in a predetermined ratio, and annealing the layers. For example, referring to Fig. 4, to form a concentration gradient of titanium along layer 26, layers of titanium 27a, 27b, and 27c can be formed alternating with layers of gold 29a, 29b, and 29c.
Titanium layer 27a is thicker than layer 27b, which is thicker than layer 27c.
Gold layers 29a-29c are of equal thickness. When the layers are subsequently annealed, they can diffuse together and form a gold-titanium alloy in which the concentration of titanium varies along the thickness of layer 26 (here, increasing with increasing distance from core 24).
[0049] After layer 20 or 26 is formed, stent 10 can be passivated by exposing the stent, to an appropriate environment. For example, stent 10 can be oxidized by heating the stent in an oxidizing atmosphere, such as one containing oxygen and/or water, to form an oxide layer on layer 20 or 26. Nitrides can be formed by heating stent 10 in an atmosphere containing nitrogen, nitrogen-hydrogen, and/or ammonia. Carburizing, e.g., increasing the surface concentration of carbon, can be performed by exposing stent 10, at an elevated temperature, to an atmosphere rich in a hydrocarbon gas, such as methane.
Alternatively or in addition, passivation can be performed by electropolishing to produce an oxide-rich surface layer. In some cases, passivation can occur relatively spontaneously, e.g., upon exposure to air, when the oxidation potential is relatively low.
[0050] Stent 10 can then be finished, e.g., electropolished to a smooth finish, according to conventional methods. Stent 10 can be finished before passivation.
Alternatively, stent 10 can be formed textured.
[0051] Stent 10 can then be used, e.g., delivered and expanded, according to conventional methods.
[0052] Generally, stent 10 can be self-expandable, balloon-expandable, or a combination of both. Examples of stent 10 and support 12 are described in U.S. Patent Nos.
5,725,570 (Heath) and 5,234,457 (Andersen).
[0053] In other embodiments, stent 10 is a part of a stent-graft. The stent-graft can be a stent attached to a biocompatible, non-porous or semi porous polymer matrix made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), expanded PTFE, polyethylene, urethane, or polypropylene. Stent 10 can include a releasable therapeutic agent or a pharmaceutically active compound, such as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,674,242, and commonly-assigned U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0003220, published January 2, 2003. The therapeutic agents or pharmaceutically active compounds can include, for example, anti-thrombogenic agents, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, anesthetic agents, anti-coagulants, and antibiotics.
[0054) The following examples are illustrative and not intended to be limiting.
[0055] Example [0056] The following example describes ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) as a method for depositing thin films on a substrate, e.g., a stent.
[0057] Referring to Fig. 5, an IBAD system 50 generally includes a fixture assembly 52 configured to support a stent 54, and a deposition assembly 56. System 50 is used in-a vacuum chamber 51 at pressures of about lx 10a-3x 10-4 Torr, provided in part by a diffusion pump 58.
[0058] Deposition assembly 56 includes two crucibles 60 and 62, their respective shutters 64 and 66, two electron beam evaporators 63 and 70, and an ion beam gun 72.
Crucibles 60 and 62, e.g., made of graphite, contain materials to be deposited,'such as gold and titanium.: Electron beam evaporators 68 and 70 are configured to generate'a flow of electrons that can b.e focused (e.g., using magnetic fields) on the materials in crucibles 60 and 62,, respectively, to melt and to evaporate' the materials to form thermally evaporated materials 76. Evaporators 68 and 70 can have water-cooled jackets that cool crucibles 60 and 62, respectively. Ion beam gun 72 is configured to receive.a flow of argon (e.g., 2-4 sccm) and to ionize the argon to form a plasma 74. Plasma 74 is accelerated out of ion beam gun 72 to stmt 54 using magnets (not shown). Shutters 64 and 66 can be moved, e.g., swiveled, to allow or to block the flow of evaporated material 76 from crucibles 60 and 62, respectively.
[0059] - Fixture assembly 52 is generally configured to allow stent 54 to be uniformly coated with evaporated material 76. Typically, the thermal evaporation process can deposit a film of material 76 on a substrate that is in a line of sight of crucible 60 or 62. To provide uniform coverage on scent 54, the start is rotated during deposition.
In embodiments, stent 54 is placed on a rotatable spindle. The friction between the stent and the spindle can hold the stent in place during rotation to provide a coated stent without contact points. Alternatively, stent 54 can be clipped to a rotatable shaft.
[0060] A quartz crystal 78 is used to determine the thickness of the deposited material.
Crystal 78 is interfaced to a controller (not shown) and oscillated. The controller is calibrated such that the thickness of material deposited on crystal 78 (and thus also stent 54) can be calculated by measuring the change in the oscillation frequency of the crystal.
[0061] A method of coating using IBAD will now be described.
[0062] Stent 54, e.g., a Nitinol or stainless steel stent, is thoroughly chemically cleaned.
For example, stent 54 can be cleaned in a solvent (such as isopropyl alcohol or acetone) and a degreaser, and rinsed with deionized water. Heat and/or agitation, e.g., using ultrasonic energy, can be used to clean stent 54. Stent 54 is then placed on fixture assembly 52, which is then placed in vacuum chamber 51, with the stent about two feet from crucibles 60 and 62.
[0063] Stent 54 is then subjected to a sputter cleaning. Chamber 51 is evacuated to a pressure of about 1x10-5 Torr, and ion beam gun 72 is activated. Ion beam gun 72 ionizes argon gas to form plasma 74, and the plasma is accelerated to stent 54 to sputter clean/etch the surface of the stent. The angle of incidence for plasma 74 can be about 45-90 , e.g., about 70 . In embodiments, stent 54 is sputter cleaned for about 20-30 minutes. An estimated 100-300 angstroms of material can be removed.
[0064] A first material, e.g., gold in crucible 60, is then deposited. During the final ten minutes of sputter cleaning, electron beam evaporators 68 and 70 are slowly ramped up.
Shutters 64 and 66 are over their respective crucibles 60 and 62, so no material can deposit on stent 54. After sputter cleaning is complete and the material to be deposited is molten, shutter 64 moves, e.g., swivels, to allow evaporated material to coat stent 54. The surface of stent 54 is simultaneously bombarded with plasma 74. It is believed that as ions of the first material deposit on stent 54, plasma 74 transfers energy to the ions, freeing some ions from the surface of the stent and allowing some ions to migrate on the stent surface. As a result, it is believed that a composite including the first material is formed with enhanced density.
[00111 The stent can further include a third portion between the first portion and the second portion, a polymeric layer on the member, and/or a drug-releasing layer on the member.
[0012] In another aspect, the invention features a stent including a member having a first portion having a first layer including a radiopaque material, and a second layer defining an outer surface of the member and including the radiopaque material and a second material.
[0013] In another aspect, the invention features a stent including a member having a first portion, and a second portion disposed outwardly of the first portion. The second portion is more radiopaque than the first layer and includes a first layer having a radiopaque material, and a second layer including the radiopaque material and defining an outer surface of the member, the second layer having a lower oxidation potential than an oxidation potential of the first layer.
[0014] Embodiments may include one or more of the following features. The radiopaque material is selected from the group consisting of gold, platinum, palladium, and tantalum.
The second layer includes an alloy of the radiopaque material and a second material. The second material is selected from the group consisting of titanium, niobium, palladium, chromium, and silicon.
