CA2408606A1 - Drug combinations useful for prevention of restenosis - Google Patents
Drug combinations useful for prevention of restenosis Download PDFInfo
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- CA2408606A1 CA2408606A1 CA002408606A CA2408606A CA2408606A1 CA 2408606 A1 CA2408606 A1 CA 2408606A1 CA 002408606 A CA002408606 A CA 002408606A CA 2408606 A CA2408606 A CA 2408606A CA 2408606 A1 CA2408606 A1 CA 2408606A1
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- stent
- rapamycin
- dexamethasone
- restenosis
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/82—Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/86—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
- A61F2/90—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
- A61F2/91—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/82—Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/86—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
- A61F2/90—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
- A61F2/91—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes
- A61F2/915—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes with bands having a meander structure, adjacent bands being connected to each other
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- A61K31/4353—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
- A61K31/436—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems the heterocyclic ring system containing a six-membered ring having oxygen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. rapamycin
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
- A61K31/715—Polysaccharides, i.e. having more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers, esters
- A61K31/726—Glycosaminoglycans, i.e. mucopolysaccharides
- A61K31/727—Heparin; Heparan
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- A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
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- A61L31/00—Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
- A61L31/14—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
- A61L31/16—Biologically active materials, e.g. therapeutic substances
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- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/82—Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
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- A61F2/90—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure
- A61F2/91—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes
- A61F2/915—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes with bands having a meander structure, adjacent bands being connected to each other
- A61F2002/91533—Stents in a form characterised by the wire-like elements; Stents in the form characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure characterised by a net-like or mesh-like structure made from perforated sheet material or tubes, e.g. perforated by laser cuts or etched holes with bands having a meander structure, adjacent bands being connected to each other characterised by the phase between adjacent bands
- A61F2002/91541—Adjacent bands are arranged out of phase
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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- A61F2250/00—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
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- A61F2250/00—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
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- A61F2250/0068—Means for introducing or releasing pharmaceutical products into the body the pharmaceutical product being in a reservoir
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- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2310/00—Prostheses classified in A61F2/28 or A61F2/30 - A61F2/44 being constructed from or coated with a particular material
- A61F2310/00389—The prosthesis being coated or covered with a particular material
- A61F2310/0097—Coating or prosthesis-covering structure made of pharmaceutical products, e.g. antibiotics
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- A61L2300/00—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
- A61L2300/40—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices characterised by a specific therapeutic activity or mode of action
- A61L2300/41—Anti-inflammatory agents, e.g. NSAIDs
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
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- A61L2300/40—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices characterised by a specific therapeutic activity or mode of action
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- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2300/00—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
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Abstract
The current invention comprises an approach to solving the clinical problem of restenosis, which involves the administration of combinations of drugs to patients undergoing PTCA or stent implantation. In one embodiment of the invention, an antiproliferative agent such as rapamycin, vincristine or taxol is administered in combination with the anti-inflammatory agent, dexamethasone, to patients systemically, either subcutaneously or intravenously. In another embodiment of the invention, the antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory agents are bound in a single formulation to the surface of a stent by means of incorporation within either a biodegradeable or biostable polymeric coating. Alternatively, such drug combinations could be incorporated into a stent constructed with a grooved reservoir.
Description
DRUG COMBINATIONS USEFUL FOR PREVENTION OF RESTENOSIS
Related Application:
This application claims benefit of a provisional application of the same to title, S.N. 601204,417, filed May 12,, 2000.
Field of the Invention:
This invention describes the delivery of different drug combinations, either i5 systemically or locally, particularly from an intravascular stent, directly from micropores in the stent body or mixed or bound to a polymer coating applied on stent, to inhibit neointimal tissue proliferation and thereby prevent restenosis.
This invention given either systemically. or locally also facilitates the performance of the stent in inhibiting restenosis.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Atherosclerotic lesions, which limit or obstruct coronary blood flow, are the major cause of ischemic heart disease related mortality, resulting in 500,000-600,000 deaths annually. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) to open the obstructed artery was performed in over 550,000 patients in the U.S: and 945,000+ patients worldwide in 1996 (Lemaitre et al., 1996). A
major limitation of this technique is the problem of post-PTCA closure of the vessel, both immediately after PTCA (acute occlusion) and in the long term so (restenosis): 30% of patients with subtotal lesions and 50% of patients with chronic total lesions will go on to restenosis after angioplasty.
Additionally, restenosis is a significant problem in patients undergoing saphenous vein bypass graft. The mechanism of acute occlusion appears to involve several factors and may result from vascular recoil with resultant closure of the artery and/or deposition of blood platelets along the damaged length of the newly opened blood vessel followed by formation of a fibrin/red blood cell thrombus.
Restenosis after angioplasty is a more gradual process and involves initial formation of a subcritical thrombosis with release from adherent platelets to of cell derived growth factors with subsequent proliferation of intimal smooth muscle cells and focal infiltration of inflammatory cells contributing to vascular hyperplasia. It is important to note that multiple processes, among those including thrombosis, cell proliferation, cell migration and inflammation each seem to contribute to the restenotic process.
In the U.S., a 30 - 50% restenosis rate translates to 120,000 - 200,000' U.S.
patients at risk from restenosis. If only 80% of such patients elect repeat angioplasty (with the remaining 20% electing coronary artery bypass graft) is added to the cost of coronary artery bypass graft for the remaining 20%, the zo total cost for restenosis easily reaches into billions of dollars. Thus, successful prevention of restenosis could result not only in significant therapeutic benefit but also in significant health care savings.
While the exact mechanism for restenosis is still uncertain, the general aspects of the restenosis process have been identified:
1 ) In the normal arterial wall, smooth muscle cells (SMC) proliferate at a low rate (<0.1%/day). SMC in vessel wall exists in a 'contractile' phenotype characterized by 80-90% of the cell cytoplasmic volume occupied with the 3 o contractile apparatus. Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, and free ribosomes are few and located in the perinuclear region. Extracellular matrix surrounds SMC and is rich in heparin-like glycosylaminoglycans which are believed to be responsible for maintaining SMC in the contractile phenotypic state (Campbell and Campbell, 1985).
2) Upon pressure expansion of an intracoronary balloon catheter during angioplasty, smooth muscle cells within the arterial wall become injured, initiating a thrombotic and inflammatory response. Cell derived growth factors such as platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), thrombin, etc., Zo released from platelets (i.e., PDGF) adhering to the damaged arterial luminal surface, invading macrophages and/or leukocytes, or directly from SMC (i.e., bFGF) provoke a proliferation and migratory response in medial SMC. These cells undergo a phenotypic change from the contractile phenotyope to a 'synthetic' phenotype characterized by only few contractile i5 filament bundles but extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi and free ribosomes. Proliferation/migration usually begins within 1-2 days post-injury and peaks at 2 days in the media, declining thereafter (Campbell and Campbell, 1987; Clowes and Schwartz, 1980.
20 3) Daughter synthetic cells migrate to the intimal layer of arterial smooth muscle and continue to proliferate and begin to secrete significant amounts of extracellular matrix proteins. Proliferation, migration and inflammation continue until the damaged luminal endothelial layer regenerates at which time proliferation slows within the intima, usually within 7-14 days a5 postinjury. The further increase in intimal thickening that occurs over the next 3-6 months is due primarily to an increase in extracellular matrix rather than cell number. Thus, SMC migration and proliferation is an acute response to vessel injury while intimal hyperplasia is a more chronic response. (Liu et al., 1989).
Related Application:
This application claims benefit of a provisional application of the same to title, S.N. 601204,417, filed May 12,, 2000.
Field of the Invention:
This invention describes the delivery of different drug combinations, either i5 systemically or locally, particularly from an intravascular stent, directly from micropores in the stent body or mixed or bound to a polymer coating applied on stent, to inhibit neointimal tissue proliferation and thereby prevent restenosis.
