CA2397808C - Composition and films thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention includes a coextruded film having at least two layers.
The first layer contains a coupled propylene polymer and the second layer contains an in-reactor blend of a linear low density polyethylene fraction and a substantially linear polyethylene fraction. Alternatively, the second layer may include a homogeneously branched linear polyethylene. Preferably, the first layer makes up about 50 weight percent or less of the overall coextruded film structure. The first layer may also contain a polyethylene, such as a linear low density polyethylene, a low density polyethylene, a high density polyethylene, substantially linear polyethylene, a homogeneously branched linear polyethylene, an in-reactor blend of linear low density polyethylene and a substantially linear polyethylene, and blends thereof.

Description

COMPOSITION AND FILMS THEREOF
This invention relates to polyolefms, more particularly to polyolefins for use in coextruded film applications.
BACKGROUND
Currently, blown films are made predominantly from ethylene polymers. There are references to blowing films of propylene polymers, but none are observed to be commercially successful. The low melt strength of propylene polymers inhibits production of blown film with such polymers at commercially feasible rates on standard equipment.

Scheve et al. in U.S. Patent 5,519,785 disclosed the use of polypropylenes having a branching index less than one and having a strain hardening elongational viscosity to blow certain films. The polymers were treated with radiation under specified conditions in a multistep process which involves specialized equipment in steps after polymerization. Such a process is multi step, difficult and preferably avoided.

Giacobbe and Pufka in U.S. Patent 5,641,848 disclose making blown films from a propylene polymer material of broad molecular weight distribution (MWD of 4-60), a melt flow rate of 0.5 to 50 dg/min. and xylene insolubles (at 25 C) of greater than or equal to 94 percent, said propylene polymer material selected from a broad molecular weight distribution propylene homopolymer and an ethylene propylene rubber impact modified broad molecular weight homopolymer. But this blend forms blown films at rates lower than those used commercially for polyethylene blown films.
In some instances, blowing films of polypropylene has been achieved by coextruding a polypropylene with another polymer. For instance, Nicola disclosed in DE 19650673 the use of a rubber modified polypropylene layer between polypropylene layers. Similarly, Landoni in EP 595252 disclosed the use of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) or linear medium density polyethylene, optionally with added hydrogenated hydrocarbon resins or other resins or low molecular weight polyethylene or polypropylene waxes between external layers of polypropylene. In EP 474376, Schirmer et al. disclose the use of an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), very low density polyethylene (VLDPE) or ethylene alpha olefin copolymer with a broad molecular weight distribution with a polypropylene layer and a sealable layer.
It would therefore be desirable to have a propylene polymer composition with sufficient melt strength to maintain a stable bubble for blown film manufacture on commercially available equipment, preferably that equipment available for the blowing of ethylene polymer compositions, more preferably both air and water quenched blown film equipment in both high and low stalk configurations, that is equipment commonly used for high density and low density polyethylenes (LDPE), respectively. The term "stalk" is used to designate the neck height of a bubble of polymer being blown into film. To achieve this end, a propylene polymer composition would advantageously have a melt strength that is higher than 10, preferably between 10-100 cN, more preferably between 20-80 cN, and most preferably between 25-75 cN (measured at C). Further, it is desirable that the resulting film shows at least a mechanical properties balance.

Rheology modification of the propylene polymers through reaction with coupling agents has now been found to improve the melt strength of the propylene polymers sufficiently to permit production of blown films (both coextruded and monolayer films) with the rheology modified propylene polymers at commercially acceptable rates.

As used herein, the term "rheology modification" means change in the resistance of the molten polymer to flow. The resistance of polymer melts to flow is indicated by (1) the tensile stress growth coefficient and (2) the dynamic shear viscosity coefficient. The tensile stress growth coefficient %+ is measured during start-up of uniaxial extensional flow by means within the skill in the art such as is described by J.

