CA2451962A1 - Ecl labels having improved non-specific binding properties, methods of using and kits containing the same - Google Patents

Ecl labels having improved non-specific binding properties, methods of using and kits containing the same Download PDF

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CA2451962A1
CA2451962A1 CA002451962A CA2451962A CA2451962A1 CA 2451962 A1 CA2451962 A1 CA 2451962A1 CA 002451962 A CA002451962 A CA 002451962A CA 2451962 A CA2451962 A CA 2451962A CA 2451962 A1 CA2451962 A1 CA 2451962A1
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group
assay
labeled
binding
metal complex
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CA2451962C (en
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George B. Sigal
Howie Tjiong
Liwen Dong
Athar Masood
Richard C. Titmas
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Bioveris Corp
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D213/28—Radicals substituted by singly-bound oxygen or sulphur atoms
    • C07D213/30—Oxygen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D213/28—Radicals substituted by singly-bound oxygen or sulphur atoms
    • C07D213/32—Sulfur atoms
    • C07D213/34—Sulfur atoms to which a second hetero atom is attached
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D213/36—Radicals substituted by singly-bound nitrogen atoms
    • C07D213/40—Acylated substituent nitrogen atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D213/78—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms, with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
    • C07D213/81—Amides; Imides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
    • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic System
    • C07F15/0006—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic System compounds of the platinum group
    • C07F15/0046—Ruthenium compounds
    • C07F15/0053—Ruthenium compounds without a metal-carbon linkage
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic System
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/553—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/576—Six-membered rings
    • C07F9/58—Pyridine rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic System
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/6561—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom containing systems of two or more relevant hetero rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring or ring system, with or without other non-condensed hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
    • C09B57/00—Other synthetic dyes of known constitution
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
    • C09B57/00—Other synthetic dyes of known constitution
    • C09B57/10—Metal complexes of organic compounds not being dyes in uncomplexed form
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/58—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving labelled substances
    • G01N33/582—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving labelled substances with fluorescent label
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2458/00—Labels used in chemical analysis of biological material
    • G01N2458/40—Rare earth chelates

Abstract

Bipyridine or phenanthroline ligands presenting functional groups that prevent non-specific binding (in particular, negatively charged functional groups that are unaffected by standard conditions for conjugating biological reagents through amide bonds) are described as are luminescent metal complexes comprising these ligands. The use of luminescent ruthenium and osmium complexes comprising these ligands in electrochemiluminescence assays shows that the use of these labels can significantly reduce the amount of non-specific binding observed relative to assays carried out using reagents labeled with analogous labels that don't present functional groups that decrease non-specific binding.

Claims (91)

1. A ligand selected from the group consisting of:

wherein, T is an alkyl linker having, optionally, one or more chain carbons substituted by a heteroatom;
Z is -SO3-, -SO3H, -OSO3-, -OSO3H, -PO32-, -PO3H-, -PO3H2, -OPO3 2-, -OPO3H-, -OPO3H2, -OP(R)O2-, -OP(R)O2H, -[NHC(NH2)2]+, or -NHC(NH)NH2;
and R is alkyl.
2. The ligand of claim 1, wherein T is -(CH2)n- and n is an integer between 1 and 5.
3. The ligand of claim 1 or 2, wherein Z is -SO3- or -SO3H.
4. The ligand of claim 1 or 2, wherein Z is -OSO3- or -OSO3H.
5. The ligand of claim 1 or 2, wherein Z is -PO3H-, -PO3H2-, -OPO32-, -OPO3H-, -OPO3H2, -OP(Me)O2- or -OP(Me)O2H.
6. The ligand of claim 1 or 2, wherein Z is -[NHC(NH2)2]+ or -NHC(NH)NH2.
7. A luminescent metal complex comprising the ligand of claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 and a metal atom, the metal atom being bound to the ring nitrogens of the ligand.
8. A method for conducting a luminescence-based assay using a luminescent metal complex comprising a ligand selected from the group consisting of wherein, T is an alkyl linker having, optionally, one or more chain carbons substituted by a heteroatom;
Z is -SO3 , -SO3H, -OSO3, -OSO3H, -PO3 2-, -PO3H-, -PO3H2, -OPO3 2, -OPO3H-, -OPO3H2, -OP(R)O2, -OP(R)O2H, -[NHC(NH2)2]+, or -NHC(NH)NH2;
R is alkyl; and said metal complex comprises a metal atom that is bound to the ring nitrogens of said ligand.
9. A method as recited in claim 8, wherein said metal complex exhibits reduced non-specific binding in said assay relative to the analogous complex having Z = H.
10. A luminescent metal complex having the structure M(L1)3 wherein M is Os or Ru; and L1 is a ligand selected from the group consisting of:

