CA2448761A1 - Apparatus and method of biometric determination on the basis of spectral optical measurements - Google Patents
Apparatus and method of biometric determination on the basis of spectral optical measurements Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2448761A1 CA2448761A1 CA2448761A CA2448761A CA2448761A1 CA 2448761 A1 CA2448761 A1 CA 2448761A1 CA 2448761 A CA2448761 A CA 2448761A CA 2448761 A CA2448761 A CA 2448761A CA 2448761 A1 CA2448761 A1 CA 2448761A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- recited
- biometric
- light sources
- tissue
- detector
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 92
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 78
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 73
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 title claims description 27
- 238000012795 verification Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000530 Gallium indium arsenide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical group [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- KXNLCSXBJCPWGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ga].[As].[In] Chemical group [Ga].[As].[In] KXNLCSXBJCPWGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229940056932 lead sulfide Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052981 lead sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 238000012627 multivariate algorithm Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 34
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 30
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 18
- 210000003128 head Anatomy 0.000 description 15
- 238000013475 authorization Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000010200 validation analysis Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005033 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004816 latex Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920000126 latex Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002835 absorbance Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000862 absorption spectrum Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012491 analyte Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 210000000245 forearm Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000002329 infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 3
- -1 tungsten halogen Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- YBNMDCCMCLUHBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) 4-pyren-1-ylbutanoate Chemical compound C=1C=C(C2=C34)C=CC3=CC=CC4=CC=C2C=1CCCC(=O)ON1C(=O)CCC1=O YBNMDCCMCLUHBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 2
- 238000003491 array Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012472 biological sample Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 206010012601 diabetes mellitus Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000001815 facial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- WPYVAWXEWQSOGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium antimonide Chemical compound [Sb]#[In] WPYVAWXEWQSOGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005693 optoelectronics Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000020509 sex determination Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000000707 wrist Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- INGWEZCOABYORO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(furan-2-yl)-7-methyl-1h-1,8-naphthyridin-4-one Chemical compound N=1C2=NC(C)=CC=C2C(O)=CC=1C1=CC=CO1 INGWEZCOABYORO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZBCATMYQYDCTIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methylcatechol Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 ZBCATMYQYDCTIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000008186 Collagen Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010035532 Collagen Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000761389 Copa Species 0.000 description 1
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108010064719 Oxyhemoglobins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003542 behavioural effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008081 blood perfusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001436 collagen Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002790 cross-validation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 108010002255 deoxyhemoglobin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000000624 ear auricle Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000002500 effect on skin Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003203 everyday effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003834 intracellular effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960005431 ipriflavone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- YWXYYJSYQOXTPL-SLPGGIOYSA-N isosorbide mononitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)O[C@@H]1CO[C@@H]2[C@@H](O)CO[C@@H]21 YWXYYJSYQOXTPL-SLPGGIOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009533 lab test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000491 multivariate analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000001766 physiological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001055 reflectance spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007920 subcutaneous administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009897 systematic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002277 temperature effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002123 temporal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F18/00—Pattern recognition
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/117—Identification of persons
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/68—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient
- A61B5/6801—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient specially adapted to be attached to or worn on the body surface
- A61B5/6802—Sensor mounted on worn items
- A61B5/681—Wristwatch-type devices
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y5/00—Nanobiotechnology or nanomedicine, e.g. protein engineering or drug delivery
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07C—TIME OR ATTENDANCE REGISTERS; REGISTERING OR INDICATING THE WORKING OF MACHINES; GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS; VOTING OR LOTTERY APPARATUS; ARRANGEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS FOR CHECKING NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- G07C9/00—Individual registration on entry or exit
- G07C9/00174—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys
- G07C9/00563—Electronically operated locks; Circuits therefor; Nonmechanical keys therefor, e.g. passive or active electrical keys or other data carriers without mechanical keys using personal physical data of the operator, e.g. finger prints, retinal images, voicepatterns
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07C—TIME OR ATTENDANCE REGISTERS; REGISTERING OR INDICATING THE WORKING OF MACHINES; GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS; VOTING OR LOTTERY APPARATUS; ARRANGEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS FOR CHECKING NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- G07C9/00—Individual registration on entry or exit
- G07C9/30—Individual registration on entry or exit not involving the use of a pass
- G07C9/32—Individual registration on entry or exit not involving the use of a pass in combination with an identity check
- G07C9/37—Individual registration on entry or exit not involving the use of a pass in combination with an identity check using biometric data, e.g. fingerprints, iris scans or voice recognition
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/0059—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/72—Signal processing specially adapted for physiological signals or for diagnostic purposes
- A61B5/7235—Details of waveform analysis
- A61B5/7264—Classification of physiological signals or data, e.g. using neural networks, statistical classifiers, expert systems or fuzzy systems
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Nanotechnology (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Medical Informatics (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Surgery (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Mathematical Physics (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Human Computer Interaction (AREA)
- Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition (AREA)
- Artificial Intelligence (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Computational Biology (AREA)
- Evolutionary Computation (AREA)
- Data Mining & Analysis (AREA)
- Evolutionary Biology (AREA)
- Measurement Of The Respiration, Hearing Ability, Form, And Blood Characteristics Of Living Organisms (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
Abstract
Methods and apparatus for performing biometric determinations using optical spectroscopy of tissue (40). The biometric determinations that are disclosed include determination or verifications of identity, estimation of age, estimation of sex, determination of sample liveness and sample authenticity.
The apparatuses disclosed are based upon discrete light sources (41,43,45,47,49,51) such as light emitting diodes, laser diodes, vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, and broadband sources with multiple narrow-band optical filters. The multiple light sources are encoded in a manner that the tissue response for each source can be efficiently measured. The light sources are prederably spaced at multiple distances from a detector (36) to contribute differing information to the biometric determination task as do light sources with different wavelength characteristics. Apparatuses are disclosed that incorporate a spectral biometric sensor with a personal electronic device such as cellular telephones, personal digital assistants, wristwatches, electronic fobs for the purpose of providing secure biometric access to protected property.
The apparatuses disclosed are based upon discrete light sources (41,43,45,47,49,51) such as light emitting diodes, laser diodes, vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, and broadband sources with multiple narrow-band optical filters. The multiple light sources are encoded in a manner that the tissue response for each source can be efficiently measured. The light sources are prederably spaced at multiple distances from a detector (36) to contribute differing information to the biometric determination task as do light sources with different wavelength characteristics. Apparatuses are disclosed that incorporate a spectral biometric sensor with a personal electronic device such as cellular telephones, personal digital assistants, wristwatches, electronic fobs for the purpose of providing secure biometric access to protected property.
Description
APPARATUS AND METHOD OF BIOMETRIC DETERMINATION USING
SPECIALIZED OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY SYSTEMS
Cross Reference to Related Patents and Pending Applications This application is related to U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 09/832,534, Bled April 11, 2001, entitled "Apparatus and Method of Biometric Identification or Verification of Individuals using Optical Spectroscopy", which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 09/415,594, filed October 8, 1999, entitled "Apparatus and Method for Identification of Individuals by Near-Infrared Spectrum";
l0 which is related to U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 09/174,812, Bled October 19, 1998, entitled "Method for Non-Invasive Analyte Measurement with Improved Optical Interface"; and U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 08/871,366, filed June 9, 1997, entitled "Diffuse Reflectance Monitoring Apparatus", all assigned to the same assignee as the present application, and the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Technical Field This present invention relates generally to methods and systems for performing biometric determinations of individuals utilizing optical spectra of tissue.
More specifically, the invention relates to methods and systems for determining or 2o verifying identity, determining or verifying age, determining or verifying sex, and determining or verifying liveness and authenticity of the sample being measured. The present invention discloses methods and systems for gathering optical information about the tissue using a combination of wavelengths and source-detector separations.
The present invention discloses a family of compact, special-purpose optical sensors operating in the near- ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared spectral regions that are suitable for a variety of biometric determination tasks. The sensors can be used in stand-alone, dedicated applications or can be incorporated in a variety of personal devices such as cellular telephones, personal digital assistants, wrist watches, or electronic fobs to provide personal biometric security to protect access to a variety of protected property.
Background of the Invention Biometric determination is generally defined as the process of measuring and using one or more physical or behavioral features or attributes to gain information about identity, age, or sex of a person, animal, or other biological entity.
As well, in order to ensuxe security, the biometric determination task may include further tasks that ensure that the sample being measured is authentic and being measured on a living being. This latter test is referred to as a determination of liveness.
There are two common modes in which biometric determinations of identity occur: one-to-many (identification) and one-to-one (verification). One-to-many identification attempts to answer the question of, "do I know you?" The biometric measurement device collects a set of biometric data and from this information alone it assesses whether the person is a previously seen ("authorized") individual.
Systems that perform the one-to-many identification task, such as the FBI's Automatic to Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS), are generally very expensive ($10 million or more) and require many minutes to detect a match between an unknown sample and a large database containing hundreds of thousands or millions of entries.
The one-to-one mode of biometric analysis answers the question of, "are you who you say you are?" This mode is used in cases where an individual makes a claim of identity using a user name, a personal identification number (PII~ or other code, a magnetic card, or other means, and the device collects a set of biometric data which it uses to confirm the identity of the person.
Although in general the one-to-many identification task is more difficult than one-to-one, the two tasks become the same as the number of recognized or authorized 2o users for a given biometric device decreases to just a single individual.
Situations in which a biometric identification task has only a small number of entries in the authorization database axe quite common. For example, biometric access to a residence, to a personal automobile, to a personal computer, to a cellular telephone, and to other such personal devices typically xequire an authorization database of just a few people.
Biometric identification and verification is useful in many applications.
Examples include verifying identity prior to activating machinery or gaining entry to 'a secure area. Another example would be identification of an individual for matching that individual to records on Ble for that individual, such as for matching hospital 3o patient records especially when the individual's identity is unknown.
Biometric identification is also useful to match police records at the time a suspect is apprehended, but true identity of the suspect is not known. Additional uses of biometric identification or verification include automotive keyless staxt and entry -2_ applications, secure computer and network access applications, automated financial transaction applications, authorized handgun use applications, and time-and-attendance applications. In general, protected property will be the term used to describe alI of the goods, places, services, and information that may require biometric authorization to access.
Current methods for biometric identification are manifold, but some of the most common techniques include fingerprint pattern matching, facial recognition, hand geometry, iris scanning, and voice recognition. Each of these technologies addresses the need for biometric identification to some extent. However, due to cost, performance, or other issues, each of the existing methods has advantages and disadvantages relative to the other technologies.
There are currently many personal electronic devices that are used to gain access to protected property but that do not include any biometric capability.
For example, electronic fobs are commonly used to gain entry to automobiles and to activate commercial and residential alarm systems. Wristwatches such as the Swatch Access models can be used to purchase and download codes that allow easy entry to ski areas and other for-pay recreational sites. A wristwatch being sold by Xyloc permits access to computers, printers, networks, or other properly equipped hardware and systems when the watch is in the vicinity of the protected system. A small 2o electronic device known as an iButton sold by Dallas Semiconductor can be put into a ring, key fob, wallet, watch, metal card or badge, that a person can carry and use to gain access to properly equipped doors and other protected systems. However, an unauthorized user can gain access to any of the property protected by these systems by simply obtaining a device from an authorized user. These devices do not have the capability to distinguish between authorized and unauthorized users and will work for anyone who possesses them. This deficiency represents a major security concern.
In U.S. Patent No. 6,041,410, Hsu et al. disclose a personal identification fob that employs fingerprint data. This system is specified to contain memory to hold the fingerprint image, an image correlater, a communication means employing a cyclic 3o redundancy code, and a "door" that is controlled by the biometric system and allows access to protected property. Hsu et al. generalize "door" as a means to access protected property including a building, a room, an automobile, and a financial account. The method disclosed relates to a door that protects property and its interaction with the fob, including a "wake-up" message and a series of steps to collect the biometric data and compare it with reference data, determining a match, and then actuating the device to provide access through the door.
One company that currently sells a personal identification unit is af~nitex, a division of AiT, and the product name is VeriMe. Because of the size of the fingerprint reader incorporated in the VeriMe product as well as the batteries and control electronics, the unit is relatively large and is intended to be hung around the neck like a pendant. In contrast, a long-standing desire of many in the biometric community is a biometric technology that can be discretely incorporated in a piece of 1o jewelry such as a wristwatch (for example, see Biometrics; Advanced Identity Verification, Julian Ashbourn, Springer, 2000, pp. 63-4).
There are a numbex of known biometric products and technologies that rely on optical images of various tissue sites to perform a biometric determination.
For example, in U.S. Patent No. 4,537,484, Fowler, et al. describe an apparatus for collecting a fingerprint image using optical techniques. In U.S. Patent No.
6,175,407, Sartor describes an apparatus for collecting a palm image using optical techniques. In U.S. Patent No. 5,291,560, Daugman describes a method for collecting and processing an optical image of the iris. In U.S. Patent No. 5,793,881, Stiver et al.
describe a system and method for collecting an image of the subcutaneous structure of 2o the hand using an imaging methodology. However, all of these technologies generate and use images of the tissue as the basis for a biometric determination. The use of imaging generally requires high-quality expensive optical systems and an imaged region that is of sufficient size to capture the necessary biometric detail.
If the imaged region is made too small, the biometric performance of these imaging systems degrade. For this reason, contact imaging systems such as fingerprint and palm readers require a relatively large, smooth, accessible surface, limiting the range and form of products in which such systems can be incorporated. Finally, because the determination of a match between enrolled images and the test images is dependent on the orientation of the two images, such biometric systems have to correct for these positional effects. For this reason, biometric systems that rely on imaging techniques require a significant computational power and a sophisticated algorithm to correct for image displacements, rotations and distortions, which leads to increased system cost and increased time required for user authentication.
As an alternative to imaging techniques, the use of spectral information for biometric determinations is disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Serial No.
09/832,534, filed April 11, 2001, entitled "Apparatus and Method of Biometric Identification or~ Verification of Individuals using Optical Spectroscopy", which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 09/415,594, filed October 8, 1999, entitled "Apparatus arid Method for Identification of Individuals by Near-Infrared Spectrum". 'The equipment used to perform the measurements disclosed in these applications was based on relatively large and expensive multi-purpose laboratory-grade commercial spectrometers. The family of techniques disclosed in 1o these applications is referred to as spectral biometrics. The disclosures of these applications are incorporated herein by reference.
It is well known that tissue spectra are generally affected by both the absorption and scattering properties of the tissue. For many spectral measurement applications the portion of the measured spectra that represent the absorption characteristics of the tissue are more important for the measurement rather than the effects due to scatter. One technique fox separating the two effects is known as radially resolved diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, which is based on collecting multiple measurements with different source-detector separation distances.
This collection of data provides enough information to estimate and separate effects due to scatter and absorption (see Nichols, et al., Design and Testing of a White-Light, Steady-State Diffuse Reflectance Spectrometer for Determination of Optical Properties of Highly ScatteringSystems, Applied Optics, 1 January 1997, 36(1), pp 93-104.). Although the use of multiple source-detector separations is a well-known technique for analyte measurements in biological samples, the use of similar measurement configurations for spectral biometric determinations has not been previously disclosed.
There is a need for an inexpensive, rugged and small spectrometer to perform spectral biometric determinations. One method that can be used to construct such spectrometers is based on using multiple discrete light sources such as light emitting 3o diodes (LEDs), laser diodes, vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs), and narrow band optical filters coupled to a broad-band optical source such as an incandescent bulb or blackbody emitter, operating at different wavelengths to illuminate and measure the optical properties of the sample at each of these wavelengths. These types of spectrometers are known and used for collecting spectrometric information for many applications. For example, in U.S. Patent No.
3,910,701, Henderson et al. disclose a spectrometer that incorporates a plurality of LED sources for measuring a variety of biological samples. In U.S. Patent No.
4,857,735, Noller discloses a spectrometer using one or more LEDs to measure solution samples. In U.S. Patent No. 5,257,086, Fately et al. disclose an optical spectrometer having a mufti-LED light source incorporating Hadamard or Fourier frequency encoding methods. However, there is a need fox a small, rugged, and inexpensive spectrometer with designs that are optimal for biometric determinations.
As part of the biometric determination task, there is a need for ensuring that the sample being used fox the biometric determination is alive. For example, U.S.
Patent No. 5,719,950 to Osten et al. disclose a method and system to combine a biometric-specific measurement such as fingerprints, palm prints, voice prints, etc with a separate measurement of a non-specific biometric parameter such as skin temperature, pulse, electrocardiogram or tissue spectral features to ensure the liveness of the sample.
In addition to performing a biometric identification or verification and ensuring that the sample being measured is living tissue, there may also exist a need to determine an estimate of the age, sex, and other demographic characteristics of the 2o person under test as part of the biometric determination task. For example, the U.S.
Federal Trade Commission recently established a commission to examine the issue of remotely determining age of a person who is attempting to access a web site in order to block access by children to inappropriate sites. The Commission on Online Child Protection (COPA) heard testimony on June 9, 2000 that indicated that then-known biometric techniques could not be used to aid the determination of a person's age based on any known biometric features.
Summary of the Invention Detailed embodiments of the present invention are disclosed herein. However, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary of the present invention, which may be embodied in various systems. Therefore, specific details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but rather as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one of skill in the art to variously practice the invention.
The present invention is based on Applicant's recognition that an accurate, precise and repeatable tissue spectra of an individual including selected wavelengths in the near ultraviolet range, visible range, very near infrared range or near infrared range and combinations of selected wavelengths from these ranges contains spectral features and combinations of spectral features which are unique to that individual.
The spectral range over which biometric determinations have been demonstrated span wavelengths from 350nm to 2500nm, although it is likely that similar capabilities exist outside of this range.
The choice of which measurement wavelengths to use is driven in part by the to availability and cost of suitable illumination sources and detectors. In the case of the discrete light sources disclosed in this application, the most common and least expensive optical components work with light in the wavelength region from 350-1000nm. Such a system can be constructed from silicon detector material and readily available LEDs, laser diodes, VCSELs, or optical filters coupled to a bulb.
However, other detectors and other light sources could also be used as alternative components or to span a greater spectral range or a different spectral range.
The present method and apparatus also provides for biometric determination of whether a sample being measured is living tissue, known as a "liveness"
determination. Further, the present system maintains high system security because the biometric device ensures that the exact sample it is operating on is real and alive, in addition to matching the properties of the enrolled data. Thus, an accurate determination of liveness precludes the use of simulated body parts and/or parts that have been removed from authenticated individuals. It has been found that the spectroscopic signature of living tissue is substantially different than most other media (including dead tissue), and thus liveness determination is an integral part of the present biometric device and method.
The present method and apparatus can also be used to estimate or verify the age of a person undergoing the biometric measurement. Further, the present method and apparatus can be used to estimate or verify the sex of the person undergoing the biometric measurement.
A variety of embodiments are disclosed herein for a sensor apparatus that can obtain tissue spectra that can be utilized for biometric identification determinations, liveness determinations, age determinations and sex determinations. These embodiments of the present invention are amenable to miniaturization and ruggedization for incorporation in a variety of systems. Such fixed-installation applications include, but are not limited to, physical entry assurance to workplaces, homes, hotels, secure industrial areas and other controlled sites; time and attendance monitoring; automotive applications such as keyless entry, keyless start, automotive personality setting, and mobile Internet access; personal computer and network security; secure health record access; automated financial transactions; and authorized handgun use.
In addition to the fixed-system applications, the apparatus and methods to disclosed in this application can be used in small personal biometric packages such as smart cards, electronic fobs or wristwatches that the user/owner/wearer can carry with them and provide biometrically-assured authorization to a variety of devices and systems. Such personal biometric systems act as keys that provide access to protected property only if activated by the authorized individual, and reduces or eliminates entry to the protected system by unauthorized people. Thus, the personal biometric devices of the present invention become a type of smart key that allow access to any system that interfaces to such device and for which the holder is authorized to access.
Such systems and uses can include, but are not limited to, personal computers, network access devices, doors in office buildings and private residences, time-and-2o attendance systems, automobiles, security equipment, automated financial transactions, cellular telephones, toll booths, electronic vending machine transactions and pay-per-entry events such as movies, etc.
Alternatively, as personal electronics such as personal digital assistants (PDA) and cellular phones become integrated in a variety of wireless applications, the present invention pxovides a means to confirm the identity of the person using the device. This can be important when wireless applications such as mobile commerce use such devices to authorize monetary transfers or make purchases, while also allowing access to medical records and act as an electxonic key for homes, offices and automobiles. By providing an integrated, compact, rugged, secure biometric system that can be used to confirm the identity of a person attempting to use the PDA
to access protected property, the present invention provides a capability that is applicable in many everyday life situations.
_g_ In addition to the application of the spectral biometric sensor as a single biometric, the sensor and identification methods disclosed in this application can also be used in conjunction with other biometric techniques within a system to either increase the accuracy of the system or increase the robustness of the system.
In cases where greater system security is required, the spectral biometric technique may be combined with one or more other biometric methods and the results can be combined to ensure a person's identity. Alternatively, the disclosed systems and methods can be combined with other biometric techniques to offer more than one method to identify a person in case one method is disabled due to system failure or other reason, ensuring a more robust system performance overall.
One system for performing biometric determinations includes: an optical sensor head consisting of one or more monochromatic illumination sources, one or more detectors, and an optical sampler, all arranged such that there exists a plurality of source-detector spacings or a plurality of different monochromatic wavelengths, or both; a light-source encoding system; a microprocessor with an input and output device; a database including selected tissue spectral data for authorized persons or a collection of spectral data for individuals against which unknown individual's would be checked; and a program running in the microprocessor for discriminating between a target individual's spectral data and the authorized spectral data or collection of 2o spectra database containing spectra for a group of individuals. The program can include software for performing an analysis for liveness determination, age determination, and sex determination based on the measured spectral data.