[0015] The first portion can include a material selected from the group consisting of stainless steel and a nickel-titanium alloy. The first portion can be the innermost portion of the member. The first portion can contact the second portion.
[0016] The first and second portions can have different compositions.
[0017] The stent can further include a polymeric layer on the member and/or a drug-releasing layer on the member.
[0018] In another aspect, the invention features a stent having a member having a first portion including a first layer comprising a radiopaque material, and a second layer comprising the radiopaque material and defining an outer surface of the member. The second layer has a lower oxidation potential than an oxidation potential of the first layer.
[0019] In another aspect, the invention features a stent having a member including a first portion having a concentration gradient of a radiopaque material, the first portion defining an outer surface of the member.
[0020] Embodiments may include one or more of the following features. The concentration of the radiopaque material increases as a function of distance from the outer surface. The concentration gradient varies substantially linearly along a thickness of the 6041'2-3356 first portion. The radiopaque material is selected from a group consisting of gold, platinum, palladium, and tantalum. The first portion is formed of an alloy including the radiopaque material and a second material. The member further includes a second portion disposed inwardly of the first portion, the second portion being more radiolucent than the first portion.
[0021] In another aspect, the invention features a method of making a stent including a member. The method includes forming an outer layer on the member having a radiopaque material and a second material, and oxidizing a portion of the outer layer.
[0022] Embodiments may include one or more of the following features.
Oxidizing the portion includes forming an oxide or a nitride from the outer layer.
The method further includes forming a radiopaque layer having the radiopaque material. The outer layer is formed with a compositional gradient.
[0023] The outer layer is formed by a process selected from the group consisting of physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, and electrodeposition.
[0024] Oxidizing the portion of the outer layer can be performed by electropolishing, by heating the outer layer in an oxidizing environment, and/or by ion implanting oxygen in the outer layer and heating the outer layer.
[0025] The method can further include forming a polymeric layer on the outer layer, and/or forming a drug-releasing layer on the outer layer.
[0025a] There is also provided a stent, comprising: a member including a first portion; and a second portion disposed outwardly of the first portion and having a first layer including a radiopaque material that is more radiopaque than the first portion, wherein the radiopaque material is selected from the group consisting of gold, platinum, and palladium, a second layer comprising an alloy comprising the radiopaque material and a second material, and a third layer comprising an oxidized form of the alloy.
6041.2-3356 [0025b] Another aspect of the invention provides a stent, comprising: a member including a first portion having a first layer including a radiopaque material, wherein the radiopaque material is selected from the group consisting of gold, platinum, and palladium, and a second layer comprising an alloy comprising the radiopaque material and a second material, and a third layer comprising an oxidized form of the alloy.
[0025c] A further aspect of the invention provides a stent, comprising: a member including an innermost first portion; and a second portion disposed outwardly of the first portion and having a first layer including a radiopaque material that is more radiopaque than the first portion, a second layer comprising an alloy comprising the radiopaque material and a second material, wherein at least one of the radiopaque material and the second material comprises iridium, and a third layer comprising an oxidized form of the alloy, the oxidized form comprising an oxide.
[0026] Other aspects, features and advantages will be apparent from the description of the preferred embodiments thereof and from the claims.
DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0027] Fig. 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a stent.
[0028] Fig. 2 is a schematic, cross-sectional view of the stent of Fig. 1, taken along line 2-2.
[0029] Fig. 3 is a schematic, cross-sectional view of a strut of an embodiment of a stent.
[0030] Fig. 4 is a schematic, partial cross-sectional view of a strut of an embodiment of a stent.
-4a-[0031] Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of an ion beam assisted deposition system.
[0032] Fig. 6 is a plot of material concentration as a function of time.
[0033] Fig. 7 is a table of parameters for an ion beam assisted deposition process.
[0034] Fig. 8 is a table of parameters for an ion beam assisted deposition process.
[0035] Fig. 9 is a table of parameters for an ion beam assisted deposition process.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0036) Fig. 1 shows a support 12 carrying a stent 10, which is in the form of a tubular member defined by struts 11 and openings 13. Depending on the type of stent 12 (e.g., balloon-expandable or self-expandable), support 12 can be a balloon catheter or a catheter shaft. Referring to Fig. 2, stent 10 includes multiple cross-sectional portions. In particular, struts 11 of stent 10 are formed of a relatively radiolucent core 14 surrounded by a relatively radiopaque portion 16. Radiopaque portion 16 includes a radiopaque layer 18, e.g., made of gold, and a layer 20, e.g., made of a gold-titanium alloy, that can enhance the biocompatibility of stent 10. For example, layer 20 can be passivated to provide stent 10 with a relatively inert outer surface.
[0037] In general, stent 10 can be formed by coating a relatively radiolucent stent with a radiopaque material, such as gold or platinum, to form layer 18. Layer 20 is then formed on the radiopaque material. Layer 20 can be formed on the pre-forined radiopaque layer 18 and/or formed from a portion of the radiopaque layer. Layer 20 is then passivated, e.g., by forming a layer of an oxide or nitride on layer 20 or by converting layer 20 to an oxide or a nitride.
[0038] Core 14 is generally formed of one or more core material selected to provide stent with certain physical and mechanical properties. For example, the core material is selected to provide stent 10 with sufficient hoop strength and radial strength so the scent can maintain a body vessel open. Suitable core materials include stainless steel (e.g., 316L
stainless steel), Nitinol (e.g., for self-expandable stents), other titanium alloys, tantalum alloys, zirconium alloys, and/or niobium alloys. At the same time, it is also desirable to reduce (e.g., minimize) differences or mismatch in mechanical properties (e.g., stiffness) between the stent and the body vessel. The mechanical mismatch can cause, for example, inflammation and/or re-occlusion of the vessel. One method of reducing mechanical mismatch is to form the stent with less material (e.g., by forming smaller struts 11), thereby approximating the compliancy or resiliency of the vessel. However, reducing the amount of core material in stent 10 can also reduce the radiopacity of the stent.
[0039] To increase the radiopacity of stent 10, the stent includes radiopaque portion 16 disposed over core portion 14. Portion 16 includes radiopaque layer 18, which is formed with a radiopaque material. The radiopaque material can be any material with a density and/or linear absorption coefficient sufficient to enhance the radiopacity of stent 10. In embodiments, the radiopaque material has a density and/or linear absorption coefficient to attenuate an incident X-ray beam. In some cases, the radiopaque material has a density of equal to or greater than about 10 g/cc. Examples of radiopaque materials include gold, platinum, palladium, tantalum, iridium, cobalt, titanium, tungsten, stainless steel, Nitinol, and metal alloys containing a sufficient percentage of heavy elements.
Radiopaque layer 18 can be, for example, up to about 8 microns thick, e.g., about 6-8 microns, thick.
Methods of forming radiopaque layer 18 include, for example, electrodeposition, physical vapor deposition (e.g., sputtering), chemical vapor deposition, galvanizing, and/or dipping (e.g., in molten material).
[0040] In some cases, however, the radiopaque materials do not have a desired level of biocompatibility and/or the biocompatibility of the material is unknown (e.g., in the long term). It is believed, for example, that gold may affect (e.g., catalyze) electron transfer in certain undesirable reactions in the body. Accordingly, radiopaque portion 16 includes a relatively inert layer 20 disposed over radiopaque layer 18.