wherein, T is an alkyl linker having, optionally, one or more chain carbons substituted by a heteroatom;
Z is -SO3-, -SO3H, -OSO3-, -OSO3H, -PO32-, -PO3H-, -PO3H2, -OPO3 2-, -OPO3H-, -OPO3H2, -OP(R)O2-, -OP(R)O2H, -[NHC(NH2)2]+, or -NHC(NH)NH2;
and R is alkyl.
11. A method for conducting a luminescence-based assay using a luminescent metal complex having the structure M(L1)3 wherein M is Os or Ru; and L1 is a ligand selected from the group consisting of:

wherein, T is an alkyl linker having, optionally, one or more chain carbons substituted by a heteroatom;
Z is -SO3 , -SO3H, -OSO3 , -OSO3H, -PO3 2-, -PO3H-, -PO3H2, -OPO3 2-, -OPO3H-, -OPO3H2, -OP(R)O2-, -OP(R)O2H, -[NHC(NH2)2]+, or -NHC(NH)NH2;
and R is alkyl.
12. A method as recited in claim 11, wherein said metal complex exhibits reduced non-specific binding in said assay relative to the analogous complex having Z
=
H.
13. A luminescent metal complex having the structure wherein M is Os or Ru;
L1 is a substituted bipyridine or phenanthroline ligand having at least one substituent that can react with a biological material, binding reagent, enzyme substrate or other assay reagent so as to form a covalent linkage; and L2 is a metal ligand selected from the group consisting of:

wherein, T is a linker group comprising an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or phenyl linker, or a combination thereof, having, optionally, one or more chain carbons substituted by a heteroatom;
Z is -SO3 , -SO3H, -OSO3 , -OSO3H, -PO3 2-, -PO3H-, -PO3H2, -OPO3 2-, -OPO3H-, -OPO3H2, -OP(R)O2-, -OP(R)O2H, -[NHC(NH2)2]+, or -NHC(NH)NH2;
and R is alkyl.
14. The luminescent metal complex of claim 13, wherein L1 is selected from the group consisting of wherein, X is a linker group comprising an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or phenyl linker, or a combination thereof, having, optionally, one or more chain carbons substituted by a heteroatom;
Y is H or alkyl and W is a substituent that can react with a biological material, binding reagent, enzyme substrate or other assay reagent so as to form a covalent linkage.
15. The luminescent metal complex of claim 13 or 14, wherein Z is -SO3- or -SO3H.
16. The luminescent metal complex of claim 13 or 14, wherein Z is -OSO3- or -OSO3H.
17. The luminescent metal complex of claim 13 or 14, wherein Z is -PO3H-, -PO3H2, -OPO3 2-, -OPO3H-, -OPO3H2, -OP(Me)O2- or -OP(Me)O2H.
18. The luminescent metal complex of claim 13 or 14, wherein Z is -[NHC(NH2)2]+
or NHC(NH)NH2.
19. The luminescent metal complex of claim 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18, wherein M is Os.
20. The luminescent metal complex of claim 14, wherein W is an activated carboxyl group.
21. The luminescent metal complex of claim 14, wherein W is a carboxylic acid group, an amine group, or a hydroxyl group.
22. A luminescent metal complex having the structure wherein M is Os or Ru;
L1 is selected from the group consisting of wherein, X is an alkyl linker having, optionally, one or more chain carbons substituted by a heteroatom;
Y is H or alkyl and W is a functional group that can react with a biological material, binding reagent, enzyme substrate or other assay reagent so as to form a covalent linkage; and L2 is a metal ligand selected from the group consisting of:

wherein, T is an alkyl linker having, optionally, one or more chain carbons substituted by a heteroatom; and Z is -SO3- or -SO3H.
23. The luminescent metal complex according to claim 22, wherein M is Ru.
24. The luminescent metal complex according to claim 22 or 23, wherein T is -(CH2)n-, X is -(CH2)m- and n and m are each integers between 1 and 5.
25. The luminescent metal complex of claim 22, 23 or 24, wherein L2 is a phenanthroline ligand substituted at the 4 and 7 positions or L2 is a bypyridine ligand substituted at the 4 and 4' positions.
26. The luminescent metal complex of claim 22, 23, 24 or 25, wherein W is an activated carboxyl group.
27. The luminescent metal complex of claim 22, 23, 24 or 25, wherein W is a carboxylic acid group, an amino group, or a thiol group.
28. The luminescent metal complex of claim 22, 23, 24 or 25, wherein W is
29. A luminescent metal complex with the structure:

wherein W is a functional group that can react with a biological material, binding reagent, enzyme substrate or other assay reagent so as to form a covalent linkage.
30. The luminescent metal complex according to claim 29, wherein W is an activated carboxyl.
31. The luminescent metal complex according to claim 29, wherein W is a carboxyl group, an amino group, or a hydroxyl group.
32. The luminescent metal complex of claim 29, wherein W is
33. A labeled material comprising a luminescent metal complex having the structure wherein M is Os or Ru;
L1 is a substituted bipyridine or phenanthroline ligand having at least one substituent that is covalently linked to a biological material, binding reagent, enzyme substrate or other assay reagent; and L2 is a metal ligand selected from the group consisting of:

wherein, T is a linker group comprising an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or phenyl linker, or a combination thereof, having, optionally, one or more chain carbons substituted by a heteroatom;
Z is -SO3-, -SO3H, -OSO3-, -OSO3H, -PO3 2-, -PO3H-, -PO3H2, -OPO3 2-, -OPO3H-, -OPO3H2, -OP(R)O2-, -OP(R)O2H, -[NHC(NH2)2]+, or -NHC(NH)NH2;
and R is alkyl.
34. The labeled material of claim 33, wherein L1 is selected from the group consisting of wherein, X is a linker group comprising an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or phenyl linker, or a combination thereof, having, optionally, one or more chain carbons substituted by a heteroatom;
Y is H or alkyl;
B is the biological material, binding reagent, enzyme substrate or other assay reagent; and W is a functional group that is linked to B.
35. The labeled material of claim 33 or 34, wherein Z is -SO3- or -SO3H.
36. The labeled material of claim 33 or 34, wherein Z is -OSO3- or -OSO3H.
37. The labeled material of claim 33 or 34, wherein Z is -PO3H-, -PO3H2, -OPO32-, -OPO3H-, -OPO3H2, -OP(Me)O2- or -OP(Me)O2H.
38. The labeled material of claim 33 or 34, wherein Z is -[NHC(NH2)2)+ or -NHC(NH)NH2.
39. The labeled material of claim 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, or 38, wherein M is Os.
40. The labeled material of claim 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, or 39, wherein the complex exhibits less non-specific binding than the analogous complex in which Z is H.
41. The labeled material of claim 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40, wherein said biological material, binding reagent, enzyme substrate or other assay reagent is selected from the group consisting of amino acids, nucleosides, nucleotides, proteins, peptides, peptidomimetics, nucleic acids, and peptide nucleic acids.
42. The labeled material of claim 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 or 41, wherein said biological material, binding reagent, enzyme substrate or other assay reagent is linked to five or more of said luminescent metal complexes.
43. The labeled material of claim 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 or 41, wherein said biological material, binding reagent, enzyme substrate or other assay reagent is linked to ten or more of said luminescent metal complexes.
44. A method for conducting a luminescence-based assay using a labeled material comprising a luminescent metal complex having the structure wherein M is Os or Ru;
L1 is a substituted bipyridine or phenanthroline ligand having at least one substituent that is covalently linked to a biological material, binding reagent, enzyme substrate or other assay reagent; and L2 is a metal ligand selected from the group consisting of:

wherein, T is a linker group comprising an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or phenyl linker, or a combination thereof, having, optionally, one or more chain carbons substituted by a heteroatom;
Z is -SO3-, -SO3H, -OSO3-, -OSO3H, -PO3 2-, -PO3H , -PO3H2, -OPO3 2-, -OPO3H-, -OPO3Hz, -OP(R)O2-, -OP(R)O2H, -[NHC(NH2)2]+, or NHC(NH)NH2;
and R is alkyl.
45. The method according to claim 44, wherein said labeled material exhibits reduced non-specific binding in said assay relative to the analogous labeled material having Z = H.
46. A labeled material comprising a luminescent metal complex having the structure wherein M is Os or Ru;
L1 is selected from the group consisting of wherein, X is an alkyl linker having, optionally, one or more chain carbons substituted by a heteroatom;