These and various other advantages and features of novelty which characterize the present invention are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed hereto and forming a part hereof. However, for a better understanding of the invention, its advantages, and the object obtained by its use, reference should be made to the drawings which form a further part hereof, and to the accompanying descriptive matter in which there are illustrated and described preferred embodiments of the present invention.
3o Brief Description of the Drawings In the drawings, in which like reference numerals indicate corresponding parts or elements of preferred embodiments of the present invention throughout the several views:
Figure 1 is a perspective view of a spectral biometric sensor head in one preferred embodiment;
Figure 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the biometric sensor element coupled to the skin surface showing multiple mean optical paths;
Figure 3 is a schematic top view of the biometric sensor incorporating multiple light sources arranged with variable source-detector distances;
Figure 4 is a schematic representation of the top view of an alternative biometric sensor incorporating multiple light sources arranged with a common source-detector distance;
1 o Figure 5 is a schematic top view of an alternative biometric sensor incorporating multiple light sources and a waveguide/aperture plate to provide variable source-detectox distances;
Figure 6 is a schematic top view of an alternative biometric sensor including multiple light sources and multiple detectors providing variable source-detector separations;
Figure 7 is a schematic top view of an alternative biometric sensor incorporating multiple light sources and a detector array for providing variable source-detector separations;
Figure 8 is a schematic representation of a personal biometric sensor built into a key fob;
Figure 9 is a schematic representation of a watch including a personal biometric sensor built into a back faceplate of the watch;
Figure 10 is a schematic of a laboratory spectrometer system that was used to perform experiments to confirm performance of spectral biometric devices;
Figure 11 is a schematic diagram of an end view of a dual-path fiber optic sampler;
Figure 12 is a graph depicting receiver-operator characteristics for the dual-path sampler of Figure 11;
Figure 13 is a graph depicting equal error rates for the dual-path sampler analysis using variable numbers of discrete spectral elements;
Figure 14 graphically depicts experimental results for age prediction utilizing an embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 15 graphically depicts experimental xesults for a sex prediction utilizing an embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 16 graphically depicts sex prediction ability versus the portion of data determined to be ambiguous;
Figure 17 graphically depicts the results of liveness testing; and Figure 18 fuxther details the liveness testing depicted in Figure 17.
Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments Detailed embodiments of the present invention are disclosed herein. However, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary of the to present invention which may be embodied in various systems. Therefore, specific details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but rather as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one of skill in the art to variously practice the invention.
The present invention is based on Applicant's recognition that an accurate, precise and repeatable tissue spectrum of an individual in the near ultraviolet range, visible range, very near infrared, or near infrared spectral range and combinations of these ranges contains spectral features and combinations of spectral features which are unique to that individual. The present invention is further based on a recognition that proper analysis, utilizing discriminant analysis techniques, can identify these 2o unique features or combinations, which are not readily apparent in visual analysis of a spectral output, so that an individual's identity may be determined by comparison of tissue spectral data taken at the time of use and compared to stored tissue spectral data from prior measurement.
In addition, the tissue spectrum has been found to not only contain information that is unique to an individual, but also contains numerous features and combinations of features that indicate whether such spectral samples were taken while the sample was alive or not. The physiological effects that give rise to spectral features that indicate the state of a sample (alive or dead) include but are not limited to blood perfusion, temperature, hydration status, glucose and other analyte levels, and overall 3o state of tissue decay. 'Thus, the biometric identification and verification methods of the present invention can be also used in conjunction with, or separately from, the determination of the state of the liveness of the tissue. Tissue from other biological systems (organs, animals, etc.) has also been found to have spectral characteristics that are distinctly different from human skin due to differences in the tissue composition and form. Thus, the biometric identification methods of the present invention can be also used in conjunction with or separately from the determination of whether the sample is human skin or some other tissue. In addition, it has been found that tissue-like substances such as collagen gelatin, latex, water solutions, or others have spectral characteristics that are distinctly different than human tissue due to differences in composition and form. The biometric identification and verification methods of the present invention can thus be used with or separately from the determination whether the sample is actual tissue or some other substance.
l0 While utilizing the present invention, it has also been found that other spectral features observed in the tissue spectrum relate to the age and sex of the person being measured. It is believed that these features are due in part to the differences in dermal thickness between young and old people and between males and females. Such changes in skin thickness and composition affect the optical characteristics of the tissue by affecting the scattering properties of the sample. These properties in turn impose distinct spectral shapes on the measured tissue spectra, which can be extracted and used by appropriate multivariate techniques to provide age and sex estimates.
Referring now to Figure l, a perspective view of an embodiment of a typical optical sensor head of the present invention is shown. The sensor assembly 30 2o consists of a series or plurality of light sources 34 arranged in a selected manner on a sensor head 32, which also contains one or more detectors 36. The sensor assembly 30 may also include power conditioning electronics (not shown), which supply power to the light sources 34 and may also include signal processing electronics (not shown) which amplify the resulting signal from the detector 36. A multi-conductor cable 38 provides a means to power the sensor head and to transmit the detected signal back to the microprocessor or computer (not shown) that processes the spectral data.
The light sources 34 can be light emitting diodes (LEDs), laser diodes, vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELS), quartz tungsten halogen incandescent bulbs with optical pass-band filters with optical shutters, or a variety of other optical sources 3o known in the art. The light sources 34 can each have the same wavelength characteristics or can be comprised of souxces with different center wavelengths in the spectral range from about 350 nm to about 2500 nrn. In general, the collection of light sources 34 can include some sources that have the same wavelengths as others and some sources that are different. In a preferred embodiment, the light sources 34 includes sets of LEDs, laser diodes, VCSELs, or other solid-state optoelectronic devices with differing wavelength characteristics that lie within the spectral range from about 350 nm to about 1100 nm.
The detector 36 can be a single element or it can be a one- or two-dimensional array of elements. 'The detector type and material is chosen to be appropriate to the source wavelengths and the measurement signal and timing requirements. These detectors can include PbS, PbSe, InSb, InGaAs, MCT, bolometers and micro-bolometer arrays. In a preferred embodiment where the light sources 34 are solid l0 state optoelectronic devices operating in the spectral range from about 350 nm to about 1100 nm, the preferred detector material is silicon.
The light sources 34 can be sequentially illuminated and extinguished to measure the tissue properties for each source by turning power to each of them on and off. Alternatively, multiple light sources 34 can be electronically modulated using encoding methods that are known to one knowledgeable in the art. These encoding patterns include Fourier intensity modulation, Hadamard modulation, random modulation, and other modulation methods.
Figure 2 shows a cross-sectional view of the sensor head 32 of Figure Z, for use in diffuse reflectance measurements. Also shown is the tissue 40 in contact with 2o the face 39 of the sensor head 32 and the mean optical paths 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52 of the light traveling from each light source 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, respectively, to the detector 36. In acquiring tissue spectral data, measurements can be made in at least two different sampling modes. The optical geometry illustrated in Figure 2 is known as diffuse reflectance sampling geometry where the light sources and detector lie on the same side of the tissue. An alternative method is known as transmission sampling, wherein light enters a thin tissue region such as an earlobe or a fingertip on one side and then is detected by a detector located on the other side of the tissue.
Although light in such regions as the silicon-region can penetrate tissue to significant depths of one centimeter or more, depending upon the wavelength, transmission sampling of the 3o tissue limits the region of the body that can be used. Thus, while either mode of sampling is applicable to the present invention, and especially to analysis utilizing light in the silicon-region, a preferred and more versatile sampling method is based upon reflected light.
Referring to Figure 2, when the tissue is illuminated by a particular light source 41, the resulting signal detected by detector 36 contains information about the tissue optical properties along a path between the source 41 and detector 36.
The actual path of any given photon is highly erratic due to effects of optical scattering by the tissue, but the mean optical path 42 is a more regular and smooth curve, as shown in the figure.
This mean optical path is, in general, different fox different source-detector separation distances. If another light source 51 is located at the same distance from the detector 36 as light source 41 and the two light sources have the same wavelength 1o characteristics, the resulting signals can be combined to increase the resulting signal-to-noise ratio of the measurement. If light source 51 has a different wavelength characteristic than light source 41 then, in general, the resulting signals provide unique and useful information about the tissue optical properties, especially as they relate to spectral biometric determinations and should be analyzed as distinct data points. In a similar manner, if two light sources have the same wavelength characteristics and are positioned at different distances from the detector 36 (for example light sources 41 and 43) then the resulting information in the two signals is different and the measurements should be recorded and analyzed as distinct data points. Differences in both wavelength characteristics and source-detector separation 2o provide new and useful information about the optical characteristics of the tissue 40.
In general, the detector 36 can be located in the center of the sensor head or it can be offset to one side of the sensor head 32 in order to provide for greater source-detector separation distances. The sensor head 32 can be other shapes including oval, square and rectangular. The sensor head 32 can also have a compound curvature on the optical surface to match the profile of the device in which it is mounted.
Light that reflects from the topmost layer of skin does not contain significant information about the deeper tissue properties. In fact, reflections from the top surface of tissue (known as "specular" or "shunted" light) are detrimental to most optical measurements. For this reason, Figure 2 illustrates a sensor-head geometry wherein the detector 36 is recessed from the sensor surface 39 in optically opaque material 37 that makes up the body of the sensor head 32. The recessed placement of detector 36 minimizes the amount of light that can be detected after reflecting off the first (epidermal) surface of the tissue. It can be seen that the same optical blocking effect could be produced by recessing each of the light sources, or by recessing both the detector and the light sources. Other equivalent means of optical blocking can be readily established by one of ordinary skill in the art.
Figure 3 shows a top view of the sensor head 32 with plurality light sources and a single detector 36 visible. This figure is intended to be representative of configurations that allows for a variety of sources 34 and detectors 36 that have variable spacing between them. In general, this configuration is most applicable in cases where a small number of light sources 34 with different wavelength characteristics are available. In these cases, the variable distance between sources 34 l0 and detector 36 are used to gather additional optical information from the tissue.
Referring to Figure 4, the light sources 34 can also be arranged to be equidistant from the detector 36. This configuration is most appropriate in cases where each light source 34 is a different wavelength and sufficient light sources can be obtained to achieve the desired accuracy results for the system. An example of this occurs When the individual light sources are the result of combining optical filters with one or more broad-band (e.g., incandescent) light sources. In this case, many unique wavelength bands can be defined and each of the sources 34 can be placed equidistant from the central detector 36.
An alternative embodiment of a variable source-detector configuration is illustrated in Figure S, which schematically depicts a top view of a sensor 70 of this type.
In this embodiment, the four different light sources 71, 74, 77, 80 are arranged around a common detector 83. Four different light sources 71, 74, 77, 80 are shown for illustration but fewer or more can be used in a particular embodiment. Each of the light sources 71, 74, 77, 80 is optically coupled to a different optical waveguide 72, 75, 78, 81. Each waveguide 72, 75, 78, 81 has individually controllable electronic or mechanical optical shutters 73, 76, 79, 82. These optical shutters 73, 76, 79, 81 can be individually controlled to encode the light by allowing light to enter the tissue from a waveguide 72, 75, 78, 81 at a predetermined position or positions. One method for implementing optical shutters is using micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) structures, which is a technology well known to one of ordinary skill in the art. The light sources 71, 74, 77, 80 can be different LEDs, laser diodes or VCSELs.
Alternatively, one or more incandescent sources with different optical filters can be used to generate light of different wavelength characteristics to couple into each of the waveguides 72, 75, 78, 81. As well, this MEMS aperture geometry could be used with other illumination sources and geometries illustrated in the other figures in this application.
Alternatively, multiple source-detector distances can also be achieved by using more than one detector element as shown in Figure 6. Figure 6 schematically depicts a top view of a sensor 80 of this type. In this embodiment, each of three different light sources 82, 84, 86 is positioned relative to three detectors 81, 83, 85 such that the spacing between a given light source and each of the detectors is different.
For example, the source detector spacing for a light source 82 is shortest with respect to detector 85 and longest with respect to detector 83. By turning on the light sources 82, 84, 86 in a to sequential or encoded pattern and measuring the response at each of the three detectors 81, 83, 85, the tissue characteristics for all of the available source-detector separations at all of the wavelengths can be measured.
The use of multiple detector elements and multiple illumination sources can be extended to using a detector array as shown in Figure 7. Figure 7 schematically depicts a top view of a sensor 90 of this type. In this embodiment, multiple light sources 92, 94, 96, 98 are placed at the perimeter of a detector array 99. The signal detected at each of the array elements then represents a different source-detector separation with respect to the light from a given light source. Many variants on this configuration exist including the use of one-dimensional (1-D) or two-dimensional (2-D) arrays, and placing sources 2o within the array as well as on the periphery.
The detectors) can be any material appropriate to the spectral region being detected. For light in the region from about 350 nm to about 1100 nm, a preferred detector material is silicon and can be implemented as a single-element device, a collection of discrete elements, or a 1-D or 2-D array, depending upon the system configuration and encoding method used. For light in the region from about 1.25 to about 2.5~m, a preferred detector material is InGaAs and can also be implemented as a single element, a collection of elements, or a 1-D or 2-D array. Additional detector materials and means of detection include InSb, Ge, MCT, PbS, PbSe, bolometers, and others known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
3o Once the light passing though the tissue is detected, the signals can be digitized and recorded by standard techniques. The recorded data can then be processed directly or converted into absorbance spectra or noised-scaled absorbance spectra as is known to one of ordinary skill in the art. The data can then be used for spectral identification or verification by the methods described in U.S. Patent Application Serial No.
09/832,534, filed April 11, 2001, entitled "Apparatus and Method of Biometric Identification or Verification of Individuals using Optical Spectroscopy", and U.S.
Patent Application Serial No. 09/415,594, filed October 8, 1999, entitled "Apparatus and Method for Identification of Individuals by Near-Infrared Spectrum".
A small spectral biometric subassembly, such as those discussed above, can be embedded in a variety of systems and applications. 'The spectral biometric reader can be configured as a dedicated system that is connected to a PC or a network interface, an ATM, securing an entryway, or allowing access to a particular piece of electronics such 1o as a cellular phone. In this mode, one or more people can be enrolled in the biometric system and use a particular reader to gain access to a particular function or area.
Alternatively, the spectral biometric system can configured as a personal biometric system that confirms the identity of the sole person authorized to use the device, and transmits this authorization to any properly equipped PC, ATM, entryway, or piece of electronics that requires access authorization. One advantage of this latter approach is that the personal biometric system can transmit an identifying code to the requesting unit and then use the biometric signal to confirnl authorization, which implies that the system needs to perform a verification task rather than the more difficult identification task. Yet, from the user's perspective, the system recognizes the user without an explicit need to identify himself or herself. Thus, the system appears to operate in an identification mode, which is more convenient for the user.
An additional advantage of a personal biometric system is that if an unauthorized person is able to defeat the personal biometric system code for a particular biometric system-person combination, the personal biometric system can be reset or replaced to use a new identifying code and thus re-establish a secure biometric for the authorized person. This capability is in contrast to multi-person biometric systems that base their authorization solely on a biometric signature (spectral, as well as any of the other biometric techniques such as fingerprint, iris, facial, etc.). In this latter case, if an intruder is able to compromise the system by somehow imitating the signal from an 3o authorized user, there is no capability to change the biometric code since it is based solely on a fined physiological characteristic of a person.
Figure 8 shows one embodiment of a personal spectral biometric system 100 in the configuration of an electronic key fob 102. The equidistant sensor configuration of Figure 4 is shown for illustration purposes only. Any of the disclosed sensor configurations are application in the electronic key fob. The illumination 104 and detection system 106 are built into the fob 102, as is the means to collect and digitize the spectral information. In one embodiment, short-range wireless techniques based upon RF signals 103 can be transmitted to communicate between the fob and a corresponding reader (not shown) that allows access to the PC, entryway, etc. In another embodiment, an infrared optical signal can be used to transmit the information between the fob and the reader. In another embodiment, a direct electrical connection is established between the personal biometric system and the reader. The actual comparison between the measured 1o spectral data and the previously recorded enrollment spectrum (template) can be made either within the fob or at the reader. In the former case, the logical operations necessary to perform the comparison axe done within the fob and then a simple confn-med or denied signal is transmitted to the reader. In the latter case, the most recent measured spectrum is transmitted to the reader and the comparison and decision is accomplished at the reader or at a host to which the reader is connected. In either case, the communication between the fob and the reader needs to be performed in a secure manner to avoid interception and unauthorized use of the system. Methods for ensuring secure communication between two devices are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
2o A second embodiment of a personal spectral biometric system 110 is depicted in Figure 9. In this case, the biometric reader 111 is built into the case of a watch 112 and operates based upon signals detected from the skin in the area of the wrist.
The operation of this system is identical to the operation described for the biometric fob.
Figure 10 shows the equidistant-sensor geometry of Figure 4 for illustration purposes only. Any of the sensor geometries previously disclosed can be used in this application.
In addition to the watch or fob, similar biometric capability can be built into other personal electronic devices. These devices include personal digital assistants (PDAs) and cellular telephones. In each case, the personal biometric system can provide user authorization to access both the device in which it is installed, as well as to provide 3o authorization for mobile commerce (M-Commerce) or other wireless transactions that the device is capable of performing.
The compact sensors disclosed can also be put into firearms to prevent unauthorized usage. In particular, the biometric sensor could be placed in the handgrip of a weapon such as a handgun or other firearm to sense tissue properties while the gun is being held in a normal manner. A further capability of the apparatuses and methods disclosed in this application is the ability to identify people who are to be explicitly excluded from accessing protected property as well as determining those who are authorized to access the property. This capability will improve the biometric performance of the system with respect to those unauthorized people who are known to attempt to use the device, which could be particularly important in the case of a personal handgun. In particular, parents who own a biometrically enabled handgun can enroll themselves as authorized users and also can enroll their children as explicitly l0 unauthorized users. In this way, parents could have further insurance that children who are known to be in the same household as a gun will not be able to use it.
It is also possible to use the explicit-denial capability of a biometric system in a fixed installation such as a home, place of business, or an automobile. For example, a biometric system installed at the entryway of a place of business can be used to admit authorized employees and temporary workers. If an employee is fired or the term of the temporary employee expires, then their enrollment data can be shifted from the authorized to the unauthorized database, and an explicit check is made to deny access to the former employee if he or she attempts to enter.
Because of the nature of optical spectroscopy, it is difficult to generate spectra of similar shape and absorbance characteristics without using similar material for the sample. For this reason, many common materials, such as latex and wax that are used to defeat other biometric systems such as fingerprint readers or hand geometry systems are ineffective tissue surrogates for a spectral biometric system. By performing a spectral comparison, most non-tissue samples will be rejected, resulting in a strong countermeasure capability against potential intruders.
Similarly, many of the spectral features that are present in the wavelength ranges disclosed by this invention are indicative of living tissue. These features include oxy-and deoxy-hemoglobin bands, temperature effects, intracellular hydration, and others.
These effects contribute to the overall spectral signature of the sample being measured and ensure that a matching sample is one that is part of a living person and normally perfused. Thus, a good spectral comparison ensures the "liveness" of a sample and deters the use of dead or excised tissue as a means to circumvent the spectral biometric system.
In some applications, such as Internet access authorization, it may be useful to be able to verify the sex and/or age of the person using the spectral biometric system.
Because of both age- and sex-specific difference in skin structure and composition, the optical spectra change in systematic and indicative ways such that the age and sex can be estimated using the biometric spectral data.
In practicing the present invention, the tissue spectral data is determined by measuring the light intensity received by the output sensor for the various light sources which give indications of the optical properties of the tissue at different wavelengths and/or at different source-detector separations. As is well known to one l0 of ordinary skill in the art, the signal produced by the detector in response to the incident light levels can be converted into spectral data that can be recorded and used for subsequent analysis for enrollment or authorization of identity.
Experimental Results A laboratory experiment was performed to test and confirm the premise that discrete wavelength light sources could be used for biometric determination tasks and that further advantage could be gained by arranging the same sources with different source-detector spacings. Figure 10 shows a schematic of the laboratory system that was used in this experiment. This system used an illumination subsystem 100 that incorporated a 100W quartz tungsten halogen bulb 102 and some optical filters 104 to 2o transmit light in the 1.25 to 2.S~,m spectral range. The light was directed into a fiber-optic optical sampler 106, which was used to take diffuse reflectance optical measurements of the volar surface of the forearm. Diffusely reflected light collected by the sampler 106 was then directed into a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer 108 and detected by an extended range indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) detector I 10.
The spectrometer was a Perkin Eliner 2000 FTIR operating with a spectral resolution of l6crri 1. The resulting interferogram data were digitized, stored and converted to spectral data using techniques well known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
The optical sampler 106 included a sample head 120 whieh was capable of collecting tissue spectral data using two different source-detector spacings.
Figure 11 3o shows a top view of the optical sampler or sample head 120 including three different optical fiber groupings: an outer ring 121, an inner ring I22 and a central bundle 123.
The outer ring of optical fibers 121 and inner ring of optical fibers 122 were used to illuminate the tissue and the central bundle of fibers 123 was used to collect the diffusely reflected light. An optical switch (not shown) was built into the optical sampler subsystem such that either the outer ring of optical fibers 121 or the inner ring of optical fibers 122 was illuminating the tissue at any one time. The center-to-center spacing of the inner ring fibers 122 to the center detection bundle 123 was approximately 0.5 mm while the outer ring 121 separation was approximately 0.7mm. Thus, spectra collected when the outer ring was illuminating the tissue had a longer and deeper average path length than spectra collected with inner ring 122 illumination. The optical system was set up so spectra were collected alternately using inner and outer illumination closely spaced in time.
to Twenty-two diabetic subjects participated in a study, which spanned a total duration of 16 weeks. Each person in the study was measured during two separate visits per week for each of the first 7 weeks of the study. There was then an 8-week gap, followed by one additional week of study where each person again was measured during two separate visits. During each measurement visit, multiple (5) optical samples were collected from the underside of their left forearm. Each optical sample consisted of 90 seconds of measurement time.