Meissner in Proc. XIIth International Congress on Rheology, Quebec, Canada, August 1996, pages 7-10 and by J. Meissner and J. Hostettler, Rheol. Acta, 33, 1-21 (1994).
The dynamic shear viscosity coefficient is measured with small-amplitude sinusoidal shear flow experiments by means within the skill in the art such as described by R.
Hingmann and B. L. Marczinke, J. Rheol. 38(3), 573-87, 1994.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one embodiment, the invention is a coextruded film comprising (a) at least one layer comprising at least one coupled propylene polymer coupled by reaction with a coupling agent; and (b) at least one layer comprising an in-reactor blend of a substantially linear polyethylene (or a homogeneously branched liner polyethylene) and a linear low density polyethylene. Component (a) may also contain LDPE, LLDPE, HDPE, substantially linear polyethylene, homogeneously branched linear polyethylene, and blends thereof. Preferably, component (a) contains LLDPE and/or substantially linear polyethylene (or homogeneously branched linear polyethylene) in order to improve the compatibility between component (a) and component (b). In some embodiments, it is more preferable that component (a) contain an in-reactor blend of a substantially linear polyethylene (or a homogeneously branched linear polyethylene) and a linear low density polyethylene.

According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a coextruded film comprising:
(a) at least one layer comprising at least one coupled propylene polymer; and (b) at least one layer comprising an in-reactor blend of linear low density polyethylene and a substantially linear polyethylene or a homogeneously branched linear polyethylene, wherein component (a) comprises less than 50 weight percent of the coextruded film.

According to still another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a coextruded film comprising:
(a) at least one layer comprising at least one coupled propylene copolymer, the at least one coupled propylene copolymer having a melt strength of at least 40 cN, a melt flow rate of at least 0.1 g/10 min and less than 2.0 g/l0 min; and (b) at least one layer comprising an in-reactor blend of linear low density polyethylene and a substantially linear polyethylene or a homogeneously branched linear polyethylene, wherein the in-reactor blend of (b) has a melt index of at least 0.1 g/10 min and less than 15 g/10 min.

According to yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a coextruded film comprising:
(a) at least one layer comprising at least one coupled impact propylene copolymer coupled by reaction with a coupling agent and having a melt strength of at least 40 cN;
and (b) at least one layer comprising an in-reactor blend having a melt index of at least 0.3 g/10 min and less than 10 g/10 min and having a density of at least 0.88 g/cc and less than 0.930 g/cc, the in-reactor blend comprised of a linear low density polyethylene and a substantially linear polyethylene or a homogeneously branched linear polyethylene, wherein the film exhibits an Elmendorf tear strength greater than 50 g/mil in machine direction (MD) and 100 g/mil in cross direction (CD); a 2% secant modulus, in either the cross direction or machine direction, equal to or greater than 30,000 psi; and a dart impact equal to or greater than 100 g/mil.

Particular embodiments are those articles including an institutional liner, consumer liner, heavy duty shipping sack, produce bag, batch inclusion bag, pouch, grocery bag, merchandise bag, packaging, cereal liner, soft paper overwrap, multi-wall bag, lamination or combination thereof, including multiwall or multilayer configurations thereof.