This invention given either systemically. or locally also facilitates the performance of the stent in inhibiting restenosis.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Atherosclerotic lesions, which limit or obstruct coronary blood flow, are the major cause of ischemic heart disease related mortality, resulting in 500,000-600,000 deaths annually. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) to open the obstructed artery was performed in over 550,000 patients in the U.S: and 945,000+ patients worldwide in 1996 (Lemaitre et al., 1996). A
major limitation of this technique is the problem of post-PTCA closure of the vessel, both immediately after PTCA (acute occlusion) and in the long term so (restenosis): 30% of patients with subtotal lesions and 50% of patients with chronic total lesions will go on to restenosis after angioplasty.
Additionally, restenosis is a significant problem in patients undergoing saphenous vein bypass graft. The mechanism of acute occlusion appears to involve several factors and may result from vascular recoil with resultant closure of the artery and/or deposition of blood platelets along the damaged length of the newly opened blood vessel followed by formation of a fibrin/red blood cell thrombus.
Restenosis after angioplasty is a more gradual process and involves initial formation of a subcritical thrombosis with release from adherent platelets to of cell derived growth factors with subsequent proliferation of intimal smooth muscle cells and focal infiltration of inflammatory cells contributing to vascular hyperplasia. It is important to note that multiple processes, among those including thrombosis, cell proliferation, cell migration and inflammation each seem to contribute to the restenotic process.
In the U.S., a 30 - 50% restenosis rate translates to 120,000 - 200,000' U.S.
patients at risk from restenosis. If only 80% of such patients elect repeat angioplasty (with the remaining 20% electing coronary artery bypass graft) is added to the cost of coronary artery bypass graft for the remaining 20%, the zo total cost for restenosis easily reaches into billions of dollars. Thus, successful prevention of restenosis could result not only in significant therapeutic benefit but also in significant health care savings.
While the exact mechanism for restenosis is still uncertain, the general aspects of the restenosis process have been identified:
1 ) In the normal arterial wall, smooth muscle cells (SMC) proliferate at a low rate (<0.1%/day). SMC in vessel wall exists in a 'contractile' phenotype characterized by 80-90% of the cell cytoplasmic volume occupied with the 3 o contractile apparatus. Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, and free ribosomes are few and located in the perinuclear region. Extracellular matrix surrounds SMC and is rich in heparin-like glycosylaminoglycans which are believed to be responsible for maintaining SMC in the contractile phenotypic state (Campbell and Campbell, 1985).
2) Upon pressure expansion of an intracoronary balloon catheter during angioplasty, smooth muscle cells within the arterial wall become injured, initiating a thrombotic and inflammatory response. Cell derived growth factors such as platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), thrombin, etc., Zo released from platelets (i.e., PDGF) adhering to the damaged arterial luminal surface, invading macrophages and/or leukocytes, or directly from SMC (i.e., bFGF) provoke a proliferation and migratory response in medial SMC. These cells undergo a phenotypic change from the contractile phenotyope to a 'synthetic' phenotype characterized by only few contractile i5 filament bundles but extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi and free ribosomes. Proliferation/migration usually begins within 1-2 days post-injury and peaks at 2 days in the media, declining thereafter (Campbell and Campbell, 1987; Clowes and Schwartz, 1980.
20 3) Daughter synthetic cells migrate to the intimal layer of arterial smooth muscle and continue to proliferate and begin to secrete significant amounts of extracellular matrix proteins. Proliferation, migration and inflammation continue until the damaged luminal endothelial layer regenerates at which time proliferation slows within the intima, usually within 7-14 days a5 postinjury. The further increase in intimal thickening that occurs over the next 3-6 months is due primarily to an increase in extracellular matrix rather than cell number. Thus, SMC migration and proliferation is an acute response to vessel injury while intimal hyperplasia is a more chronic response. (Liu et al., 1989).
4) Simultaneous with local proliferation and migration, inflammatory cells adhere to the site of vascular injury. Within 3 - 7 days post injury, luminal adherent cells decline due to migration of inflammatory to the deeper layers of the vessel wall. In animal models employing either balloon injury or stent implantation, inflammatory cells may persist at the site of vascular injury for s at least 30 days (Tanaka et al., 1993; Edelman et al., 1998). Inflammatory cells therefore are present and may contribute to both the acute and chronic phases of restenosis.
Numerous agents have been examined for presumed antiproliferative actions so in restenosis and have shown some activity in experimental animal models.
Some of the agents which have been shown to successfully reduce the extent of intimal hyperplasia in animal models include: heparin and heparin fragments (Clowes, A.W. and Karnovsky M., Nature, 265: 25-26, 1977; Guyton, J.R. et al., Circ. Res., 46: 625-634, 1980; Clowes, A.W. and Clowes, M.M., Lab. Invest. 52:
15 611-616, 1985; Clowes, A.W. and Clowes, M.M., Circ. Res. 58: 839-845, 1986;
Majesky et al., Circ Res. 61: 296-300, 1987; Snow et al., Am. J. Pathol. 137:
313-330, 1990; Okada, T. et al., Neurosurgery 25: 92-98, 1989), colchicine (furrier, J.W. et al., Circulation 80: II-66, 1989, taxol (Sollott, S.J. et al., J. Clin.
Invest. 95: 1869-1876, 1995), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors 20 (Powell, J.S. et al., Science, 245: 186-188, 1989), angiopeptin (Lundergan, C.F.
et al., Am. J. Cardiol. 17(Suppl. B): 1328-1368, 1991 ), cyclosporin A
(Jonasson, L. et. al., Proc. Natl., Acad. Sci., 85: 2303, 1988), goat-anti-rabbit PDGF
antibody (Ferns, G.A.A., et al., Science 253: 1129-1132, 1991 ), terbinafine (Nemecek, G.M. et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Thera. 248: 1167-1174, 1989), trapidil (Liu, M.W.
et al., Circulation 81: 1089-1093, 1990), tranilast (Fukuyama, J. et al., Eur.
J.
Pharmacol. 318: 327-332, 1996), interferon-gamma (Hansson, G.K. and Holm, J., Circulation 84: 1266-1272, 1991 ), rapamycin (Marx, S.O. et al., Circ.
Res. 76:
412-417, 1995), steroids (Colburn, M.D. et al., J. Vasc. Surg. 15: 510-518, 1992), see also Berk, B.C. et al., J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 17: 111 B-1178 1991, 3o ionizing radiation (Weinberger, J. et al., Int. J. Rad. Onc. Biol. Phys.
36: 767-775, 1996), fusion toxins (Farb, A. et al., Circ. Res. 80: 542-550, 1997) antisense oligonucleotides (Simons, M. et al., Nature 359: 67-70, 1992) and gene vectors (Chang, M.W. et al., J. Clin. Invest. 96: 2260-2268, 1995). Antiproliferative action on SMC in vitro has been demonstrated for many of these agents, 35 including heparin and heparin conjugates, taxol, tranilast, colchicine, ACE
inhibitors, fusion toxins, antisense oligonucleotides, rapamycin and ionizing radiation. Thus, agents with diverse mechanisms of SMC inhibition may have therapeutic utility in reducing intimal hyperplasia.
However, unlike animal models, attempts in human angioplasty patients 1o to prevent restenosis by systemic pharmacologic means have thus far been unsuccessful. Neither aspirin-dipyridamole, ticlopidine, anticoagulant therapy (acute heparin, chronic warfarin, hirudin or hirulog), thromboxane receptor antagonism nor steroids have been effective in preventing restenosis, although platelet inhibitors have been effective in preventing acute reocclusion after angioplasty (Mak and Topol, 1997; Lang et al., 1991; Popma et al., 1991 ).
Additionally, the 7E3 humanized monoclonal antibody fragment to the platelet GP Ilb/Illa receptor is still under study but has not shown promising results for the reduction in restenosis following angioplasty and stenting. Other agents, which have also been unsuccessful in the prevention of restenosis, include the ao calcium channel antagonists, prostacyclin mimetics, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, serotonin receptor antagonists, and antiproliferative agents.
These agents must be given systemically, however, and attainment of a therapeutically effective dose may not be possible; antiproliferative (or anti-restenosis) concentrations may exceed the known toxic concentrations of 25 these agents so that levels sufficient to produce smooth muscle inhibition may not be reached (Mak and Topol, 1997; Lang et al., 1991; Popma et al., 1991 ).