The optical samples collected by the sampler shown in Figuxe 11 were used to simulate a discrete souxce configuration similar to that shown in Figure 3.
Although the system shown in Figure 11 is a broadband illumination system, the spectral data collected on this laboratory system were post-processed to emulate a discrete wavelength system. A small number of uniformly spaced, discrete spectral elements (variously 4, 6, 10, or 20) were selected from the continuous spectral data and used for subsequent biometric analysis using the same type of analysis described previously. The biometric determinations were made in a manner very similar to the technique described in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 09/832,534, filed April 11, 2001, entitled "Apparatus and Method of Biometric Identification or Verification of Individuals using Optical Spectroscopy". In particular, the biometric analysis was performed by randomly selecting a small number of subjects' data as from authorized users ("validation"), a different small subset as non-authorized users ("intruders"), 3o and the remaining subjects' data were used to build a calibration set. Due to the relatively small number of subjects, the analysis used six random subjects for validation and two as intruders. This analysis was repeated 10 times and output was pooled to achieve stable results.
The calibration data were processed to produce generic data as described in U.S. Patent No. 6,157,041, entitled "Methods and Apparatus for Tailoring Spectroscopic Calibration Models". A PCA decomposition of these data was performed to generate 50 eigenvectors and scores. The scores were then analyzed to determine the 20 factors that had the largest values for the ratio of the between-person variation to the within-person variation for each set of scores.
The first two samples for each of the validation subject's data were averaged and used as the initial enrollment spectra. Each of the remaining validation spectra were taken in temporal sequence and subtracted from the enrollment spectrum. This spectral l0 difference was then presented to the selected calibration factors and a Mahalanobis distance was calculated. If the Mahalanobis distance was below a certain threshold value, the validation spectrum was deemed valid, and a weighted sum of the validation spectrum (0.2) and the enrollment spectrum (0.8) was used to update the enrollment spectrum. 'This process was repeated for multiple threshold values. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the Spectral F-Ratio could be used instead of or in conjunction with the Mahalanobis distance metric to perform the identity determinations.
The intruder data was processed in a similar manner as the validation data using the same threshold values.
This analysis was applied to spectral data from inner ring illumination, from outer-ring illumination, and to a data set that concatenated the selected data from both inner- and outer-ring illumination. This latter case simulated the condition where one pair of some number, N, of different discrete sources were used for illumination at two different source-detector distances and data were collected for each of the 2N
sources separately.
The results of this analysis are shown in Figures 12 and 13. Figure 12 depicts the receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curves for the case where 20 of the spectral elements were used for biometric identification tasks. The equal error rate (EER, defined as the false acceptance rate = false rejection rate) of the inner-ring data is 2.0%
while the outer-ring data yields an EER of 1.6%. In contrast, a spectral data set made up of both of the inner- and outer-ring spectral elements gives an improved EER
of 0.7%.
Figure 13 shows the EER for all three sampling conditions for cases where 4,6,10, and 20 elements are used for analysis. In all cases, the combined-ring data performs much better than either of the separate channels, indicating that additional biometric information is available by using the same wavelengths to measure tissue with multiple source-detector separations.
The ability to assess age using spectral data was tested using the TIIR
spectra from a multi-person study that was conducted using a laboratory-grade FTIR
system similar to that shown in Figures 10 and 11. However, the light source 102 was a 40W
quartz tungsten halogen bulb, the FTIR spectrometer 108 was a Bomem WorkIR, and the optical sampler 106 consisted of a just a single illumination ring and a central detector fiber bundle similar to the inner ring 122 and central bundle 123 shown in Figure 11.
to The data were collected from 87 diabetic people who participated in a portion of a 17-week study. Approximately half of the people participated in the study fox 6 weeks and half participated for 11 weeks. In either case, each person was measured during two separate visits per week for each week they participated in the study. During each measurement visit, multiple (3-5) optical samples were collected from the underside of their left forearm. Each optical sample consisted of 90 seconds of measurement time. A
total of more than 5100 optical samples were collected on this study group.
The resulting intensity spectra were log-transformed to pseudo-absorbance data and a scale function was applied to the spectra to make the spectral noise characteristics uniform.
Standard outlier metrics (Mahalanobis Distance and Spectral F-Ratio) were applied to 2o the resulting scaled absorbance data to remove outlying spectra before subsequent processing.
The scaled absorbance spectra and the corresponding ages of the subject were used in conjunction with the partial least squares (PLS) multivariate calibration algorithm to determine the age-prediction accuracy. A person-out cross validation was performed, giving the results shown in Figure 14 where "SEP" is standard error of prediction, which is a one-standard-deviation measure of the error. It can be seen that age predictions with an SEP better than 6 years is possible based upon I~IR
tissue spectra.
A similar multivariate analysis was performed to determine sex prediction 3o capability. In this case, each of the I~IIR spectra from the 87 subjects was assigned a reference value of either 0 or 1 based upon the sex of the person from whom the spectrum was measured. These spectral data and reference values were then processed using PLS and a subject-out cxoss-validation to determine sex predictions.
Predicted values greater than 0.5 were assigned a value of 1 and predictions less than 0.5 were assigned a 0. The results of this analysis are given in Figure 15, where it can be seen that approximately 85% of the spectra yielded accuxate sex predictions. In some of these cases, the raw predictions were close to the threshold value of 0.5, which implies they were suspect and ambiguous. If those predictions closest to the threshold are eliminated as ambiguous, the prediction ability on the remaining samples is improved.
Figure 16 shows how the prediction ability improves as a function of how often a spectrum is considered ambiguous.
The ability of a spectral biometric to discriminate between live tissue and other i0 sample types is shown in Figures 17 and 18. The experiment that gave these results was based on a demonstration that was set up to perform an identification task among a small group of enrolled people. In this experiment, several persons enrolled as valid users on a system similar to the one described in the NIR 87 parson analysis section, above. One of the valid users then presented themselves to the system along with another person who was not enrolled in the system. As well, a latex glove was filled with a saline solution and used to collect another test sample. Finally, a piece of cowhide was also measured on the system as a test sample. The results of this experiment are shown in Figure 17, where it can be seen that the latex glove pxoduces severely inflated matching metrics.
Figure 18 shows a blow-up of Figure 18, where it can also be seen that even a closely 2o matched tissue sample such as the cowhide produces greatly inflated results. The sample taken from the person who is authorized matches best, while the unauthorized person's sample shows a marked inflation relative to the other valid user's sample.
New characteristics and advantages of the invention covered by this document have been set forth in the foregoing description. It will be understood, however, that this disclosure is, in many respects, only illustrative. Changes may be made in details, particularly in matters of shape, size, and arrangement of parts, without exceeding the scope of the invention. The scope of the invention is, of course, defined in the language in which the appended claims are expressed.
SPECIALIZED OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY SYSTEMS
Cross Reference to Related Patents and Pending Applications This application is related to U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 09/832,534, Bled April 11, 2001, entitled "Apparatus and Method of Biometric Identification or Verification of Individuals using Optical Spectroscopy", which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 09/415,594, filed October 8, 1999, entitled "Apparatus and Method for Identification of Individuals by Near-Infrared Spectrum";
l0 which is related to U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 09/174,812, Bled October 19, 1998, entitled "Method for Non-Invasive Analyte Measurement with Improved Optical Interface"; and U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 08/871,366, filed June 9, 1997, entitled "Diffuse Reflectance Monitoring Apparatus", all assigned to the same assignee as the present application, and the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Technical Field This present invention relates generally to methods and systems for performing biometric determinations of individuals utilizing optical spectra of tissue.
More specifically, the invention relates to methods and systems for determining or 2o verifying identity, determining or verifying age, determining or verifying sex, and determining or verifying liveness and authenticity of the sample being measured. The present invention discloses methods and systems for gathering optical information about the tissue using a combination of wavelengths and source-detector separations.
The present invention discloses a family of compact, special-purpose optical sensors operating in the near- ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared spectral regions that are suitable for a variety of biometric determination tasks. The sensors can be used in stand-alone, dedicated applications or can be incorporated in a variety of personal devices such as cellular telephones, personal digital assistants, wrist watches, or electronic fobs to provide personal biometric security to protect access to a variety of protected property.
Background of the Invention Biometric determination is generally defined as the process of measuring and using one or more physical or behavioral features or attributes to gain information about identity, age, or sex of a person, animal, or other biological entity.
As well, in order to ensuxe security, the biometric determination task may include further tasks that ensure that the sample being measured is authentic and being measured on a living being. This latter test is referred to as a determination of liveness.
There are two common modes in which biometric determinations of identity occur: one-to-many (identification) and one-to-one (verification). One-to-many identification attempts to answer the question of, "do I know you?" The biometric measurement device collects a set of biometric data and from this information alone it assesses whether the person is a previously seen ("authorized") individual.
Systems that perform the one-to-many identification task, such as the FBI's Automatic to Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS), are generally very expensive ($10 million or more) and require many minutes to detect a match between an unknown sample and a large database containing hundreds of thousands or millions of entries.
The one-to-one mode of biometric analysis answers the question of, "are you who you say you are?" This mode is used in cases where an individual makes a claim of identity using a user name, a personal identification number (PII~ or other code, a magnetic card, or other means, and the device collects a set of biometric data which it uses to confirm the identity of the person.
Although in general the one-to-many identification task is more difficult than one-to-one, the two tasks become the same as the number of recognized or authorized 2o users for a given biometric device decreases to just a single individual.
Situations in which a biometric identification task has only a small number of entries in the authorization database axe quite common. For example, biometric access to a residence, to a personal automobile, to a personal computer, to a cellular telephone, and to other such personal devices typically xequire an authorization database of just a few people.
Biometric identification and verification is useful in many applications.
Examples include verifying identity prior to activating machinery or gaining entry to 'a secure area. Another example would be identification of an individual for matching that individual to records on Ble for that individual, such as for matching hospital 3o patient records especially when the individual's identity is unknown.
Biometric identification is also useful to match police records at the time a suspect is apprehended, but true identity of the suspect is not known. Additional uses of biometric identification or verification include automotive keyless staxt and entry -2_ applications, secure computer and network access applications, automated financial transaction applications, authorized handgun use applications, and time-and-attendance applications. In general, protected property will be the term used to describe alI of the goods, places, services, and information that may require biometric authorization to access.
Current methods for biometric identification are manifold, but some of the most common techniques include fingerprint pattern matching, facial recognition, hand geometry, iris scanning, and voice recognition. Each of these technologies addresses the need for biometric identification to some extent. However, due to cost, performance, or other issues, each of the existing methods has advantages and disadvantages relative to the other technologies.
There are currently many personal electronic devices that are used to gain access to protected property but that do not include any biometric capability.
For example, electronic fobs are commonly used to gain entry to automobiles and to activate commercial and residential alarm systems. Wristwatches such as the Swatch Access models can be used to purchase and download codes that allow easy entry to ski areas and other for-pay recreational sites. A wristwatch being sold by Xyloc permits access to computers, printers, networks, or other properly equipped hardware and systems when the watch is in the vicinity of the protected system. A small 2o electronic device known as an iButton sold by Dallas Semiconductor can be put into a ring, key fob, wallet, watch, metal card or badge, that a person can carry and use to gain access to properly equipped doors and other protected systems. However, an unauthorized user can gain access to any of the property protected by these systems by simply obtaining a device from an authorized user. These devices do not have the capability to distinguish between authorized and unauthorized users and will work for anyone who possesses them. This deficiency represents a major security concern.
In U.S. Patent No. 6,041,410, Hsu et al. disclose a personal identification fob that employs fingerprint data. This system is specified to contain memory to hold the fingerprint image, an image correlater, a communication means employing a cyclic 3o redundancy code, and a "door" that is controlled by the biometric system and allows access to protected property. Hsu et al. generalize "door" as a means to access protected property including a building, a room, an automobile, and a financial account. The method disclosed relates to a door that protects property and its interaction with the fob, including a "wake-up" message and a series of steps to collect the biometric data and compare it with reference data, determining a match, and then actuating the device to provide access through the door.
One company that currently sells a personal identification unit is af~nitex, a division of AiT, and the product name is VeriMe. Because of the size of the fingerprint reader incorporated in the VeriMe product as well as the batteries and control electronics, the unit is relatively large and is intended to be hung around the neck like a pendant. In contrast, a long-standing desire of many in the biometric community is a biometric technology that can be discretely incorporated in a piece of 1o jewelry such as a wristwatch (for example, see Biometrics; Advanced Identity Verification, Julian Ashbourn, Springer, 2000, pp. 63-4).
There are a numbex of known biometric products and technologies that rely on optical images of various tissue sites to perform a biometric determination.
For example, in U.S. Patent No. 4,537,484, Fowler, et al. describe an apparatus for collecting a fingerprint image using optical techniques. In U.S. Patent No.
6,175,407, Sartor describes an apparatus for collecting a palm image using optical techniques. In U.S. Patent No. 5,291,560, Daugman describes a method for collecting and processing an optical image of the iris. In U.S. Patent No. 5,793,881, Stiver et al.
describe a system and method for collecting an image of the subcutaneous structure of 2o the hand using an imaging methodology. However, all of these technologies generate and use images of the tissue as the basis for a biometric determination. The use of imaging generally requires high-quality expensive optical systems and an imaged region that is of sufficient size to capture the necessary biometric detail.
If the imaged region is made too small, the biometric performance of these imaging systems degrade. For this reason, contact imaging systems such as fingerprint and palm readers require a relatively large, smooth, accessible surface, limiting the range and form of products in which such systems can be incorporated. Finally, because the determination of a match between enrolled images and the test images is dependent on the orientation of the two images, such biometric systems have to correct for these positional effects. For this reason, biometric systems that rely on imaging techniques require a significant computational power and a sophisticated algorithm to correct for image displacements, rotations and distortions, which leads to increased system cost and increased time required for user authentication.
As an alternative to imaging techniques, the use of spectral information for biometric determinations is disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Serial No.
09/832,534, filed April 11, 2001, entitled "Apparatus and Method of Biometric Identification or~ Verification of Individuals using Optical Spectroscopy", which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 09/415,594, filed October 8, 1999, entitled "Apparatus arid Method for Identification of Individuals by Near-Infrared Spectrum". 'The equipment used to perform the measurements disclosed in these applications was based on relatively large and expensive multi-purpose laboratory-grade commercial spectrometers. The family of techniques disclosed in 1o these applications is referred to as spectral biometrics. The disclosures of these applications are incorporated herein by reference.
It is well known that tissue spectra are generally affected by both the absorption and scattering properties of the tissue. For many spectral measurement applications the portion of the measured spectra that represent the absorption characteristics of the tissue are more important for the measurement rather than the effects due to scatter. One technique fox separating the two effects is known as radially resolved diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, which is based on collecting multiple measurements with different source-detector separation distances.
This collection of data provides enough information to estimate and separate effects due to scatter and absorption (see Nichols, et al., Design and Testing of a White-Light, Steady-State Diffuse Reflectance Spectrometer for Determination of Optical Properties of Highly ScatteringSystems, Applied Optics, 1 January 1997, 36(1), pp 93-104.). Although the use of multiple source-detector separations is a well-known technique for analyte measurements in biological samples, the use of similar measurement configurations for spectral biometric determinations has not been previously disclosed.
There is a need for an inexpensive, rugged and small spectrometer to perform spectral biometric determinations. One method that can be used to construct such spectrometers is based on using multiple discrete light sources such as light emitting 3o diodes (LEDs), laser diodes, vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs), and narrow band optical filters coupled to a broad-band optical source such as an incandescent bulb or blackbody emitter, operating at different wavelengths to illuminate and measure the optical properties of the sample at each of these wavelengths. These types of spectrometers are known and used for collecting spectrometric information for many applications. For example, in U.S. Patent No.
3,910,701, Henderson et al. disclose a spectrometer that incorporates a plurality of LED sources for measuring a variety of biological samples. In U.S. Patent No.
4,857,735, Noller discloses a spectrometer using one or more LEDs to measure solution samples. In U.S. Patent No. 5,257,086, Fately et al. disclose an optical spectrometer having a mufti-LED light source incorporating Hadamard or Fourier frequency encoding methods. However, there is a need fox a small, rugged, and inexpensive spectrometer with designs that are optimal for biometric determinations.
As part of the biometric determination task, there is a need for ensuring that the sample being used fox the biometric determination is alive. For example, U.S.
Patent No. 5,719,950 to Osten et al. disclose a method and system to combine a biometric-specific measurement such as fingerprints, palm prints, voice prints, etc with a separate measurement of a non-specific biometric parameter such as skin temperature, pulse, electrocardiogram or tissue spectral features to ensure the liveness of the sample.
In addition to performing a biometric identification or verification and ensuring that the sample being measured is living tissue, there may also exist a need to determine an estimate of the age, sex, and other demographic characteristics of the 2o person under test as part of the biometric determination task. For example, the U.S.
Federal Trade Commission recently established a commission to examine the issue of remotely determining age of a person who is attempting to access a web site in order to block access by children to inappropriate sites. The Commission on Online Child Protection (COPA) heard testimony on June 9, 2000 that indicated that then-known biometric techniques could not be used to aid the determination of a person's age based on any known biometric features.
Summary of the Invention Detailed embodiments of the present invention are disclosed herein. However, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary of the present invention, which may be embodied in various systems. Therefore, specific details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but rather as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one of skill in the art to variously practice the invention.
The present invention is based on Applicant's recognition that an accurate, precise and repeatable tissue spectra of an individual including selected wavelengths in the near ultraviolet range, visible range, very near infrared range or near infrared range and combinations of selected wavelengths from these ranges contains spectral features and combinations of spectral features which are unique to that individual.
The spectral range over which biometric determinations have been demonstrated span wavelengths from 350nm to 2500nm, although it is likely that similar capabilities exist outside of this range.
The choice of which measurement wavelengths to use is driven in part by the to availability and cost of suitable illumination sources and detectors. In the case of the discrete light sources disclosed in this application, the most common and least expensive optical components work with light in the wavelength region from 350-1000nm. Such a system can be constructed from silicon detector material and readily available LEDs, laser diodes, VCSELs, or optical filters coupled to a bulb.
However, other detectors and other light sources could also be used as alternative components or to span a greater spectral range or a different spectral range.
The present method and apparatus also provides for biometric determination of whether a sample being measured is living tissue, known as a "liveness"
determination. Further, the present system maintains high system security because the biometric device ensures that the exact sample it is operating on is real and alive, in addition to matching the properties of the enrolled data. Thus, an accurate determination of liveness precludes the use of simulated body parts and/or parts that have been removed from authenticated individuals. It has been found that the spectroscopic signature of living tissue is substantially different than most other media (including dead tissue), and thus liveness determination is an integral part of the present biometric device and method.
The present method and apparatus can also be used to estimate or verify the age of a person undergoing the biometric measurement. Further, the present method and apparatus can be used to estimate or verify the sex of the person undergoing the biometric measurement.
A variety of embodiments are disclosed herein for a sensor apparatus that can obtain tissue spectra that can be utilized for biometric identification determinations, liveness determinations, age determinations and sex determinations. These embodiments of the present invention are amenable to miniaturization and ruggedization for incorporation in a variety of systems. Such fixed-installation applications include, but are not limited to, physical entry assurance to workplaces, homes, hotels, secure industrial areas and other controlled sites; time and attendance monitoring; automotive applications such as keyless entry, keyless start, automotive personality setting, and mobile Internet access; personal computer and network security; secure health record access; automated financial transactions; and authorized handgun use.
In addition to the fixed-system applications, the apparatus and methods to disclosed in this application can be used in small personal biometric packages such as smart cards, electronic fobs or wristwatches that the user/owner/wearer can carry with them and provide biometrically-assured authorization to a variety of devices and systems. Such personal biometric systems act as keys that provide access to protected property only if activated by the authorized individual, and reduces or eliminates entry to the protected system by unauthorized people. Thus, the personal biometric devices of the present invention become a type of smart key that allow access to any system that interfaces to such device and for which the holder is authorized to access.
Such systems and uses can include, but are not limited to, personal computers, network access devices, doors in office buildings and private residences, time-and-2o attendance systems, automobiles, security equipment, automated financial transactions, cellular telephones, toll booths, electronic vending machine transactions and pay-per-entry events such as movies, etc.
Alternatively, as personal electronics such as personal digital assistants (PDA) and cellular phones become integrated in a variety of wireless applications, the present invention pxovides a means to confirm the identity of the person using the device. This can be important when wireless applications such as mobile commerce use such devices to authorize monetary transfers or make purchases, while also allowing access to medical records and act as an electxonic key for homes, offices and automobiles. By providing an integrated, compact, rugged, secure biometric system that can be used to confirm the identity of a person attempting to use the PDA
to access protected property, the present invention provides a capability that is applicable in many everyday life situations.
_g_ In addition to the application of the spectral biometric sensor as a single biometric, the sensor and identification methods disclosed in this application can also be used in conjunction with other biometric techniques within a system to either increase the accuracy of the system or increase the robustness of the system.
In cases where greater system security is required, the spectral biometric technique may be combined with one or more other biometric methods and the results can be combined to ensure a person's identity. Alternatively, the disclosed systems and methods can be combined with other biometric techniques to offer more than one method to identify a person in case one method is disabled due to system failure or other reason, ensuring a more robust system performance overall.
One system for performing biometric determinations includes: an optical sensor head consisting of one or more monochromatic illumination sources, one or more detectors, and an optical sampler, all arranged such that there exists a plurality of source-detector spacings or a plurality of different monochromatic wavelengths, or both; a light-source encoding system; a microprocessor with an input and output device; a database including selected tissue spectral data for authorized persons or a collection of spectral data for individuals against which unknown individual's would be checked; and a program running in the microprocessor for discriminating between a target individual's spectral data and the authorized spectral data or collection of 2o spectra database containing spectra for a group of individuals. The program can include software for performing an analysis for liveness determination, age determination, and sex determination based on the measured spectral data.