[0041] Layer 20 enhances the biocompatibility of stent 10 by providing the stent with a layer (as shown, an outer layer) that can be passivated, e.g., more easily than radiopaque layer 18. For example, layer 20 is, capable of reacting (e.g., oxidizing) and forming products, such as oxides, nitrides, and/or carbides, that are more inert, and therefore, more biocompatible, than the material(s) in radiopaque layer 18. Relative to radiopaque layer 18, layer 20 has a lower oxidation potential, i.e., can be more easily oxidized to form a biocompatible product.
[0042] In some embodiments, layer 20 includes a mixture (here, an alloy) of the radiopaque material(s) in radiopaque layer 18 and one or more alloying material. The alloying material can be any material capable of forming a mixture with the radiopaque material(s), and forming a product that is more easily passivated than the radiopaque material(s). The alloying material can be, for example, tantalum, titanium, niobium, zirconium, chromium, silicon, rhodium, iridium, platinum, and/or palladium.
Any of the alloying materials can be used with any of the radiopaque materials described above.
[0043] As an example, for a gold radiopaque layer 18, the alloying material can be titanium. In this example, layer 20 includes an alloy of gold-titanium, such as Auos0Tio.70, which can be more easily passivated than gold. That is, relative to gold, the gold-titanium alloy can more easily form or be converted to a product, e.g., an oxide, that is relatively inert and biocompatible. In embodiments, for the alloy of gold-titanium (AuTiy) x can range from about 0-30%, and y can range from about 70-100%. For example, x can be equal to or greater than about 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, or 25%, and/or equal to or less than about 30%,25%,20%,15%, 10%, or 5%. In embodiments, the concentration of titanium, y, can be equal to or greater than about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%, and/or less than or equal to 100%, 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, or 75%. Layer 20 can be up to about 10 microns thick, e.g., about 0.1-10 microns thick. Ternary (e.g., Au-Ti-Cr) or higher mixtures or alloy systems can be formed.
[0044] In some embodiments, layer 20 can be formed on a pre-formed radiopaque layer 18. For example, after radiopaque layer 18 is formed, modified layer 20 can be applied on the radiopaque layer by physical vapor deposition, including sputtering and ion beam assisted deposition, chemical vapor deposition, or electrodeposition. Layer 20 can also be formed by forming layers, e.g., alternating layers, of the radiopaque material and the alloying material on layer 18 in a predetermined ratio, and heating the layers (e.g., at elevated, annealing temperatures) to form the alloy by diffusion.
[0045] Alternatively or in addition, layer 20 can be formed from a portion of a formed radiopaque layer 18. That is, a portion of the radiopaque layer 18 can be converted to layer 20. For example, a gold-titanium layer 20 can be formed by implanting titanium ions into a formed gold radiopaque layer 18, and annealing the radiopaque layer. As a result, a certain thickness of the radiopaque layer (e.g., in the sub-micron range) is converted to an alloyed modified layer that can be passivated. In another example, a layer of alloy material, e.g., Ti, can be deposited on radiopaque layer 18, e.g., Au, and the layers can be heated, e.g., annealed, to form an alloy, e.g., Au-Ti.
[0046] It should be noted that while Fig. 2 shows radiopaque layer 18 and layer 20 as two discrete, well-defined layers, in some embodiments, the interface between the layers is not well defined. As a result, the endoprosthesis can be formed with good adhesion and high durability (e.g., reduced risk of flaking). Corrosion from contact of dissimilar material can also be reduced. The interface may not be well defined, for example, when modified layer 20 is formed from a formed radiopaque layer 18.
[0047] In some embodiments, radiopaque portion 16 does not include an interface between two layers. Referring to Fig. 3, a strut 22 of a stent is formed of a relatively radiolucent core 24 surrounded by a relatively radiopaque layer 26. Core 24 is generally the same as core 14 described above. Radiopaque layer 26 includes one or more radiopaque material and one or more alloying material, as described above. In addition, radiopaque layer 26 is formed having a compositional gradient in which the concentration(s) of the alloying material(s) and/or the radiopaque material(s) varies along the thickness of layer 26 (arrows A and B). As an example, for a radiopaque layer 26 formed of a gold-titanium alloy, layer 26 can be relatively gold-rich (or titanium-poor) at surface 28 adjacent to core 24, and relatively gold-poor (or titanium-rich) at outer surface 30. At surface 28, the concentration of the radiopaque material can be about 100%; and at outer surface 30, the concentration of the alloying material can be about 100%. The concentration(s) of the radiopaque material(s)l and/or the alloying material(s) can vary linearly or non-linearly (e.g., exponentially) between surfaces 28 and 30. The concentration(s), e.g., of the alloying material, can increase or decrease from surface 28 to surface 30. In certain embodiments, layer 26 having the compositional gradient can be formed on a radiopaque layer, such as radiopaque layer 18.
[0048) Methods of forming compositionally-graded layer 26 include using physical vapor deposition while controlling the source of materials used for deposition. In another method, layer 26 can be formed by forming alternating layers of a radiopaque material and an alloying'material in a predetermined ratio, and annealing the layers. For example, referring to Fig. 4, to form a concentration gradient of titanium along layer 26, layers of titanium 27a, 27b, and 27c can be formed alternating with layers of gold 29a, 29b, and 29c.
Titanium layer 27a is thicker than layer 27b, which is thicker than layer 27c.
Gold layers 29a-29c are of equal thickness. When the layers are subsequently annealed, they can diffuse together and form a gold-titanium alloy in which the concentration of titanium varies along the thickness of layer 26 (here, increasing with increasing distance from core 24).
[0049] After layer 20 or 26 is formed, stent 10 can be passivated by exposing the stent, to an appropriate environment. For example, stent 10 can be oxidized by heating the stent in an oxidizing atmosphere, such as one containing oxygen and/or water, to form an oxide layer on layer 20 or 26. Nitrides can be formed by heating stent 10 in an atmosphere containing nitrogen, nitrogen-hydrogen, and/or ammonia. Carburizing, e.g., increasing the surface concentration of carbon, can be performed by exposing stent 10, at an elevated temperature, to an atmosphere rich in a hydrocarbon gas, such as methane.
Alternatively or in addition, passivation can be performed by electropolishing to produce an oxide-rich surface layer. In some cases, passivation can occur relatively spontaneously, e.g., upon exposure to air, when the oxidation potential is relatively low.
[0050] Stent 10 can then be finished, e.g., electropolished to a smooth finish, according to conventional methods. Stent 10 can be finished before passivation.
Alternatively, stent 10 can be formed textured.
[0051] Stent 10 can then be used, e.g., delivered and expanded, according to conventional methods.
[0052] Generally, stent 10 can be self-expandable, balloon-expandable, or a combination of both. Examples of stent 10 and support 12 are described in U.S. Patent Nos.
5,725,570 (Heath) and 5,234,457 (Andersen).
[0053] In other embodiments, stent 10 is a part of a stent-graft. The stent-graft can be a stent attached to a biocompatible, non-porous or semi porous polymer matrix made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), expanded PTFE, polyethylene, urethane, or polypropylene. Stent 10 can include a releasable therapeutic agent or a pharmaceutically active compound, such as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,674,242, and commonly-assigned U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0003220, published January 2, 2003. The therapeutic agents or pharmaceutically active compounds can include, for example, anti-thrombogenic agents, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, anesthetic agents, anti-coagulants, and antibiotics.