Additional clinical trials in which the effectiveness for preventing restenosis of dietary fish oil supplements or cholesterol lowering agents has been s o examined have shown either conflicting or negative results so that no pharmacological agents are as yet clinically available to prevent post-angioplasty restenosis (Mak and Topol, 1997; Franklin and Faxon, 1993;
Serruys, P.W. et al., 1993). Recent observations suggest that the antilipid/antioxident agent, probucol may be useful in preventing restenosis but 35 this work requires confirmation (Tardif et al., 1997; Yokoi, et al., 1997).
s Probucol is presently not approved for use in the United States and a 30-day pretreatment period would preclude its use in emergency angioplasty.
Additionally, application of ionizing radiation has shown significant promise in reducing or preventing restenosis after angioplasty in patients with stents (Teirstein et al., 1997). Currently, however, the most effective treatments for io restenosis are repeat angioplasty, atherectomy or coronary artery bypass grafting, because no therapeutic agents currently have US Federal Regulatory Agency (FDA) approval for use for the prevention of post-angioplasty restenosis.
15 Unlike systemic pharmacologic therapy, stents have proven useful in partially preventing restenosis. Stents, are balloon-expandable slotted metal tubes (usually, but not limited to, stainless steel), which, when expanded within the lumen of an angioplastied coronary artery, provide structural support to the arterial wall. This support is helpful in maintaining vessel lumen patency. In 2o two randomized clinical trials, stents increased angiographic success after PTCA, by increasing minimal lumen diameter and reducing, (but not eliminating,) the incidence of restenosis at 6 months (Serruys et al., 1994;
Fischman et al., 1994).
Additionally, in a preliminary trial, heparin coated stems appear to possess z5 the same benefit of reduction in stenosis diameter at follow-up as was observed with non-heparin coated stents. Heparin coating also appears to have the added benefit of producing a reduction in sub-acute thrombosis after stent implantation (Serruys et al., 1996). Thus, 1 ) sustained mechanical expansion of a stenosed coronary artery with a stent has been shown to 3o provide some measure of restenosis prevention, and 2) coating of stents with heparin has demonstrated both the feasibility and the clinical usefulness of delivering drugs locally, at the site of injured tissue.
Post-angioplasty restenosis is a multifactorial process that involves 35 numerous interactive mechanisms. This means that effective prevention of s restenosis may not be feasible with agents possessing a single mechanism of action; positive therapeutic results may be best achieved through application of several agents with differing therapeutic targets. Thus, potential therapeutic benefit could be found with the co-delivery of agents with different mechanisms of action targeting different components of the restenosis process.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The current invention comprises an approach to solving the clinical problem of restenosis, which involves the administration of drug combinations, either locally or systemically. One example of such a combination would be the addition of the antiinflammatory corticosteroid, dexamethasone, with an antiproliferative agent such as cladribine, rapamycin, vincristine, taxol, or a nitric oxide donor. Such combination therapies might result in a better therapeutic effect (less proliferation as well as less inflammation, a stimulus for z o proliferation) than would occur with either agent alone. Such agents could be administered systemically in their respective therapeutic doses, or, alternatively, could be bound to the surface of a stent by means of incorporation within either a biodegradable or biostable polymeric coating.
Alternatively, these agents could be incorporated into a stent constructed with z5 a grooved reservoir. Thus, delivery of a stent containing both an antiproliferative agent and an antiinflammatory agent to a coronary artery injured during the process of angioplasty would provide the added therapeutic benefit of 1 ) limiting the degree of local smooth muscle cell proliferation, 2) reducing a stimulus for proliferation, i.e., inflammation, and thus enhance the 3o restenosis-limiting action of the stent.
R
In other embodiments of the inventions, growth factor or cytokine signal transduction inhibitor, such as the ras inhibitor, 8115777, or a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, such as tyrphostin, might be combined with an antiproliferative agent 35 such as taxol, vincristine or rapamycin so that proliferation of SMC could be inhibited by different mechanisms. Alternatively, an antiproliferative agent such as taxol, vincristine or rapamycin could be combined with an inhibitor of extracellular matrix synthesis such as halofuginone. In the above cases, agents acting by different mechanisms could act synergistically to reduce SMC
proliferation and vascular hyperplasia. This invention is also intended to cover ~.o other combinations of two or more such drug agents. As mentioned above, such agents could be administered systemically, delivered locally via drug delivery catheter, or formulated for delivery from the surface of a stent, or given as a combination of systemic and local therapy.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS:
The invention will be better understood in connection with the following figures in which:
2o Figures 1 and 1a are top views and section views of a stent containing reservoirs as described in the present invention;
Figures 2a and 2b are similar views of an alternate embodiment of the stent with open ends;
Figures 3a and 3b are further alternate figures of a device containing a grooved reservoir;
Figure 4 is a layout view of a device containing a reservoir as in Figure 3;
3o and Figures 5, 6, 7, 5 and 9 are a graph of the performance characteristics of stents coated according to this invention.
s DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Multiple Drug Therapy combined with a Stent As stated previously, implantation of a coronary stent in conjunction with to balloon angioplasty is highly effective in treating acute vessel closure and may reduce the risk of restenosis. Intravascular ultrasound studies (Mintz et al., 1996) suggest that coronary stenting effectively prevents vessel constriction and that most of the late luminal loss after stent implantation is due to plaque growth, probably related to neointimal hyperplasia. The late luminal loss after is coronary stenting is almost two times higher than that observed after conventional balloon angioplasty. Thus, inasmuch as stents prevent at least a portion of the restenosis process, a combination of agents, which prevent inflammation and proliferation, or prevents proliferation by multiple mechanisms, combined with a stent may provide the most efficacious treatment for post-zo angioplasty restenosis. In this regard, a stent in conjunction with systemic treatment with the drug combinations suggested above or local delivery of such drug combinations is an attractive treatment. Either systemic or local delivery of multiple drugs from a stent has the following advantages:
25 1. Prevention of vessel recoil and remodeling through the scaffolding action of the stent;
2. Prevention of multiple components of neointimal hyperplasia, the vascular response to injury 3o Local administration of drug combinations to stented coronary arteries might have additional therapeutic benefit:
1 ) higher tissue concentrations would be achievable than would occur with systemic administration;
35 2) reduced systemic toxicity; and 5 3) single treatment/ease of administration An additional benefit of combination drug therapy may be to reduce the dose of each of the therapeutic components and thus limiting their toxicity, while still achieving a reduction in restenosis. Combination therapy is therefore ~o a means of improving the therapeutic ratio (efficacy/toxicity) of an antirestenosis agent.
As seen in the accompanying Figures 1-4, it is possible to modify currently manufactured stents in order to provide adequate drug delivery. As ~.5 seen in Figures 1 a, 2a and 3a, any stent strut 10, 20, 30 can be modified to have a certain reservoir 11, 21, 31. Each of these reservoirs can be open or closed as desired. These reservoirs can hold the drug to be delivered. Figure 4 shows a stent 40 with a reservoir 45 created at the apex of a flexible connector. Of course, this reservoir 45 is intended to be useful to deliver any drug at a specific 2o point of flexibility of the stent. Accordingly, this concept can be useful for "second generation" type stents. Processes for coating such stents are described, for instance, in Serial Nos. 09/061,568, filed 16 Apr 1998, and 09/512,432 filed 25 Feb 2000, both of which are assigned to a common assignee and are incorporated herein by reference.
In any of the foregoing devices, however, it is useful to have the drug dosage applied with enough specificity and a sufficient concentration to provide an effective dosage in the lesion area. In this regard, the reservoir size in the stent struts must be kept at a size of about 0.1 mm to about 1 mm depth, and 7 3o mm to 15 mm length, or enough to hold at least a therapeutic amount of the drug. Then, it should be possible to adequately apply the drug dosage at the desired location and in the desired amount.
s Example 1 To assess the ability of a drug combination to prevent cell proliferation, human smooth muscle cells (Clonetics, Walkersville, MD) were seeded at a density of 10,000 cellslweli) into each well of 24-well plates and cultured in growth medium containing heparin, EGF (epidermal growth factor), FGF fibroblast growth factor) io and serum. After 24 hours, the growth medium was changed and fresh medium containing various concentrations of test agents (0.01 - 10 mcg/mL) were added to triplicate wells. Medium was replaced with fresh medium (plus test agents) after 3 days. On day five, cells were detached by trypsin/EDTA and counted using a hemacytometer. Cell viability was assessed by trypan blue exclusion.
