CA2446489A1 - Sequence numbering mechanism to ensure execution order integrity of inter-dependent smart card applications - Google Patents
Sequence numbering mechanism to ensure execution order integrity of inter-dependent smart card applications Download PDFInfo
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- CA2446489A1 CA2446489A1 CA002446489A CA2446489A CA2446489A1 CA 2446489 A1 CA2446489 A1 CA 2446489A1 CA 002446489 A CA002446489 A CA 002446489A CA 2446489 A CA2446489 A CA 2446489A CA 2446489 A1 CA2446489 A1 CA 2446489A1
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- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 title description 9
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 title 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012163 sequencing technique Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000010365 information processing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
- G06F21/50—Monitoring users, programs or devices to maintain the integrity of platforms, e.g. of processors, firmware or operating systems
- G06F21/55—Detecting local intrusion or implementing counter-measures
- G06F21/554—Detecting local intrusion or implementing counter-measures involving event detection and direct action
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
- G06F21/10—Protecting distributed programs or content, e.g. vending or licensing of copyrighted material ; Digital rights management [DRM]
- G06F21/12—Protecting executable software
- G06F21/121—Restricting unauthorised execution of programs
- G06F21/123—Restricting unauthorised execution of programs by using dedicated hardware, e.g. dongles, smart cards, cryptographic processors, global positioning systems [GPS] devices
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
- G06F21/10—Protecting distributed programs or content, e.g. vending or licensing of copyrighted material ; Digital rights management [DRM]
- G06F21/12—Protecting executable software
- G06F21/121—Restricting unauthorised execution of programs
- G06F21/125—Restricting unauthorised execution of programs by manipulating the program code, e.g. source code, compiled code, interpreted code, machine code
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F9/00—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
- G06F9/06—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
- G06F9/46—Multiprogramming arrangements
- G06F9/465—Distributed object oriented systems
Abstract
Software code of a software program is executed in a multi-processor computer environment. The software code includes a first portion and a second portion.
The first portion is executed in a computer. The second portion is executed in one or more tamper-resistant external devices which are in communication with the computer. The second portion includes a plurality of different blocks of code. At least some of the blocks have sequence data associated therewith. If sequence data exists in the current block of code to be executed in the one or more external devices, then the sequence data is used to determine if execution of the block of code is permissible or should be inhibited. The sequence data includes predecessor data and successor data.
The first portion is executed in a computer. The second portion is executed in one or more tamper-resistant external devices which are in communication with the computer. The second portion includes a plurality of different blocks of code. At least some of the blocks have sequence data associated therewith. If sequence data exists in the current block of code to be executed in the one or more external devices, then the sequence data is used to determine if execution of the block of code is permissible or should be inhibited. The sequence data includes predecessor data and successor data.
Description
TITLE OF THE INVENTION
SEQUENCE NUMBERING MECHANISM TO ENSURE EXECUTION
ORDER INTEGRITY OF INTER-DEPENDENT SMART CARD APPLICATIONS
BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention describes a mechanism for the protection of the correct execution-order of interdependent (interrelated) software applications. In particular, the present invention relates to software license protection for the shielded and timely execution of software applications through the use of tamper-resistant external devices, such as smart cards, USB tokens or other forms for tamper-resistant I O environments. The present invention also finds its applications in any traditional smart card security, application area, such as e-payment, digital rights management (DRM), mufti-media protection, authentication, biometry, public-key infrastructure (PKI), encryption-schemes, as an integrated part of special-purpose secure operating systems for tamper-resistant external devices, and the like. The present invention relates to I5 International Application No. PCT/N096/OOI71 designating the United States, which is incorporated by reference herein. This patent describes a system for software license protection through the partial execution of a software application in a tamper-resistant external device.
In mufti-processing computer environments, such as for example that 20 provided by a dual-processor environment consisting of an (untrusted) host computer and a (trusted) external, tamper-resistant device such as a smart card or other token, software applications residing on the host computer are sometimes required to make more than one function call to applications residing on the external device. Software applications which execute on external devices as described herein are also referred to as "applets."
25 Generally speaking, the path of execution of a software application;
whether that be a host application or an external device/smart card applet, is critical for the correct functioning of the application. It is important that the execution path is not tampered with.
As a trivial example, an application which converts Celsius temperature degrees into Fahrenheit would need to perform the equation F=9/5*C+32. The multiplication of the Celsius degree by 9/5 must be carried out before the addition by 32.