[0054) The following examples are illustrative and not intended to be limiting.
[0055] Example [0056] The following example describes ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) as a method for depositing thin films on a substrate, e.g., a stent.
[0057] Referring to Fig. 5, an IBAD system 50 generally includes a fixture assembly 52 configured to support a stent 54, and a deposition assembly 56. System 50 is used in-a vacuum chamber 51 at pressures of about lx 10a-3x 10-4 Torr, provided in part by a diffusion pump 58.
[0058] Deposition assembly 56 includes two crucibles 60 and 62, their respective shutters 64 and 66, two electron beam evaporators 63 and 70, and an ion beam gun 72.
Crucibles 60 and 62, e.g., made of graphite, contain materials to be deposited,'such as gold and titanium.: Electron beam evaporators 68 and 70 are configured to generate'a flow of electrons that can b.e focused (e.g., using magnetic fields) on the materials in crucibles 60 and 62,, respectively, to melt and to evaporate' the materials to form thermally evaporated materials 76. Evaporators 68 and 70 can have water-cooled jackets that cool crucibles 60 and 62, respectively. Ion beam gun 72 is configured to receive.a flow of argon (e.g., 2-4 sccm) and to ionize the argon to form a plasma 74. Plasma 74 is accelerated out of ion beam gun 72 to stmt 54 using magnets (not shown). Shutters 64 and 66 can be moved, e.g., swiveled, to allow or to block the flow of evaporated material 76 from crucibles 60 and 62, respectively.
[0059] - Fixture assembly 52 is generally configured to allow stent 54 to be uniformly coated with evaporated material 76. Typically, the thermal evaporation process can deposit a film of material 76 on a substrate that is in a line of sight of crucible 60 or 62. To provide uniform coverage on scent 54, the start is rotated during deposition.
In embodiments, stent 54 is placed on a rotatable spindle. The friction between the stent and the spindle can hold the stent in place during rotation to provide a coated stent without contact points. Alternatively, stent 54 can be clipped to a rotatable shaft.
[0060] A quartz crystal 78 is used to determine the thickness of the deposited material.
Crystal 78 is interfaced to a controller (not shown) and oscillated. The controller is calibrated such that the thickness of material deposited on crystal 78 (and thus also stent 54) can be calculated by measuring the change in the oscillation frequency of the crystal.
[0061] A method of coating using IBAD will now be described.
[0062] Stent 54, e.g., a Nitinol or stainless steel stent, is thoroughly chemically cleaned.
For example, stent 54 can be cleaned in a solvent (such as isopropyl alcohol or acetone) and a degreaser, and rinsed with deionized water. Heat and/or agitation, e.g., using ultrasonic energy, can be used to clean stent 54. Stent 54 is then placed on fixture assembly 52, which is then placed in vacuum chamber 51, with the stent about two feet from crucibles 60 and 62.
[0063] Stent 54 is then subjected to a sputter cleaning. Chamber 51 is evacuated to a pressure of about 1x10-5 Torr, and ion beam gun 72 is activated. Ion beam gun 72 ionizes argon gas to form plasma 74, and the plasma is accelerated to stent 54 to sputter clean/etch the surface of the stent. The angle of incidence for plasma 74 can be about 45-90 , e.g., about 70 . In embodiments, stent 54 is sputter cleaned for about 20-30 minutes. An estimated 100-300 angstroms of material can be removed.
[0064] A first material, e.g., gold in crucible 60, is then deposited. During the final ten minutes of sputter cleaning, electron beam evaporators 68 and 70 are slowly ramped up.
Shutters 64 and 66 are over their respective crucibles 60 and 62, so no material can deposit on stent 54. After sputter cleaning is complete and the material to be deposited is molten, shutter 64 moves, e.g., swivels, to allow evaporated material to coat stent 54. The surface of stent 54 is simultaneously bombarded with plasma 74. It is believed that as ions of the first material deposit on stent 54, plasma 74 transfers energy to the ions, freeing some ions from the surface of the stent and allowing some ions to migrate on the stent surface. As a result, it is believed that a composite including the first material is formed with enhanced density.
[0065] A second material, e.g., titanium, tantalum, or platinum, is then deposited. After the thickness of the first material coated on stent 54 reaches, e.g., about angstroms, shutter 66 is moved to allow the second material (in crucible 62) to co-deposit with the first material. The concentrations of each material can be controlled by adjusting the power to evaporators 68 and 70. For example, referring to Fig. 6, initially the concentration of the first material is relatively high, and the second material is then slowly introduced. In embodiments, at time t, shutter 64 is moved to prevent the first material from depositing on stent 54, and a pure layer of the second material is deposited over the alloy layer (i.e., the layer having the first and second materials). Then, stent 54 is allowed to cool, chamber 51 is returned to atmospheric pressure, and the stent is removed from the chamber.
[0066] In embodiments, stent 54 is then annealed. Annealing can promote diffusion between the layers of materials and/or the layers and the stent substrate, and can strengthen bonding or adhesion between the layers. In some cases, a Nitinol stent can be annealed at about 300-400 C, and a stainless steel stent can be annealed at about 500-1000 C.
Annealing times can vary, e.g., from a few minutes to days, depending, for example, on the diffusion of the materials in stent 54, which can be temperature-dependent.
[0067] Fig. 7 shows ranges for some process parameters.
[0068] A stent was coated with titanium using the procedures described above.
The process parameters are shown in Fig. 8.
[0069] A stent was coated with a platinum-gold using the procedures described above.
The process parameters are shown in Fig. 9. The platinum-gold gradient was similar to that shown in Fig. 6.
[0070] Other Embodiments [0071] In other embodiments, one or more intermediate layers can be formed between core 14 or 24 and radiopaque layer 18 or 26, i.e., at least a portion of the core and the radiopaque layer do not contact. For example, in embodiments in which there is lattice mismatch between the core and the radiopaque layer, intermediate layer(s) can be selected to have intermediate lattice parameters to serve as buffer layer(s), thereby reducing (e.g., minimizing) stress between the core and the radiopaque layer. The intermediate layer(s) can be, for example, a mixture of the core material and the radiopaque material.
[0072] Layer 20 may not include the radiopaque material(s) in radiopaque layer 18. For example, a radiopaque layer may include gold, while layer 20 includes a material that can be passivated, such as a platinum-titanium alloy.
[0073] Radiopaque layer 18, layer 20, and/or layer 26 can cover all or only one or more selected portions of a stent. For example, radiopaque layer 18, layer 20, and/or layer 26 may be formed only on one or more end portions of the stent.
(0074] In some embodiments, other types of layers can be formed on layer 20 or 26. For example, one or more selected portions of a stent may include a magnetopaque (i.e., visible by magnetic resonance imaging (MR1)) material on layer 20 or 26. Suitable magnetopaque materials include, for example, non-ferrous metal-alloys containing paramagnetic elements (e.g., dysprosium or gadolinium) such as terbium-dysprosium, dysprosium, and gadolinium; non-ferrous metallic bands coated with an oxide or a carbide layer of dysprosium or gadolinium (e.g., Dy203 or Gd203); non-ferrous metals (e.g., copper, silver, platinum, or gold) coated with a layer of superparamagnetic material, such as nanocrystalline Fe3O4, CoFe2O4i MnFe2O4, or MgFe2O4; and nanocrystalline particles of the transition metal oxides (e.g., oxides of Fe, Co, Ni).