15 Table 1 provides the percent of control growth of the various tested concentrations of the antiinflammatory agent, dexamethasone, on human smooth muscle cells, either in the absence or presence of 2 concentrations of the antiproliferative/antiimmune agent, rapamcyin. Dexamethasone produced a concentration-related decrease in the proliferation of smooth muscle cells in this a o model system. The ICSO value (concentration required to produce a reduction in proliferation to 50% of the control cell count) for the inhibition of smooth muscle cells with dexamethasone alone estimated from Table 1 is 5 p,g/mL. Addition of 0.2 ~,g/mL of rapamycin to the incubation media was found to reduce the ICSo estimate of dexamethasone to 0.05 p,g/mL. A greater added concentration of z5 rapamycin (2 g,g/mL) further reduced the ICSO estimate for dexamethasone to less than 0.01 ~,g/mL.
a Thus, as the rapamycin concentration was increased in the incubation media, less dexamethasone was required to produce a 50% inhibition of cell growth. Since the amounts of rapamycin employed did not achieve a 50%
3 o inhibition of cell growth, Table 1 demonstrates that concentrations of both rapamycin or dexamethasone below their respective IC5o amounts may combine to produce an efFect on cell growth greater than either agent individually.
Such a drug combination may be therapeutically useful for inhibition of the intimal smooth muscle cell proliferation that accompanies stent implantation. While efficacy could be maintained at these lower doses, toxicities associated with each of these agents might be ameliorated.
TABLE ~ . Inhibition of human vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation with dexamethasone or dexamethasone + rapamycin.
Concentration of Dexamethasone (,uglml) 0 0.010.050.1 0.5 1 5 10 50 100 of Control Growth Rapamycin 0 100.0- - 75.276.572.250.036.118.311.7 ug/ml Standard Deviation4.2 0.8 16.39.3 7.6 5.9 6.0 1.3 Rapamycin 0.2 85.7 63.457.649.748.948.241.231.131.229.0 ug/ml Standard Deviation6.6 3.2 2.1 4.6 2.2 1.7 3.0 2.7 1.0 1.8 Rapamycin 1 67.4 48.345.138.139.237.833.925.820.718.5 ug/ml Standard Deviation2.6 3.3 13.39.5 4.4 4.5 3.1 8.1 6.4 3.7 The following examples are used to demonstrate the various configurations of medicated stent coatings containing one or more drugs. These are summarized in Table 2.
Table 2: Coating configurations used to demonstrate controlled release of rapamycin and dexamethasone from a stent Drug Content Sample LD* Rapa Dexb ~ Coating Configuration 50/50 82~g 82p.g Drugs are co-mixed with polymer.
Total coatin wt.:548 0/100 Op,g 100p,g Drugs are co-mixed with polymer.
Total coatin wt.:641 100/0 150wg Op,g Drugs are co-mixed with polymer.
Total coatin wt.:500 67/33 103 51 Drugs are co-mixed with polymer.
Total coatin wt.:513 33/67 53 107 Drugs are co-mixed with polymer.
Total coatin wt.:534 33/67-3X 182p,g 363p,g Drugs are mixed with polymer.
Total coating wt.: 1817 50/50-OLDd 77p,g 80wg Base coat: Rapamycin mixed with polymer.
Overcoat: Dexamethasone mixed with of mer. Total coatin wt.: 520 50/50-OLRe 79pg 81 pg Base coat: Dexamethasone mixed with polymer.
Overcoat: Rapamycin mixed with polymer.
Total coatin wt.: 536 50/50-TCf 100 p,g 100 p,g Base coat: Drugs are mixed with polymer blend Barrier coat: 158 p,g polybutyl methacrylate.
Total coatin wt.: 811 0/100-TCf 0 p,g 196 p,g Base coat: Drugs are mixed with polymer blend Barrier coat: 168 p,g polybutyl methacrylate.
Total coatin wt.: 839 a: Rapamycin; b: Dexamethasone; c: 3 time coating thickness; d:
Dexamethasone overlayer; e: Rapamycin overlayer; f: Top coated * First number is % Rapamycin Second number is % Dexamethasone (by weight) Example 2 to This example describes the preparation of a base coating that contains rapamycin Stents were coated with Parylene CT"" using a vapor deposition method 15 provided by the manufacturer of the parylene-coating instrument (SCS
Madison, Wisconsin). The stent is weighed and then mounted for coating.
While the stent is rotating a solution of 1.75mg/ml Poly (ethylene-covinyl acetate)(PEVA), 1.75mg/ml polybutyl methacrylate, and 1.5mg/ml rapamycin dissolved in tetrahydrofuran is sprayed onto it. The coated stent is removed ao from the spray and allowed to air-dry. After a final weighing the amount of coating on the stent is determined.
Example 3 25 This example describes the preparation of a base coating that contains dexamethasone Stents were coated with Parylene CT"" using a vapor deposition method provided by the manufacturer of the parylene-coating instrument (SCS
Madison, Wisconsin). The stent is weighed and then mounted for coating.
While the stent is rotating a solution of 1.75mg/ml Poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)(PEVA), 1.75 mg/ml polybutyl methacrylate, and 1.5 mg/ml 2o dexamethasone dissolved in tetrahydrofuran is sprayed onto it. The coated stent is removed from the spray and allowed to air-dry. After a final weighing the amount of coating on the stent is determined.
Example 4 This example describes the preparation of a base coating that contains rapamycin and dexamethasone Stents were coated with Parylene CT"" using a vapor deposition method ao provided by the manufacturer of the parylene-coating instrument (SCS
Madison, Wisconsin). The stent is weighed and then mounted for coating.
While the stent is rotating a solution of 1.75 mg/ml Poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)(PEVA), 1.75 mg/ml polybutyl methacrylate, 0.75 mg/ml rapamycin and 0.75 mg/ml dexamethasone dissolved in tetrahydrofuran is sprayed onto it. The a5 coated stent is removed from the spray and allowed to air-dry. After a final weighing the amount of coating on the stent is determined.
Example 5 3 o This example describes a stent coating that consists of a base coat containing rapamycin and dexamethasone and a drug-free barrier overcoat A scent is coated as in Example 4. After the coating is thoroughly dried a solution of 2.5 mg/ml polybutyl methacrylate dissolved in tetrahydrofuran is s5 sprayed onto it. It is then air-dried for a final overcoat weight of 150 p,g.
5 Example 6 This example describes a stent coating, which consists of a base containing rapamycin and an overlayer with dexamethasone 1o A stent is coated as in Example 2. A solution of 1.75 mg/ml Poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)(PEVA), 1.75 mglml polybutyl methacrylate, and 1.5 mg/ml dexamethasone dissolved in tetrahydrofuran is sprayed onto it. The coated stent is removed from the spray and allowed to air-dry. The final weight of each layer is typically 250 p,g for a total coating weight of 500~.g.
Example 7 This example describes a stent coating, which consists of a base containing dexamethasone and an overlayer with rapamycin A stent is coated as in Example 3. A solution of 1.75 mg/ml Poly (ethylene-co vinyl acetate)(PEVA), 1.75 mg/ml polybutyl methacrylate, and 1.5 mg/ml rapamycin dissolved in tetrahydrofuran is sprayed onto it. The coated stent is removed from the spray and allowed to air-dry. The final weight of each layer is typically 250 p,g for a total coating weight of 500~,g.
The following examples describe the method and results for testing the in vitro release of rapamycin and dexamethasone from coated stent.
s o Example 8 This example describes the method for performing the in vitro release of rapamycin and dexamethasone from coated stent.
Each stent was placed in a 2.5rriL of release medium (aqueous ethanol, 25 percent by volume at room temperature) contained in a 13 X 100 mm culture tube with a screw cap. The tube was shaken in a water bath (INNOVATM 3100, s New Brunswick Scientific) at 200 rpm while maintaining ambient conditions.