According to the prior art, correct execution order is ensured by letting the function in its entirety be executed in a tamper-proof environment, as an applet, allowing just one function-call entry from the host application to the applet. Since the applet resides on the tamper-resistant smart card, it may not be tampered with, and since the applet has just one entry-point, there is no way the addition operation can possibly be performed before the multiplication operation. Functional atomicity, integrity and correct execution order has been ensured.
If the function F=9*C/5+32 nonetheless was to be split into three applets, as illustrated in Fig. 1; applet 1 as i=9*C, applet 2 as i=i/5 and applet 3 as F=i+32, each with a separate function entry point, then, according to the prior art, no mechanism allows the external device to discover and hinder an adversary from modifying the host application by reversing applet function calls towards the external device, e.g., calling applet 3 before applet l, or by removing one or several calls, to thereby break the integrity of the compound smart card application.
Fig. 2 shows a scenario where the adversary has removed the call to applet 2, causing the external device to return a corrupt result. Thus, a tamper-proof device does not in general suffice to maintain the correct execution order and overall applet integrity.
A first objective of the present invention is to provide an integrity protection mechanism that allows a smart card application to be split into more than one sub-applications in a safe manner, enforcing correct execution order and application integrity, and to allow the execution environment of the external device to discover any attempts to process applets in an illegal order or manner. This facility opens up new technological possibilities. A second objective of the present invention is to facilitate, for the purposes of software license protection and other application areas indicated above, the selection of software application components suitable and not suitable for execution on the tamper-resistant device, in an unconstrained manner, thereby providing an e~cient and highly user-friendly tool for optimization of application security and performance.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of preferred embodiments of the invention, will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. Fox the purpose of illustrating the invention, there is shown in the drawings an embodiment that is presently preferred. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown. In the drawings:
Fig. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a prior art mufti-processor computer environment for executing a portion of code in an external device;
Fig. 2 shows how an attack can be conducted on the environment of Fig. 1;
Fig. 3 shows a schematic block diagram of a mufti-processor computer environment for executing a portion of code in an external device in accordance with. a first embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 4 shows a schematic block diagram of a mufti-processor computer environment for executing a portion of code in an external device in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention; and Fig. 5 shows how the present invention provides a general solution to controlling multiple alternative applet execution paths.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Certain terminology is used herein for convenience only and is not to be taken as a limitation on the present invention. In the drawings, the same reference letters are employed for designating the same elements throughout the several figures.
The present invention binds applet processing sequence data (e.g., sequence numbers or other identifiers such as random numbers or discrete time values) together with the actual applet code, thereby enforcing applets to be executed in a correct sequence determined by the sequence data. Each applet must have a unique identity. For each applet, the sequence data contains information about the set of predecessor applets allowed to be executed before the current applet, and the set of successors allowed to be executed after the current applet. The sets of predecessors and successors may be empty, or may contain one or several elements (applet identities), or may contain wild cards that define a specific group of applets. In summary, for each applet, the sequence data identifies the set of applets that precede and succeed the current applet, and the sequencing information needs to be inherently linked to the actual applet code.
The special predecessor and successor code * is used as a wild card. A
predecessor code * indicates that, from the point of view of the current applet, any other applet may be executed before it. For example, in Fig. 3, applet 1's predecessor is specified as *, which implies that applet 1 does not put any constraints to what applet, if any, was executed beforehand. Applet 2, on the other hand, specifically states that its successor shall be applet 3. So, even if applet 1 allows applet 2 to be its predecessor, then applet 2 does not allow applet 1 to be its successor. In other words, execution of an applet only takes place if both predecessor and successor conditions are satisfied.
Other types of wild cards than * may be imagined, describing different constraints on applets or different applet subsets.
Two main embodiments of the present invention are described herein. In the first embodiment, illustrated in Fig. 3, the applet identifier, predecessor/successor information and applet code is stored in the external device, out of reach from tampering by the adversary. In a second embodiment, illustrated in Fig. 4, the applet identifier and predecessor/successor information is bound in the actual applet code, which then is protected for integrity and/or confidentiality by means of standard encryption techniques.
Fig. 3 shows sequence data and external device tracking in the example set forth above. In this figure, both predecessor and successor sequence data are used and tracked to illustrate the invention concept. For example, the encrypted applet 1 in the host software application has no specific predecessor, but has applet 2 as its sole rightful successor; applet 2 has applet 1 as its only predecessor. and applet 3 as its only successor;
and applet 3 has applet 2 as its only predecessor, but no specific successor.