Y is H or alkyl and W is a functional group that is linked to a biological material, binding reagent, enzyme substrate or other assay reagent; and L2 is a metal ligand selected from the group consisting of:

wherein, T is an alkyl linker having, optionally, one or more chain carbons substituted by a heteroatom; and Z is -SO3- or -SO3H.
47. The labeled material according to claim 46, wherein M is Ru.
48. The labeled material according to claim 46 or 47, wherein T is -(CH2)n-, X
is -(CH2)m- and n and m are each integers between 1 and 5.
49. The labeled material according to claim 46, 47 or 48, wherein L2 is a phenanthroline ligand substituted at the 4 and 7 positions or L2 is a bypyridine ligand substituted at the 4 and 4' positions.
50. The labeled material according to claim 46, 47, 48 or 49, wherein the complex exhibits less non-specific binding than the analogous complex in which Z is H.
51. The labeled material according to claim 46, 47, 48, 49 or 50, wherein said biological molecule, binding reagent, enzyme substrate or other assay reagent is selected from the group consisting of amino acids, nucleosides, nucleotides, proteins, peptides, peptidomimetics, nucleic acids, and peptide nucleic acids.
52. The labeled material according to claim 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 or 51, wherein said biological material, binding reagent, enzyme substrate or other assay reagent is linked to 5 or more of said luminescent metal complexes.
53. The labeled material according to claim 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 or 51, wherein said biological material, binding reagent, enzyme substrate or other assay reagent is linked to 10 or more of said luminescent metal complexes.
54. A method for conducting a luminescence-based assay using a labeled material comprising a luminescent metal complex having the structure wherein M is Os or Ru;
L1 is selected from the group consisting of wherein, X is an alkyl linker having, optionally, one or more chain carbons substituted by a heteroatom;
Y is H or alkyl and W is a functional group that is linked to a biological material, binding reagent, enzyme substrate or other assay reagent; and L2 is a metal ligand selected from the group consisting of:

wherein, T is an alkyl linker having, optionally, one or more chain carbons substituted by a heteroatom; and Z is -SO3- or -SO3H.
55. The method according to claim 54, wherein said labeled material exhibits reduced non-specific binding in said assay relative to the analogous labeled material having Z = H.
56. A labeled material comprising a luminescent metal complex with the structure:

wherein W is a functional group that is linked to a biological material, binding reagent, enzyme substrate or other assay reagent.
57. The labeled material according to claim 56, wherein (i) W is -C(O)-, (ii) said biological material, binding reagent, enzyme substrate or other assay reagent is selected from the group consisting of amino acids, nucleosides, nucleotides, proteins, peptides, peptidomimetics, nucleic acids, and peptide nucleic acids and (iii) said biological material, binding reagent, enzyme substrate or other assay reagent is linked to W via an amide bond.
58. The labeled material according to claim 56 or 57, where said biological material, binding reagent, enzyme substrate or other assay reagent is linked to 5 or more of said luminescent metal complexes.
59. The labeled material according to claim 56 or 57, wherein said biological material, binding reagent, enzyme substrate or other assay reagent is linked to 10 or more of said luminescent metal complexes.
60. A method for conducting a luminescence-based assay using a labeled material comprising a luminescent metal complex having the structure wherein W is a functional group that is linked to a biological material, binding reagent, enzyme substrate or other assay reagent.
61. The method according to claim 60, wherein said labeled material exhibits reduced non-specific binding in said assay relative to the analogous labeled material having Z = H.
62. A method of measuring an analyte, chemical activity or biological activity in a sample comprising the steps of i) contacting a sample containing the analyte, chemical activity, biological activity, a product of the biological activity or a product of the chemical activity with a luminescent metal complex; ii) inducing the metal complex to emit luminescence and iii) measuring the luminescence so as to detect or measure the chemical or biological activity; wherein said luminescent metal complex comprises a ligand selected from the group consisting of:

wherein, T is an alkyl linker having, optionally, one or more chain carbons substituted by a heteroatom;