After a given time interval (ranging from 15 minutes to one day) the tubes were removed from the shaker and the respective stents carefully transferred to a fresh 2.5 ml Aliquot of release medium. The new tube was placed on the shaker and agitation resumed. A sample was removed from the aliquot, which so had previously contained the scent and placed in a HPLC vial for determination of the rapamycin content and dexamethasone, by HPLC.
Example 9 15 This example describes the method for analyzing the release medium for rapamycin.
The HPLC system used to analyze the samples was a Waters Alliance with a PDA 996. This system is equipped with a photodiode array detector. 20p,L of ao each sample was withdrawn and analyzed on a C,$ -reverse phase column (Waters SymmetryTM Column: 4.6mm X 100mm RP,B, 3.5 ~,m with a matching guard column) using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile/methanol/water (38:34:28 v/v) delivered at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. The column was maintained at 60°C through the analysis. Under these analytical conditions as rapamycin had a retention time of 4.75 ~ 0.1 minutes. The concentration was determined from a standard curve of concentration versus response (area-under the curve) generated from rapamycin standards in the range of from 50ng/mL to 50pg/mL.
s o The results from testing the coated stents for their rapamycin release described above are shown in Figures 5, 7 and 9.
Example 10 This example describes the method for analyzing the release medium for dexamethasone.
to The HPLC system used to analyze the samples was a Shimadzu Class-VP
Chromatography Laboratory System. This system is equipped with a photodiode array detector. 20~.L of each sample was withdrawn and analyzed on a C,$ -reverse phase column (Waters SymmetryTM Column: 4.6mm X
100mm RP,B 3.5 p,). An isocratic mobile phase consisting of methanol/water s5 (55:45 v/v) delivered at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. was used for the first 6.5 mins of analysis followed by 100% methanol for 2 minutes; the latter was to ensure removal of rapamycin which is retained on the column. The column was maintained at 25°C throughout the analysis. Under these analytical conditions dexamthasone had a retention time of 5.9 ~ 0.1 minutes. The concentration ao was determined from a standard curve of concentration versus response (area-under the curve) generated from dexamethasone standards in the range of from 40ng/mL to 4.Op,g/mL.
The results from testing the coated stents for the dexamethasone release 25 described above are shown in Figures 6, 8 and 9.
These and other concepts will are disclosed herein. It would be apparent to the reader that modifications are possible to the stent or the drug dosage applied. In any event, however, the any obvious modifications should be 3 o perceived to fall within the scope of the invention, which is to be realized from the attached claims and their equivalents.
s Example 10 This example describes the method for analyzing the release medium for dexamethasone.
The HPLC system used to analyze the samples was a Shimadzu Class-VP
Chromatography Laboratory System. This system is equipped with a photodiode array detector. 20p.L of each sample was withdrawn and analyzed on a C,8 -reverse phase column (Waters SymmetryTM Column: 4.6mm X
100mm RP,$ 3.5 p,). An isocratic mobile phase consisting of methanol/water 15 (55:45 v/v) delivered at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. was used for the first 6.5 mins of analysis followed by 100% methanol for 2 minutes; the latter was to ensure removal of rapamycin which is retained on the column. The column was maintained at 25°C throughout the analysis. Under these analytical conditions dexamthasone had a retention time of 5.9 ~ 0.1 minutes. The concentration a o was determined from a standard curve of concentration versus response (area-under the curve) generated from dexamethasone standards in the range of from 40ng/mL to 4.O~,g/mL.
The results from testing the coated stents for the dexamethasone release 25 described above are shown in Figures 6, 8 and 9.
These and other concepts will are disclosed herein. It would be apparent to the reader that modifications are possible to the stent or the drug dosage applied. In any event, however, the any obvious modifications should be 3o perceived to fall within the scope of the invention, which is to be realized from the attached claims and their equivalents.
Numerous agents have been examined for presumed antiproliferative actions so in restenosis and have shown some activity in experimental animal models.
Some of the agents which have been shown to successfully reduce the extent of intimal hyperplasia in animal models include: heparin and heparin fragments (Clowes, A.W. and Karnovsky M., Nature, 265: 25-26, 1977; Guyton, J.R. et al., Circ. Res., 46: 625-634, 1980; Clowes, A.W. and Clowes, M.M., Lab. Invest. 52:
15 611-616, 1985; Clowes, A.W. and Clowes, M.M., Circ. Res. 58: 839-845, 1986;
Majesky et al., Circ Res. 61: 296-300, 1987; Snow et al., Am. J. Pathol. 137:
313-330, 1990; Okada, T. et al., Neurosurgery 25: 92-98, 1989), colchicine (furrier, J.W. et al., Circulation 80: II-66, 1989, taxol (Sollott, S.J. et al., J. Clin.
Invest. 95: 1869-1876, 1995), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors 20 (Powell, J.S. et al., Science, 245: 186-188, 1989), angiopeptin (Lundergan, C.F.
et al., Am. J. Cardiol. 17(Suppl. B): 1328-1368, 1991 ), cyclosporin A
(Jonasson, L. et. al., Proc. Natl., Acad. Sci., 85: 2303, 1988), goat-anti-rabbit PDGF
antibody (Ferns, G.A.A., et al., Science 253: 1129-1132, 1991 ), terbinafine (Nemecek, G.M. et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Thera. 248: 1167-1174, 1989), trapidil (Liu, M.W.
et al., Circulation 81: 1089-1093, 1990), tranilast (Fukuyama, J. et al., Eur.
J.
Pharmacol. 318: 327-332, 1996), interferon-gamma (Hansson, G.K. and Holm, J., Circulation 84: 1266-1272, 1991 ), rapamycin (Marx, S.O. et al., Circ.
Res. 76:
412-417, 1995), steroids (Colburn, M.D. et al., J. Vasc. Surg. 15: 510-518, 1992), see also Berk, B.C. et al., J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 17: 111 B-1178 1991, 3o ionizing radiation (Weinberger, J. et al., Int. J. Rad. Onc. Biol. Phys.
36: 767-775, 1996), fusion toxins (Farb, A. et al., Circ. Res. 80: 542-550, 1997) antisense oligonucleotides (Simons, M. et al., Nature 359: 67-70, 1992) and gene vectors (Chang, M.W. et al., J. Clin. Invest. 96: 2260-2268, 1995). Antiproliferative action on SMC in vitro has been demonstrated for many of these agents, 35 including heparin and heparin conjugates, taxol, tranilast, colchicine, ACE
inhibitors, fusion toxins, antisense oligonucleotides, rapamycin and ionizing radiation. Thus, agents with diverse mechanisms of SMC inhibition may have therapeutic utility in reducing intimal hyperplasia.
However, unlike animal models, attempts in human angioplasty patients 1o to prevent restenosis by systemic pharmacologic means have thus far been unsuccessful. Neither aspirin-dipyridamole, ticlopidine, anticoagulant therapy (acute heparin, chronic warfarin, hirudin or hirulog), thromboxane receptor antagonism nor steroids have been effective in preventing restenosis, although platelet inhibitors have been effective in preventing acute reocclusion after angioplasty (Mak and Topol, 1997; Lang et al., 1991; Popma et al., 1991 ).
Additionally, the 7E3 humanized monoclonal antibody fragment to the platelet GP Ilb/Illa receptor is still under study but has not shown promising results for the reduction in restenosis following angioplasty and stenting. Other agents, which have also been unsuccessful in the prevention of restenosis, include the ao calcium channel antagonists, prostacyclin mimetics, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, serotonin receptor antagonists, and antiproliferative agents.
These agents must be given systemically, however, and attainment of a therapeutically effective dose may not be possible; antiproliferative (or anti-restenosis) concentrations may exceed the known toxic concentrations of 25 these agents so that levels sufficient to produce smooth muscle inhibition may not be reached (Mak and Topol, 1997; Lang et al., 1991; Popma et al., 1991 ).
Additional clinical trials in which the effectiveness for preventing restenosis of dietary fish oil supplements or cholesterol lowering agents has been s o examined have shown either conflicting or negative results so that no pharmacological agents are as yet clinically available to prevent post-angioplasty restenosis (Mak and Topol, 1997; Franklin and Faxon, 1993;
Serruys, P.W. et al., 1993). Recent observations suggest that the antilipid/antioxident agent, probucol may be useful in preventing restenosis but 35 this work requires confirmation (Tardif et al., 1997; Yokoi, et al., 1997).
s Probucol is presently not approved for use in the United States and a 30-day pretreatment period would preclude its use in emergency angioplasty.