Referring to the external device tracking, at time t1 (which corresponds to memory state t1 in memory 222 of Fig. 3), applet 1 has executed, and applet 1 was the last applet to execute; at time t2 (which corresponds to memory state 2 in memory 222), applets 1 and 2 have executed, and applet 2 was the last block to execute; and at time t3 (which corresponds to memory state 3 in memory 222), applets 1, 2 and 3 have executed, and applet 3 was the last block to execute.
The predecessor and successor data are checked against the data tracked by the external device 200 before the block of code can be executed. For example, before applet 2 is executed, the external device 200 looks up applet 2's rightful predecessors in memory 224 in Fig. 3, i.e., applet l, and then checks whether applet 1 actually was the last executed in the previous state t1 in memory 222. The external device 200 then checks if the current applet 2 is a rightful successor of applet 1 by looking up the successor information at the previous state t1 in memory 222. If so, applet 2 is executed.
If not, applet 2 cannot be executed.
Consider again the attack set forth in Fig. 2 in view of the present invention and the embodiment according to Fig. 3. If an adversary replaces the call to applet 2 by a call to applet 3, the external device 200 will not execute applet 3 because the successor to applet 1 according to memory 224 can only be applet 2, and also because the predecessor of applet 3 according to the same memory 224 is applet 2, and not applet 1 as state t1 of memory 222 contains.
Fig. 4 shows a second embodiment of the present invention. Here, encrypted sequencing data 1221, 1222 and 1223 are embedded into each separate applet, alleviating memory 224 of Fig. 3. During execution, the external device 200 receives applets from the host software program 122. For each applet received, the external device 200 verifies that this applet follows a valid execution path according to the information stored in the applet execution trace memory 222. For instance, when the external device 200 receives applet 2, the applet is first decrypted, then the external device 200 looks up applet 2's rightful predecessors in the applet body 1222, which turns out to be applet 1, and then checks whether applet 1 actually was the last executed in the previous state t1 in memory 222. The external device 200 then checks if the current applet 2 is a rightful successor of applet 1 by looking up the successor information at the previous state t1 in memory 222. If so, applet 2 is executed. If not, applet 2 cannot be executed.
Consider again the attack set forth in Fig. 2 in view of the present invention and the embodiment according to Fig. 4. If an adversary replaces the call to applet 2 by a call to applet 3, the external device 200 will not execute applet 3 because the successor to applet 1 according to memory 224 can only be applet 2, and also because the predecessor of applet 3 according to the same memory 224 is applet 2, and not applet 1 as state t1 of memory 222 contains.
The embodiments illustrated in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 each has its advantage:
Fig. 3 allows for the storage of applets and associated predecessor and successor information in memory 224 inside the external device 200. This reduces communication between host 100 and external device 200. During runtime, only the applet identifier and associated I/O parameters are transferred between the host application 122 and the external device 200. On the other hand, storing encrypted applets on host memory 110 and allowing these to be uploaded to the external device 200 during runtime, reduces memory usage on the external device 200. These approaches may be combined.
Applets 1, 2 and 3 in Figs. 3 and 4 are executed in strictly sequential order.
Each applet has exactly one predecessor and exactly one successor. In software applications, this is a special case, and not the general rule. The prior art holds a solution to this special case: Standard encryption methods teach encryption chaining methods, such as, for example, Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) defined in Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 81, DES Modes of Operation, December 1980 (FIPS
PUB 81), whereby one cipher block is cryptographically linked to the previous.
Using CBC, it is not possible to decrypt and, for the purpose described herein, execute applet i+1 without first having decrypted and executed applet i. Furthermore, for some crypto block i+1, cryptographic chaining mechanisms ofFer no solution to the problem of having two different blocks i and i' which both yield a correct decryption of block i+1.
Fig. 5 shows that the present invention provides a general solution to controlling multiple alternative applet execution paths, thus overcoming the limitation of cryptographic chaining mechanisms and other prior art. In Fig. 5, applet 4 has two possible predecessors; applets 2 and 3. This is reflected in the entry for applet 4 in memory 224, which informs the external device that both applets 2 and 3 are rightful predecessors of applet 4.
The present invention is trivially generalized to handle multiple tamper-resistant external devices: From the view of a host software application, it has the capability to perform calls to applets on several (different) external devices. Likewise, from the view of an external device, any number of applications from different hosts (and even from other external devices) may place calls to applets within the present external device, without interfering the security mechanism described herein.