(0075] In other embodiments, radiopaque layer 18, layer 20, and/or layer 26 may be formed on medical devices other than stents and stent-grails, for example, those where radiopacity is desired such as orthopedic implants.
[00761 Other embodiments are within the claims.
[0066] In embodiments, stent 54 is then annealed. Annealing can promote diffusion between the layers of materials and/or the layers and the stent substrate, and can strengthen bonding or adhesion between the layers. In some cases, a Nitinol stent can be annealed at about 300-400 C, and a stainless steel stent can be annealed at about 500-1000 C.
Annealing times can vary, e.g., from a few minutes to days, depending, for example, on the diffusion of the materials in stent 54, which can be temperature-dependent.
[0067] Fig. 7 shows ranges for some process parameters.
[0068] A stent was coated with titanium using the procedures described above.
The process parameters are shown in Fig. 8.
[0069] A stent was coated with a platinum-gold using the procedures described above.
The process parameters are shown in Fig. 9. The platinum-gold gradient was similar to that shown in Fig. 6.
[0070] Other Embodiments [0071] In other embodiments, one or more intermediate layers can be formed between core 14 or 24 and radiopaque layer 18 or 26, i.e., at least a portion of the core and the radiopaque layer do not contact. For example, in embodiments in which there is lattice mismatch between the core and the radiopaque layer, intermediate layer(s) can be selected to have intermediate lattice parameters to serve as buffer layer(s), thereby reducing (e.g., minimizing) stress between the core and the radiopaque layer. The intermediate layer(s) can be, for example, a mixture of the core material and the radiopaque material.
[0072] Layer 20 may not include the radiopaque material(s) in radiopaque layer 18. For example, a radiopaque layer may include gold, while layer 20 includes a material that can be passivated, such as a platinum-titanium alloy.
[0073] Radiopaque layer 18, layer 20, and/or layer 26 can cover all or only one or more selected portions of a stent. For example, radiopaque layer 18, layer 20, and/or layer 26 may be formed only on one or more end portions of the stent.
(0074] In some embodiments, other types of layers can be formed on layer 20 or 26. For example, one or more selected portions of a stent may include a magnetopaque (i.e., visible by magnetic resonance imaging (MR1)) material on layer 20 or 26. Suitable magnetopaque materials include, for example, non-ferrous metal-alloys containing paramagnetic elements (e.g., dysprosium or gadolinium) such as terbium-dysprosium, dysprosium, and gadolinium; non-ferrous metallic bands coated with an oxide or a carbide layer of dysprosium or gadolinium (e.g., Dy203 or Gd203); non-ferrous metals (e.g., copper, silver, platinum, or gold) coated with a layer of superparamagnetic material, such as nanocrystalline Fe3O4, CoFe2O4i MnFe2O4, or MgFe2O4; and nanocrystalline particles of the transition metal oxides (e.g., oxides of Fe, Co, Ni).
(0075] In other embodiments, radiopaque layer 18, layer 20, and/or layer 26 may be formed on medical devices other than stents and stent-grails, for example, those where radiopacity is desired such as orthopedic implants.
[00761 Other embodiments are within the claims.
Claims (20)
1. A stent, comprising:
a member including a first portion; and a second portion disposed outwardly of the first portion and having a first layer including a radiopaque material that is more radiopaque than the first portion, wherein the radiopaque material is selected from the group consisting of gold, platinum, and palladium, a second layer comprising an alloy comprising the radiopaque material and a second material, and a third layer comprising an oxidized form of the alloy.
a member including a first portion; and a second portion disposed outwardly of the first portion and having a first layer including a radiopaque material that is more radiopaque than the first portion, wherein the radiopaque material is selected from the group consisting of gold, platinum, and palladium, a second layer comprising an alloy comprising the radiopaque material and a second material, and a third layer comprising an oxidized form of the alloy.
2. The stent of claim 1, wherein the radiopaque material is platinum.
3. The stent of claim 1, wherein the second material is selected from the group consisting of titanium, chromium, palladium, niobium, and silicon.
4. The stent of claim 1, wherein the first portion comprises a material selected from the group consisting of stainless steel and nickel-titanium alloy.
5. The stent of claim 1, wherein the first portion is the innermost portion of the member.
6. The stent of claim 1, wherein the first portion contacts the second portion.
7. The stent of claim 1, further comprising a third portion between the first portion and the second portion.
8. The stent of claim 1, further comprising a polymeric layer on the member.
9. The stent of claim 1, further comprising a drug-releasing layer on the member.
10. The stent of claim 1, wherein the oxidized form of the alloy comprises an oxide, a nitride, or a carbide.
11. The stent of claim 1, wherein the oxidized form of the alloy comprises an oxide.
12. A stent, comprising:
a member including a first portion having a first layer including a radiopaque material, wherein the radiopaque material is selected from the group consisting of gold, platinum, and palladium, and a second layer comprising an alloy comprising the radiopaque material and a second material, and a third layer comprising an oxidized form of the alloy.
a member including a first portion having a first layer including a radiopaque material, wherein the radiopaque material is selected from the group consisting of gold, platinum, and palladium, and a second layer comprising an alloy comprising the radiopaque material and a second material, and a third layer comprising an oxidized form of the alloy.
13. The stent of claim 12, wherein the radiopaque material is platinum.
14. The stent of claim 12, wherein the second material is selected from the group consisting of titanium, chromium, palladium, niobium, and silicon.