3a All embodiments of the invention provide improved film processing characteristics (compared to films made without a coupled propylene polymer), and provide films exhibiting excellent mechanical properties, such as Elmendorf tear, 2% secant modulus, puncture resistance and Dart impact.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows the normalized Trouser tear (in both the machine direction (md) and cross direction (cd)) for several different coextruded A/B/A type film structures.
The weight percentage for each layer of each A/B/A structure is indicated along the x-axis and the normalized Trouser tear is measured along the y-axis. Each A layer is made of 100% Polyethylene Blend A and the B layer is made from 100% MICP. Trouser tear is determined in accordance with the procedures of ASTM D-1938-94. All 3b the tests delineated in FIG. 1 are conducted using a, 50.8 cm/min loading rate. FIG.1 also shows normalized Trouser tear for monolayer film structures made from 100%
MICP and three-layer film structures made from 100% Polyethylene Blend A and having a 25/50/25 weight percentage distribution among the layers.
FIG. 2 shows the dependence Trouser tear (md values only) on the rate at which the tear is made for several different coextruded A/B/A type film structures.
The weight percentage for each layer of each A/B/A structure is indicated along the x-axis and the normalized Trouser tear is measured along the y-axis. FIG. 2 also shows normalized Trouser tear for a monolayer film structures made from 100% MICP
and 1o three-layer film structures made from 100% Polyethylene Blend A and having a 25/50/25 weight percentage distribution among the layers. Additionally, FIG 2 shows how Trouser tear changes with varying loading rate.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As used herein, "coupling" refers to modifying the rheology of a polymer by reacting the polymer with a suitable coupling agent. A "coupled polymer" is a rheology modified polymer resulting from a coupling reaction. A coupled polymer is characterized by an increase in melt strength of at least 25 % and a decrease in melt flow rate (MFR), compared to the polymer before coupling. A coupled polymer differs from a heavily crosslinked polymer in that the coupled polymer is thermoplastic and has a low gel level. In contrast, heavy crosslinking (otherwise known as "vulcanization") results in a thermoset polymer characterized by high gel levels.
Crosslinking is evidenced by gel formation which is measured in the case of polypropylene by xylene insolubility, or in the case of films by optically evident gels in a film, for instance as analyzed by a laser gel counter commercially available from Optical Control System, Inc. under the trade designation FS-3 The term "a coupling amount" of poly(sulfonyl azide) is used herein to designate that amount of poly(sulfonyl azide) effective to result in a measurable increase in melt strength of the polymer it reacts with such that the desired or predetermined amount of modification is realized.

"Melt Strength" is measured by using a capillary rheometer fitted with a 2.1 mm diameter, 20:1 die with an entrance angle of approximately 45 degrees. After equilibrating the samples at 190 C for 10 minutes, the piston is run at a speed of 1 inch/minute (2.54 cm/minute). The standard test temperature is 190 C. The sample is drawn uniaxially to a set of accelerating nips located 100 mm below the die with an acceleration of 2.4 mm/sec2.
The required tensile force is recorded as a function of the take-up speed of the nip rolls.
The maximum tensile force attained during the test is defined as the melt strength. In the case of polymer melt exhibiting draw resonance, the tensile force before the onset of draw resonance was taken as melt strength. The melt strength is recorded in centiNewtons.
The term "mechanical properties balance" is used to mean good toughness as measured by Elmendorf tear strength greater than 50 g/mil in machine direction (MD) and 100 g/mil in cross direction (CD); together with 2% secant modulus, in either the cross direction or machine direction, equal to or greater than 30,000 psi; and with dart impact equal to or greater than 100 g/mil.

1.5 A "propylene polymer" (also called polypropylene) is any polymer comprising greater than fifty (50) weight percent, preferably, greater than sixty five (65) weight percent -CHCH3CH2- repeating units as derived from a propylene monomer.
Propylene polymers include propylene homopolymer as well as random and impact copolymers of propylene. Such polymers include terpolymers, tetrapolymers and higher order polymers of ethylene, propylene and other olefins optionally dienes.

An "ethylene polymer" (also called polyethylene) is any polymer comprising greater than fifty weight percent -CH2CH2- repeating units as derived from an ethylene monomer. Ethylene polymers include homopolymers of ethylene as well as random and block copolymers of ethylene. Such polymers include terpolymers, tetrapolymers and higher order polymers of ethylene, propylene and other olefins optionally dienes.
A "substantially linear polyethylene" is that polyethylene as described in U.S.
Patents 5,373,236 and 5,278,272.