These and various other advantages and features of novelty which characterize the present invention are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed hereto and forming a part hereof. However, for a better understanding of the invention, its advantages, and the object obtained by its use, reference should be made to the drawings which form a further part hereof, and to the accompanying descriptive matter in which there are illustrated and described preferred embodiments of the present invention.
3o Brief Description of the Drawings In the drawings, in which like reference numerals indicate corresponding parts or elements of preferred embodiments of the present invention throughout the several views:
Figure 1 is a perspective view of a spectral biometric sensor head in one preferred embodiment;
Figure 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the biometric sensor element coupled to the skin surface showing multiple mean optical paths;
Figure 3 is a schematic top view of the biometric sensor incorporating multiple light sources arranged with variable source-detector distances;
Figure 4 is a schematic representation of the top view of an alternative biometric sensor incorporating multiple light sources arranged with a common source-detector distance;
1 o Figure 5 is a schematic top view of an alternative biometric sensor incorporating multiple light sources and a waveguide/aperture plate to provide variable source-detectox distances;
Figure 6 is a schematic top view of an alternative biometric sensor including multiple light sources and multiple detectors providing variable source-detector separations;
Figure 7 is a schematic top view of an alternative biometric sensor incorporating multiple light sources and a detector array for providing variable source-detector separations;
Figure 8 is a schematic representation of a personal biometric sensor built into a key fob;
Figure 9 is a schematic representation of a watch including a personal biometric sensor built into a back faceplate of the watch;
Figure 10 is a schematic of a laboratory spectrometer system that was used to perform experiments to confirm performance of spectral biometric devices;
Figure 11 is a schematic diagram of an end view of a dual-path fiber optic sampler;
Figure 12 is a graph depicting receiver-operator characteristics for the dual-path sampler of Figure 11;
Figure 13 is a graph depicting equal error rates for the dual-path sampler analysis using variable numbers of discrete spectral elements;
Figure 14 graphically depicts experimental results for age prediction utilizing an embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 15 graphically depicts experimental xesults for a sex prediction utilizing an embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 16 graphically depicts sex prediction ability versus the portion of data determined to be ambiguous;
Figure 17 graphically depicts the results of liveness testing; and Figure 18 fuxther details the liveness testing depicted in Figure 17.
Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments Detailed embodiments of the present invention are disclosed herein. However, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary of the to present invention which may be embodied in various systems. Therefore, specific details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but rather as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one of skill in the art to variously practice the invention.
The present invention is based on Applicant's recognition that an accurate, precise and repeatable tissue spectrum of an individual in the near ultraviolet range, visible range, very near infrared, or near infrared spectral range and combinations of these ranges contains spectral features and combinations of spectral features which are unique to that individual. The present invention is further based on a recognition that proper analysis, utilizing discriminant analysis techniques, can identify these 2o unique features or combinations, which are not readily apparent in visual analysis of a spectral output, so that an individual's identity may be determined by comparison of tissue spectral data taken at the time of use and compared to stored tissue spectral data from prior measurement.
In addition, the tissue spectrum has been found to not only contain information that is unique to an individual, but also contains numerous features and combinations of features that indicate whether such spectral samples were taken while the sample was alive or not. The physiological effects that give rise to spectral features that indicate the state of a sample (alive or dead) include but are not limited to blood perfusion, temperature, hydration status, glucose and other analyte levels, and overall 3o state of tissue decay. 'Thus, the biometric identification and verification methods of the present invention can be also used in conjunction with, or separately from, the determination of the state of the liveness of the tissue. Tissue from other biological systems (organs, animals, etc.) has also been found to have spectral characteristics that are distinctly different from human skin due to differences in the tissue composition and form. Thus, the biometric identification methods of the present invention can be also used in conjunction with or separately from the determination of whether the sample is human skin or some other tissue. In addition, it has been found that tissue-like substances such as collagen gelatin, latex, water solutions, or others have spectral characteristics that are distinctly different than human tissue due to differences in composition and form. The biometric identification and verification methods of the present invention can thus be used with or separately from the determination whether the sample is actual tissue or some other substance.
l0 While utilizing the present invention, it has also been found that other spectral features observed in the tissue spectrum relate to the age and sex of the person being measured. It is believed that these features are due in part to the differences in dermal thickness between young and old people and between males and females. Such changes in skin thickness and composition affect the optical characteristics of the tissue by affecting the scattering properties of the sample. These properties in turn impose distinct spectral shapes on the measured tissue spectra, which can be extracted and used by appropriate multivariate techniques to provide age and sex estimates.
Referring now to Figure l, a perspective view of an embodiment of a typical optical sensor head of the present invention is shown. The sensor assembly 30 2o consists of a series or plurality of light sources 34 arranged in a selected manner on a sensor head 32, which also contains one or more detectors 36. The sensor assembly 30 may also include power conditioning electronics (not shown), which supply power to the light sources 34 and may also include signal processing electronics (not shown) which amplify the resulting signal from the detector 36. A multi-conductor cable 38 provides a means to power the sensor head and to transmit the detected signal back to the microprocessor or computer (not shown) that processes the spectral data.
The light sources 34 can be light emitting diodes (LEDs), laser diodes, vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELS), quartz tungsten halogen incandescent bulbs with optical pass-band filters with optical shutters, or a variety of other optical sources 3o known in the art. The light sources 34 can each have the same wavelength characteristics or can be comprised of souxces with different center wavelengths in the spectral range from about 350 nm to about 2500 nrn. In general, the collection of light sources 34 can include some sources that have the same wavelengths as others and some sources that are different. In a preferred embodiment, the light sources 34 includes sets of LEDs, laser diodes, VCSELs, or other solid-state optoelectronic devices with differing wavelength characteristics that lie within the spectral range from about 350 nm to about 1100 nm.
The detector 36 can be a single element or it can be a one- or two-dimensional array of elements. 'The detector type and material is chosen to be appropriate to the source wavelengths and the measurement signal and timing requirements. These detectors can include PbS, PbSe, InSb, InGaAs, MCT, bolometers and micro-bolometer arrays. In a preferred embodiment where the light sources 34 are solid l0 state optoelectronic devices operating in the spectral range from about 350 nm to about 1100 nm, the preferred detector material is silicon.
The light sources 34 can be sequentially illuminated and extinguished to measure the tissue properties for each source by turning power to each of them on and off. Alternatively, multiple light sources 34 can be electronically modulated using encoding methods that are known to one knowledgeable in the art. These encoding patterns include Fourier intensity modulation, Hadamard modulation, random modulation, and other modulation methods.
Figure 2 shows a cross-sectional view of the sensor head 32 of Figure Z, for use in diffuse reflectance measurements. Also shown is the tissue 40 in contact with 2o the face 39 of the sensor head 32 and the mean optical paths 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52 of the light traveling from each light source 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, respectively, to the detector 36. In acquiring tissue spectral data, measurements can be made in at least two different sampling modes. The optical geometry illustrated in Figure 2 is known as diffuse reflectance sampling geometry where the light sources and detector lie on the same side of the tissue. An alternative method is known as transmission sampling, wherein light enters a thin tissue region such as an earlobe or a fingertip on one side and then is detected by a detector located on the other side of the tissue.
Although light in such regions as the silicon-region can penetrate tissue to significant depths of one centimeter or more, depending upon the wavelength, transmission sampling of the 3o tissue limits the region of the body that can be used. Thus, while either mode of sampling is applicable to the present invention, and especially to analysis utilizing light in the silicon-region, a preferred and more versatile sampling method is based upon reflected light.
Referring to Figure 2, when the tissue is illuminated by a particular light source 41, the resulting signal detected by detector 36 contains information about the tissue optical properties along a path between the source 41 and detector 36.
The actual path of any given photon is highly erratic due to effects of optical scattering by the tissue, but the mean optical path 42 is a more regular and smooth curve, as shown in the figure.
This mean optical path is, in general, different fox different source-detector separation distances. If another light source 51 is located at the same distance from the detector 36 as light source 41 and the two light sources have the same wavelength 1o characteristics, the resulting signals can be combined to increase the resulting signal-to-noise ratio of the measurement. If light source 51 has a different wavelength characteristic than light source 41 then, in general, the resulting signals provide unique and useful information about the tissue optical properties, especially as they relate to spectral biometric determinations and should be analyzed as distinct data points. In a similar manner, if two light sources have the same wavelength characteristics and are positioned at different distances from the detector 36 (for example light sources 41 and 43) then the resulting information in the two signals is different and the measurements should be recorded and analyzed as distinct data points. Differences in both wavelength characteristics and source-detector separation 2o provide new and useful information about the optical characteristics of the tissue 40.
In general, the detector 36 can be located in the center of the sensor head or it can be offset to one side of the sensor head 32 in order to provide for greater source-detector separation distances. The sensor head 32 can be other shapes including oval, square and rectangular. The sensor head 32 can also have a compound curvature on the optical surface to match the profile of the device in which it is mounted.
Light that reflects from the topmost layer of skin does not contain significant information about the deeper tissue properties. In fact, reflections from the top surface of tissue (known as "specular" or "shunted" light) are detrimental to most optical measurements. For this reason, Figure 2 illustrates a sensor-head geometry wherein the detector 36 is recessed from the sensor surface 39 in optically opaque material 37 that makes up the body of the sensor head 32. The recessed placement of detector 36 minimizes the amount of light that can be detected after reflecting off the first (epidermal) surface of the tissue. It can be seen that the same optical blocking effect could be produced by recessing each of the light sources, or by recessing both the detector and the light sources. Other equivalent means of optical blocking can be readily established by one of ordinary skill in the art.
Figure 3 shows a top view of the sensor head 32 with plurality light sources and a single detector 36 visible. This figure is intended to be representative of configurations that allows for a variety of sources 34 and detectors 36 that have variable spacing between them. In general, this configuration is most applicable in cases where a small number of light sources 34 with different wavelength characteristics are available. In these cases, the variable distance between sources 34 l0 and detector 36 are used to gather additional optical information from the tissue.
Referring to Figure 4, the light sources 34 can also be arranged to be equidistant from the detector 36. This configuration is most appropriate in cases where each light source 34 is a different wavelength and sufficient light sources can be obtained to achieve the desired accuracy results for the system. An example of this occurs When the individual light sources are the result of combining optical filters with one or more broad-band (e.g., incandescent) light sources. In this case, many unique wavelength bands can be defined and each of the sources 34 can be placed equidistant from the central detector 36.
An alternative embodiment of a variable source-detector configuration is illustrated in Figure S, which schematically depicts a top view of a sensor 70 of this type.
In this embodiment, the four different light sources 71, 74, 77, 80 are arranged around a common detector 83. Four different light sources 71, 74, 77, 80 are shown for illustration but fewer or more can be used in a particular embodiment. Each of the light sources 71, 74, 77, 80 is optically coupled to a different optical waveguide 72, 75, 78, 81. Each waveguide 72, 75, 78, 81 has individually controllable electronic or mechanical optical shutters 73, 76, 79, 82. These optical shutters 73, 76, 79, 81 can be individually controlled to encode the light by allowing light to enter the tissue from a waveguide 72, 75, 78, 81 at a predetermined position or positions. One method for implementing optical shutters is using micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) structures, which is a technology well known to one of ordinary skill in the art. The light sources 71, 74, 77, 80 can be different LEDs, laser diodes or VCSELs.
Alternatively, one or more incandescent sources with different optical filters can be used to generate light of different wavelength characteristics to couple into each of the waveguides 72, 75, 78, 81. As well, this MEMS aperture geometry could be used with other illumination sources and geometries illustrated in the other figures in this application.
Alternatively, multiple source-detector distances can also be achieved by using more than one detector element as shown in Figure 6. Figure 6 schematically depicts a top view of a sensor 80 of this type. In this embodiment, each of three different light sources 82, 84, 86 is positioned relative to three detectors 81, 83, 85 such that the spacing between a given light source and each of the detectors is different.
For example, the source detector spacing for a light source 82 is shortest with respect to detector 85 and longest with respect to detector 83. By turning on the light sources 82, 84, 86 in a to sequential or encoded pattern and measuring the response at each of the three detectors 81, 83, 85, the tissue characteristics for all of the available source-detector separations at all of the wavelengths can be measured.
The use of multiple detector elements and multiple illumination sources can be extended to using a detector array as shown in Figure 7. Figure 7 schematically depicts a top view of a sensor 90 of this type. In this embodiment, multiple light sources 92, 94, 96, 98 are placed at the perimeter of a detector array 99. The signal detected at each of the array elements then represents a different source-detector separation with respect to the light from a given light source. Many variants on this configuration exist including the use of one-dimensional (1-D) or two-dimensional (2-D) arrays, and placing sources 2o within the array as well as on the periphery.
The detectors) can be any material appropriate to the spectral region being detected. For light in the region from about 350 nm to about 1100 nm, a preferred detector material is silicon and can be implemented as a single-element device, a collection of discrete elements, or a 1-D or 2-D array, depending upon the system configuration and encoding method used. For light in the region from about 1.25 to about 2.5~m, a preferred detector material is InGaAs and can also be implemented as a single element, a collection of elements, or a 1-D or 2-D array. Additional detector materials and means of detection include InSb, Ge, MCT, PbS, PbSe, bolometers, and others known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
3o Once the light passing though the tissue is detected, the signals can be digitized and recorded by standard techniques. The recorded data can then be processed directly or converted into absorbance spectra or noised-scaled absorbance spectra as is known to one of ordinary skill in the art. The data can then be used for spectral identification or verification by the methods described in U.S. Patent Application Serial No.
09/832,534, filed April 11, 2001, entitled "Apparatus and Method of Biometric Identification or Verification of Individuals using Optical Spectroscopy", and U.S.
Patent Application Serial No. 09/415,594, filed October 8, 1999, entitled "Apparatus and Method for Identification of Individuals by Near-Infrared Spectrum".
A small spectral biometric subassembly, such as those discussed above, can be embedded in a variety of systems and applications. 'The spectral biometric reader can be configured as a dedicated system that is connected to a PC or a network interface, an ATM, securing an entryway, or allowing access to a particular piece of electronics such 1o as a cellular phone. In this mode, one or more people can be enrolled in the biometric system and use a particular reader to gain access to a particular function or area.
Alternatively, the spectral biometric system can configured as a personal biometric system that confirms the identity of the sole person authorized to use the device, and transmits this authorization to any properly equipped PC, ATM, entryway, or piece of electronics that requires access authorization. One advantage of this latter approach is that the personal biometric system can transmit an identifying code to the requesting unit and then use the biometric signal to confirnl authorization, which implies that the system needs to perform a verification task rather than the more difficult identification task. Yet, from the user's perspective, the system recognizes the user without an explicit need to identify himself or herself. Thus, the system appears to operate in an identification mode, which is more convenient for the user.
An additional advantage of a personal biometric system is that if an unauthorized person is able to defeat the personal biometric system code for a particular biometric system-person combination, the personal biometric system can be reset or replaced to use a new identifying code and thus re-establish a secure biometric for the authorized person. This capability is in contrast to multi-person biometric systems that base their authorization solely on a biometric signature (spectral, as well as any of the other biometric techniques such as fingerprint, iris, facial, etc.). In this latter case, if an intruder is able to compromise the system by somehow imitating the signal from an 3o authorized user, there is no capability to change the biometric code since it is based solely on a fined physiological characteristic of a person.
Figure 8 shows one embodiment of a personal spectral biometric system 100 in the configuration of an electronic key fob 102. The equidistant sensor configuration of Figure 4 is shown for illustration purposes only. Any of the disclosed sensor configurations are application in the electronic key fob. The illumination 104 and detection system 106 are built into the fob 102, as is the means to collect and digitize the spectral information. In one embodiment, short-range wireless techniques based upon RF signals 103 can be transmitted to communicate between the fob and a corresponding reader (not shown) that allows access to the PC, entryway, etc. In another embodiment, an infrared optical signal can be used to transmit the information between the fob and the reader. In another embodiment, a direct electrical connection is established between the personal biometric system and the reader. The actual comparison between the measured 1o spectral data and the previously recorded enrollment spectrum (template) can be made either within the fob or at the reader. In the former case, the logical operations necessary to perform the comparison axe done within the fob and then a simple confn-med or denied signal is transmitted to the reader. In the latter case, the most recent measured spectrum is transmitted to the reader and the comparison and decision is accomplished at the reader or at a host to which the reader is connected. In either case, the communication between the fob and the reader needs to be performed in a secure manner to avoid interception and unauthorized use of the system. Methods for ensuring secure communication between two devices are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
2o A second embodiment of a personal spectral biometric system 110 is depicted in Figure 9. In this case, the biometric reader 111 is built into the case of a watch 112 and operates based upon signals detected from the skin in the area of the wrist.
The operation of this system is identical to the operation described for the biometric fob.
Figure 10 shows the equidistant-sensor geometry of Figure 4 for illustration purposes only. Any of the sensor geometries previously disclosed can be used in this application.
In addition to the watch or fob, similar biometric capability can be built into other personal electronic devices. These devices include personal digital assistants (PDAs) and cellular telephones. In each case, the personal biometric system can provide user authorization to access both the device in which it is installed, as well as to provide 3o authorization for mobile commerce (M-Commerce) or other wireless transactions that the device is capable of performing.
The compact sensors disclosed can also be put into firearms to prevent unauthorized usage. In particular, the biometric sensor could be placed in the handgrip of a weapon such as a handgun or other firearm to sense tissue properties while the gun is being held in a normal manner. A further capability of the apparatuses and methods disclosed in this application is the ability to identify people who are to be explicitly excluded from accessing protected property as well as determining those who are authorized to access the property. This capability will improve the biometric performance of the system with respect to those unauthorized people who are known to attempt to use the device, which could be particularly important in the case of a personal handgun. In particular, parents who own a biometrically enabled handgun can enroll themselves as authorized users and also can enroll their children as explicitly l0 unauthorized users. In this way, parents could have further insurance that children who are known to be in the same household as a gun will not be able to use it.
It is also possible to use the explicit-denial capability of a biometric system in a fixed installation such as a home, place of business, or an automobile. For example, a biometric system installed at the entryway of a place of business can be used to admit authorized employees and temporary workers. If an employee is fired or the term of the temporary employee expires, then their enrollment data can be shifted from the authorized to the unauthorized database, and an explicit check is made to deny access to the former employee if he or she attempts to enter.
Because of the nature of optical spectroscopy, it is difficult to generate spectra of similar shape and absorbance characteristics without using similar material for the sample. For this reason, many common materials, such as latex and wax that are used to defeat other biometric systems such as fingerprint readers or hand geometry systems are ineffective tissue surrogates for a spectral biometric system. By performing a spectral comparison, most non-tissue samples will be rejected, resulting in a strong countermeasure capability against potential intruders.
Similarly, many of the spectral features that are present in the wavelength ranges disclosed by this invention are indicative of living tissue. These features include oxy-and deoxy-hemoglobin bands, temperature effects, intracellular hydration, and others.
These effects contribute to the overall spectral signature of the sample being measured and ensure that a matching sample is one that is part of a living person and normally perfused. Thus, a good spectral comparison ensures the "liveness" of a sample and deters the use of dead or excised tissue as a means to circumvent the spectral biometric system.
In some applications, such as Internet access authorization, it may be useful to be able to verify the sex and/or age of the person using the spectral biometric system.
Because of both age- and sex-specific difference in skin structure and composition, the optical spectra change in systematic and indicative ways such that the age and sex can be estimated using the biometric spectral data.
In practicing the present invention, the tissue spectral data is determined by measuring the light intensity received by the output sensor for the various light sources which give indications of the optical properties of the tissue at different wavelengths and/or at different source-detector separations. As is well known to one l0 of ordinary skill in the art, the signal produced by the detector in response to the incident light levels can be converted into spectral data that can be recorded and used for subsequent analysis for enrollment or authorization of identity.
Experimental Results A laboratory experiment was performed to test and confirm the premise that discrete wavelength light sources could be used for biometric determination tasks and that further advantage could be gained by arranging the same sources with different source-detector spacings. Figure 10 shows a schematic of the laboratory system that was used in this experiment. This system used an illumination subsystem 100 that incorporated a 100W quartz tungsten halogen bulb 102 and some optical filters 104 to 2o transmit light in the 1.25 to 2.S~,m spectral range. The light was directed into a fiber-optic optical sampler 106, which was used to take diffuse reflectance optical measurements of the volar surface of the forearm. Diffusely reflected light collected by the sampler 106 was then directed into a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer 108 and detected by an extended range indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) detector I 10.
The spectrometer was a Perkin Eliner 2000 FTIR operating with a spectral resolution of l6crri 1. The resulting interferogram data were digitized, stored and converted to spectral data using techniques well known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
The optical sampler 106 included a sample head 120 whieh was capable of collecting tissue spectral data using two different source-detector spacings.
Figure 11 3o shows a top view of the optical sampler or sample head 120 including three different optical fiber groupings: an outer ring 121, an inner ring I22 and a central bundle 123.
The outer ring of optical fibers 121 and inner ring of optical fibers 122 were used to illuminate the tissue and the central bundle of fibers 123 was used to collect the diffusely reflected light. An optical switch (not shown) was built into the optical sampler subsystem such that either the outer ring of optical fibers 121 or the inner ring of optical fibers 122 was illuminating the tissue at any one time. The center-to-center spacing of the inner ring fibers 122 to the center detection bundle 123 was approximately 0.5 mm while the outer ring 121 separation was approximately 0.7mm. Thus, spectra collected when the outer ring was illuminating the tissue had a longer and deeper average path length than spectra collected with inner ring 122 illumination. The optical system was set up so spectra were collected alternately using inner and outer illumination closely spaced in time.
to Twenty-two diabetic subjects participated in a study, which spanned a total duration of 16 weeks. Each person in the study was measured during two separate visits per week for each of the first 7 weeks of the study. There was then an 8-week gap, followed by one additional week of study where each person again was measured during two separate visits. During each measurement visit, multiple (5) optical samples were collected from the underside of their left forearm. Each optical sample consisted of 90 seconds of measurement time.