15. The stent of claim 12, wherein the third layer is the outermost layer.
16. The stent of claim 12, further comprising a polymeric layer on the member.
17. The stent of claim 12, further comprising a drug-releasing layer on the member.
18. The stent of claim 12, wherein the oxidized form of the alloy comprises an oxide, a nitride, or a carbide.
19. The stent of claim 12, wherein the oxidized form of the alloy comprises an oxide.
20. A stent, comprising: a member including an innermost first portion; and a second portion disposed outwardly of the first portion and having a first layer including a radiopaque material that is more radiopaque than the first portion, a second layer comprising an alloy comprising the radiopaque material and a second material, wherein at least one of the radiopaque material and the second material comprises iridium, and a third layer comprising an oxidized form of the alloy, the oxidized form comprising an oxide.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/263,212 US6638301B1 (en) | 2002-10-02 | 2002-10-02 | Medical device with radiopacity |
US10/263,212 | 2002-10-02 | ||
PCT/US2003/030682 WO2004030578A2 (en) | 2002-10-02 | 2003-09-29 | Multilayer stent |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CA2500711A1 CA2500711A1 (en) | 2004-04-15 |
CA2500711C true CA2500711C (en) | 2011-08-02 |
Family
ID=29250322
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CA 2500711 Expired - Fee Related CA2500711C (en) | 2002-10-02 | 2003-09-29 | Medical devices and methods of making the same |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (5) | US6638301B1 (en) |
EP (2) | EP1938776A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2006501032A (en) |
AT (1) | ATE392197T1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2003272774A1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2500711C (en) |
DE (1) | DE60320430T2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2004030578A2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (83)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1999042156A1 (en) * | 1998-02-24 | 1999-08-26 | Boston Scientific Limited | High flow rate dialysis catheters and related methods |
US20060178727A1 (en) * | 1998-12-03 | 2006-08-10 | Jacob Richter | Hybrid amorphous metal alloy stent |
US20040267349A1 (en) | 2003-06-27 | 2004-12-30 | Kobi Richter | Amorphous metal alloy medical devices |
US8382821B2 (en) | 1998-12-03 | 2013-02-26 | Medinol Ltd. | Helical hybrid stent |
US6569194B1 (en) | 2000-12-28 | 2003-05-27 | Advanced Cardiovascular Systems, Inc. | Thermoelastic and superelastic Ni-Ti-W alloy |
US20040049261A1 (en) * | 2002-09-09 | 2004-03-11 | Yixin Xu | Medical devices |
US6638301B1 (en) * | 2002-10-02 | 2003-10-28 | Scimed Life Systems, Inc. | Medical device with radiopacity |
US7792568B2 (en) * | 2003-03-17 | 2010-09-07 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | MRI-visible medical devices |
US9039755B2 (en) | 2003-06-27 | 2015-05-26 | Medinol Ltd. | Helical hybrid stent |
US9155639B2 (en) | 2009-04-22 | 2015-10-13 | Medinol Ltd. | Helical hybrid stent |
US20050065437A1 (en) * | 2003-09-24 | 2005-03-24 | Scimed Life Systems, Inc. | Medical device with markers for magnetic resonance visibility |
US8801692B2 (en) * | 2003-09-24 | 2014-08-12 | Medtronic Vascular, Inc. | Gradient coated stent and method of fabrication |
EP1706068A4 (en) * | 2004-01-22 | 2008-10-15 | Isoflux Inc | Radiopaque coating for biomedical devices |
US20070106374A1 (en) * | 2004-01-22 | 2007-05-10 | Isoflux, Inc. | Radiopaque coating for biomedical devices |
US8002822B2 (en) * | 2004-01-22 | 2011-08-23 | Isoflux, Inc. | Radiopaque coating for biomedical devices |
US20050288773A1 (en) * | 2004-01-22 | 2005-12-29 | Glocker David A | Radiopaque coating for biomedical devices |
US7243408B2 (en) * | 2004-02-09 | 2007-07-17 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Process method for attaching radio opaque markers to shape memory stent |
US8632580B2 (en) | 2004-12-29 | 2014-01-21 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Flexible medical devices including metallic films |
US8591568B2 (en) | 2004-03-02 | 2013-11-26 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Medical devices including metallic films and methods for making same |
US8992592B2 (en) * | 2004-12-29 | 2015-03-31 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Medical devices including metallic films |
US8998973B2 (en) | 2004-03-02 | 2015-04-07 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Medical devices including metallic films |
US7901447B2 (en) | 2004-12-29 | 2011-03-08 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Medical devices including a metallic film and at least one filament |
EP2617387A1 (en) * | 2004-03-02 | 2013-07-24 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Medical devices including metallic films and methods for making same |
WO2005094486A2 (en) * | 2004-03-23 | 2005-10-13 | Isoflux, Inc. | Radiopaque coating for biomedical devices |
JP2011184803A (en) * | 2004-06-14 | 2011-09-22 | Isoflux Inc | Radiopaque coating for biomedical device |
JP2008504104A (en) | 2004-06-28 | 2008-02-14 | イソフラックス・インコーポレイテッド | Porous coating for biomedical implants |
US20060015026A1 (en) * | 2004-07-13 | 2006-01-19 | Glocker David A | Porous coatings on electrodes for biomedical implants |
US20060129240A1 (en) * | 2004-12-10 | 2006-06-15 | Joe Lessar | Implants based on engineered composite materials having enhanced imaging and wear resistance |
AU2005315563B2 (en) * | 2004-12-16 | 2011-07-14 | Agc Glass Europe | Substrate with antimicrobial properties |
ES2693248T3 (en) * | 2004-12-24 | 2018-12-10 | Hexacath | Mechanical part with improved deformability |
US7452502B2 (en) * | 2005-03-03 | 2008-11-18 | Icon Medical Corp. | Metal alloy for a stent |
JP5335244B2 (en) | 2005-03-03 | 2013-11-06 | アイコン メディカル コーポレーション | Medical member using improved metal alloy |
US7540995B2 (en) * | 2005-03-03 | 2009-06-02 | Icon Medical Corp. | Process for forming an improved metal alloy stent |
US9107899B2 (en) | 2005-03-03 | 2015-08-18 | Icon Medical Corporation | Metal alloys for medical devices |
US20070213810A1 (en) * | 2005-03-14 | 2007-09-13 | Richard Newhauser | Segmented endoprosthesis |
US7837726B2 (en) * | 2005-03-14 | 2010-11-23 | Abbott Laboratories | Visible endoprosthesis |
US20070255094A1 (en) * | 2005-03-14 | 2007-11-01 | Oepen Randolf V | Crack/fatigue resistant endoprosthesis |
BRPI0610519A2 (en) * | 2005-04-05 | 2010-06-22 | Elixir Medical Corp | degradable structure and degradable implant |
US7854760B2 (en) | 2005-05-16 | 2010-12-21 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Medical devices including metallic films |
US20070135751A1 (en) * | 2005-12-09 | 2007-06-14 | Dicarlo Paul D | Medical devices |
US20070131317A1 (en) * | 2005-12-12 | 2007-06-14 | Accellent | Nickel-titanium alloy with a non-alloyed dispersion and methods of making same |
US20070173925A1 (en) * | 2006-01-25 | 2007-07-26 | Cornova, Inc. | Flexible expandable stent |
US20100010622A1 (en) * | 2006-03-13 | 2010-01-14 | Abbott Laboratories | Hybrid segmented endoprosthesis |
US7955383B2 (en) * | 2006-04-25 | 2011-06-07 | Medtronics Vascular, Inc. | Laminated implantable medical device having a metallic coating |