The present invention may also be extended to allow any particular applet to execute on any of a set of more than one external devices. In this scenario, the external device currently in charge of determining if an applet is allowed execution needs to fetch the relevant execution trace of preceding applets, including a mechanism to maintain the integrity of this information, in order to determine whether or not the current applet has the right to be executed.
Changes can be made to the embodiments described above without departing from the broad inventive concept thereof. The present invention is thus not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but is intended to cover modifications within the spirit and scope of the present invention.
What is claimed is:
SEQUENCE NUMBERING MECHANISM TO ENSURE EXECUTION
ORDER INTEGRITY OF INTER-DEPENDENT SMART CARD APPLICATIONS
BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention describes a mechanism for the protection of the correct execution-order of interdependent (interrelated) software applications. In particular, the present invention relates to software license protection for the shielded and timely execution of software applications through the use of tamper-resistant external devices, such as smart cards, USB tokens or other forms for tamper-resistant I O environments. The present invention also finds its applications in any traditional smart card security, application area, such as e-payment, digital rights management (DRM), mufti-media protection, authentication, biometry, public-key infrastructure (PKI), encryption-schemes, as an integrated part of special-purpose secure operating systems for tamper-resistant external devices, and the like. The present invention relates to I5 International Application No. PCT/N096/OOI71 designating the United States, which is incorporated by reference herein. This patent describes a system for software license protection through the partial execution of a software application in a tamper-resistant external device.
In mufti-processing computer environments, such as for example that 20 provided by a dual-processor environment consisting of an (untrusted) host computer and a (trusted) external, tamper-resistant device such as a smart card or other token, software applications residing on the host computer are sometimes required to make more than one function call to applications residing on the external device. Software applications which execute on external devices as described herein are also referred to as "applets."
25 Generally speaking, the path of execution of a software application;
whether that be a host application or an external device/smart card applet, is critical for the correct functioning of the application. It is important that the execution path is not tampered with.
As a trivial example, an application which converts Celsius temperature degrees into Fahrenheit would need to perform the equation F=9/5*C+32. The multiplication of the Celsius degree by 9/5 must be carried out before the addition by 32.
According to the prior art, correct execution order is ensured by letting the function in its entirety be executed in a tamper-proof environment, as an applet, allowing just one function-call entry from the host application to the applet. Since the applet resides on the tamper-resistant smart card, it may not be tampered with, and since the applet has just one entry-point, there is no way the addition operation can possibly be performed before the multiplication operation. Functional atomicity, integrity and correct execution order has been ensured.
If the function F=9*C/5+32 nonetheless was to be split into three applets, as illustrated in Fig. 1; applet 1 as i=9*C, applet 2 as i=i/5 and applet 3 as F=i+32, each with a separate function entry point, then, according to the prior art, no mechanism allows the external device to discover and hinder an adversary from modifying the host application by reversing applet function calls towards the external device, e.g., calling applet 3 before applet l, or by removing one or several calls, to thereby break the integrity of the compound smart card application.
Fig. 2 shows a scenario where the adversary has removed the call to applet 2, causing the external device to return a corrupt result. Thus, a tamper-proof device does not in general suffice to maintain the correct execution order and overall applet integrity.
A first objective of the present invention is to provide an integrity protection mechanism that allows a smart card application to be split into more than one sub-applications in a safe manner, enforcing correct execution order and application integrity, and to allow the execution environment of the external device to discover any attempts to process applets in an illegal order or manner. This facility opens up new technological possibilities. A second objective of the present invention is to facilitate, for the purposes of software license protection and other application areas indicated above, the selection of software application components suitable and not suitable for execution on the tamper-resistant device, in an unconstrained manner, thereby providing an e~cient and highly user-friendly tool for optimization of application security and performance.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of preferred embodiments of the invention, will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. Fox the purpose of illustrating the invention, there is shown in the drawings an embodiment that is presently preferred. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown. In the drawings:
Fig. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a prior art mufti-processor computer environment for executing a portion of code in an external device;
Fig. 2 shows how an attack can be conducted on the environment of Fig. 1;
Fig. 3 shows a schematic block diagram of a mufti-processor computer environment for executing a portion of code in an external device in accordance with. a first embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 4 shows a schematic block diagram of a mufti-processor computer environment for executing a portion of code in an external device in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention; and Fig. 5 shows how the present invention provides a general solution to controlling multiple alternative applet execution paths.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Certain terminology is used herein for convenience only and is not to be taken as a limitation on the present invention. In the drawings, the same reference letters are employed for designating the same elements throughout the several figures.