Z is -SO3-, -SO3H, -OSO3-, -OSO3H, -PO3 2-, -PO3H-, -PO3H2, -OPO3 2-, -OPO3H-, -OPO3H2, -OP(R)O2-, -OP(R)O2H, -[NHC(NH2)2]+, or NHC(NH)NH2;
and R is alkyl.
63. The method of claim 62, wherein said labeled material exhibits less non-specific binding in said assay when compared to a labeled material having an analogous ligand that does not present non-specific binding reducing functional groups.
64. The method of claim 62 or 63, wherein said luminescence is electrochemiluminescence.
65. A method of measuring a labeled material comprising the steps of i) contacting the labeled material with a binding reagent and, optionally, a solid phase support;
ii) forming a binding complex comprising the binding reagent, the labeled material, and, optionally, the solid phase support; iii) inducing the labeled material to emit luminescence and iv) measuring the emitted luminescence so as to measure the labeled material; wherein the labeled material is labeled with a luminescent metal complex comprising a ligand selected from the group consisting of wherein, T is an alkyl linker having, optionally, one or more chain carbons substituted by a heteroatom;
Z is -SO3-, -SO3H, -OSO3-, -OSO3H, -PO3 2-, -PO3H , -PO3H2, -OPO3 2-, -OPO3H-, -OPO3H2, -OP(R)O2-, -OP(R)O2H, -[NHC(NH2)2]+, or NHC(NH)NH2;
and R is alkyl.
66. The method of claim 65, wherein said labeled material is contacted with said solid phase and said binding complex is formed on said solid phase.
67. The method of claim 65 or 66, wherein said labeled material exhibits less non-specific binding in said assay when compared to an analogous labeled material having an analogous ligand that does not present non-specific binding reducing functional groups.
68. The method of claim 65, 66 or 67, wherein said luminescence is electrochemiluminescence.
69. A method of measuring an analyte in a sample comprising the steps of i) contacting the sample with a labeled binding reagent and optionally a solid phase support; ii) forming a binding complex comprising the binding reagent, the analyte and, optionally, the solid phase support; iii) inducing labels in the labeled binding reagent to emit luminescence, preferably ECL and iv) measuring the emitted luminescence so as to measure the analyte in the sample; wherein said labeled binding reagent is labeled with a luminescent metal complex comprising a ligand selected from the group consisting of wherein, T is an alkyl linker having, optionally, one or more chain carbons substituted by a heteroatom;
Z is -SO3-, -SO3H, -OSO3-, -OSO3H, -PO3 2-, -PO3H-, -PO3H2, -OPO3 2-, -OPO3H-, -OPO3H2, -OP(R)O2-, -OP(R)O2H, -[NHC(NH2)2]+, or -NHC(NH)NH2;
and R is alkyl.
70. The method of claim 69, wherein said binding complex is formed on said solid phase.
71. The method of claim 69, wherein said labeled binding reagent is contacted with said solid phase and said binding complex is formed on said solid phase.
72. The method of claim 69, 70 or 71, wherein said labeled binding reagent exhibits less non-specific binding in said assay when compared to analogous labeled binding reagents that do not have labels that present non-specific binding reducing functional groups.
73. The method of claim 69, 70, 71, or 72, wherein said luminescence is electrochemiluminescence.
74. The method of claim 69, 70, 71, 72 or 73, wherein said assay is a sandwich assay.
75. The method of claim 69, 70, 71, 72 or 73, wherein said assay is a competitive assay.
76. A method of measuring an analyte in a sample comprising the steps of i) contacting the sample with a labeled analog of the analyte, a binding reagent and, optionally, a solid phase support; ii) forming a binding complex comprising the labeled analog of the analyte, the binding reagent and, optionally, the solid phase support; iii) inducing labels in the labeled analog of the analyte to emit luminescence, preferably ECL and iv) measuring the emitted luminescence so as to measure the analyte in the sample; wherein said labeled analog of the analyte is labeled with a luminescent metal complex comprising a ligand selected from the group consisting of wherein, T is an alkyl linker having, optionally, one or more chain carbons substituted by a heteroatom;
Z is -SO3-, -SO3H, -OSO3-, -OSO3H, -PO3 2-, -PO3H-, -PO3H2, -OPO3 2-, -OPO3H-, -OPO3H2, -OP(R)O2-, -OP(R)O2H, -[NHC(NH2)2]+, or -NHC(NH)NH2;
and R is alkyl.
77. The method of claim 76, wherein said labeled analog of the analyte is contacted with said solid phase and said binding complex is formed on said solid phase.
78. The method of claim 76 or 77, wherein said labeled analog of the analyte exhibits less non-specific binding in said assay when compared to analogous reagents that do not present non-specific binding reducing functional groups.
79. The method of claim 76, 77 or 78, wherein said luminescence is electrochemiluminescence.
80. A method of improving a luminescence assay that employs a luminescent metal complex that contains a bipyridine, phenanthroline, substituted bipyridine or substituted phenanthroline ligand, said method comprising the step of substituting said ligand with a ligand selected from the group consisting of wherein, T is an alkyl linker having, optionally, one or more chain carbons substituted by a heteroatom;
Z is -SO3-, -SO3H, -OSO3-, -OSO3H, -PO3 2-, -PO3H-, -PO3H2, -OPO3 2-, -OPO3H-, -OPO3H2, -OP(R)O2-, -OP(R)O2H, -[NHC(NH2)2]+, or NHC(NH)NH2;
and R is alkyl.
81. The method of claim 80, wherein said replacement improves assay signal to background by a factor of two or greater.
82. A kit comprising, in one or more containers, a labeled material comprising a luminescent metal complex having the structure wherein M is O s or Ru;