"Homogeneously branched linear polyethylenes" are polyethylenes having a CDBI greater than 50% as calculated in accordance with WO 93/ 04486 using the equipment and procedures as described in U. S. Patent No. 5,008,204, such as polyethylene.s available from the F.aacon Chemical Company undea the trade names [~, ~~TM TM
`~ ~A ~'Y~~
~l.rfi.J.1 iliiLl.l~L~tit / 1.

Propyleae Polymers Tbis invention involves aomdrudedfilms containing at least one layer ,pntoimng a coupled pmpylem polymer wliic,h is coupled using a poly(sulfan,yl azide).
In eitlw propylene eopolymers or ethylene oopolytneas, the propylene or ethylene, respectively, is suitably copolymerized widi one or more monomeis copolymerizable &mewith, but preferably with at least one otla olefin or alpba olefin.
Olefins include ethylene and alpha olefns, which include propyleneõ 1-butene,1-pentene,1hexene, 1-octene, l nonene, l-decene, l unideoene,1-dodeoens and the like as well as 4-methyl-1 pentene, 4-methyl 1 hexane, 5-methyl lhexane, vlqlcyclohexane, styrene and the like. Prefened olefins and alpba olefins for copolymerization with propylene include ethylene, butylene, amd other higher alpha 1s olefins, that is alpha olefins having at least 3 carbon afioms, more preferably ethylene or butylen+e, and higher alpha olefins, most preferably etbylene. Pr*a+ed alpha olefins for copolymerization with ethylene include propylene, butene, penteae, hexeae, hepteney and octene, more preferably hexeae or octene, most preferably octene.
The propylene polymer starting materials are suitably of any molecular weight distri-bution (11+IWD). MWD is catcalated as the ratio MJAf,,, where IVI'õ is the weight average naolee<ilaz vweight and Ivla is flLe mimber average naolecaularc weight. Those sldlled in ibe art are aware thatpolym,ezs having a 1VIWll less than 3 are aonveniently made using a meWllooene or aonsbained geometry catalyst or using elecbron donor compounds with Ziegler Natta catalysts. In the practice of tlw kvenfion, tlw MWD of ffie propylene polym,ex is prefe<ably at least 2 and more prefeaably up to 8, most prefe.rably up to 5.
Polyolefins are fomied by means within the s1a71 in the ark The alpha olefm monomers and optionally other addition polymerizable monomers are polymeaired mxkr conditions within fhe s1a7l in ffie ad, for instanoe as disclosed by Galli, et al., AWw MammoL Chezn, VoL 120, p. 73 (1984), or by E. P. Moomey Prupylene Handbook, Hanser, New York, 1996 pages 15-45, 74-111, U.S. Patents 3,645,992;
3,687,920; 3,893,989; 3,914,342; 4,003,712; 4,076,698; 4,113,802; 5,272,236;
5,278272; 5,747,594; 5,844,045 and 5,869,575.
The comonomers or combination of comonomers is used in any relative quantities within the definitions of the polymers. For propylene polymers, the comonomer content is preferably less than 35, more preferably 2-30, most preferably 5-20 weight percent.

The propylene polymers are preferably stereoregular (i.e. syndiotactic or isotactic), more preferably isotactic, most preferably having an isotacticity as measured 1o by C13 NMR of at least 50 percent.

The propylene polymer melt flow rate is measured by ASTM D1238 at 230 C/2.16 kg. The melt flow rate of the coupled propylene polymer is preferably at least 0.1 g/10 min, more preferably at least 0.2 g/10 min. It is preferably up to 20 g/l0 min, more preferably up to 10 g/10 min, further more preferably up to 4 g/10 min, most preferably up to 2 g/10 min to achieve good processability and mechanical properties balance. One recognizes good processability by high output rates (>6 pounds per hour per inch of die circumference (0.298 g/s/cm)).