Additionally, application of ionizing radiation has shown significant promise in reducing or preventing restenosis after angioplasty in patients with stents (Teirstein et al., 1997). Currently, however, the most effective treatments for io restenosis are repeat angioplasty, atherectomy or coronary artery bypass grafting, because no therapeutic agents currently have US Federal Regulatory Agency (FDA) approval for use for the prevention of post-angioplasty restenosis.
15 Unlike systemic pharmacologic therapy, stents have proven useful in partially preventing restenosis. Stents, are balloon-expandable slotted metal tubes (usually, but not limited to, stainless steel), which, when expanded within the lumen of an angioplastied coronary artery, provide structural support to the arterial wall. This support is helpful in maintaining vessel lumen patency. In 2o two randomized clinical trials, stents increased angiographic success after PTCA, by increasing minimal lumen diameter and reducing, (but not eliminating,) the incidence of restenosis at 6 months (Serruys et al., 1994;
Fischman et al., 1994).
Additionally, in a preliminary trial, heparin coated stems appear to possess z5 the same benefit of reduction in stenosis diameter at follow-up as was observed with non-heparin coated stents. Heparin coating also appears to have the added benefit of producing a reduction in sub-acute thrombosis after stent implantation (Serruys et al., 1996). Thus, 1 ) sustained mechanical expansion of a stenosed coronary artery with a stent has been shown to 3o provide some measure of restenosis prevention, and 2) coating of stents with heparin has demonstrated both the feasibility and the clinical usefulness of delivering drugs locally, at the site of injured tissue.
Post-angioplasty restenosis is a multifactorial process that involves 35 numerous interactive mechanisms. This means that effective prevention of s restenosis may not be feasible with agents possessing a single mechanism of action; positive therapeutic results may be best achieved through application of several agents with differing therapeutic targets. Thus, potential therapeutic benefit could be found with the co-delivery of agents with different mechanisms of action targeting different components of the restenosis process.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The current invention comprises an approach to solving the clinical problem of restenosis, which involves the administration of drug combinations, either locally or systemically. One example of such a combination would be the addition of the antiinflammatory corticosteroid, dexamethasone, with an antiproliferative agent such as cladribine, rapamycin, vincristine, taxol, or a nitric oxide donor. Such combination therapies might result in a better therapeutic effect (less proliferation as well as less inflammation, a stimulus for z o proliferation) than would occur with either agent alone. Such agents could be administered systemically in their respective therapeutic doses, or, alternatively, could be bound to the surface of a stent by means of incorporation within either a biodegradable or biostable polymeric coating.
Alternatively, these agents could be incorporated into a stent constructed with z5 a grooved reservoir. Thus, delivery of a stent containing both an antiproliferative agent and an antiinflammatory agent to a coronary artery injured during the process of angioplasty would provide the added therapeutic benefit of 1 ) limiting the degree of local smooth muscle cell proliferation, 2) reducing a stimulus for proliferation, i.e., inflammation, and thus enhance the 3o restenosis-limiting action of the stent.
R
In other embodiments of the inventions, growth factor or cytokine signal transduction inhibitor, such as the ras inhibitor, 8115777, or a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, such as tyrphostin, might be combined with an antiproliferative agent 35 such as taxol, vincristine or rapamycin so that proliferation of SMC could be inhibited by different mechanisms. Alternatively, an antiproliferative agent such as taxol, vincristine or rapamycin could be combined with an inhibitor of extracellular matrix synthesis such as halofuginone. In the above cases, agents acting by different mechanisms could act synergistically to reduce SMC
proliferation and vascular hyperplasia. This invention is also intended to cover ~.o other combinations of two or more such drug agents. As mentioned above, such agents could be administered systemically, delivered locally via drug delivery catheter, or formulated for delivery from the surface of a stent, or given as a combination of systemic and local therapy.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS:
The invention will be better understood in connection with the following figures in which:
2o Figures 1 and 1a are top views and section views of a stent containing reservoirs as described in the present invention;
Figures 2a and 2b are similar views of an alternate embodiment of the stent with open ends;
Figures 3a and 3b are further alternate figures of a device containing a grooved reservoir;
Figure 4 is a layout view of a device containing a reservoir as in Figure 3;
3o and Figures 5, 6, 7, 5 and 9 are a graph of the performance characteristics of stents coated according to this invention.
s DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Multiple Drug Therapy combined with a Stent As stated previously, implantation of a coronary stent in conjunction with to balloon angioplasty is highly effective in treating acute vessel closure and may reduce the risk of restenosis. Intravascular ultrasound studies (Mintz et al., 1996) suggest that coronary stenting effectively prevents vessel constriction and that most of the late luminal loss after stent implantation is due to plaque growth, probably related to neointimal hyperplasia. The late luminal loss after is coronary stenting is almost two times higher than that observed after conventional balloon angioplasty. Thus, inasmuch as stents prevent at least a portion of the restenosis process, a combination of agents, which prevent inflammation and proliferation, or prevents proliferation by multiple mechanisms, combined with a stent may provide the most efficacious treatment for post-zo angioplasty restenosis. In this regard, a stent in conjunction with systemic treatment with the drug combinations suggested above or local delivery of such drug combinations is an attractive treatment. Either systemic or local delivery of multiple drugs from a stent has the following advantages:
25 1. Prevention of vessel recoil and remodeling through the scaffolding action of the stent;
2. Prevention of multiple components of neointimal hyperplasia, the vascular response to injury 3o Local administration of drug combinations to stented coronary arteries might have additional therapeutic benefit:
1 ) higher tissue concentrations would be achievable than would occur with systemic administration;
35 2) reduced systemic toxicity; and 5 3) single treatment/ease of administration An additional benefit of combination drug therapy may be to reduce the dose of each of the therapeutic components and thus limiting their toxicity, while still achieving a reduction in restenosis. Combination therapy is therefore ~o a means of improving the therapeutic ratio (efficacy/toxicity) of an antirestenosis agent.
As seen in the accompanying Figures 1-4, it is possible to modify currently manufactured stents in order to provide adequate drug delivery. As ~.5 seen in Figures 1 a, 2a and 3a, any stent strut 10, 20, 30 can be modified to have a certain reservoir 11, 21, 31. Each of these reservoirs can be open or closed as desired. These reservoirs can hold the drug to be delivered. Figure 4 shows a stent 40 with a reservoir 45 created at the apex of a flexible connector. Of course, this reservoir 45 is intended to be useful to deliver any drug at a specific 2o point of flexibility of the stent. Accordingly, this concept can be useful for "second generation" type stents. Processes for coating such stents are described, for instance, in Serial Nos. 09/061,568, filed 16 Apr 1998, and 09/512,432 filed 25 Feb 2000, both of which are assigned to a common assignee and are incorporated herein by reference.
In any of the foregoing devices, however, it is useful to have the drug dosage applied with enough specificity and a sufficient concentration to provide an effective dosage in the lesion area. In this regard, the reservoir size in the stent struts must be kept at a size of about 0.1 mm to about 1 mm depth, and 7 3o mm to 15 mm length, or enough to hold at least a therapeutic amount of the drug. Then, it should be possible to adequately apply the drug dosage at the desired location and in the desired amount.
s Example 1 To assess the ability of a drug combination to prevent cell proliferation, human smooth muscle cells (Clonetics, Walkersville, MD) were seeded at a density of 10,000 cellslweli) into each well of 24-well plates and cultured in growth medium containing heparin, EGF (epidermal growth factor), FGF fibroblast growth factor) io and serum. After 24 hours, the growth medium was changed and fresh medium containing various concentrations of test agents (0.01 - 10 mcg/mL) were added to triplicate wells. Medium was replaced with fresh medium (plus test agents) after 3 days. On day five, cells were detached by trypsin/EDTA and counted using a hemacytometer. Cell viability was assessed by trypan blue exclusion.