The present invention binds applet processing sequence data (e.g., sequence numbers or other identifiers such as random numbers or discrete time values) together with the actual applet code, thereby enforcing applets to be executed in a correct sequence determined by the sequence data. Each applet must have a unique identity. For each applet, the sequence data contains information about the set of predecessor applets allowed to be executed before the current applet, and the set of successors allowed to be executed after the current applet. The sets of predecessors and successors may be empty, or may contain one or several elements (applet identities), or may contain wild cards that define a specific group of applets. In summary, for each applet, the sequence data identifies the set of applets that precede and succeed the current applet, and the sequencing information needs to be inherently linked to the actual applet code.
The special predecessor and successor code * is used as a wild card. A
predecessor code * indicates that, from the point of view of the current applet, any other applet may be executed before it. For example, in Fig. 3, applet 1's predecessor is specified as *, which implies that applet 1 does not put any constraints to what applet, if any, was executed beforehand. Applet 2, on the other hand, specifically states that its successor shall be applet 3. So, even if applet 1 allows applet 2 to be its predecessor, then applet 2 does not allow applet 1 to be its successor. In other words, execution of an applet only takes place if both predecessor and successor conditions are satisfied.
Other types of wild cards than * may be imagined, describing different constraints on applets or different applet subsets.
Two main embodiments of the present invention are described herein. In the first embodiment, illustrated in Fig. 3, the applet identifier, predecessor/successor information and applet code is stored in the external device, out of reach from tampering by the adversary. In a second embodiment, illustrated in Fig. 4, the applet identifier and predecessor/successor information is bound in the actual applet code, which then is protected for integrity and/or confidentiality by means of standard encryption techniques.
Fig. 3 shows sequence data and external device tracking in the example set forth above. In this figure, both predecessor and successor sequence data are used and tracked to illustrate the invention concept. For example, the encrypted applet 1 in the host software application has no specific predecessor, but has applet 2 as its sole rightful successor; applet 2 has applet 1 as its only predecessor. and applet 3 as its only successor;
and applet 3 has applet 2 as its only predecessor, but no specific successor.
Referring to the external device tracking, at time t1 (which corresponds to memory state t1 in memory 222 of Fig. 3), applet 1 has executed, and applet 1 was the last applet to execute; at time t2 (which corresponds to memory state 2 in memory 222), applets 1 and 2 have executed, and applet 2 was the last block to execute; and at time t3 (which corresponds to memory state 3 in memory 222), applets 1, 2 and 3 have executed, and applet 3 was the last block to execute.
The predecessor and successor data are checked against the data tracked by the external device 200 before the block of code can be executed. For example, before applet 2 is executed, the external device 200 looks up applet 2's rightful predecessors in memory 224 in Fig. 3, i.e., applet l, and then checks whether applet 1 actually was the last executed in the previous state t1 in memory 222. The external device 200 then checks if the current applet 2 is a rightful successor of applet 1 by looking up the successor information at the previous state t1 in memory 222. If so, applet 2 is executed.
If not, applet 2 cannot be executed.
Consider again the attack set forth in Fig. 2 in view of the present invention and the embodiment according to Fig. 3. If an adversary replaces the call to applet 2 by a call to applet 3, the external device 200 will not execute applet 3 because the successor to applet 1 according to memory 224 can only be applet 2, and also because the predecessor of applet 3 according to the same memory 224 is applet 2, and not applet 1 as state t1 of memory 222 contains.
Fig. 4 shows a second embodiment of the present invention. Here, encrypted sequencing data 1221, 1222 and 1223 are embedded into each separate applet, alleviating memory 224 of Fig. 3. During execution, the external device 200 receives applets from the host software program 122. For each applet received, the external device 200 verifies that this applet follows a valid execution path according to the information stored in the applet execution trace memory 222. For instance, when the external device 200 receives applet 2, the applet is first decrypted, then the external device 200 looks up applet 2's rightful predecessors in the applet body 1222, which turns out to be applet 1, and then checks whether applet 1 actually was the last executed in the previous state t1 in memory 222. The external device 200 then checks if the current applet 2 is a rightful successor of applet 1 by looking up the successor information at the previous state t1 in memory 222. If so, applet 2 is executed. If not, applet 2 cannot be executed.