The propylene polymer is advantageously a homopolymer for purposes of ready availability of starting material and resulting competitive pricing. Random and impact copolymers are preferred for compatibility of propylene and ethylene polymers.
Higher compatibility results in improved film physical and mechanical properties such as tear and dart as compared with the base polypropylene resin of the copolymers, impact copolymers are more preferred, again, because they are very compatible with ethylene copolymers. Random copolymers are preferred when film optical properties (that is clarity and haze) are important.

Impact propylene copolymers are commercially available and are well within the skill in the art, for instance, as described by E.P. Moore, Jr in Polypropylene Handbook, Hanser Publishers, 1996, page 220 and U.S. Patents 3,893,989 and 4,113,802. The term "impact copolymer" is used herein to refer to heterophasic propylene copolymers where polypropylene is the continuous phase and an elastomeric phase..is. tmifon* dispersed therein._. The hapact copolymers resvlt finm an inrveactor process raiher than physical blending. Usually the impact copolymers are fonned in a dual or mutti-stage prooess, which apiionalIy in.volves a single reactor wiih at Ie'ast two process stages taking place therein, or optionally multiple reacbors.
Advanfiageoasly, the impact aopolymers have at least 5wdght peanent; preferably at least 10, preferably up to 40, more preferably up to 35 weigbt percent, further more preferably up to 25 weight percent, and most preferably up to 20 weight pea+ceol ethylene.
Illnstrafive impact copolymer prapylene polymers indude i3wse available finan The Dow Chemical TU TH
Company under the trade desigoaNons INSPiRE C104-01, INSPME C105-02, DC-111, TM
and INSPi1tE C107-04, propylene impact copolymers having mclt flow rates of 1, 2, 0.8, and 4 g/10 min, re.speetively, unde.r a weight of 2.16 kg at a temperahme of 230 C
and flemual (flex) inodnlus as measured according to the pmcedu+es of AS11VI D