The optical samples collected by the sampler shown in Figuxe 11 were used to simulate a discrete souxce configuration similar to that shown in Figure 3.
Although the system shown in Figure 11 is a broadband illumination system, the spectral data collected on this laboratory system were post-processed to emulate a discrete wavelength system. A small number of uniformly spaced, discrete spectral elements (variously 4, 6, 10, or 20) were selected from the continuous spectral data and used for subsequent biometric analysis using the same type of analysis described previously. The biometric determinations were made in a manner very similar to the technique described in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 09/832,534, filed April 11, 2001, entitled "Apparatus and Method of Biometric Identification or Verification of Individuals using Optical Spectroscopy". In particular, the biometric analysis was performed by randomly selecting a small number of subjects' data as from authorized users ("validation"), a different small subset as non-authorized users ("intruders"), 3o and the remaining subjects' data were used to build a calibration set. Due to the relatively small number of subjects, the analysis used six random subjects for validation and two as intruders. This analysis was repeated 10 times and output was pooled to achieve stable results.
The calibration data were processed to produce generic data as described in U.S. Patent No. 6,157,041, entitled "Methods and Apparatus for Tailoring Spectroscopic Calibration Models". A PCA decomposition of these data was performed to generate 50 eigenvectors and scores. The scores were then analyzed to determine the 20 factors that had the largest values for the ratio of the between-person variation to the within-person variation for each set of scores.
The first two samples for each of the validation subject's data were averaged and used as the initial enrollment spectra. Each of the remaining validation spectra were taken in temporal sequence and subtracted from the enrollment spectrum. This spectral l0 difference was then presented to the selected calibration factors and a Mahalanobis distance was calculated. If the Mahalanobis distance was below a certain threshold value, the validation spectrum was deemed valid, and a weighted sum of the validation spectrum (0.2) and the enrollment spectrum (0.8) was used to update the enrollment spectrum. 'This process was repeated for multiple threshold values. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the Spectral F-Ratio could be used instead of or in conjunction with the Mahalanobis distance metric to perform the identity determinations.
The intruder data was processed in a similar manner as the validation data using the same threshold values.
This analysis was applied to spectral data from inner ring illumination, from outer-ring illumination, and to a data set that concatenated the selected data from both inner- and outer-ring illumination. This latter case simulated the condition where one pair of some number, N, of different discrete sources were used for illumination at two different source-detector distances and data were collected for each of the 2N
sources separately.
The results of this analysis are shown in Figures 12 and 13. Figure 12 depicts the receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curves for the case where 20 of the spectral elements were used for biometric identification tasks. The equal error rate (EER, defined as the false acceptance rate = false rejection rate) of the inner-ring data is 2.0%
while the outer-ring data yields an EER of 1.6%. In contrast, a spectral data set made up of both of the inner- and outer-ring spectral elements gives an improved EER
of 0.7%.
Figure 13 shows the EER for all three sampling conditions for cases where 4,6,10, and 20 elements are used for analysis. In all cases, the combined-ring data performs much better than either of the separate channels, indicating that additional biometric information is available by using the same wavelengths to measure tissue with multiple source-detector separations.
The ability to assess age using spectral data was tested using the TIIR
spectra from a multi-person study that was conducted using a laboratory-grade FTIR
system similar to that shown in Figures 10 and 11. However, the light source 102 was a 40W
quartz tungsten halogen bulb, the FTIR spectrometer 108 was a Bomem WorkIR, and the optical sampler 106 consisted of a just a single illumination ring and a central detector fiber bundle similar to the inner ring 122 and central bundle 123 shown in Figure 11.
to The data were collected from 87 diabetic people who participated in a portion of a 17-week study. Approximately half of the people participated in the study fox 6 weeks and half participated for 11 weeks. In either case, each person was measured during two separate visits per week for each week they participated in the study. During each measurement visit, multiple (3-5) optical samples were collected from the underside of their left forearm. Each optical sample consisted of 90 seconds of measurement time. A
total of more than 5100 optical samples were collected on this study group.
The resulting intensity spectra were log-transformed to pseudo-absorbance data and a scale function was applied to the spectra to make the spectral noise characteristics uniform.
Standard outlier metrics (Mahalanobis Distance and Spectral F-Ratio) were applied to 2o the resulting scaled absorbance data to remove outlying spectra before subsequent processing.
The scaled absorbance spectra and the corresponding ages of the subject were used in conjunction with the partial least squares (PLS) multivariate calibration algorithm to determine the age-prediction accuracy. A person-out cross validation was performed, giving the results shown in Figure 14 where "SEP" is standard error of prediction, which is a one-standard-deviation measure of the error. It can be seen that age predictions with an SEP better than 6 years is possible based upon I~IR
tissue spectra.
A similar multivariate analysis was performed to determine sex prediction 3o capability. In this case, each of the I~IIR spectra from the 87 subjects was assigned a reference value of either 0 or 1 based upon the sex of the person from whom the spectrum was measured. These spectral data and reference values were then processed using PLS and a subject-out cxoss-validation to determine sex predictions.
Predicted values greater than 0.5 were assigned a value of 1 and predictions less than 0.5 were assigned a 0. The results of this analysis are given in Figure 15, where it can be seen that approximately 85% of the spectra yielded accuxate sex predictions. In some of these cases, the raw predictions were close to the threshold value of 0.5, which implies they were suspect and ambiguous. If those predictions closest to the threshold are eliminated as ambiguous, the prediction ability on the remaining samples is improved.
Figure 16 shows how the prediction ability improves as a function of how often a spectrum is considered ambiguous.
The ability of a spectral biometric to discriminate between live tissue and other i0 sample types is shown in Figures 17 and 18. The experiment that gave these results was based on a demonstration that was set up to perform an identification task among a small group of enrolled people. In this experiment, several persons enrolled as valid users on a system similar to the one described in the NIR 87 parson analysis section, above. One of the valid users then presented themselves to the system along with another person who was not enrolled in the system. As well, a latex glove was filled with a saline solution and used to collect another test sample. Finally, a piece of cowhide was also measured on the system as a test sample. The results of this experiment are shown in Figure 17, where it can be seen that the latex glove pxoduces severely inflated matching metrics.
Figure 18 shows a blow-up of Figure 18, where it can also be seen that even a closely 2o matched tissue sample such as the cowhide produces greatly inflated results. The sample taken from the person who is authorized matches best, while the unauthorized person's sample shows a marked inflation relative to the other valid user's sample.
New characteristics and advantages of the invention covered by this document have been set forth in the foregoing description. It will be understood, however, that this disclosure is, in many respects, only illustrative. Changes may be made in details, particularly in matters of shape, size, and arrangement of parts, without exceeding the scope of the invention. The scope of the invention is, of course, defined in the language in which the appended claims are expressed.
Claims (64)
1. A system for collecting spectral information from tissue fox performing biometric determination tasks comprising:
a plurality of discrete light sources;
means to encode the light sources;
means to direct the light into the tissue;
means to detect light that has substantially passed through sub-surface tissue;
means to record and store the resulting detector signals; and means for processing the resulting spectral data to perform a biometric determination.
a plurality of discrete light sources;
means to encode the light sources;
means to direct the light into the tissue;
means to detect light that has substantially passed through sub-surface tissue;
means to record and store the resulting detector signals; and means for processing the resulting spectral data to perform a biometric determination.
2. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said light sources are light emitting diodes.
3. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said light sources are laser diodes.
4. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said light sources are vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs).
5. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said light sources are based on one or more incandescent sources coupled to a plurality of optical filters.
6. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said means to encode the light sources is electronic.
7. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said means to encode the light sources is electromechanical.
8. The system as recited in claim 7, wherein said electromechanical means of encoding is a micro electromechanical system (MEMS) assembly.
9. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said means to encode the light sources is mechanical.
10. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said encoding causes a sequential series of single light sources to illuminate the tissue during the tissue sampling interval.
11. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said encoding causes combinations of light sources to illuminate the tissue during the sampling interval.
12. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said means to direct the light into the tissue causes the light to enter the tissue at substantially the same source-detector distance for all combinations of sources and detectors.
13. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said means to direct the light into the tissue causes the light to enter the tissue at substantially different source-detector distances for some combinations of sources and detectors.
14. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said tissue is skin.
15. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said means to detect light is a single-element detector.
16. The system as recited in claim 15, wherein said single element detector is a silicon detector.
17. The system as recited in claim 15, wherein said single element detector is an indium gallium arsenide detector.
18. The system as recited in claim 15, wherein said single element detector is an lead sulfide detector.
19. The system as recited in claim 15, wherein said single element detector is a bolometer.
20. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said means to detect light is a detector array.
21. The system as recited in claim 20, wherein said detector array is a silicon detector array.
22. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said detected light is diffusely reflected from the tissue.
23. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said detected light is transmitted through the tissue.
24. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said biometric determination is an identification task.
25. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said biometric determination is a identity verification task.
26. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said biometric determination is an age estimation task.
27. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said biometric determination is a sex estimation task.
28. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said biometric determination is a liveness determination task.
29. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said biometric determination is an authentic-sample determination task.
30. An illumination system for collecting spectral information from tissue for performing biometric determination tasks comprising:
a plurality of discrete light sources; and means to encode the intensity of the light sources.
a plurality of discrete light sources; and means to encode the intensity of the light sources.
31. The system as recited in claim 30, wherein said light sources are all substantially the same distance from a common point.
32. The system as recited in claim 31, wherein said light sources are light emitting diodes.
33. The system as recited in claim 31, wherein said light sources are laser diodes.
34. The system as recited in claim 31, wherein said light sources are vertical cavity surface emitting lasers.
35. The system as recited in claim 31, wherein said light sources are optical filters coupled to one or more incandescent light sources.
36. The system as recited in claim 30, wherein said light sources are arranged to be at two or more substantially different distances from a common point.
37. The system as recited in claim 36 wherein said light sources are light emitting diodes.
38. The system as recited in claim 36 wherein said light sources are laser diodes.
39. The system as recited in claim 36 wherein said light sources are vertical cavity surface emitting lasers.
40. The system as recited in claim 36 wherein said light sources are optical filters coupled to one or more incandescent light sources.
41. The system as recited in claim 30, wherein said means to encode the light sources is electronic.
42. The system as recited in claim 31, wherein said means to encode the light sources is electromechanical.
43. The system as recited in claim 42, wherein said electromechanical means of encoding is a micro electromechanical system (MEMS) assembly.
44. The system as recited in claim 31, wherein said means to encode the light sources is mechanical.
45. A method for performing a biometric determination task using tissue spectral data, said spectral data having a number of measurement values, comprising the steps of:
obtaining target tissue spectral data from said target individual using illumination from a number of discrete light sources; and processing said target tissue spectral data using multivariate algorithms to produce a biometric determination.
obtaining target tissue spectral data from said target individual using illumination from a number of discrete light sources; and processing said target tissue spectral data using multivariate algorithms to produce a biometric determination.
46. The method recited in claim 45 wherein said spectral data represents a single source-detector separation distance.
47. The method recited in claim 45 wherein said spectral data represents a plurality of source-detector separation distances.
48. The method recited in claim 45 wherein said biometric determination is an identification task.
49. The method recited in claim 45 wherein said biometric determination is an identity verification task.
50. The method recited in claim 45 wherein said biometric determination is an age estimation task.
51. The method recited in claim 45 wherein said biometric determination is a sex estimation task.
52. The method recited in claim 45 wherein said biometric determination is a liveness determination task.
53. The method recited in claim 45 wherein said biometric determination is a sample authenticity task.
54. A personal identification system for performing biometric determination tasks to enable access to protected property, comprising:
a personal device;
a spectral biometric sensor;
means for processing the resulting spectral data to perform a biometric determination; and means to authorize access or deny access to the protected property in accordance with the results of the biometric determination.
a personal device;
a spectral biometric sensor;
means for processing the resulting spectral data to perform a biometric determination; and means to authorize access or deny access to the protected property in accordance with the results of the biometric determination.
55. A system as recited in claim 54, wherein the personal device is a personal digital assistant.
56. A system as recited in claim 54, wherein the personal device is a cellular telephone.
57. A system as recited in claim 54, wherein the personal device is a wristwatch.
58. A system as recited in claim 54, wherein the personal device is an electronic fob.
59. A system as recited in claim 54, wherein the personal device is a smart card.
60. A system as recited in claim 54, wherein the personal device is a firearm.
61. A method for limiting access to protected property using a biometric sensor comprising steps of:
collecting biometric enrollment data from known unauthorized people;
collecting target biometric data from target people;
comparing said target biometric data to said unauthorized enrollment data; and denying access to said protected property if match between said target biometric data and said unauthorized enrollment data is determined.
collecting biometric enrollment data from known unauthorized people;
collecting target biometric data from target people;
comparing said target biometric data to said unauthorized enrollment data; and denying access to said protected property if match between said target biometric data and said unauthorized enrollment data is determined.
62. The method recited in claim 61, wherein said biometric sensor is a spectral biometric sensor.
63. The method recited in claim 61, wherein said protected property is a weapon.
64. The method recited in claim 63, wherein said weapon is a firearm.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/874,740 US7890158B2 (en) | 2001-06-05 | 2001-06-05 | Apparatus and method of biometric determination using specialized optical spectroscopy systems |
US09/874,740 | 2001-06-05 | ||
PCT/US2002/001091 WO2002099393A2 (en) | 2001-06-05 | 2002-01-15 | Apparatus and method of biometric determination on the basis of spectral optical measurements |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CA2448761A1 true CA2448761A1 (en) | 2002-12-12 |
Family
ID=25364459
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CA2448761A Abandoned CA2448761A1 (en) | 2001-06-05 | 2002-01-15 | Apparatus and method of biometric determination on the basis of spectral optical measurements |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (6) | US7890158B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1397667B1 (en) |
JP (3) | JP2005500095A (en) |
KR (2) | KR20090012362A (en) |
CN (1) | CN100415164C (en) |
AT (1) | ATE434973T1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2002251767B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2448761A1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE60232794D1 (en) |
IL (1) | IL159108A0 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2002099393A2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (206)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7890158B2 (en) | 2001-06-05 | 2011-02-15 | Lumidigm, Inc. | Apparatus and method of biometric determination using specialized optical spectroscopy systems |
US6628809B1 (en) * | 1999-10-08 | 2003-09-30 | Lumidigm, Inc. | Apparatus and method for identification of individuals by near-infrared spectrum |
US6816605B2 (en) | 1999-10-08 | 2004-11-09 | Lumidigm, Inc. | Methods and systems for biometric identification of individuals using linear optical spectroscopy |
US7921297B2 (en) | 2001-01-10 | 2011-04-05 | Luis Melisendro Ortiz | Random biometric authentication utilizing unique biometric signatures |
US8462994B2 (en) * | 2001-01-10 | 2013-06-11 | Random Biometrics, Llc | Methods and systems for providing enhanced security over, while also facilitating access through, secured points of entry |
US8581697B2 (en) | 2001-04-11 | 2013-11-12 | Trutouch Technologies Inc. | Apparatuses for noninvasive determination of in vivo alcohol concentration using raman spectroscopy |
US8174394B2 (en) | 2001-04-11 | 2012-05-08 | Trutouch Technologies, Inc. | System for noninvasive determination of analytes in tissue |
US7259906B1 (en) | 2002-09-03 | 2007-08-21 | Cheetah Omni, Llc | System and method for voice control of medical devices |
FR2850191B1 (en) * | 2003-01-21 | 2006-04-28 | Atmel Grenoble Sa | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR SECURING PERSON RECOGNITION |
US7627151B2 (en) * | 2003-04-04 | 2009-12-01 | Lumidigm, Inc. | Systems and methods for improved biometric feature definition |
US7460696B2 (en) | 2004-06-01 | 2008-12-02 | Lumidigm, Inc. | Multispectral imaging biometrics |
US7394919B2 (en) * | 2004-06-01 | 2008-07-01 | Lumidigm, Inc. | Multispectral biometric imaging |
US7539330B2 (en) * | 2004-06-01 | 2009-05-26 | Lumidigm, Inc. | Multispectral liveness determination |