Consider again the attack set forth in Fig. 2 in view of the present invention and the embodiment according to Fig. 4. If an adversary replaces the call to applet 2 by a call to applet 3, the external device 200 will not execute applet 3 because the successor to applet 1 according to memory 224 can only be applet 2, and also because the predecessor of applet 3 according to the same memory 224 is applet 2, and not applet 1 as state t1 of memory 222 contains.
The embodiments illustrated in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 each has its advantage:
Fig. 3 allows for the storage of applets and associated predecessor and successor information in memory 224 inside the external device 200. This reduces communication between host 100 and external device 200. During runtime, only the applet identifier and associated I/O parameters are transferred between the host application 122 and the external device 200. On the other hand, storing encrypted applets on host memory 110 and allowing these to be uploaded to the external device 200 during runtime, reduces memory usage on the external device 200. These approaches may be combined.
Applets 1, 2 and 3 in Figs. 3 and 4 are executed in strictly sequential order.
Each applet has exactly one predecessor and exactly one successor. In software applications, this is a special case, and not the general rule. The prior art holds a solution to this special case: Standard encryption methods teach encryption chaining methods, such as, for example, Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) defined in Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 81, DES Modes of Operation, December 1980 (FIPS
PUB 81), whereby one cipher block is cryptographically linked to the previous.
Using CBC, it is not possible to decrypt and, for the purpose described herein, execute applet i+1 without first having decrypted and executed applet i. Furthermore, for some crypto block i+1, cryptographic chaining mechanisms ofFer no solution to the problem of having two different blocks i and i' which both yield a correct decryption of block i+1.
Fig. 5 shows that the present invention provides a general solution to controlling multiple alternative applet execution paths, thus overcoming the limitation of cryptographic chaining mechanisms and other prior art. In Fig. 5, applet 4 has two possible predecessors; applets 2 and 3. This is reflected in the entry for applet 4 in memory 224, which informs the external device that both applets 2 and 3 are rightful predecessors of applet 4.
The present invention is trivially generalized to handle multiple tamper-resistant external devices: From the view of a host software application, it has the capability to perform calls to applets on several (different) external devices. Likewise, from the view of an external device, any number of applications from different hosts (and even from other external devices) may place calls to applets within the present external device, without interfering the security mechanism described herein.
The present invention may also be extended to allow any particular applet to execute on any of a set of more than one external devices. In this scenario, the external device currently in charge of determining if an applet is allowed execution needs to fetch the relevant execution trace of preceding applets, including a mechanism to maintain the integrity of this information, in order to determine whether or not the current applet has the right to be executed.
Changes can be made to the embodiments described above without departing from the broad inventive concept thereof. The present invention is thus not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but is intended to cover modifications within the spirit and scope of the present invention.
What is claimed is:
Claims (17)
1. A method of executing software code of a software program in a multi-processor computer environment, the software code including (i) a first portion to be executed in the computer, and (ii) a second portion, the second portion including a plurality of different blocks of code, at least some of the blocks having sequence data associated therewith, the method comprising:
(a) executing the second portion of code in one or more tamper-resistant devices which are in communication with the computer; and (b) if sequence data exists in the current block of code to be executed in the one or more tamper-resistant devices, using the sequence data to determine if execution of the block of code is permissible or should be inhibited.
(a) executing the second portion of code in one or more tamper-resistant devices which are in communication with the computer; and (b) if sequence data exists in the current block of code to be executed in the one or more tamper-resistant devices, using the sequence data to determine if execution of the block of code is permissible or should be inhibited.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the blocks of code having sequence data associated therewith each include (i) an applet ID, (ii) predecessor data indicating one or more specific blocks of code that must have been executed immediately before the block of code that has the sequence data associated therewith, (iii) successor data indicating one or more specific blocks of code that must be executed immediately after the block of code that has the sequence data associated therewith, (iv) and applet code.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the applet identifier, sequence data and applet code are each stored in the tamper-resistant device.
4. The method of claim 2 wherein the applet identifier and the sequence data is bound in the applet code, and the second portion of code containing the applet identifier, sequence data and applet code is encrypted.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the second portion of code is encrypted, the method further comprising:
(c) decrypting the second portion of code in the one or more tamper-resistant devices prior to execution.
(c) decrypting the second portion of code in the one or more tamper-resistant devices prior to execution.
6. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
(c) tracking in the one or more tamper-resistant devices data regarding which blocks of code of the second portion have been executed therein, wherein step (b) further comprises comparing any sequence data in the current block of code to be executed with the tracked data to determine if execution of the block of code is permissible or should be inhibited.