of 180,000,140,000,166,800, and 170,000 psi (1,241,056; 965,266; 1,150,000, and 1,172,109 kPa, respectively).
Coupling A~euts In tiw practice of the inveation, at least one pmpylem polymer resin is reacted with a chain coupling agent which is a poly(sulfonyl)az.icle. When the poly(sulfonyl)azide reacft with ffie pr+opyleue polymer resin, at least two sepatate propylene polymer chains are advantageously joined and the molecular weight of the polymer chain is increased. In the prefeaed case when the poly(sa&nyl azide) is a bis(sulfonyl azide) (hereinaftea "BSA"), two propylene polymer c,bains are advatageou.sly joined.
The poly(salfonyl azide) is any compound having at least two sulfonyl azide groups (-S02N3) reactive with the prapylene polymer. Preferably &e poly(salfonyl azide)s have a stiucthme X-R-X whe'rein each X is SOaN3 and R represents an unsub~d or inertly sobstitaEed hydmcarbyI, hydrocarbyl etber or silicon-oonfaining gnoup, preferably having suffiicieat carbon, oxygen or silieo , pmfmbly carbon, atoms to sepanft tlw sulfonyl azide groups sufficieatly to peanit a fimfle reaction bew+eea the ProP~ Poly~ ~~~~ more P~Iy at Ieast 1, ~rnoie p~erably at least 2, most pmeferably at lemst 3 cmbon, oxyg+m or silioon, pa+efierably carbon, atoms between functional groups. While there is no critical limit to the length of R, each R
advantageously has at least one carbon or silicon atom between X's and preferably has less than 50, more preferably less than 20, most preferably less than 15 carbon, oxygen or silicon atoms. Silicon containing groups include silanes and siloxanes, preferably siloxanes. The term inertly substituted refers to substitution with atoms or groups which do not undesirably interfere, at the coupling reaction conditions, with the desired reaction(s) or desired properties of the resulting coupled polymers. Such groups include fluorine, aliphatic or aromatic ether, siloxane as well as sulfonyl azide groups when more than two propylene polymer chains are to be joined. R is suitably aryl, alkyl, aryl alkaryl, arylalkyl silane, siloxane or heterocyclic, groups and other groups which are inert and separate the sulfonyl azide groups as described. More preferably R
includes at least one aryl group between the sulfonyl groups, most preferably at least two aryl groups (such as when R is 4,4' diphenylether or 4,4'-biphenyl). When R is one aryl group, it is preferred that the group have more than one ring, as in the case of naphthylene bis(sulfonyl azides). Poly(sulfonyl)azides include such compounds as 1, 5-pentane bis(sulfonylazide), 1,8-octane bis(sulfonyl azide), 1,10-decane bis(sulfonyl azide), 1, 1 0-octadecane bis(sulfonyl azide), 1-octyl-2,4,6-benzene tris(sulfonyl azide), 4,4'-diphenyl ether bis(sulfonyl azide), 1,6-bis(4'-sulfonazidophenyl)hexane, 2;7-naphthalene bis(sulfonyl azide), and mixed sulfonyl azides of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons containing an average of from 1 to 8 chlorine atoms and from 2 to sulfonyl azide groups per molecule, and mixtures thereof. Preferred poly(sulfonyl azide)s include oxy-bis(4-sulfonylazidobenzene), 2,7-naphthalene bis(sulfonyl azido), 4,4'-bis(sulfonyl azido)biphenyl, 4,4'-diphenyl ether bis(sulfonyl azide) and bis(4-sulfonyl azidophenyl)methane, and mixtures thereof.
Sulfonyl azides are commercially available or are conveniently prepared by the reaction of sodium azide with the corresponding sulfonyl chloride, although oxidation bf sulfonyl hydazines with various reagents (nitrous acid, dinitrogen tetroxide, nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate) has been used.
The subject matter of this invention is not dependent on the reaction mechanisms. The following discussion regarding the coupling reaction mechanism provides the inventors current theories but is not intended to limit the scope of this invention. Sulfonyl azides decompose in several ways, but for the practice of the invention, the reactive species, believed to be the singlet nitrene, as evidenced by insertion into C-H bonds is desired. Thermal decomposition is reported to give an intermediate singlet sulfonyl nitrene, which will react readily by insertion into carbon-hydrogen bonds. The high temperatures necessary for efficient formation of the sulfonyl nitrene is usually greater than 150 C. Sulfonyl azides also form another intermediate believed to be a triplet nitrene under appropriate conditions, such as temperatures in excess of 250 C. This intermediate leads to chain scission and, therefore, is preferably avoided in the practice of this invention.
The poly(sulfonyl azide) is preferably at least partially mixed with the propylene polymer before the resulting mixture is heated to the peak decomposition temperature of the poly(sulfonyl azide). By peak decomposition temperature of the poly(sulfonyl azide) is meant that temperature at which the azide converts to the sulfonyl nitrene, eliminating nitrogen and more heat in the process.
Specifically the peak decomposition temperature, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). For instance, a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) thermogram of the bis (sulfonyl azide) of diphenyl oxide shows a no change in the heat flow until a sharp endothermic melting peak is observed at 100 C. The baseline is flat again (no heat flow) until a broad exothermic peak is observed that begins 150 C, peaks at (referred to herein as the peak decomposition temperature) and is complete by 210 C.
The total amount of energy released due to decomposition of the sulfonyl azide groups is 1500 Joules/gram. The peak decomposition temperature is advantageously greater than 150 C, preferably greater than 160 C, more preferably greater than 180 C.
Those skilled in the art recognize that the poly(sulfonyl)azide, the reactivity of the azide, and the desired or predetermined amount of chain coupling determine the amount of poly(sulfonyl)azide to be used. In the compositions of the invention, the amount of coupling desirable is optionally determined from the desired melt strength in the coupled propylene polymer. The melt strength of the coupled propylene polymer is advantageously sufficient for the co-extruded film to form and maintain a sufficiently stable bubble on film blowing equipment to run at commercial output rates.
Preferably, the melt strength of the coupled propylene polymer is at least 5, more preferably at least cN, further more preferably at least about 20 cN, still further more preferably at least about 25 cN, most preferably at least about 40cN, and in some instances at least about 5 50 cN, more preferably in these instances at least about 60 cN. To avoid blown film bubble instabilities, the melt strength is preferably up to 100, more preferably up to 75 cN. Determining the amount of poly(sulfonyl azide) that gives this result is within the skill in the art. The amount is preferably at least 50 parts per million by weight of the propylene polymer (ppm), more preferably at least 100 ppm, most preferably at least 10 150 ppm and, in some instances, preferably at least 200 ppm. In the practice of the invention, formation of crosslinked networks to an extent that would result in intractable propylene polymer is to be avoided; therefore, poly(sulfonyl azide) is preferably limited to that amount which results in chain coupled or rheology modified (but not substantially crosslinked) propylene polymer, preferably less than 1000 ppm, more preferably less than 600 ppm, most preferably less than 500 ppm poly(sulfonyl azide) based on the total weight of propylene polymer, preferably polypropylene or polypropylene/ethylene copolymer blend. Substantial crosslinking is characterized by the presence of gels of sufficient size or weight precentage such that the processing of the film is detrimentally affected. Such detrimental effects include output reduction;