US7668350B2 (en) | 2003-04-04 | 2010-02-23 | Lumidigm, Inc. | Comparative texture analysis of tissue for biometric spoof detection |
KR20060002923A (en) * | 2003-04-04 | 2006-01-09 | 루미다임 인크. | Multispectral biometric sensor |
US7347365B2 (en) * | 2003-04-04 | 2008-03-25 | Lumidigm, Inc. | Combined total-internal-reflectance and tissue imaging systems and methods |
US7751594B2 (en) | 2003-04-04 | 2010-07-06 | Lumidigm, Inc. | White-light spectral biometric sensors |
DE10325106A1 (en) | 2003-06-03 | 2004-12-30 | Disetronic Licensing Ag | Device and method for recognizing a user of a medical device |
US20050007582A1 (en) * | 2003-07-07 | 2005-01-13 | Lumidigm, Inc. | Methods and apparatus for collection of optical reference measurements for monolithic sensors |
US8306607B1 (en) | 2003-10-30 | 2012-11-06 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Implantable sensing arrangement and approach |
JP4556107B2 (en) * | 2003-10-30 | 2010-10-06 | ソニー株式会社 | Imaging apparatus and method, and communication terminal apparatus |
US7263213B2 (en) * | 2003-12-11 | 2007-08-28 | Lumidigm, Inc. | Methods and systems for estimation of personal characteristics from biometric measurements |
CN100447804C (en) * | 2003-12-11 | 2008-12-31 | 光谱辨识公司 | Methods and systems for estimation of personal characteristics from biometric measurements |
JP4280993B2 (en) * | 2003-12-24 | 2009-06-17 | ソニー株式会社 | Imaging apparatus, method thereof, and program |
JP4385284B2 (en) * | 2003-12-24 | 2009-12-16 | ソニー株式会社 | Imaging apparatus and imaging method |
WO2005091182A2 (en) * | 2004-03-19 | 2005-09-29 | Roger Humbel | Mobile telephone all in one remote key or software regulating card for radio bicycle locks, cars, houses, and rfid tags, with authorisation and payment function |
JP4217646B2 (en) * | 2004-03-26 | 2009-02-04 | キヤノン株式会社 | Authentication method and authentication apparatus |
US8515506B2 (en) | 2004-05-24 | 2013-08-20 | Trutouch Technologies, Inc. | Methods for noninvasive determination of in vivo alcohol concentration using Raman spectroscopy |
US8730047B2 (en) | 2004-05-24 | 2014-05-20 | Trutouch Technologies, Inc. | System for noninvasive determination of analytes in tissue |
US20120078473A1 (en) * | 2004-05-24 | 2012-03-29 | Trent Ridder | Apparatus and Method for Controlling Operation of Vehicles or Machinery by Intoxicated or Impaired Individuals |
CA2569440A1 (en) * | 2004-06-01 | 2006-09-08 | Lumidigm, Inc. | Multispectral imaging biometrics |
US8229185B2 (en) | 2004-06-01 | 2012-07-24 | Lumidigm, Inc. | Hygienic biometric sensors |
US7508965B2 (en) * | 2004-06-01 | 2009-03-24 | Lumidigm, Inc. | System and method for robust fingerprint acquisition |
US8787630B2 (en) | 2004-08-11 | 2014-07-22 | Lumidigm, Inc. | Multispectral barcode imaging |
KR20070083854A (en) * | 2004-09-29 | 2007-08-24 | 머티리얼스 리서치 서비시즈 | Ir spectrographic apparatus and method for diagnosis of disease |
WO2006074337A1 (en) * | 2005-01-06 | 2006-07-13 | Lightouch Medical, Inc. | Specialized human servo device and process for tissue modulation of human fingertips |
WO2006082550A1 (en) * | 2005-02-07 | 2006-08-10 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Biometric identification apparatus using fluorescence spectroscopy |
US20060236121A1 (en) * | 2005-04-14 | 2006-10-19 | Ibm Corporation | Method and apparatus for highly secure communication |
US7801338B2 (en) | 2005-04-27 | 2010-09-21 | Lumidigm, Inc. | Multispectral biometric sensors |
US20090113963A1 (en) * | 2005-05-03 | 2009-05-07 | Pocrass Alan L | Electronic lock system and method of use thereof |
KR101008789B1 (en) | 2005-06-13 | 2011-01-14 | 가부시키가이샤 히타치세이사쿠쇼 | Vein authentication device |
US20070004972A1 (en) * | 2005-06-29 | 2007-01-04 | Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc. | Handheld device for determining skin age, proliferation status and photodamage level |
EP1920597B1 (en) * | 2005-09-01 | 2021-09-22 | HID Global Corporation | Biometric sensors |
JP2009511094A (en) * | 2005-09-01 | 2009-03-19 | ルミダイム インコーポレイテッド | Biometric sensor |
JP4692174B2 (en) | 2005-09-14 | 2011-06-01 | 株式会社日立製作所 | Personal authentication device and door opening / closing system |
JP2007206991A (en) | 2006-02-02 | 2007-08-16 | Hitachi Ltd | Bioinformation processor and bioinformation processing program |
KR100770833B1 (en) * | 2006-03-09 | 2007-10-26 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Optical sensor module |
GB0607270D0 (en) * | 2006-04-11 | 2006-05-17 | Univ Nottingham | The pulsing blood supply |
KR100795921B1 (en) * | 2006-05-02 | 2008-01-21 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Portable device for measuring body fat and optical sensor module of the device |
KR100792259B1 (en) * | 2006-05-19 | 2008-01-07 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Portable device for measuring body fat and optical sensor module of the device |
US7995808B2 (en) | 2006-07-19 | 2011-08-09 | Lumidigm, Inc. | Contactless multispectral biometric capture |
US8355545B2 (en) | 2007-04-10 | 2013-01-15 | Lumidigm, Inc. | Biometric detection using spatial, temporal, and/or spectral techniques |
US8175346B2 (en) | 2006-07-19 | 2012-05-08 | Lumidigm, Inc. | Whole-hand multispectral biometric imaging |
WO2008100329A2 (en) | 2006-07-19 | 2008-08-21 | Lumidigm, Inc. | Multibiometric multispectral imager |
US7801339B2 (en) | 2006-07-31 | 2010-09-21 | Lumidigm, Inc. | Biometrics with spatiospectral spoof detection |
US7804984B2 (en) | 2006-07-31 | 2010-09-28 | Lumidigm, Inc. | Spatial-spectral fingerprint spoof detection |
KR100827138B1 (en) | 2006-08-10 | 2008-05-02 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Apparatus for measuring living body information |
WO2008037068A1 (en) * | 2006-09-29 | 2008-04-03 | Ottawa Health Research Institute | Correlation technique for analysis of clinical condition |
US8160668B2 (en) * | 2006-09-29 | 2012-04-17 | Nellcor Puritan Bennett Llc | Pathological condition detector using kernel methods and oximeters |
WO2008076353A2 (en) * | 2006-12-15 | 2008-06-26 | Futrex Inc. | Optical spectrophotometer |
KR100851981B1 (en) * | 2007-02-14 | 2008-08-12 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Liveness detection method and apparatus in video image |
US8098900B2 (en) * | 2007-03-06 | 2012-01-17 | Honeywell International Inc. | Skin detection sensor |
WO2008134135A2 (en) * | 2007-03-21 | 2008-11-06 | Lumidigm, Inc. | Biometrics based on locally consistent features |
JP4407714B2 (en) | 2007-04-06 | 2010-02-03 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | Biometric authentication device and biometric authentication method |
US20080287809A1 (en) * | 2007-04-24 | 2008-11-20 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Biological information measuring apparatus and biological information measuring method |
JP2008264518A (en) * | 2007-04-24 | 2008-11-06 | Hokkaido Univ | Biological information measuring instrument and biological information measuring method |
US8284019B2 (en) * | 2007-05-08 | 2012-10-09 | Davar Pishva | Spectroscopic method and system for multi-factor biometric authentication |
US7734321B2 (en) * | 2007-07-13 | 2010-06-08 | All Protect, Llc | Apparatus for non-invasive spectroscopic measurement of analytes, and method of using the same |
JP2009031903A (en) * | 2007-07-25 | 2009-02-12 | Sony Corp | Biometric authentication device |
JP4379500B2 (en) * | 2007-07-30 | 2009-12-09 | ソニー株式会社 | Biological imaging device |
WO2009032640A2 (en) * | 2007-08-28 | 2009-03-12 | Thermo Niton Analyzers Llc | Contactless memory information storage for sample analysis and hand-holdable analyzer for use therewith |
CN103637768B (en) | 2007-09-13 | 2017-08-08 | 圣路易斯医疗器械有限公司 | Optical device components |
US7809418B2 (en) * | 2007-10-04 | 2010-10-05 | The Curators Of The University Of Missouri | Optical device components |
US7961305B2 (en) * | 2007-10-23 | 2011-06-14 | The Curators Of The University Of Missouri | Optical device components |
WO2009120600A2 (en) | 2008-03-25 | 2009-10-01 | The Curators Of The University Of Missouri | Method and system for non-invasive blood glucose detection utilizing spectral data of one or more components other than glucose |
US8185646B2 (en) | 2008-11-03 | 2012-05-22 | Veritrix, Inc. | User authentication for social networks |
CN104939806B (en) | 2008-05-20 | 2021-12-10 | 大学健康网络 | Apparatus and method for fluorescence-based imaging and monitoring |
RU2566920C2 (en) | 2008-05-22 | 2015-10-27 | Дзе Кьюрейторз Оф Дзе Юниверсити Оф Миссури | Method and system for non-invasive optic determination of blood glucose with application of data spectral analysis |
US20100004518A1 (en) | 2008-07-03 | 2010-01-07 | Masimo Laboratories, Inc. | Heat sink for noninvasive medical sensor |
US8630691B2 (en) | 2008-08-04 | 2014-01-14 | Cercacor Laboratories, Inc. | Multi-stream sensor front ends for noninvasive measurement of blood constituents |
ES2335565B1 (en) * | 2008-09-26 | 2011-04-08 | Hanscan Ip, B.V. | OPTICAL SYSTEM, PROCEDURE AND COMPUTER PROGRAM TO DETECT THE PRESENCE OF A LIVING BIOLOGICAL ELEMENT. |
WO2010056347A1 (en) * | 2008-11-14 | 2010-05-20 | Sti Medical Systems, Llc | Process and device for detection of precancer tissues with infrared spectroscopy. |
USD649894S1 (en) | 2008-12-30 | 2011-12-06 | Atek Products, Llc | Electronic token and data carrier |
USD649895S1 (en) * | 2009-01-30 | 2011-12-06 | Atek Products, Llc | Electronic token and data carrier |
EP2391991A1 (en) | 2009-01-30 | 2011-12-07 | Atek Products, LLC | Data carrier system having a compact footprint and methods of manufacturing the same |
USD649896S1 (en) * | 2009-01-30 | 2011-12-06 | Atek Products, Llc | Electronic token and data carrier receptacle |
US20100246902A1 (en) * | 2009-02-26 | 2010-09-30 | Lumidigm, Inc. | Method and apparatus to combine biometric sensing and other functionality |
DE102009011381A1 (en) * | 2009-03-05 | 2010-09-09 | Flore, Ingo, Dr. | Diagnostic measuring device |
EP2413784A4 (en) * | 2009-04-01 | 2014-01-22 | Univ Missouri | Optical spectroscopy device for non-invasive blood glucose detection and associated method of use |
USD649486S1 (en) | 2009-07-09 | 2011-11-29 | ATEK Products , LLC | Electronic token and data carrier |
WO2011028620A1 (en) | 2009-08-26 | 2011-03-10 | Lumidigm, Inc. | Multiplexed biometric imaging and dual-imager biometric sensor |
US8450688B2 (en) * | 2009-11-05 | 2013-05-28 | The Aerospace Corporation | Refraction assisted illumination for imaging |
US8461532B2 (en) * | 2009-11-05 | 2013-06-11 | The Aerospace Corporation | Refraction assisted illumination for imaging |
US10561318B2 (en) | 2010-01-25 | 2020-02-18 | University Health Network | Device, system and method for quantifying fluorescence and optical properties |
EP2529251A2 (en) * | 2010-01-26 | 2012-12-05 | Georgetown University | Dosimetry system based on optically stimulated luminesence |
US8922342B1 (en) | 2010-02-15 | 2014-12-30 | Noblis, Inc. | Systems, apparatus, and methods for continuous authentication |
JP5663900B2 (en) | 2010-03-05 | 2015-02-04 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | Spectroscopic sensor device and electronic device |
US8570149B2 (en) | 2010-03-16 | 2013-10-29 | Lumidigm, Inc. | Biometric imaging using an optical adaptive interface |
US9526455B2 (en) | 2011-07-05 | 2016-12-27 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Systems, computer medium and computer-implemented methods for monitoring and improving health and productivity of employees |
US9844344B2 (en) | 2011-07-05 | 2017-12-19 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Systems and method to monitor health of employee when positioned in association with a workstation |
US9710788B2 (en) | 2011-07-05 | 2017-07-18 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Computer mouse system and associated, computer medium and computer-implemented methods for monitoring and improving health and productivity of employees |
US10307104B2 (en) | 2011-07-05 | 2019-06-04 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Chair pad system and associated, computer medium and computer-implemented methods for monitoring and improving health and productivity of employees |
US9833142B2 (en) | 2011-07-05 | 2017-12-05 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Systems, computer medium and computer-implemented methods for coaching employees based upon monitored health conditions using an avatar |
US9492120B2 (en) | 2011-07-05 | 2016-11-15 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Workstation for monitoring and improving health and productivity of employees |
CA2840804C (en) | 2011-07-05 | 2018-05-15 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Floor mat system and associated, computer medium and computer-implemented methods for monitoring and improving health and productivity of employees |
EP3858651A1 (en) | 2011-08-29 | 2021-08-04 | Automotive Coalition for Traffic Safety, Inc. | System for non-invasive measurement of an analyte in a vehicle driver |
US20130106568A1 (en) | 2011-09-16 | 2013-05-02 | Life Technologies Corporation | Simultaneous acquisition of biometric data and nucleic acid |
EP2758913B1 (en) | 2011-09-23 | 2015-08-19 | Life Technologies Corporation | Simultaneous acquisition of biometric data and nucleic acid |
US9832023B2 (en) | 2011-10-31 | 2017-11-28 | Biobex, Llc | Verification of authenticity and responsiveness of biometric evidence and/or other evidence |
US9160536B2 (en) * | 2011-11-30 | 2015-10-13 | Advanced Biometric Controls, Llc | Verification of authenticity and responsiveness of biometric evidence and/or other evidence |
US10064554B2 (en) | 2011-12-14 | 2018-09-04 | The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania | Fiber optic flow and oxygenation monitoring using diffuse correlation and reflectance |
CA2860026C (en) | 2011-12-22 | 2021-03-30 | Trustees Of Dartmouth College | Biopsy device with integrated optical spectroscopy guidance |
US20130265795A1 (en) | 2012-01-16 | 2013-10-10 | Scott A. Chalmers | High-lifetime broadband light source for low-power applications |
US20130210058A1 (en) * | 2012-02-15 | 2013-08-15 | Lakeland Ventures Development, Llc | System for noninvasive determination of water in tissue |
WO2013126765A2 (en) | 2012-02-22 | 2013-08-29 | Life Technologies Corporation | Sample collection devices, kits and methods of use |
US9788730B2 (en) * | 2012-03-08 | 2017-10-17 | Dermasensor, Inc. | Optical process and apparatus for non-invasive detection of melanoma |
US8859969B2 (en) * | 2012-03-27 | 2014-10-14 | Innovative Science Tools, Inc. | Optical analyzer for identification of materials using reflectance spectroscopy |
US8692221B2 (en) * | 2012-04-19 | 2014-04-08 | The Flewelling Ford Family Trust | Active identification patch |
US9582035B2 (en) | 2014-02-25 | 2017-02-28 | Medibotics Llc | Wearable computing devices and methods for the wrist and/or forearm |
US10607507B2 (en) | 2015-11-24 | 2020-03-31 | Medibotics | Arcuate wearable device with a circumferential or annular array of spectroscopic sensors for measuring hydration level |
CN103546777A (en) * | 2012-07-13 | 2014-01-29 | 珠海扬智电子科技有限公司 | Method for providing multimedia service, remote control device, set top box and multimedia system |
US9351671B2 (en) | 2012-07-16 | 2016-05-31 | Timothy Ruchti | Multiplexed pathlength resolved noninvasive analyzer apparatus and method of use thereof |
US9351672B2 (en) | 2012-07-16 | 2016-05-31 | Timothy Ruchti | Multiplexed pathlength resolved noninvasive analyzer apparatus with stacked filters and method of use thereof |
US20150018646A1 (en) * | 2013-07-12 | 2015-01-15 | Sandeep Gulati | Dynamic sample mapping noninvasive analyzer apparatus and method of use thereof |
US9585604B2 (en) | 2012-07-16 | 2017-03-07 | Zyomed Corp. | Multiplexed pathlength resolved noninvasive analyzer apparatus with dynamic optical paths and method of use thereof |
US9326685B2 (en) * | 2012-09-14 | 2016-05-03 | Conopco, Inc. | Device for evaluating condition of skin or hair |
CN103815891B (en) * | 2012-09-18 | 2016-02-17 | 卡西欧计算机株式会社 | Pulse data checkout gear and pulse data detection method |
JP6252828B2 (en) * | 2012-09-18 | 2017-12-27 | カシオ計算機株式会社 | Pulse data detection device, pulse data detection method, and pulse data detection program |
US9007454B2 (en) | 2012-10-31 | 2015-04-14 | The Aerospace Corporation | Optimized illumination for imaging |
US10660526B2 (en) | 2012-12-31 | 2020-05-26 | Omni Medsci, Inc. | Near-infrared time-of-flight imaging using laser diodes with Bragg reflectors |
WO2014105520A1 (en) | 2012-12-31 | 2014-07-03 | Omni Medsci, Inc. | Near-infrared lasers for non-invasive monitoring of glucose, ketones, hba1c, and other blood constituents |
CA2895982A1 (en) | 2012-12-31 | 2014-07-03 | Omni Medsci, Inc. | Short-wave infrared super-continuum lasers for early detection of dental caries |
US9500635B2 (en) | 2012-12-31 | 2016-11-22 | Omni Medsci, Inc. | Short-wave infrared super-continuum lasers for early detection of dental caries |
WO2014143276A2 (en) | 2012-12-31 | 2014-09-18 | Omni Medsci, Inc. | Short-wave infrared super-continuum lasers for natural gas leak detection, exploration, and other active remote sensing applications |
US9461992B2 (en) * | 2013-01-09 | 2016-10-04 | Chris Outwater | Smartphone based identification, access control, testing, and evaluation |
CN103268499B (en) * | 2013-01-23 | 2016-06-29 | 北京交通大学 | Human body skin detection method based on multispectral imaging |
US20150040203A1 (en) * | 2013-08-01 | 2015-02-05 | Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. | Authentication method of wearable device and wearable device |
US10710455B2 (en) | 2013-08-27 | 2020-07-14 | Automotive Coalition For Traffic Safety | Systems and methods for controlling vehicle ignition using biometric data |
US20150099943A1 (en) * | 2013-10-04 | 2015-04-09 | Covidien Lp | Wearable physiological sensing device with optical pathways |
EP3055693B1 (en) * | 2013-10-11 | 2022-12-14 | HID Global Corporation | Miniaturized optical biometric sensing |
WO2015080964A1 (en) * | 2013-11-27 | 2015-06-04 | Cirtemo, Lld | Optical analysis system and process |
US9722472B2 (en) | 2013-12-11 | 2017-08-01 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Systems, computer medium and computer-implemented methods for harvesting human energy in the workplace |
EP3013217B1 (en) | 2014-01-07 | 2017-02-22 | Opsolution GmbH | Device and method for determining a concentration in a sample |
US9773151B2 (en) | 2014-02-06 | 2017-09-26 | University Of Massachusetts | System and methods for contactless biometrics-based identification |
WO2015191720A1 (en) * | 2014-06-10 | 2015-12-17 | Rapid Response System I/P, Llc | Response system and method |
ES2894912T3 (en) | 2014-07-24 | 2022-02-16 | Univ Health Network | Collection and analysis of data for diagnostic purposes |
US10215698B2 (en) * | 2014-09-02 | 2019-02-26 | Apple Inc. | Multiple light paths architecture and obscuration methods for signal and perfusion index optimization |
US9459201B2 (en) | 2014-09-29 | 2016-10-04 | Zyomed Corp. | Systems and methods for noninvasive blood glucose and other analyte detection and measurement using collision computing |
WO2016094439A1 (en) * | 2014-12-08 | 2016-06-16 | Munoz Luis Daniel | Device, system and methods for assessing tissue structures, pathology, and healing |
EP3066977A1 (en) * | 2015-03-13 | 2016-09-14 | Biowatch SA | A biometric sensor in a wristwatch or wristband for detection of wrist blood vessels |
JP6195026B2 (en) * | 2015-03-31 | 2017-09-13 | 東レ株式会社 | Method for producing hollow fiber membrane |
CN104794453B (en) * | 2015-04-29 | 2018-11-06 | 徐州旷视数据科技有限公司 | Live body verification method and device |
KR102396249B1 (en) | 2015-10-14 | 2022-05-09 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Method and apparatus for user authentication using Raman spectrum |
US9946918B2 (en) * | 2015-11-16 | 2018-04-17 | MorphoTrak, LLC | Symbol detection for desired image reconstruction |
US9889311B2 (en) | 2015-12-04 | 2018-02-13 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Systems, protective casings for smartphones, and associated methods to enhance use of an automated external defibrillator (AED) device |
US10642955B2 (en) | 2015-12-04 | 2020-05-05 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Devices, methods, and computer medium to provide real time 3D visualization bio-feedback |
US10475351B2 (en) | 2015-12-04 | 2019-11-12 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Systems, computer medium and methods for management training systems |
US10628770B2 (en) | 2015-12-14 | 2020-04-21 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Systems and methods for acquiring and employing resiliency data for leadership development |
US20170172432A1 (en) * | 2015-12-18 | 2017-06-22 | National Kaohsiung University Of Applied Sciences | Device for Measuring Psychological Signals |
JP6112190B2 (en) * | 2015-12-25 | 2017-04-12 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | Spectroscopic sensor and pulse oximeter |
FR3049090B1 (en) * | 2016-03-21 | 2021-06-25 | Sebastien Jean Serge Dupont | ADAPTIVE BIOMETRIC AUTHENTICATION DEVICE BY ULTRASOUND, VISIBLE CONTRAST AND INFRARED LIGHT PHOTOGRAPHS, WITHOUT DISCLOSURE, THROUGH A DECENTRALIZED COMPUTER NETWORK |
JP6790412B2 (en) * | 2016-03-28 | 2020-11-25 | 富士ゼロックス株式会社 | Biological information measuring device |
US9554738B1 (en) | 2016-03-30 | 2017-01-31 | Zyomed Corp. | Spectroscopic tomography systems and methods for noninvasive detection and measurement of analytes using collision computing |
US10842422B2 (en) | 2016-07-21 | 2020-11-24 | University Of Kentucky Research Foundation | Compact low-cost fiberless diffuse speckle contrast flow-oximeter |
KR20180051196A (en) * | 2016-11-08 | 2018-05-16 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Spectrometer, apparatus and method for measuring bio-information |