(c) tracking in the one or more tamper-resistant devices data regarding which blocks of code of the second portion have been executed therein, wherein step (b) further comprises comparing any sequence data in the current block of code to be executed with the tracked data to determine if execution of the block of code is permissible or should be inhibited.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the plurality of different blocks of code are interspersed within the first portion of code.
8. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
(c) the computer sending the second portion of code to the one or more tamper-resistant devices for execution therein, the computer receiving back state information from the one or more tamper-resistant devices upon successful execution of the second portion of code.
(c) the computer sending the second portion of code to the one or more tamper-resistant devices for execution therein, the computer receiving back state information from the one or more tamper-resistant devices upon successful execution of the second portion of code.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the one or more tamper-resistant devices are smart cards.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the one or more tamper-resistant devices are USB tokens.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the one or more tamper-resistant devices are PCMCIA cards.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein the one or more tamper-resistant devices are microcontrollers integrated in the computer.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein the blocks of code are applets.
14. The method of claim 1 wherein the sequence data is wild card data indicating that either any block of code can be executed immediately before the block of code that has the wild card data associated therewith, or that no block of code needs to be executed immediately before the block of code that has the wild card data associated therewith.
15. The method of claim 1 wherein the second portion of code is stored in the computer and is downloaded into the one or more tamper-resistant devices prior to execution.
16. The method of claim 1 wherein the second portion of code is stored in the one or more external devices and is instructed to execute upon receipt of commands from the first portion of code.
17. The method of claim 1 wherein the software code is part of a software application program.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/NO2001/000201 WO2002093365A1 (en) | 2001-05-11 | 2001-05-11 | Sequence numbering mechanism to ensure execution order integrity of inter-dependent smart card applications |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2446489A1 true CA2446489A1 (en) | 2002-11-21 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002446489A Abandoned CA2446489A1 (en) | 2001-05-11 | 2001-05-11 | Sequence numbering mechanism to ensure execution order integrity of inter-dependent smart card applications |
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| US (1) | US6490720B1 (en) |
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| AT (1) | ATE242892T1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2446489A1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE60100363T2 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK1305708T3 (en) |
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| PT (1) | PT1305708E (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2002093365A1 (en) |
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| US6845498B1 (en) * | 1999-05-11 | 2005-01-18 | Microsoft Corporation | Method and apparatus for sharing data files among run time environment applets in an integrated circuit card |
| US6938244B1 (en) | 1999-05-11 | 2005-08-30 | Microsoft Corp. | Interlaced protocol for smart card application development |
| US6912528B2 (en) * | 2000-01-18 | 2005-06-28 | Gregg S. Homer | Rechargeable media distribution and play system |
| US7272228B2 (en) * | 2003-06-12 | 2007-09-18 | International Business Machines Corporation | System and method for securing code and ensuring proper execution using state-based encryption |
| DE10340411B4 (en) * | 2003-09-02 | 2005-10-13 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Device and method for the safe execution of a program |
| US7730318B2 (en) * | 2003-10-24 | 2010-06-01 | Microsoft Corporation | Integration of high-assurance features into an application through application factoring |
| US7426752B2 (en) * | 2004-01-05 | 2008-09-16 | International Business Machines Corporation | System and method for order-preserving encryption for numeric data |
| US20050204405A1 (en) * | 2004-03-04 | 2005-09-15 | Brian Wormington | Method and system for digital rights management |
| KR20070015440A (en) * | 2004-04-26 | 2007-02-02 | 구글 잉크. | Methods and systems for dynamically composing distributed interactive applications from high-level programming languages |