discontinuity of the film; increased backpressure; and/or, partial die plugging.
Preparation of Modified Polypropylene The propylene polymer(s) and coupling agent are suitably combined in any manner which results in desired reaction thereof, preferably by mixing the coupling agent with the polymer under conditions which allow sufficient mixing before or during reaction to avoid unnecessary or undesirably uneven amounts of localized reaction. An undesirable amount is an amount which interferes with the purpose of the final product.
Any mixing equipment is suitably used with the invention, preferably equipment which provides sufficient mixing and temperature control in the same equipment, but advantageously practice of this embodiment takes place in such devices as an extruder, melt mixer, pump conveyor or a polymer mixing devise such as a Brabender melt mixer. While it is within the scope of this embodiment that the reaction take place in a solvent or other medium, it is preferred that the reaction be in a bulk phase to avoid later steps for removal of the solvent or other medium. In a preferred embodiment the process of the present invention takes place in a single vessel, that is mixing of the coupling agent and polymer takes place in the same vessel as heating to the decomposition temperature of the coupling agent. The vessel is most preferably a twin-screw extruder, but preferably a single-screw extruder or advantageously a melt mixer, including a batch mixer. The reaction vessel more preferably has at least two zones of 1o different temperatures into which a reaction mixture would pass.
In the most preferred embodiment, the propylene polymer and the coupling agent are physically mixed at a temperature which is low enough to minimize the reaction between the coupling agent and the polymer. Such physical mixing can occur in any equipment, such as V-blenders, ribbon or paddle blenders, tumbling drums, or extruders, which will mix the coupling agent and the propylene polymer. The term extruder is used for its broadest meaning to include such devices as a device which extrudes pellets as well as an extruder which produces the extrudate for forming into articles, such as a film.

Preferably, this physical mixing occurs in the early stages of an extruder, most preferably a twin screw extruder. In particular, this embodiment may be practiced by simultaneously introducing the propylene polymer resin and the coupling agent into the feed section of an extruder. The extruder is configured to have a first section that physically mixes and conveys the coupling ageht and polymer in a manner that minimizes the reaction between the coupling agent and the polymer. The melt stream temperature(s) in the first section are preferably less than 180 C, more preferably less than 170 C, most preferably less than 140 C, and in some instances less than 130 C, preferably less than 120 C. The conveying first section is followed by at least a second section where the coupling agent and polymer are rapidly further mixed and sufficient heat is added to cause significant reaction between the coupling agent and polymer.