CN106791086B (en) * | 2016-12-19 | 2020-01-14 | 维沃移动通信有限公司 | Control method of mobile terminal and mobile terminal |
US11395628B2 (en) | 2017-02-16 | 2022-07-26 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Method of providing service based on biometric information and wearable electronic device |
CN107145776A (en) * | 2017-04-27 | 2017-09-08 | 维沃移动通信有限公司 | A kind of method for secret protection and mobile terminal |
WO2019038128A1 (en) * | 2017-08-22 | 2019-02-28 | Lumileds Holding B.V. | Laser speckle analysis for biometric authentication |
US10600270B2 (en) * | 2017-08-28 | 2020-03-24 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Biometric authentication for a vehicle without prior registration |
US10824132B2 (en) | 2017-12-07 | 2020-11-03 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Intelligent personal protective equipment |
US10951613B2 (en) | 2017-12-28 | 2021-03-16 | iProov Ltd. | Biometric methods for online user authentication |
US10340408B1 (en) | 2018-05-17 | 2019-07-02 | Hi Llc | Non-invasive wearable brain interface systems including a headgear and a plurality of self-contained photodetector units configured to removably attach to the headgear |
US10420498B1 (en) | 2018-06-20 | 2019-09-24 | Hi Llc | Spatial and temporal-based diffusive correlation spectroscopy systems and methods |
CA3106626A1 (en) | 2018-07-16 | 2020-01-23 | Bbi Medical Innovations, Llc | Perfusion and oxygenation measurement |
US11213206B2 (en) | 2018-07-17 | 2022-01-04 | Hi Llc | Non-invasive measurement systems with single-photon counting camera |
US10685204B2 (en) * | 2018-07-27 | 2020-06-16 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Biometric age estimation via ultrasonic imaging |
CN109086748A (en) * | 2018-09-11 | 2018-12-25 | 上海荒岛科技有限公司 | A kind of method and device of member identities' identification |
CN109596525B (en) * | 2018-10-23 | 2021-08-03 | 浙江亨达光学有限公司 | Real-time measuring method and instrument for detecting tissue activity |
WO2020102689A1 (en) * | 2018-11-16 | 2020-05-22 | Spectroflow, Inc. | Method and system for measuring fluid status |
US11406324B2 (en) | 2018-11-16 | 2022-08-09 | Spectroflow, Inc. | Method and system for measuring fluid status |
US11134851B2 (en) * | 2018-12-14 | 2021-10-05 | Viavi Solutions Inc. | Sensor device |
US11006876B2 (en) | 2018-12-21 | 2021-05-18 | Hi Llc | Biofeedback for awareness and modulation of mental state using a non-invasive brain interface system and method |
WO2020137129A1 (en) | 2018-12-28 | 2020-07-02 | 株式会社ジャパンディスプレイ | Sensing device |
CN109488051A (en) * | 2019-01-08 | 2019-03-19 | 李睿 | A kind of integration information collection pavilion |
US11275820B2 (en) | 2019-03-08 | 2022-03-15 | Master Lock Company Llc | Locking device biometric access |
AU2020268718A1 (en) | 2019-05-06 | 2021-11-25 | Hi Llc | Photodetector architectures for time-correlated single photon counting |
US10868207B1 (en) | 2019-06-06 | 2020-12-15 | Hi Llc | Photodetector systems with low-power time-to-digital converter architectures to determine an arrival time of photon at a photodetector based on event detection time window |
EP3982830A4 (en) | 2019-06-12 | 2023-07-19 | Automotive Coalition for Traffic Safety, Inc. | System for non-invasive measurement of an analyte in a vehicle driver |
WO2021087297A1 (en) | 2019-10-31 | 2021-05-06 | Terumo Cardiovascular Systems Corporation | Heart-lung machine with augmented reality display |
US11950879B2 (en) | 2020-02-21 | 2024-04-09 | Hi Llc | Estimation of source-detector separation in an optical measurement system |
US11630310B2 (en) | 2020-02-21 | 2023-04-18 | Hi Llc | Wearable devices and wearable assemblies with adjustable positioning for use in an optical measurement system |
WO2021167877A1 (en) | 2020-02-21 | 2021-08-26 | Hi Llc | Multimodal wearable measurement systems and methods |
US11515014B2 (en) | 2020-02-21 | 2022-11-29 | Hi Llc | Methods and systems for initiating and conducting a customized computer-enabled brain research study |
WO2021167890A1 (en) | 2020-02-21 | 2021-08-26 | Hi Llc | Wearable module assemblies for an optical measurement system |
US11771362B2 (en) | 2020-02-21 | 2023-10-03 | Hi Llc | Integrated detector assemblies for a wearable module of an optical measurement system |
US11903676B2 (en) | 2020-03-20 | 2024-02-20 | Hi Llc | Photodetector calibration of an optical measurement system |
WO2021188485A1 (en) | 2020-03-20 | 2021-09-23 | Hi Llc | Maintaining consistent photodetector sensitivity in an optical measurement system |
US11645483B2 (en) | 2020-03-20 | 2023-05-09 | Hi Llc | Phase lock loop circuit based adjustment of a measurement time window in an optical measurement system |
US11864867B2 (en) | 2020-03-20 | 2024-01-09 | Hi Llc | Control circuit for a light source in an optical measurement system by applying voltage with a first polarity to start an emission of a light pulse and applying voltage with a second polarity to stop the emission of the light pulse |
US11857348B2 (en) | 2020-03-20 | 2024-01-02 | Hi Llc | Techniques for determining a timing uncertainty of a component of an optical measurement system |
US11877825B2 (en) | 2020-03-20 | 2024-01-23 | Hi Llc | Device enumeration in an optical measurement system |
WO2021188487A1 (en) | 2020-03-20 | 2021-09-23 | Hi Llc | Temporal resolution control for temporal point spread function generation in an optical measurement system |
US11187575B2 (en) | 2020-03-20 | 2021-11-30 | Hi Llc | High density optical measurement systems with minimal number of light sources |
US11245404B2 (en) | 2020-03-20 | 2022-02-08 | Hi Llc | Phase lock loop circuit based signal generation in an optical measurement system |
US11947641B2 (en) | 2021-06-15 | 2024-04-02 | Bank Of America Corporation | System for implementing continuous authentication based on object location recognition |
Family Cites Families (248)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US29008A (en) * | 1860-07-03 | Fly-trap | ||
US3508830A (en) * | 1967-11-13 | 1970-04-28 | Shell Oil Co | Apparatus for light scattering measurements |
US4035083A (en) | 1972-05-30 | 1977-07-12 | Woodriff Ray A | Background correction in spectro-chemical analysis |
USRE29008E (en) | 1973-01-26 | 1976-10-19 | Novar Electronics Corporation | Individual identification apparatus and method using frequency response |
US3910701A (en) | 1973-07-30 | 1975-10-07 | George R Henderson | Method and apparatus for measuring light reflectance absorption and or transmission |
DE2606991A1 (en) | 1976-02-20 | 1977-08-25 | Nils Dr Med Kaiser | DEVICE FOR DETERMINING THE CONTENT OF METABOLIC PRODUCTS IN THE BLOOD |
US4142797A (en) * | 1977-02-11 | 1979-03-06 | Barnes Engineering Company | Common path interferometer |
US4260220A (en) * | 1979-06-15 | 1981-04-07 | Canadian Patents And Development Limited | Prism light guide having surfaces which are in octature |
DE2934190A1 (en) * | 1979-08-23 | 1981-03-19 | Müller, Gerhard, Prof. Dr.-Ing., 7080 Aalen | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY, ESPECIALLY FOR DETERMINING METABOLISM PRODUCTS |
DE3215879A1 (en) | 1982-04-29 | 1983-11-03 | Fa. Carl Zeiss, 7920 Heidenheim | DEVICE FOR SPECTRUM MEASUREMENT IN THE BLOOD RAIL |
WO1984000217A1 (en) * | 1982-06-25 | 1984-01-19 | Oskar Oehler | Light collector device and utilization thereof for spectroscopy |
US4654530A (en) * | 1983-10-31 | 1987-03-31 | Dybwad Jens P | Refractively scanned interferometer |
US4537484A (en) | 1984-01-30 | 1985-08-27 | Identix Incorporated | Fingerprint imaging apparatus |
EP0159037B1 (en) | 1984-04-18 | 1993-02-10 | Nec Corporation | Identification system employing verification of fingerprints |
GB2163548B (en) | 1984-08-09 | 1987-11-25 | Perkin Elmer Ltd | Interferometric apparatus particularly for use in ft spectrophotometer |
US4661706A (en) * | 1985-02-25 | 1987-04-28 | Spectra-Tech Inc. | Blocker device for eliminating specular reflectance from a diffuse reflection spectrum |
US4653880A (en) * | 1985-03-01 | 1987-03-31 | Spectra-Tech Inc. | Reflective beam splitting objective |
US4655225A (en) * | 1985-04-18 | 1987-04-07 | Kurabo Industries Ltd. | Spectrophotometric method and apparatus for the non-invasive |
US4656562A (en) * | 1985-09-13 | 1987-04-07 | Santa Barbara Research Center | Optical integrator means for intensity modification of Gaussian beam |
GB8525650D0 (en) | 1985-10-17 | 1985-11-20 | Pilkington Brothers Plc | Interferometer |
US4730882A (en) * | 1986-02-10 | 1988-03-15 | Spectra-Tech, Inc. | Multiple internal reflectance spectroscopy system |
US4712912A (en) | 1986-03-10 | 1987-12-15 | Spectra-Tech, Inc. | Spectrophotometric image scrambler for full aperture microspectroscopy |
US4866644A (en) | 1986-08-29 | 1989-09-12 | Shenk John S | Optical instrument calibration system |
US4810875A (en) | 1987-02-02 | 1989-03-07 | Wyatt Technology Corporation | Method and apparatus for examining the interior of semi-opaque objects |
JPS63252239A (en) | 1987-04-09 | 1988-10-19 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | Reflection type oxymeter |
US4787708A (en) | 1987-05-08 | 1988-11-29 | Tir Systems Ltd. | Apparatus for continuously controlled emission of light from prism light guide |
US4853542A (en) | 1987-06-08 | 1989-08-01 | Nicolas J. Harrick | Collecting hemispherical attachment for spectrophotometry |
US4857735A (en) | 1987-10-23 | 1989-08-15 | Noller Hans G | Light emitting diode spectrophotometer |
JPH0827235B2 (en) | 1987-11-17 | 1996-03-21 | 倉敷紡績株式会社 | Spectroscopic method for measuring sugar concentration |
DK163194C (en) | 1988-12-22 | 1992-06-22 | Radiometer As | METHOD OF PHOTOMETRIC IN VITRO DETERMINING A BLOOD GAS PARAMETER IN A BLOOD TEST |
US4787013A (en) | 1987-11-30 | 1988-11-22 | Santa Barbara Research Center | Intermediate range intensity modification of gaussian beam using optical integration means |
US4882492A (en) | 1988-01-19 | 1989-11-21 | Biotronics Associates, Inc. | Non-invasive near infrared measurement of blood analyte concentrations |
US4830496A (en) * | 1988-01-22 | 1989-05-16 | General Scanning, Inc. | Interferometer |
US4859064A (en) | 1988-05-09 | 1989-08-22 | Spectra-Tech, Inc. | Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy system and method |
US5361758A (en) | 1988-06-09 | 1994-11-08 | Cme Telemetrix Inc. | Method and device for measuring concentration levels of blood constituents non-invasively |
US5402778A (en) * | 1993-01-19 | 1995-04-04 | Nim Incorporated | Spectrophotometric examination of tissue of small dimension |
CA2003131C (en) * | 1988-11-25 | 1998-06-23 | Seigo Igaki | Biological object detection apparatus |
US5353799A (en) | 1991-01-22 | 1994-10-11 | Non Invasive Technology, Inc. | Examination of subjects using photon migration with high directionality techniques |
US5782755A (en) | 1993-11-15 | 1998-07-21 | Non-Invasive Technology, Inc. | Monitoring one or more solutes in a biological system using optical techniques |
US6066847A (en) * | 1989-01-19 | 2000-05-23 | Futrex Inc. | Procedure for verifying the accuracy of non-invasive blood glucose measurement instruments |
US5204532A (en) * | 1989-01-19 | 1993-04-20 | Futrex, Inc. | Method for providing general calibration for near infrared instruments for measurement of blood glucose |
US5068536A (en) | 1989-01-19 | 1991-11-26 | Futrex, Inc. | Method for providing custom calibration for near infrared instruments for measurement of blood glucose |
US5237178A (en) | 1990-06-27 | 1993-08-17 | Rosenthal Robert D | Non-invasive near-infrared quantitative measurement instrument |
US5028787A (en) | 1989-01-19 | 1991-07-02 | Futrex, Inc. | Non-invasive measurement of blood glucose |
US4936680A (en) * | 1989-04-03 | 1990-06-26 | General Electric Company | Method of, and apparatus for, edge enhancement of fingerprint minutia |
US5178142A (en) * | 1989-05-23 | 1993-01-12 | Vivascan Corporation | Electromagnetic method and apparatus to measure constituents of human or animal tissue |
US4975581A (en) | 1989-06-21 | 1990-12-04 | University Of New Mexico | Method of and apparatus for determining the similarity of a biological analyte from a model constructed from known biological fluids |
CA2025330C (en) | 1989-09-18 | 2002-01-22 | David W. Osten | Characterizing biological matter in a dynamic condition using near infrared spectroscopy |
CA2028261C (en) | 1989-10-28 | 1995-01-17 | Won Suck Yang | Non-invasive method and apparatus for measuring blood glucose concentration |
US5070874A (en) | 1990-01-30 | 1991-12-10 | Biocontrol Technology, Inc. | Non-invasive determination of glucose concentration in body of patients |
US5222495A (en) * | 1990-02-02 | 1993-06-29 | Angiomedics Ii, Inc. | Non-invasive blood analysis by near infrared absorption measurements using two closely spaced wavelengths |
US5222496A (en) * | 1990-02-02 | 1993-06-29 | Angiomedics Ii, Inc. | Infrared glucose sensor |
US5015100A (en) * | 1990-03-02 | 1991-05-14 | Axiom Analytical, Inc. | Apparatus and method for normal incidence reflectance spectroscopy |
US5019715A (en) * | 1990-03-02 | 1991-05-28 | Spectra-Tech, Inc. | Optical system and method for sample analyzation |
US5051602A (en) | 1990-03-02 | 1991-09-24 | Spectra-Tech, Inc. | Optical system and method for sample analyzation |
US5115133A (en) * | 1990-04-19 | 1992-05-19 | Inomet, Inc. | Testing of body fluid constituents through measuring light reflected from tympanic membrane |
GB2243211A (en) | 1990-04-20 | 1991-10-23 | Philips Electronic Associated | Analytical instrument and method of calibrating an analytical instrument |
US5419321A (en) * | 1990-05-17 | 1995-05-30 | Johnson & Johnson Professional Products Limited | Non-invasive medical sensor |
NZ238717A (en) | 1990-06-27 | 1994-08-26 | Futrex Inc | Blood glucose level measured by transmitting near-infrared energy through body part |
US5158082A (en) | 1990-08-23 | 1992-10-27 | Spacelabs, Inc. | Apparatus for heating tissue with a photoplethysmograph sensor |
US5351686A (en) | 1990-10-06 | 1994-10-04 | In-Line Diagnostics Corporation | Disposable extracorporeal conduit for blood constituent monitoring |
US5459677A (en) | 1990-10-09 | 1995-10-17 | Board Of Regents Of The University Of Washington | Calibration transfer for analytical instruments |
GB9027480D0 (en) | 1990-12-19 | 1991-02-06 | Philips Electronic Associated | Interferometer |
US5243546A (en) | 1991-01-10 | 1993-09-07 | Ashland Oil, Inc. | Spectroscopic instrument calibration |
US5230702A (en) | 1991-01-16 | 1993-07-27 | Paradigm Biotechnologies Partnership | Hemodialysis method |
US5303026A (en) * | 1991-02-26 | 1994-04-12 | The Regents Of The University Of California Los Alamos National Laboratory | Apparatus and method for spectroscopic analysis of scattering media |
US5163094A (en) | 1991-03-20 | 1992-11-10 | Francine J. Prokoski | Method for identifying individuals from analysis of elemental shapes derived from biosensor data |
US5638818A (en) | 1991-03-21 | 1997-06-17 | Masimo Corporation | Low noise optical probe |
GB9106672D0 (en) | 1991-03-28 | 1991-05-15 | Abbey Biosystems Ltd | Method and apparatus for glucose concentration monitoring |
US5441053A (en) | 1991-05-03 | 1995-08-15 | University Of Kentucky Research Foundation | Apparatus and method for multiple wavelength of tissue |
US5402777A (en) | 1991-06-28 | 1995-04-04 | Alza Corporation | Methods and devices for facilitated non-invasive oxygen monitoring |
JP3224540B2 (en) | 1991-07-03 | 2001-10-29 | ビバスキヤン・コーポレーシヨン | Apparatus for measuring components of human or animal tissues |
DE69227545T2 (en) * | 1991-07-12 | 1999-04-29 | Mark R Robinson | Oximeter for the reliable clinical determination of blood oxygen saturation in a fetus |
US5291560A (en) * | 1991-07-15 | 1994-03-01 | Iri Scan Incorporated | Biometric personal identification system based on iris analysis |
US5268749A (en) | 1991-07-26 | 1993-12-07 | Kollmorgen Corporation | Apparatus and method for providing uniform illumination of a sample plane |
DE59202684D1 (en) * | 1991-08-12 | 1995-08-03 | Avl Medical Instr Ag | Device for measuring at least one gas saturation, in particular the oxygen saturation of blood. |
US5223715A (en) * | 1991-09-20 | 1993-06-29 | Amoco Corporation | Process for spectrophotometric analysis |
JPH07508426A (en) | 1991-10-17 | 1995-09-21 | サイエンティフィック ジェネリクス リミテッド | Blood sample measuring device and method |
US5311021A (en) * | 1991-11-13 | 1994-05-10 | Connecticut Instrument Corp. | Spectroscopic sampling accessory having dual measuring and viewing systems |
US5225678A (en) | 1991-11-13 | 1993-07-06 | Connecticut Instrument Corporation | Spectoscopic sampling accessory having dual measuring and viewing systems |
US5681273A (en) | 1991-12-23 | 1997-10-28 | Baxter International Inc. | Systems and methods for predicting blood processing parameters |
AU2245092A (en) | 1991-12-31 | 1993-07-28 | Vivascan Corporation | Blood constituent determination based on differential spectral analysis |
AT397582B (en) | 1992-02-27 | 1994-05-25 | Erwin Schauenstein | METHOD FOR IMMUNOLOGICAL DETECTION MALIGNER TUMORS AND KIT FOR CARRYING OUT THIS METHOD |
US5331958A (en) | 1992-03-31 | 1994-07-26 | University Of Manitoba | Spectrophotometric blood analysis |
US5853370A (en) | 1996-09-13 | 1998-12-29 | Non-Invasive Technology, Inc. | Optical system and method for non-invasive imaging of biological tissue |
US5257086A (en) | 1992-06-09 | 1993-10-26 | D.O.M. Associates Int'l | Optical spectrophotometer having a multi-element light source |
US5355880A (en) | 1992-07-06 | 1994-10-18 | Sandia Corporation | Reliable noninvasive measurement of blood gases |
US5792050A (en) * | 1992-07-06 | 1998-08-11 | Alam; Mary K. | Near-infrared noninvasive spectroscopic determination of pH |
US5321265A (en) * | 1992-07-15 | 1994-06-14 | Block Myron J | Non-invasive testing |
US5672875A (en) | 1992-07-15 | 1997-09-30 | Optix Lp | Methods of minimizing scattering and improving tissue sampling in non-invasive testing and imaging |
US5818048A (en) | 1992-07-15 | 1998-10-06 | Optix Lp | Rapid non-invasive optical analysis using broad bandpass spectral processing |
US5452723A (en) | 1992-07-24 | 1995-09-26 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Calibrated spectrographic imaging |
US5348003A (en) | 1992-09-03 | 1994-09-20 | Sirraya, Inc. | Method and apparatus for chemical analysis |
US6172743B1 (en) * | 1992-10-07 | 2001-01-09 | Chemtrix, Inc. | Technique for measuring a blood analyte by non-invasive spectrometry in living tissue |
EP0616540B1 (en) * | 1992-10-13 | 1998-08-26 | Baxter International Inc. | Hemodialysis monitoring system for hemodialysis machines |
US5379764A (en) * | 1992-12-09 | 1995-01-10 | Diasense, Inc. | Non-invasive determination of analyte concentration in body of mammals |
US5360004A (en) | 1992-12-09 | 1994-11-01 | Diasense, Inc. | Non-invasive determination of analyte concentration using non-continuous radiation |
US5559504A (en) | 1993-01-08 | 1996-09-24 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Surface shape sensor, identification device using this sensor, and protected system using this device |
US5515847A (en) * | 1993-01-28 | 1996-05-14 | Optiscan, Inc. | Self-emission noninvasive infrared spectrophotometer |
US5313941A (en) * | 1993-01-28 | 1994-05-24 | Braig James R | Noninvasive pulsed infrared spectrophotometer |
US5987346A (en) | 1993-02-26 | 1999-11-16 | Benaron; David A. | Device and method for classification of tissue |
US5483335A (en) * | 1993-03-18 | 1996-01-09 | Tobias; Reginald | Multiplex spectroscopy |
US5460177A (en) | 1993-05-07 | 1995-10-24 | Diasense, Inc. | Method for non-invasive measurement of concentration of analytes in blood using continuous spectrum radiation |
EP0631137B1 (en) | 1993-06-25 | 2002-03-20 | Edward W. Stark | Glucose related measurement method and apparatus |
US5596992A (en) * | 1993-06-30 | 1997-01-28 | Sandia Corporation | Multivariate classification of infrared spectra of cell and tissue samples |
US5308315A (en) * | 1993-07-27 | 1994-05-03 | Raja N. Khuri | Method for determining the adequacy of dialysis |
US5435309A (en) | 1993-08-10 | 1995-07-25 | Thomas; Edward V. | Systematic wavelength selection for improved multivariate spectral analysis |
US5533509A (en) | 1993-08-12 | 1996-07-09 | Kurashiki Boseki Kabushiki Kaisha | Method and apparatus for non-invasive measurement of blood sugar level |
AU7828694A (en) | 1993-08-24 | 1995-03-22 | Mark R. Robinson | A robust accurate non-invasive analyte monitor |
US6056738A (en) * | 1997-01-31 | 2000-05-02 | Transmedica International, Inc. | Interstitial fluid monitoring |
US5459317A (en) | 1994-02-14 | 1995-10-17 | Ohio University | Method and apparatus for non-invasive detection of physiological chemicals, particularly glucose |
US5505726A (en) * | 1994-03-21 | 1996-04-09 | Dusa Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Article of manufacture for the photodynamic therapy of dermal lesion |
EP0752143B2 (en) * | 1994-03-24 | 2005-07-20 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Biometric, personal authentication system |
GB9409064D0 (en) | 1994-05-06 | 1994-06-22 | Perkin Elmer Ltd | Improvements in or relating to optical interferometers |
US5507723A (en) * | 1994-05-24 | 1996-04-16 | Baxter International, Inc. | Method and system for optimizing dialysis clearance |
US5523054A (en) * | 1995-01-31 | 1996-06-04 | Johnson & Johnson Clinical Diagnostics, Inc. | Test element for quantitative NIR spectroscopic analysis |
JP3261264B2 (en) * | 1994-07-13 | 2002-02-25 | 株式会社堀場製作所 | Multicomponent aqueous solution analysis method and analyzer |
US5539207A (en) | 1994-07-19 | 1996-07-23 | National Research Council Of Canada | Method of identifying tissue |
ES2121708T1 (en) | 1994-09-20 | 1998-12-16 | Neopath Inc | APPARATUS FOR LIGHTING, STABILIZATION AND HOMOGENIZATION. |
JPH08138046A (en) * | 1994-11-04 | 1996-05-31 | Nippondenso Co Ltd | Fingerprint sensor |
CA2212358C (en) | 1995-02-09 | 2003-05-20 | Foss Electric A/S | A method for standardizing a spectrometer |