| ES2255814B1 (en) * | 2004-05-31 | 2007-07-01 | Administracion De La Comunidad Autonoma De Euskadi | DEVICE FOR ESTABLISHMENT, EXECUTION AND OBTAINING THE RESULT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A HOMEWORK. |
| EP1698958A1 (en) * | 2005-02-25 | 2006-09-06 | Axalto SA | Method for securing the writing in memory against radiation attacks or other attacks |
| EP2296108B1 (en) | 2006-06-15 | 2012-11-14 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Portable electronic device and control method thereof |
| US20080133419A1 (en) * | 2006-12-05 | 2008-06-05 | Brian Wormington | Secure financial transaction system and method |
| KR101224717B1 (en) * | 2008-12-26 | 2013-01-21 | 에스케이플래닛 주식회사 | Method for Protecting Software License, System, Server, Terminal And Computer-Readable Recording Medium with Program therefor |
| US9934377B2 (en) * | 2015-11-20 | 2018-04-03 | Atmel Corporation | Input/output parameter selection |
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| US4558176A (en) | 1982-09-20 | 1985-12-10 | Arnold Mark G | Computer systems to inhibit unauthorized copying, unauthorized usage, and automated cracking of protected software |
| CA1322422C (en) * | 1988-07-18 | 1993-09-21 | James P. Emmond | Single-keyed indexed file for tp queue repository |
| JP3290280B2 (en) * | 1994-01-13 | 2002-06-10 | 株式会社東芝 | Information processing device |
| FR2723652B1 (en) | 1994-08-11 | 1996-09-13 | Cegelec | METHOD FOR SCHEDULING SUCCESSIVE TASKS |
| US6157721A (en) * | 1996-08-12 | 2000-12-05 | Intertrust Technologies Corp. | Systems and methods using cryptography to protect secure computing environments |
| US5651068A (en) | 1995-03-08 | 1997-07-22 | Hewlett-Packard Company | International cryptography framework |
| NO302388B1 (en) | 1995-07-13 | 1998-02-23 | Sigurd Sigbjoernsen | Procedure and apparatus for protecting software against unauthorized use |
| US5825877A (en) | 1996-06-11 | 1998-10-20 | International Business Machines Corporation | Support for portable trusted software |
| US5841869A (en) | 1996-08-23 | 1998-11-24 | Cheyenne Property Trust | Method and apparatus for trusted processing |
| US5917913A (en) | 1996-12-04 | 1999-06-29 | Wang; Ynjiun Paul | Portable electronic authorization devices and methods therefor |
| US5933640A (en) * | 1997-02-26 | 1999-08-03 | Digital Equipment Corporation | Method for analyzing and presenting test execution flows of programs |
| US6126328A (en) | 1997-02-28 | 2000-10-03 | Oracle Corporation | Controlled execution of partitioned code |
| GB2328042B (en) | 1997-07-26 | 2002-10-09 | Ibm | Smartcard transaction processing |
| US6117185A (en) * | 1997-09-24 | 2000-09-12 | International Business Machines Corporation | Skip list data storage during compilation |
| US6061449A (en) | 1997-10-10 | 2000-05-09 | General Instrument Corporation | Secure processor with external memory using block chaining and block re-ordering |
| US6038646A (en) | 1998-01-23 | 2000-03-14 | Sun Microsystems, Inc. | Method and apparatus for enforcing ordered execution of reads and writes across a memory interface |
| US6205465B1 (en) * | 1998-07-22 | 2001-03-20 | Cisco Technology, Inc. | Component extensible parallel execution of multiple threads assembled from program components specified with partial inter-component sequence information |
| US6223287B1 (en) * | 1998-07-24 | 2001-04-24 | International Business Machines Corporation | Method for establishing a secured communication channel over the internet |
| FR2792431B1 (en) * | 1999-04-19 | 2001-07-13 | Canon Kk | DEVICE AND METHOD FOR FILTERING AND/OR DELIVERING INCOMING DATA PACKETS TO CLIENT APPLICATIONS IN DIRECT NETWORK ACCESS COMMUNICATION ARCHITECTURES |
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- 2001-05-11 DE DE60100363T patent/DE60100363T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-05-11 EP EP01938842A patent/EP1305708B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-05-11 ES ES01938842T patent/ES2201038T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-05-11 PT PT01938842T patent/PT1305708E/en unknown
- 2001-05-11 AT AT01938842T patent/ATE242892T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-05-11 CA CA002446489A patent/CA2446489A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-05-11 WO PCT/NO2001/000201 patent/WO2002093365A1/en active Application Filing
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- 2001-06-26 US US09/891,490 patent/US6490720B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2003
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| PT1305708E (en) | 2003-10-31 |
| EP1305708A1 (en) | 2003-05-02 |
| DE60100363D1 (en) | 2003-07-17 |
| DE60100363T2 (en) | 2004-05-06 |
| ATE242892T1 (en) | 2003-06-15 |
| WO2002093365A1 (en) | 2002-11-21 |
| DK1305708T3 (en) | 2003-07-14 |
| US6490720B1 (en) | 2002-12-03 |
| ES2201038T3 (en) | 2004-03-16 |
| NO20034816L (en) | 2004-03-10 |
| EP1305708B1 (en) | 2003-06-11 |
| NO20034816D0 (en) | 2003-10-28 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FZDE | Discontinued |