15 Table 1 provides the percent of control growth of the various tested concentrations of the antiinflammatory agent, dexamethasone, on human smooth muscle cells, either in the absence or presence of 2 concentrations of the antiproliferative/antiimmune agent, rapamcyin. Dexamethasone produced a concentration-related decrease in the proliferation of smooth muscle cells in this a o model system. The ICSO value (concentration required to produce a reduction in proliferation to 50% of the control cell count) for the inhibition of smooth muscle cells with dexamethasone alone estimated from Table 1 is 5 p,g/mL. Addition of 0.2 ~,g/mL of rapamycin to the incubation media was found to reduce the ICSo estimate of dexamethasone to 0.05 p,g/mL. A greater added concentration of z5 rapamycin (2 g,g/mL) further reduced the ICSO estimate for dexamethasone to less than 0.01 ~,g/mL.
a Thus, as the rapamycin concentration was increased in the incubation media, less dexamethasone was required to produce a 50% inhibition of cell growth. Since the amounts of rapamycin employed did not achieve a 50%
3 o inhibition of cell growth, Table 1 demonstrates that concentrations of both rapamycin or dexamethasone below their respective IC5o amounts may combine to produce an efFect on cell growth greater than either agent individually.
Such a drug combination may be therapeutically useful for inhibition of the intimal smooth muscle cell proliferation that accompanies stent implantation. While efficacy could be maintained at these lower doses, toxicities associated with each of these agents might be ameliorated.
TABLE ~ . Inhibition of human vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation with dexamethasone or dexamethasone + rapamycin.
Concentration of Dexamethasone (,uglml) 0 0.010.050.1 0.5 1 5 10 50 100 of Control Growth Rapamycin 0 100.0- - 75.276.572.250.036.118.311.7 ug/ml Standard Deviation4.2 0.8 16.39.3 7.6 5.9 6.0 1.3 Rapamycin 0.2 85.7 63.457.649.748.948.241.231.131.229.0 ug/ml Standard Deviation6.6 3.2 2.1 4.6 2.2 1.7 3.0 2.7 1.0 1.8 Rapamycin 1 67.4 48.345.138.139.237.833.925.820.718.5 ug/ml Standard Deviation2.6 3.3 13.39.5 4.4 4.5 3.1 8.1 6.4 3.7 The following examples are used to demonstrate the various configurations of medicated stent coatings containing one or more drugs. These are summarized in Table 2.
Table 2: Coating configurations used to demonstrate controlled release of rapamycin and dexamethasone from a stent Drug Content Sample LD* Rapa Dexb ~ Coating Configuration 50/50 82~g 82p.g Drugs are co-mixed with polymer.
Total coatin wt.:548 0/100 Op,g 100p,g Drugs are co-mixed with polymer.
Total coatin wt.:641 100/0 150wg Op,g Drugs are co-mixed with polymer.
Total coatin wt.:500 67/33 103 51 Drugs are co-mixed with polymer.
Total coatin wt.:513 33/67 53 107 Drugs are co-mixed with polymer.
Total coatin wt.:534 33/67-3X 182p,g 363p,g Drugs are mixed with polymer.
Total coating wt.: 1817 50/50-OLDd 77p,g 80wg Base coat: Rapamycin mixed with polymer.
Overcoat: Dexamethasone mixed with of mer. Total coatin wt.: 520 50/50-OLRe 79pg 81 pg Base coat: Dexamethasone mixed with polymer.
Overcoat: Rapamycin mixed with polymer.
Total coatin wt.: 536 50/50-TCf 100 p,g 100 p,g Base coat: Drugs are mixed with polymer blend Barrier coat: 158 p,g polybutyl methacrylate.
Total coatin wt.: 811 0/100-TCf 0 p,g 196 p,g Base coat: Drugs are mixed with polymer blend Barrier coat: 168 p,g polybutyl methacrylate.
Total coatin wt.: 839 a: Rapamycin; b: Dexamethasone; c: 3 time coating thickness; d:
Dexamethasone overlayer; e: Rapamycin overlayer; f: Top coated * First number is % Rapamycin Second number is % Dexamethasone (by weight) Example 2 to This example describes the preparation of a base coating that contains rapamycin Stents were coated with Parylene CT"" using a vapor deposition method 15 provided by the manufacturer of the parylene-coating instrument (SCS
Madison, Wisconsin). The stent is weighed and then mounted for coating.
While the stent is rotating a solution of 1.75mg/ml Poly (ethylene-covinyl acetate)(PEVA), 1.75mg/ml polybutyl methacrylate, and 1.5mg/ml rapamycin dissolved in tetrahydrofuran is sprayed onto it. The coated stent is removed ao from the spray and allowed to air-dry. After a final weighing the amount of coating on the stent is determined.
Example 3 25 This example describes the preparation of a base coating that contains dexamethasone Stents were coated with Parylene CT"" using a vapor deposition method provided by the manufacturer of the parylene-coating instrument (SCS
Madison, Wisconsin). The stent is weighed and then mounted for coating.
While the stent is rotating a solution of 1.75mg/ml Poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)(PEVA), 1.75 mg/ml polybutyl methacrylate, and 1.5 mg/ml 2o dexamethasone dissolved in tetrahydrofuran is sprayed onto it. The coated stent is removed from the spray and allowed to air-dry. After a final weighing the amount of coating on the stent is determined.
Example 4 This example describes the preparation of a base coating that contains rapamycin and dexamethasone Stents were coated with Parylene CT"" using a vapor deposition method ao provided by the manufacturer of the parylene-coating instrument (SCS
Madison, Wisconsin). The stent is weighed and then mounted for coating.
While the stent is rotating a solution of 1.75 mg/ml Poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)(PEVA), 1.75 mg/ml polybutyl methacrylate, 0.75 mg/ml rapamycin and 0.75 mg/ml dexamethasone dissolved in tetrahydrofuran is sprayed onto it. The a5 coated stent is removed from the spray and allowed to air-dry. After a final weighing the amount of coating on the stent is determined.
Example 5 3 o This example describes a stent coating that consists of a base coat containing rapamycin and dexamethasone and a drug-free barrier overcoat A scent is coated as in Example 4. After the coating is thoroughly dried a solution of 2.5 mg/ml polybutyl methacrylate dissolved in tetrahydrofuran is s5 sprayed onto it. It is then air-dried for a final overcoat weight of 150 p,g.
5 Example 6 This example describes a stent coating, which consists of a base containing rapamycin and an overlayer with dexamethasone 1o A stent is coated as in Example 2. A solution of 1.75 mg/ml Poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)(PEVA), 1.75 mglml polybutyl methacrylate, and 1.5 mg/ml dexamethasone dissolved in tetrahydrofuran is sprayed onto it. The coated stent is removed from the spray and allowed to air-dry. The final weight of each layer is typically 250 p,g for a total coating weight of 500~.g.
Example 7 This example describes a stent coating, which consists of a base containing dexamethasone and an overlayer with rapamycin A stent is coated as in Example 3. A solution of 1.75 mg/ml Poly (ethylene-co vinyl acetate)(PEVA), 1.75 mg/ml polybutyl methacrylate, and 1.5 mg/ml rapamycin dissolved in tetrahydrofuran is sprayed onto it. The coated stent is removed from the spray and allowed to air-dry. The final weight of each layer is typically 250 p,g for a total coating weight of 500~,g.
The following examples describe the method and results for testing the in vitro release of rapamycin and dexamethasone from coated stent.
s o Example 8 This example describes the method for performing the in vitro release of rapamycin and dexamethasone from coated stent.
Each stent was placed in a 2.5rriL of release medium (aqueous ethanol, 25 percent by volume at room temperature) contained in a 13 X 100 mm culture tube with a screw cap. The tube was shaken in a water bath (INNOVATM 3100, s New Brunswick Scientific) at 200 rpm while maintaining ambient conditions.
After a given time interval (ranging from 15 minutes to one day) the tubes were removed from the shaker and the respective stents carefully transferred to a fresh 2.5 ml Aliquot of release medium. The new tube was placed on the shaker and agitation resumed. A sample was removed from the aliquot, which so had previously contained the scent and placed in a HPLC vial for determination of the rapamycin content and dexamethasone, by HPLC.
Example 9 15 This example describes the method for analyzing the release medium for rapamycin.