L1 is a substituted bipyridine or phenanthroline ligand having at least one substituent that is covalently linked to an assay-performance-substance; and L2 is a metal ligand selected from the group consisting of:
wherein, T is a linker group comprising an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or phenyl linker, or a combination thereof, having, optionally, one or more chain carbons substituted by a heteroatom;
Z is -SO3-, -SO3H, -OSO3-, -OSO3H, -PO3 2-, -PO3H-, -PO3H2, -OPO3 2-, -OPO3H-, -OPO3H2, -OP(R)O2-, -OP(R)O2H, -[NHC(NH2)2]+, or -NHC(NH)NH2;
and R is alkyl; and at least one assay component selected from the group consisting of:
(a) an electrochemiluminescence coreactant;
(b) one or more binding reagents;
(c) one or more pH buffers;
83. A kit according to claim 82, further comprising one or more additional assay components selected from the group consisting of:
(a) one or more blocking reagents;
(b) one or more preservatives;
(c) one or more stabilizing agents;
(d) one or more enzymes; and (e) one or more detergents.
84. A labeled material comprising a luminescent metal complex having the structure wherein M is Os or Ru;

L1 is a substituted bipyridine or phenanthroline ligand having at least one substituent that is covalently linked to an assay-performance-substance; and L2 is a metal ligand selected from the group consisting of:
wherein, T is a linker group comprising an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or phenyl linker, or a combination thereof, having, optionally, one or more chain carbons substituted by a heteroatom;
Z is -SO3-, -SO3H, -OSO3-, -OSO3H, -PO3 2-, -PO3H-, -PO3H2, -OPO3 2-, -OPO3H-, -OPO3H2, -OP(R)O2-, -OP(R)O2H, -[NHC(NH2)2]+, or -NHC(NH)NH2;
and R is alkyl.
85. A labeled material according to claim 84, wherein said assay-performance-substance is selected from the group consisting of:
(a) added analyte of interest or added analogue of said analyte;
(b) a binding partner of said analyte or a binding partner of an analogue of said analyte; and (c) a reactive component capable of binding with (i) or (ii).
86. A composition of matter for use as a reagent in an assay comprising the labeled material of claim 84 and at least one additional assay component selected from the group consisting of:
(a) electrolyte;
(b) analyte of interest or an analog of the analyte of interest;
(c) a binding partner of the analyte of interest or of its analog;
(d) a reactive component capable of reacting with (b) or (c); and (e) an ECL coreactant.
55~

provided, however, that no two components contained within any reagent composition are reactive with one another during storage so as to impair their function in the intended assay.
87. A composition for the detection of an analyte of interest present in a sample, which composition comprises the labeled material of claim 84, said assay-performance-substance being capable of binding to the analyte-of-interest or being bound to the analyte-of-interest.
88. A composition according to claim 87, wherein said composition contains at least one additional substance selected from the group consisting of (i) added analyte of interest or added analogue of said analyte;
(ii) a binding partner of said analyte or a binding partner of said analogue;
and (iii) a reactive component capable of binding with (i) or (ii).
89. The ligand of claim 2, wherein n is 1.
90. The luminescent metal complex of claim 24, wherein n is 1.
91. The labeled material of claim 48, wherein n is 1.
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