US9265866B2 (en) * | 2006-08-01 | 2016-02-23 | Abbott Cardiovascular Systems Inc. | Composite polymeric and metallic stent with radiopacity |
US20080051759A1 (en) * | 2006-08-24 | 2008-02-28 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Polycarbonate polyurethane venous access devices |
WO2008027872A2 (en) * | 2006-08-28 | 2008-03-06 | Cornova, Inc. | Implantable devices having textured surfaces and methods of forming the same |
US20080215132A1 (en) * | 2006-08-28 | 2008-09-04 | Cornova, Inc. | Implantable devices having textured surfaces and methods of forming the same |
JP2010504174A (en) * | 2006-09-21 | 2010-02-12 | クレベニー テクノロジーズ | Specially constructed and surface-modified medical devices with certain design features that take advantage of the unique properties of tungsten, zirconium, tantalum, and / or niobium |
CA2676191C (en) * | 2007-01-22 | 2015-05-12 | Baylis Medical Company Inc. | Positioning tool for positioning an instrument at a treatment site |
WO2008100852A2 (en) * | 2007-02-13 | 2008-08-21 | Abbott Cardiovascular Systems Inc. | Mri compatible, radiopaque alloys for use in medical devices |
US20080208308A1 (en) * | 2007-02-27 | 2008-08-28 | Medtronic Vascular, Inc. | High Temperature Oxidation-Reduction Process to Form Porous Structures on a Medical Implant |
US20080206441A1 (en) * | 2007-02-27 | 2008-08-28 | Medtronic Vascular, Inc. | Ion Beam Etching a Surface of an Implantable Medical Device |
US8500787B2 (en) * | 2007-05-15 | 2013-08-06 | Abbott Laboratories | Radiopaque markers and medical devices comprising binary alloys of titanium |
US8500786B2 (en) * | 2007-05-15 | 2013-08-06 | Abbott Laboratories | Radiopaque markers comprising binary alloys of titanium |
DE102007030751B4 (en) * | 2007-07-02 | 2009-06-10 | Acandis Gmbh & Co. Kg | Method of making a stent |
US8337451B2 (en) * | 2007-10-19 | 2012-12-25 | Angio Dynamics, Inc. | Recirculation minimizing catheter |
US8142490B2 (en) * | 2007-10-24 | 2012-03-27 | Cordis Corporation | Stent segments axially connected by thin film |
US20100256546A1 (en) * | 2009-04-03 | 2010-10-07 | Davis Scott A | Polycarbonate Polyurethane Venous Access Devices Having Enhanced Strength |
DE102009018013A1 (en) * | 2009-04-18 | 2010-10-21 | Qualimed Innovative Medizin-Produkte Gmbh | Coated stent |
US20110071500A1 (en) * | 2009-09-21 | 2011-03-24 | Navilyst Medical, Inc. | Branched catheter tip |
US8512483B2 (en) | 2009-09-28 | 2013-08-20 | Biotronik Vi Patent Ag | Implant and method for manufacturing same |
EP2338534A2 (en) * | 2009-12-21 | 2011-06-29 | Biotronik VI Patent AG | Medical implant, coating method and implantation method |
US8328760B2 (en) * | 2010-01-11 | 2012-12-11 | Angiodynamics, Inc. | Occlusion resistant catheter |
US8398916B2 (en) | 2010-03-04 | 2013-03-19 | Icon Medical Corp. | Method for forming a tubular medical device |
AU2011247950B2 (en) * | 2010-05-05 | 2016-01-28 | Medical Components, Inc. | Method and apparatus for printing radiopaque indicia |
US9144268B2 (en) | 2010-11-02 | 2015-09-29 | Nike, Inc. | Strand-wound bladder |
WO2012125676A1 (en) * | 2011-03-15 | 2012-09-20 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Implantable medical devices incorporating x-ray mirrors |
US9050435B2 (en) | 2011-03-22 | 2015-06-09 | Angiodynamics, Inc. | High flow catheters |
US9999746B2 (en) | 2011-03-22 | 2018-06-19 | Angiodynamics, Inc. | High flow catheters |
US9707339B2 (en) | 2012-03-28 | 2017-07-18 | Angiodynamics, Inc. | High flow rate dual reservoir port system |
US9713704B2 (en) | 2012-03-29 | 2017-07-25 | Bradley D. Chartrand | Port reservoir cleaning system and method |
US9155645B2 (en) | 2012-06-26 | 2015-10-13 | Abbott Cardiovascular Systems Inc. | Implantable prosthesis with radiopaque particles and method of making same |
WO2014003847A1 (en) * | 2012-06-26 | 2014-01-03 | Abbott Cardiovascular Systems Inc. | Implantable prosthesis with hollow struts and passivating coating, and method of making same |
US9149375B2 (en) | 2012-06-26 | 2015-10-06 | Abbott Cardiovascular Systems Inc. | Radiopaque drug-filled prosthesis and method of making same |
EP2996580B1 (en) | 2013-04-11 | 2020-02-12 | Balt Usa Llc | Radiopaque devices for cerebral aneurysm repair |
CN104207866B (en) * | 2013-05-30 | 2016-12-07 | 深圳市先健生物材料技术有限公司 | The medical apparatus and instruments of biological absorbable or the manufacture method of its absorbable parts |
US10166321B2 (en) | 2014-01-09 | 2019-01-01 | Angiodynamics, Inc. | High-flow port and infusion needle systems |
US20150305826A1 (en) * | 2014-04-29 | 2015-10-29 | Stryker Corporation | Method for producing radiopaque medical implants |
CN106535826A (en) | 2014-06-24 | 2017-03-22 | 怡康医疗股份有限公司 | Improved metal alloys for medical devices |
US11766506B2 (en) | 2016-03-04 | 2023-09-26 | Mirus Llc | Stent device for spinal fusion |
EP3295969A1 (en) * | 2016-09-20 | 2018-03-21 | Cook Medical Technologies LLC | Radiopaque composite wire for medical applications and method of making a radiopaque composite wire |
DE102018218130A1 (en) | 2018-10-23 | 2020-04-23 | Karlsruher Institut für Technologie | Stent for implantation in a cavity of a human or animal body and method for producing an X-ray-opaque layer structure on a stent |
Family Cites Families (49)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5643740A (en) * | 1983-02-24 | 1997-07-01 | Ronald J. Billing | Monoclonal antibody specific for activated lymphocytes and monocytes |
US5015183A (en) * | 1989-08-07 | 1991-05-14 | Fenick Thomas J | Locating device and method of placing a tooth implant |
US5222971A (en) * | 1990-10-09 | 1993-06-29 | Scimed Life Systems, Inc. | Temporary stent and methods for use and manufacture |
US5234457A (en) | 1991-10-09 | 1993-08-10 | Boston Scientific Corporation | Impregnated stent |
WO1993007924A1 (en) * | 1991-10-18 | 1993-04-29 | Spire Corporation | Bactericidal coatings for implants |
EP0633798B1 (en) | 1992-03-31 | 2003-05-07 | Boston Scientific Corporation | Vascular filter |
US5630840A (en) | 1993-01-19 | 1997-05-20 | Schneider (Usa) Inc | Clad composite stent |
US5522904A (en) * | 1993-10-13 | 1996-06-04 | Hercules Incorporated | Composite femoral implant having increased neck strength |
US5728079A (en) * | 1994-09-19 | 1998-03-17 | Cordis Corporation | Catheter which is visible under MRI |
US5593438A (en) * | 1995-01-20 | 1997-01-14 | Akhavi; David S. | Intraocular lens with metallic coatings for preventing secondary cataracts |
US5674242A (en) | 1995-06-06 | 1997-10-07 | Quanam Medical Corporation | Endoprosthetic device with therapeutic compound |
CA2178541C (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 2009-11-24 | Neal E. Fearnot | Implantable medical device |
US6334871B1 (en) | 1996-03-13 | 2002-01-01 | Medtronic, Inc. | Radiopaque stent markers |
US6174329B1 (en) | 1996-08-22 | 2001-01-16 | Advanced Cardiovascular Systems, Inc. | Protective coating for a stent with intermediate radiopaque coating |
US6099561A (en) * | 1996-10-21 | 2000-08-08 | Inflow Dynamics, Inc. | Vascular and endoluminal stents with improved coatings |
US6261320B1 (en) * | 1996-11-21 | 2001-07-17 | Radiance Medical Systems, Inc. | Radioactive vascular liner |