The HPLC system used to analyze the samples was a Waters Alliance with a PDA 996. This system is equipped with a photodiode array detector. 20p,L of ao each sample was withdrawn and analyzed on a C,$ -reverse phase column (Waters SymmetryTM Column: 4.6mm X 100mm RP,B, 3.5 ~,m with a matching guard column) using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile/methanol/water (38:34:28 v/v) delivered at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. The column was maintained at 60°C through the analysis. Under these analytical conditions as rapamycin had a retention time of 4.75 ~ 0.1 minutes. The concentration was determined from a standard curve of concentration versus response (area-under the curve) generated from rapamycin standards in the range of from 50ng/mL to 50pg/mL.
s o The results from testing the coated stents for their rapamycin release described above are shown in Figures 5, 7 and 9.
Example 10 This example describes the method for analyzing the release medium for dexamethasone.
to The HPLC system used to analyze the samples was a Shimadzu Class-VP
Chromatography Laboratory System. This system is equipped with a photodiode array detector. 20~.L of each sample was withdrawn and analyzed on a C,$ -reverse phase column (Waters SymmetryTM Column: 4.6mm X
100mm RP,B 3.5 p,). An isocratic mobile phase consisting of methanol/water s5 (55:45 v/v) delivered at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. was used for the first 6.5 mins of analysis followed by 100% methanol for 2 minutes; the latter was to ensure removal of rapamycin which is retained on the column. The column was maintained at 25°C throughout the analysis. Under these analytical conditions dexamthasone had a retention time of 5.9 ~ 0.1 minutes. The concentration ao was determined from a standard curve of concentration versus response (area-under the curve) generated from dexamethasone standards in the range of from 40ng/mL to 4.Op,g/mL.
The results from testing the coated stents for the dexamethasone release 25 described above are shown in Figures 6, 8 and 9.
These and other concepts will are disclosed herein. It would be apparent to the reader that modifications are possible to the stent or the drug dosage applied. In any event, however, the any obvious modifications should be 3 o perceived to fall within the scope of the invention, which is to be realized from the attached claims and their equivalents.
s Example 10 This example describes the method for analyzing the release medium for dexamethasone.
The HPLC system used to analyze the samples was a Shimadzu Class-VP
Chromatography Laboratory System. This system is equipped with a photodiode array detector. 20p.L of each sample was withdrawn and analyzed on a C,8 -reverse phase column (Waters SymmetryTM Column: 4.6mm X
100mm RP,$ 3.5 p,). An isocratic mobile phase consisting of methanol/water 15 (55:45 v/v) delivered at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. was used for the first 6.5 mins of analysis followed by 100% methanol for 2 minutes; the latter was to ensure removal of rapamycin which is retained on the column. The column was maintained at 25°C throughout the analysis. Under these analytical conditions dexamthasone had a retention time of 5.9 ~ 0.1 minutes. The concentration a o was determined from a standard curve of concentration versus response (area-under the curve) generated from dexamethasone standards in the range of from 40ng/mL to 4.O~,g/mL.
The results from testing the coated stents for the dexamethasone release 25 described above are shown in Figures 6, 8 and 9.
These and other concepts will are disclosed herein. It would be apparent to the reader that modifications are possible to the stent or the drug dosage applied. In any event, however, the any obvious modifications should be 3o perceived to fall within the scope of the invention, which is to be realized from the attached claims and their equivalents.
Claims (15)
WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
1. A process for the treatment for restenosis comprising the intravascular infusion or delivery by release from the surface of a stent of combinations of at least two drugs to a patient in therapeutic dosage amounts.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the combination of agents employed includes an anti-inflammatory agent and an antiproliferative agent.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the anti-inflammatory agent is dexamethasone and the anti-proliferative agent is taken from the group of rapamycin, taxol, or vincristine.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the combination of agents employed includes a growth factor or cytokine signal transduction inhibitor and an anti-proliferative agent.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the signal transduction inhibitor is the ras inhibitor, R115777, and the anti-proliferative agent is taken from the group consisting of rapamycin, taxol, or vincristine.
6. The method of claim 1 wherin the combination of agents employed include a tyrosine kinase inhibitor and an anti-proliferative agent.
7. The method of claim 6 wherin the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is tyrphostin and the antiproliferative agent is taken from the group consisting of rapamycin, taxol, vincristine.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the combination of agents employed includes an inhibitor of extracellular matrix synthesis and an antiproliferative agent.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the anti-proliferative agent is taken from the group of rapamycin, taxol, or vincristine.
10. The method of claims 4 wherein the signal transduction inhibitor, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor or the extracellular matrix inhibitor is administered in combination with an anti-inflammatory inhibitor.
11. The method of claim 10 wherin the anti-inflammatory agent is dexamthasone.
12. In combination:
a catheter for the delivery of drugs to a blood vessel lumen of a patient;
and a therapeutic dosage amount of the combination of rapamycin and dexamethasone coated to or delivered through said catheter.
a catheter for the delivery of drugs to a blood vessel lumen of a patient;
and a therapeutic dosage amount of the combination of rapamycin and dexamethasone coated to or delivered through said catheter.
13. In combination:
a stent for the delivery of drugs to a lumen of a patient; and a therapeutic dosage amount of rapamycin and dexamethasone coated to said stent.
a stent for the delivery of drugs to a lumen of a patient; and a therapeutic dosage amount of rapamycin and dexamethasone coated to said stent.
14. A stent comprising:
a plurality of struts, said struts expansible within the lumen of the body, and at least one of said struts containing a reservoir therein; and a therapeutic amount of rapamycin and dexamethasone coated to said stent.
a plurality of struts, said struts expansible within the lumen of the body, and at least one of said struts containing a reservoir therein; and a therapeutic amount of rapamycin and dexamethasone coated to said stent.
15. The method of claim 8 wherein said exhibitor is halofuginone.
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US60/575,480 | 2000-05-19 | ||
PCT/US2001/013780 WO2001087372A1 (en) | 2000-05-12 | 2001-04-25 | Drug combinations useful for prevention of restenosis |
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-
2000
- 2000-05-19 US US09/575,480 patent/US8029561B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2001
- 2001-04-25 AU AU2001262957A patent/AU2001262957B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2001-04-25 JP JP2001583836A patent/JP2003533493A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2001-04-25 PT PT01937196T patent/PT1289576E/en unknown
- 2001-04-25 AT AT01937196T patent/ATE298592T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-04-25 BR BRPI0110778-0A patent/BR0110778A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2001-04-25 CA CA002408606A patent/CA2408606A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-04-25 EP EP01937196A patent/EP1289576B1/en not_active Revoked
- 2001-04-25 ES ES01937196T patent/ES2244622T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-04-25 AU AU6295701A patent/AU6295701A/en active Pending
- 2001-04-25 WO PCT/US2001/013780 patent/WO2001087372A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2001-04-25 MX MXPA02011186A patent/MXPA02011186A/en active IP Right Grant
- 2001-04-25 DE DE60111743T patent/DE60111743T2/en not_active Revoked
- 2001-05-14 AU AU6158101A patent/AU6158101A/en active Pending
- 2001-05-14 MX MXPA02011099A patent/MXPA02011099A/en active IP Right Grant
-
2011
- 2011-09-07 US US13/227,002 patent/US20120029475A1/en not_active Abandoned
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MXPA02011099A (en) | 2004-08-19 |
AU6295701A (en) | 2001-11-26 |
AU2001262957B2 (en) | 2004-12-02 |
ATE298592T1 (en) | 2005-07-15 |
DE60111743T2 (en) | 2005-12-15 |
MXPA02011186A (en) | 2004-09-09 |
DE60111743D1 (en) | 2005-08-04 |
ES2244622T3 (en) | 2005-12-16 |
EP1289576B1 (en) | 2005-06-29 |
EP1289576A1 (en) | 2003-03-12 |
WO2001087372A1 (en) | 2001-11-22 |
US8029561B1 (en) | 2011-10-04 |
AU6158101A (en) | 2001-11-26 |
JP2003533493A (en) | 2003-11-11 |
US20120029475A1 (en) | 2012-02-02 |
BR0110778A (en) | 2007-05-08 |
PT1289576E (en) | 2005-10-31 |
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Legal Events
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EEER | Examination request | ||
FZDE | Discontinued |