JP3016160U (en) * | 1995-03-23 | 1995-09-26 | 有限会社トステック | Near infrared non-invasive biometric device |
FR2734360B1 (en) * | 1995-05-19 | 1997-07-04 | Elf Antar France | METHOD OF CORRECTING A SIGNAL DELIVERED BY A MEASURING INSTRUMENT |
US5761330A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1998-06-02 | Mytec Technologies, Inc. | Hybrid optical-digital method and apparatus for fingerprint verification |
US5743262A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1998-04-28 | Masimo Corporation | Blood glucose monitoring system |
US5724268A (en) * | 1995-06-29 | 1998-03-03 | Chiron Diagnostics Corporation | Apparatus and methods for the analytical determination of sample component concentrations that account for experimental error |
SG38866A1 (en) * | 1995-07-31 | 1997-04-17 | Instrumentation Metrics Inc | Liquid correlation spectrometry |
JP3579686B2 (en) | 1995-08-07 | 2004-10-20 | アークレイ株式会社 | Measuring position reproducing method, measuring position reproducing device, and optical measuring device using the same |
CA2179338C (en) * | 1995-08-07 | 2000-04-25 | Gordon Albert Thomas | Apparatus and method for spectroscopic product recognition and identification |
US5606164A (en) * | 1996-01-16 | 1997-02-25 | Boehringer Mannheim Corporation | Method and apparatus for biological fluid analyte concentration measurement using generalized distance outlier detection |
US5636633A (en) * | 1995-08-09 | 1997-06-10 | Rio Grande Medical Technologies, Inc. | Diffuse reflectance monitoring apparatus |
US6212424B1 (en) * | 1998-10-29 | 2001-04-03 | Rio Grande Medical Technologies, Inc. | Apparatus and method for determination of the adequacy of dialysis by non-invasive near-infrared spectroscopy |
US6152876A (en) | 1997-04-18 | 2000-11-28 | Rio Grande Medical Technologies, Inc. | Method for non-invasive blood analyte measurement with improved optical interface |
US5655530A (en) | 1995-08-09 | 1997-08-12 | Rio Grande Medical Technologies, Inc. | Method for non-invasive blood analyte measurement with improved optical interface |
US6240306B1 (en) * | 1995-08-09 | 2001-05-29 | Rio Grande Medical Technologies, Inc. | Method and apparatus for non-invasive blood analyte measurement with fluid compartment equilibration |
US5793881A (en) | 1995-08-31 | 1998-08-11 | Stiver; John A. | Identification system |
JPH0991434A (en) | 1995-09-28 | 1997-04-04 | Hamamatsu Photonics Kk | Human body collation device |
US5751835A (en) * | 1995-10-04 | 1998-05-12 | Topping; Allen | Method and apparatus for the automated identification of individuals by the nail beds of their fingernails |
US6240309B1 (en) * | 1995-10-06 | 2001-05-29 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Optical measurement instrument for living body |
US6072180A (en) | 1995-10-17 | 2000-06-06 | Optiscan Biomedical Corporation | Non-invasive infrared absorption spectrometer for the generation and capture of thermal gradient spectra from living tissue |
US6025597A (en) * | 1995-10-17 | 2000-02-15 | Optiscan Biomedical Corporation | Non-invasive infrared absorption spectrometer for measuring glucose or other constituents in a human or other body |
US6041247A (en) * | 1995-11-29 | 2000-03-21 | Instrumentarium Corp | Non-invasive optical measuring sensor and measuring method |
US5929443A (en) | 1995-12-18 | 1999-07-27 | The Research Foundation City College Of New York | Imaging of objects based upon the polarization or depolarization of light |
US5719399A (en) * | 1995-12-18 | 1998-02-17 | The Research Foundation Of City College Of New York | Imaging and characterization of tissue based upon the preservation of polarized light transmitted therethrough |
TW337553B (en) * | 1995-12-20 | 1998-08-01 | Voest Alpine Ind Anlagen | Method for determination of electromagnetic waves originating from a melt |
GB9526309D0 (en) | 1995-12-22 | 1996-02-21 | Cme Telemetrix Inc A Company O | Integrating cavity for spectroscopic measurement in light scattering samples |
US6226541B1 (en) * | 1996-01-17 | 2001-05-01 | Spectrx, Inc. | Apparatus and method for calibrating measurement systems |
US5860421A (en) * | 1996-01-17 | 1999-01-19 | Spectrx, Inc. | Apparatus and method for calibrating measurement systems |
US6045502A (en) * | 1996-01-17 | 2000-04-04 | Spectrx, Inc. | Analyzing system with disposable calibration device |
US5804818A (en) | 1996-01-30 | 1998-09-08 | Eastman Kodak Company | Coated internally reflecting optical element |
US5747806A (en) * | 1996-02-02 | 1998-05-05 | Instrumentation Metrics, Inc | Method and apparatus for multi-spectral analysis in noninvasive nir spectroscopy |
US6040578A (en) | 1996-02-02 | 2000-03-21 | Instrumentation Metrics, Inc. | Method and apparatus for multi-spectral analysis of organic blood analytes in noninvasive infrared spectroscopy |
DE69709714T2 (en) | 1996-02-05 | 2002-08-14 | Diasense Inc | DEVICE FOR THE NON-INVASIVE DETERMINATION OF GLUCOSE |
EP0955867A1 (en) | 1996-02-23 | 1999-11-17 | Diasense, Inc. | Method and apparatus for non-invasive blood glucose sensing |
US5672864A (en) | 1996-02-26 | 1997-09-30 | Eastman Kodak Company | Light integrator |
WO1997041527A1 (en) | 1996-05-01 | 1997-11-06 | Xros, Inc. | Compact, simple, 2d raster, image-building fingerprint scanner |
US5796858A (en) | 1996-05-10 | 1998-08-18 | Digital Persona, Inc. | Fingerprint sensing system using a sheet prism |
JP3604231B2 (en) | 1996-05-16 | 2004-12-22 | 富士写真フイルム株式会社 | Method and apparatus for measuring glucose concentration |
US5828066A (en) | 1996-07-02 | 1998-10-27 | Messerschmidt; Robert G. | Multisource infrared spectrometer |
IL127213A (en) * | 1996-07-08 | 2003-09-17 | Animas Corp | Implantable sensor and system for in vivo measurement and control of fluid constituent levels |
US5963657A (en) | 1996-09-09 | 1999-10-05 | Arete Associates | Economical skin-pattern-acquisition and analysis apparatus for access control; systems controlled thereby |
US6148094A (en) | 1996-09-30 | 2000-11-14 | David J. Kinsella | Pointing device with biometric sensor |
EP0836083B1 (en) | 1996-10-09 | 2004-02-11 | Perkin-Elmer Limited | Digitisation of interferograms in fourier transform spectroscopy |
JP3365227B2 (en) * | 1996-10-25 | 2003-01-08 | 花王株式会社 | Method and apparatus for measuring optical properties of skin surface condition |
US5737439A (en) * | 1996-10-29 | 1998-04-07 | Smarttouch, Llc. | Anti-fraud biometric scanner that accurately detects blood flow |
US7054674B2 (en) | 1996-11-19 | 2006-05-30 | Astron Clinica Limited | Method of and apparatus for investigating tissue histology |
JP4212007B2 (en) | 1996-11-26 | 2009-01-21 | パナソニック電工株式会社 | Blood component concentration analyzer |
US6999685B1 (en) * | 1997-01-31 | 2006-02-14 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Polarized light communication device, transmitter, laser, polarized light communication device for physiological use, reflected light detector and pulse wave detecting device |
US6122042A (en) * | 1997-02-07 | 2000-09-19 | Wunderman; Irwin | Devices and methods for optically identifying characteristics of material objects |
US5902033A (en) * | 1997-02-18 | 1999-05-11 | Torch Technologies Llc | Projector system with hollow light pipe optics |
US6309884B1 (en) | 1997-02-26 | 2001-10-30 | Diasense, Inc. | Individual calibration of blood glucose for supporting noninvasive self-monitoring blood glucose |
US6159147A (en) | 1997-02-28 | 2000-12-12 | Qrs Diagnostics, Llc | Personal computer card for collection of real-time biological data |
WO1998041848A1 (en) | 1997-03-14 | 1998-09-24 | Rosemount Analytical Inc. | Improved low noise raman analyzer system |
US5850623A (en) | 1997-03-14 | 1998-12-15 | Eastman Chemical Company | Method for standardizing raman spectrometers to obtain stable and transferable calibrations |
US5792053A (en) | 1997-03-17 | 1998-08-11 | Polartechnics, Limited | Hybrid probe for tissue type recognition |
TW352335B (en) | 1997-03-25 | 1999-02-11 | Matsushita Electric Works Ltd | Method of determining a glucose concentration in a target by using near-infrared spectroscopy |
US6008889A (en) * | 1997-04-16 | 1999-12-28 | Zeng; Haishan | Spectrometer system for diagnosis of skin disease |
US6125192A (en) | 1997-04-21 | 2000-09-26 | Digital Persona, Inc. | Fingerprint recognition system |
US6031609A (en) * | 1997-05-29 | 2000-02-29 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Fourier transform spectrometer using a multielement liquid crystal display |
US6560352B2 (en) * | 1999-10-08 | 2003-05-06 | Lumidigm, Inc. | Apparatus and method of biometric identification or verification of individuals using optical spectroscopy |
US6628809B1 (en) * | 1999-10-08 | 2003-09-30 | Lumidigm, Inc. | Apparatus and method for identification of individuals by near-infrared spectrum |
US7890158B2 (en) | 2001-06-05 | 2011-02-15 | Lumidigm, Inc. | Apparatus and method of biometric determination using specialized optical spectroscopy systems |
US6246751B1 (en) | 1997-08-11 | 2001-06-12 | International Business Machines Corporation | Apparatus and methods for user identification to deny access or service to unauthorized users |
US6115673A (en) | 1997-08-14 | 2000-09-05 | Instrumentation Metrics, Inc. | Method and apparatus for generating basis sets for use in spectroscopic analysis |
FI973454A (en) | 1997-08-22 | 1999-02-23 | Instrumentarium Oy | A resilient device in a measuring sensor for observing the properties of living tissue |
JPH11123195A (en) | 1997-08-22 | 1999-05-11 | Kdk Corp | Living body measurement method and device |
GB2329015B (en) * | 1997-09-05 | 2002-02-13 | Samsung Electronics Co Ltd | Method and device for noninvasive measurement of concentrations of blood components |
WO1999012469A1 (en) * | 1997-09-05 | 1999-03-18 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Reflection photodetector and biological information measuring instrument |
WO1999037203A2 (en) | 1998-01-26 | 1999-07-29 | Ljl Biosystems, Inc. | Apparatus and methods for improving signal resolution in optical spectroscopy |
US6043492A (en) * | 1997-10-27 | 2000-03-28 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Non-invasive blood glucose meter |
ATE352252T1 (en) * | 1997-11-12 | 2007-02-15 | Lightouch Medical Inc | METHOD FOR NON-INVASIVE ANALYTE MEASUREMENT |
US6141101A (en) | 1997-11-12 | 2000-10-31 | Plx, Inc. | Monolithic optical assembly |
US5949543A (en) | 1997-11-12 | 1999-09-07 | Plx, Inc. | Monolithic optical assembly and associated retroreflector with beamsplitter assembly |
US6122737A (en) | 1997-11-14 | 2000-09-19 | Digital Persona, Inc. | Method for using fingerprints to distribute information over a network |
US6028773A (en) * | 1997-11-14 | 2000-02-22 | Stmicroelectronics, Inc. | Packaging for silicon sensors |
US6070093A (en) * | 1997-12-02 | 2000-05-30 | Abbott Laboratories | Multiplex sensor and method of use |
GB9725571D0 (en) * | 1997-12-04 | 1998-02-04 | Philips Electronics Nv | Electronic apparatus comprising fingerprint sensing devices |
US6041410A (en) * | 1997-12-22 | 2000-03-21 | Trw Inc. | Personal identification fob |
US6100811A (en) | 1997-12-22 | 2000-08-08 | Trw Inc. | Fingerprint actuation of customized vehicle features |
US6006119A (en) | 1998-02-04 | 1999-12-21 | Polestar Technologies, Inc. | Non-invasive optical measurement of blood hematocrit |
WO1999039631A1 (en) * | 1998-02-05 | 1999-08-12 | In-Line Diagnostics Corporation | Method and apparatus for non-invasive blood constituent monitoring |
US6181414B1 (en) * | 1998-02-06 | 2001-01-30 | Morphometrix Technologies Inc | Infrared spectroscopy for medical imaging |
WO1999043255A1 (en) | 1998-02-25 | 1999-09-02 | University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Near infrared-transmission spectroscopy of tongue tissue |
JPH11244266A (en) | 1998-02-27 | 1999-09-14 | Matsushita Electric Works Ltd | Superficial organism tissue analytical method and superficial organism tissue analyzer |
US6201608B1 (en) | 1998-03-13 | 2001-03-13 | Optical Biopsy Technologies, Inc. | Method and apparatus for measuring optical reflectivity and imaging through a scattering medium |
WO1999046731A1 (en) | 1998-03-13 | 1999-09-16 | The University Of Houston System | Methods for performing daf data filtering and padding |
EP1073366B1 (en) | 1998-04-24 | 2004-06-23 | Lightouch Medical, Inc. | Apparatus and method for thermal tissue modulation |
DE19818229A1 (en) * | 1998-04-24 | 1999-10-28 | Hauke Rudolf | Contactless method for hand- and fingerprint recognition |
US6064896A (en) | 1998-05-06 | 2000-05-16 | Futrex Inc. | Non-invasive measurement of blood glucose using instruments that have less precise detection capability |
US6241663B1 (en) * | 1998-05-18 | 2001-06-05 | Abbott Laboratories | Method for improving non-invasive determination of the concentration of analytes in a biological sample |
DE19824354A1 (en) | 1998-05-30 | 1999-12-02 | Philips Patentverwaltung | Device for verifying signals |
US6324310B1 (en) | 1998-06-02 | 2001-11-27 | Digital Persona, Inc. | Method and apparatus for scanning a fingerprint using a linear sensor |
US6188781B1 (en) * | 1998-07-28 | 2001-02-13 | Digital Persona, Inc. | Method and apparatus for illuminating a fingerprint through side illumination of a platen |
DE69840742D1 (en) | 1998-08-28 | 2009-05-28 | Perkin Elmer Ltd | Measurement of the background noise profile of a spectrometer |
US6057925A (en) * | 1998-08-28 | 2000-05-02 | Optical Coating Laboratory, Inc. | Compact spectrometer device |
US6363366B1 (en) * | 1998-08-31 | 2002-03-26 | David L. Henty | Produce identification and pricing system for checkouts |
US6005722A (en) | 1998-09-04 | 1999-12-21 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Optical display system including a light valve |
US6542179B1 (en) | 1998-09-30 | 2003-04-01 | Eastman Kodak Company | Light integrating system with reduced dynamic shading |
AU6406399A (en) * | 1998-09-30 | 2000-04-17 | Bionx Implants Oy | Chute for endosteal ligament fixation |
US6157041A (en) | 1998-10-13 | 2000-12-05 | Rio Grande Medical Technologies, Inc. | Methods and apparatus for tailoring spectroscopic calibration models |
US6353226B1 (en) | 1998-11-23 | 2002-03-05 | Abbott Laboratories | Non-invasive sensor capable of determining optical parameters in a sample having multiple layers |
US6154658A (en) | 1998-12-14 | 2000-11-28 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Vehicle information and safety control system |
US6175407B1 (en) * | 1998-12-17 | 2001-01-16 | Identix Incorporated | Apparatus and method for optically imaging features on the surface of a hand |
US6493566B1 (en) | 1999-01-22 | 2002-12-10 | Instrumentation Metrics, Inc. | Classification system for sex determination and tissue characterization |
US6501982B1 (en) | 1999-01-22 | 2002-12-31 | Sensys Medical, Inc. | System for the noninvasive estimation of relative age |
US6280381B1 (en) * | 1999-07-22 | 2001-08-28 | Instrumentation Metrics, Inc. | Intelligent system for noninvasive blood analyte prediction |
US6097035A (en) | 1999-02-22 | 2000-08-01 | Digital Persona, Inc. | Fingerprint detection apparatus with partial fingerprint images |
US6301815B1 (en) | 1999-03-04 | 2001-10-16 | Colt's Manufacturing Company, Inc. | Firearms and docking station system for limiting use of firearm |
US6859275B2 (en) * | 1999-04-09 | 2005-02-22 | Plain Sight Systems, Inc. | System and method for encoded spatio-spectral information processing |
US6046808A (en) * | 1999-04-09 | 2000-04-04 | Three Lc, Inc. | Radiation filter, spectrometer and imager using a micro-mirror array |
JP2001101309A (en) | 1999-07-28 | 2001-04-13 | Toto Ltd | System for managing living body information |
WO2001015596A1 (en) | 1999-08-31 | 2001-03-08 | Cme Telemetrix Inc. | Device for verifying the accuracy of a spectral analyzer |
WO2001018332A1 (en) | 1999-09-06 | 2001-03-15 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Activation of secured objects |
WO2001020538A2 (en) * | 1999-09-15 | 2001-03-22 | Quid Technologies Llc | Biometric recognition utilizing unique energy characteristics of an individual organism |
US6504614B1 (en) * | 1999-10-08 | 2003-01-07 | Rio Grande Medical Technologies, Inc. | Interferometer spectrometer with reduced alignment sensitivity |
US6816605B2 (en) | 1999-10-08 | 2004-11-09 | Lumidigm, Inc. | Methods and systems for biometric identification of individuals using linear optical spectroscopy |
JP3783491B2 (en) | 1999-10-21 | 2006-06-07 | 花王株式会社 | Skin condition evaluation method and apparatus |
WO2001052180A1 (en) | 2000-01-10 | 2001-07-19 | Tarian, Llc | Device using histological and physiological biometric marker for authentication and activation |
US6292576B1 (en) | 2000-02-29 | 2001-09-18 | Digital Persona, Inc. | Method and apparatus for distinguishing a human finger from a reproduction of a fingerprint |
US6799275B1 (en) | 2000-03-30 | 2004-09-28 | Digital Persona, Inc. | Method and apparatus for securing a secure processor |
US7536557B2 (en) | 2001-03-22 | 2009-05-19 | Ensign Holdings | Method for biometric authentication through layering biometric traits |
US6483929B1 (en) | 2000-06-08 | 2002-11-19 | Tarian Llc | Method and apparatus for histological and physiological biometric operation and authentication |
US20020091937A1 (en) * | 2001-01-10 | 2002-07-11 | Ortiz Luis M. | Random biometric authentication methods and systems |
US7126682B2 (en) | 2001-04-11 | 2006-10-24 | Rio Grande Medical Technologies, Inc. | Encoded variable filter spectrometer |
US6574490B2 (en) * | 2001-04-11 | 2003-06-03 | Rio Grande Medical Technologies, Inc. | System for non-invasive measurement of glucose in humans |
FR2850190B1 (en) | 2003-01-21 | 2006-04-28 | Atmel Grenoble Sa | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR RECOGNIZING PERSON |
FR2850191B1 (en) | 2003-01-21 | 2006-04-28 | Atmel Grenoble Sa | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR SECURING PERSON RECOGNITION |
KR20060002923A (en) | 2003-04-04 | 2006-01-09 | 루미다임 인크. | Multispectral biometric sensor |
-
2001
- 2001-06-05 US US09/874,740 patent/US7890158B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2002
- 2002-01-15 AT AT02720792T patent/ATE434973T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-01-15 IL IL15910802A patent/IL159108A0/en active IP Right Grant
- 2002-01-15 EP EP20020720792 patent/EP1397667B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-01-15 KR KR1020087031484A patent/KR20090012362A/en active IP Right Grant
- 2002-01-15 JP JP2003502467A patent/JP2005500095A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-01-15 WO PCT/US2002/001091 patent/WO2002099393A2/en active Application Filing
- 2002-01-15 KR KR10-2003-7015905A patent/KR20040100845A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-01-15 CA CA2448761A patent/CA2448761A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-01-15 AU AU2002251767A patent/AU2002251767B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2002-01-15 CN CNB028121368A patent/CN100415164C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-01-15 DE DE60232794T patent/DE60232794D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-09-30 US US10/262,403 patent/US7613504B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2008
- 2008-07-28 US US12/180,677 patent/US20080297788A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2008-07-29 US US12/181,495 patent/US9487398B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2008-09-16 JP JP2008237233A patent/JP2008296052A/en active Pending
- 2008-09-16 JP JP2008237232A patent/JP2008296051A/en active Pending
-
2012
- 2012-09-25 US US13/626,504 patent/US9061899B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2012-09-25 US US13/626,547 patent/US20130027685A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2002099393A2 (en) | 2002-12-12 |
CN1516564A (en) | 2004-07-28 |
EP1397667B1 (en) | 2009-07-01 |
US20020183624A1 (en) | 2002-12-05 |
US7890158B2 (en) | 2011-02-15 |
JP2005500095A (en) | 2005-01-06 |
US9061899B2 (en) | 2015-06-23 |
US20130021596A1 (en) | 2013-01-24 |
DE60232794D1 (en) | 2009-08-13 |
ATE434973T1 (en) | 2009-07-15 |
JP2008296052A (en) | 2008-12-11 |
US9487398B2 (en) | 2016-11-08 |
CN100415164C (en) | 2008-09-03 |
US20130027685A1 (en) | 2013-01-31 |
US20080304712A1 (en) | 2008-12-11 |
JP2008296051A (en) | 2008-12-11 |
US20080297788A1 (en) | 2008-12-04 |
AU2002251767B2 (en) | 2007-09-13 |
US7613504B2 (en) | 2009-11-03 |
US20030078504A1 (en) | 2003-04-24 |
KR20090012362A (en) | 2009-02-03 |
IL159108A0 (en) | 2004-05-12 |
EP1397667A2 (en) | 2004-03-17 |
KR20040100845A (en) | 2004-12-02 |
WO2002099393A3 (en) | 2003-02-27 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US7890158B2 (en) | Apparatus and method of biometric determination using specialized optical spectroscopy systems | |
AU2002251767A1 (en) | Apparatus and method of biometric determination on the basis of spectral opitical measurements | |
US7620212B1 (en) | Electro-optical sensor | |
US6816605B2 (en) | Methods and systems for biometric identification of individuals using linear optical spectroscopy | |
AU2002239928B2 (en) | Apparatus and method of biometric identification or verification of individuals using optical spectroscopy | |
US8285010B2 (en) | Biometrics based on locally consistent features | |
US7616123B2 (en) | Apparatus and method for noninvasively monitoring for the presence of alcohol or substances of abuse in controlled environments | |
US8095193B2 (en) | Apparatus and method for controlling operation of vehicles or machinery by intoxicated or impaired individuals | |
AU2002239928A1 (en) | Apparatus and method of biometric identification or verification of individuals using optical spectroscopy | |
JP2007524441A (en) | Multispectral biometric sensor | |
KR20070038448A (en) | Methods and systems for estimation of personal characteristics from biometric measurements |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
EEER | Examination request | ||
FZDE | Discontinued |