US5858556A (en) | 1997-01-21 | 1999-01-12 | Uti Corporation | Multilayer composite tubular structure and method of making |
KR100517832B1 (en) * | 1997-06-02 | 2005-09-30 | 얀센 파마슈티카 엔.브이. | (Imidazol-5-yl)methyl-2-quinolinone derivatives as inhibitors of smooth muscle cell proliferation |
US5919126A (en) | 1997-07-07 | 1999-07-06 | Implant Sciences Corporation | Coronary stent with a radioactive, radiopaque coating |
US6309420B1 (en) * | 1997-10-14 | 2001-10-30 | Parallax Medical, Inc. | Enhanced visibility materials for implantation in hard tissue |
NO311781B1 (en) | 1997-11-13 | 2002-01-28 | Medinol Ltd | Metal multilayer stents |
US6503271B2 (en) * | 1998-01-09 | 2003-01-07 | Cordis Corporation | Intravascular device with improved radiopacity |
EP1056515A1 (en) * | 1998-02-19 | 2000-12-06 | Radiance Medical Systems Inc. | Radioactive stent |
US7713297B2 (en) * | 1998-04-11 | 2010-05-11 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Drug-releasing stent with ceramic-containing layer |
DE19916086B4 (en) * | 1998-04-11 | 2004-11-11 | Inflow Dynamics Inc. | Implantable prosthesis, especially vascular prosthesis (stent) |
US6361759B1 (en) * | 1998-05-26 | 2002-03-26 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | MR signal-emitting coatings |
WO1999065623A1 (en) | 1998-06-15 | 1999-12-23 | Scimed Life Systems, Inc. | Process of making composite stents with gold alloy cores |
US6299980B1 (en) * | 1998-09-29 | 2001-10-09 | Medtronic Ave, Inc. | One step lubricious coating |
EP1157076A1 (en) * | 1998-11-18 | 2001-11-28 | Radiovascular Systems, L.L.C. | Radioactive coating solutions, methods, and substrates |
US6342055B1 (en) * | 1999-04-29 | 2002-01-29 | Theken Surgical Llc | Bone fixation system |
US6387123B1 (en) * | 1999-10-13 | 2002-05-14 | Advanced Cardiovascular Systems, Inc. | Stent with radiopaque core |
US7335426B2 (en) * | 1999-11-19 | 2008-02-26 | Advanced Bio Prosthetic Surfaces, Ltd. | High strength vacuum deposited nitinol alloy films and method of making same |
US6471721B1 (en) * | 1999-12-30 | 2002-10-29 | Advanced Cardiovascular Systems, Inc. | Vascular stent having increased radiopacity and method for making same |
EP1301224A1 (en) | 2000-07-14 | 2003-04-16 | Advanced Cardiovascular Systems, Inc. | Radiopaque stent composed of a binary alloy |
US7402173B2 (en) * | 2000-09-18 | 2008-07-22 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Metal stent with surface layer of noble metal oxide and method of fabrication |
US20020072792A1 (en) | 2000-09-22 | 2002-06-13 | Robert Burgermeister | Stent with optimal strength and radiopacity characteristics |
US7077837B2 (en) | 2000-11-20 | 2006-07-18 | Implant Sciences Corporation | Multi-layered radiopaque coating on intravascular devices |
US6569194B1 (en) * | 2000-12-28 | 2003-05-27 | Advanced Cardiovascular Systems, Inc. | Thermoelastic and superelastic Ni-Ti-W alloy |
US6548013B2 (en) * | 2001-01-24 | 2003-04-15 | Scimed Life Systems, Inc. | Processing of particulate Ni-Ti alloy to achieve desired shape and properties |
US20020138136A1 (en) * | 2001-03-23 | 2002-09-26 | Scimed Life Systems, Inc. | Medical device having radio-opacification and barrier layers |
US6676987B2 (en) | 2001-07-02 | 2004-01-13 | Scimed Life Systems, Inc. | Coating a medical appliance with a bubble jet printing head |
US6926733B2 (en) * | 2001-08-02 | 2005-08-09 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Method for enhancing sheet or tubing metal stent radiopacity |
US6908480B2 (en) * | 2001-08-29 | 2005-06-21 | Swaminathan Jayaraman | Structurally variable stents |
US6866669B2 (en) * | 2001-10-12 | 2005-03-15 | Cordis Corporation | Locking handle deployment mechanism for medical device and method |
US20040015229A1 (en) * | 2002-07-22 | 2004-01-22 | Syntheon, Llc | Vascular stent with radiopaque markers |
US20040054399A1 (en) * | 2002-09-17 | 2004-03-18 | Roth Noah M. | Anti-galvanic stent coating |
US6712852B1 (en) * | 2002-09-30 | 2004-03-30 | Depuy Spine, Inc. | Laminoplasty cage |
US6638301B1 (en) * | 2002-10-02 | 2003-10-28 | Scimed Life Systems, Inc. | Medical device with radiopacity |
US7727273B2 (en) * | 2005-01-13 | 2010-06-01 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Medical devices and methods of making the same |
-
2002
- 2002-10-02 US US10/263,212 patent/US6638301B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2003
- 2003-07-29 US US10/629,934 patent/US7297157B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-09-29 DE DE2003620430 patent/DE60320430T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-09-29 EP EP08154185A patent/EP1938776A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-09-29 CA CA 2500711 patent/CA2500711C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-09-29 AT AT03754974T patent/ATE392197T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-09-29 JP JP2004541837A patent/JP2006501032A/en active Pending
- 2003-09-29 EP EP03754974A patent/EP1549250B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-09-29 AU AU2003272774A patent/AU2003272774A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-09-29 WO PCT/US2003/030682 patent/WO2004030578A2/en active Application Filing
-
2007
- 2007-04-20 US US11/738,229 patent/US7682649B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2010
- 2010-02-11 US US12/703,838 patent/US7967854B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2011
- 2011-05-23 US US13/113,361 patent/US20110257730A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1549250B1 (en) | 2008-04-16 |
CA2500711A1 (en) | 2004-04-15 |
US7967854B2 (en) | 2011-06-28 |
DE60320430D1 (en) | 2008-05-29 |
US20040068315A1 (en) | 2004-04-08 |
US7297157B2 (en) | 2007-11-20 |
US20070190231A1 (en) | 2007-08-16 |
JP2006501032A (en) | 2006-01-12 |
US20100174360A1 (en) | 2010-07-08 |
ATE392197T1 (en) | 2008-05-15 |
AU2003272774A1 (en) | 2004-04-23 |
WO2004030578A3 (en) | 2004-06-17 |
DE60320430T2 (en) | 2009-05-28 |
WO2004030578A2 (en) | 2004-04-15 |
US7682649B2 (en) | 2010-03-23 |
EP1549250A2 (en) | 2005-07-06 |
EP1938776A1 (en) | 2008-07-02 |
AU2003272774A8 (en) | 2004-04-23 |
US20110257730A1 (en) | 2011-10-20 |
US6638301B1 (en) | 2003-10-28 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CA2500711C (en) | Medical devices and methods of making the same | |
US7402173B2 (en) | Metal stent with surface layer of noble metal oxide and method of fabrication | |
AU783336B2 (en) | Endoluminal device exhibiting improved endothelialization and method of manufacture thereof | |
JP4995420B2 (en) | High strength vacuum deposited Nitinol alloy film, medical thin film graft material, and method of making same. | |
EP1267749B2 (en) | Endoluminal implantable devices and method of making same | |
WO2009006076A2 (en) | Molybdenum endoprostheses | |
US20080281410A1 (en) | Method for Production of a Coated Endovascular Device | |
CA2616781C (en) | Endoluminal device exhibiting improved endothelialization and method of manufacture thereof | |
EP2550033A1 (en) | Bioerodible medical implants | |
JP2011184803A (en) | Radiopaque coating for biomedical device |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
EEER | Examination request | ||
MKLA | Lapsed |
Effective date: 20131001 |