Preferably, the melt stream temperature(s) in the second section are from 160 C to 250 C, more preferably from 200 C to 250 C, in order to obtain sufficient reaction between the coupling agent (poly(sulfonyl azide)) and the propylene polymer. Where degradation of the propylene polymer is of a particular concern, the melt stream temperature is preferably from 200 C to 230 C.
In the description of this invention, when temperatures are described in terms of the stream temperatures, that is, temperatures inside the polymer stream or polymer melt rather than the temperatures of the equipment, which are understood by those skilled in the art to be likely to be lower or higher than stream temperatures because of imperfect heat transfer into the polymer or induced shear heating of the polymer.
Those skilled in the art can determine the relationship between stream temperature and equipment or gage temperature of particular equipment without undue experimentation.
It is known in the art that the polymer melt (stream) temperature is advantageously close to the machine set temperature in the initial zones of an extruder, but the polymer melt (stream) temperature can often be greater than the machine set temperatures in the latter zones of the extruder as it approaches the exit die of the extruder due to mechanically induced shear heating.

In another embodiment, the mixing is preferably attained with the polymer in a molten or at least partially melted state, that is, above the softening temperature of the polymer, or in a dissolved or finely dispersed condition rather than in a solid mass or particulate form. Melt phase mixing is advantageous for forming a substantially uniform admixture of coupling agent and polymer before exposure to conditions in which a significant amount of chain coupling takes place. Conveniently for this embodiment, the formation of a substantially uniform admixture occurs along a temperature profile within equipment such as an extruder. The first zone is advantageously at a temperature at least the softening temperature of the polymer(s) and preferably less than the decomposition temperature of the coupling agents and the second zone being at a temperature sufficient for decomposition of the coupling agent.
Especially in the case of propylene polymers, most preferably the propylene polymer(s) and coupling agent are exposed to a profile of melt stream temperatures ranging from 160 C to 250 C.

Those skilled in the art recognize that a polymer, or mixture thereof, typically melts over a range of temperatures rather than melting sharply at one temperature. For the practice of this embodiment, it is sufficient that the polymer be in a partially melted state. For convenience, the temperature of this degree of melting can be approximated from the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) curve of the polymer or mixture thereof to be treated.
Conveniently, when there is a melt extrusion step between production of the polymer and its use, at least one step of the process of the invention takes place in the melt extrusion step. The heat produced during the extrusion step provides the energy necessary to cause the reaction between the coupling agent and the target polymer.
For all embodiments, a temperature of at least the decomposition temperature of the coupling agent is preferably maintained for a time sufficient to result in decomposition of at least sufficient coupling agent to avoid later undesirable reaction, preferably at least 80, more preferably at least 90, most preferably at least 95 weight percent of the coupling agent is reacted. Those skilled in the art realize that this time is dependent on whether the temperature is one at which the coupling agent slowly decomposes or one at which it very rapidly decomposes. Preferably, the time will be at least 5 seconds, more preferably at least 10 seconds to avoid unreacted coupling agent, and subsequent undesirable reactions, or to avoid the need for inconveniently, possible destructively high temperatures. Conveniently, the reaction time is 20 seconds.
As discussed previously, the melt strength of the propylene polymer is advantageously increased by this coupling reaction. Preferably, the melt strength is increased to at least 1.5, more preferably 2.0, times the melt strength of the polypropylene before coupling, most preferably at least 3 times that of the polymer before coupling and in some instances at least 11 times that of the polymer before coupling. The melt strength is preferably at least sufficient to support a stable bubble at output rates of at least 61b/hr/in of die circumference (0.298 g/s/cm) at 2 mil (50 micron) gauge, more preferably at least 81b/hr/in of die circumference (0.397 g/s/cm) at 2 mil gauge, most preferably at least 11 lb/hr/in of die circumference (0.546 g/s/cm) at 2 mil gauge, and, in some instances, at least 141b/hr/in of die circumference (0.695 g/s/cm) at 2 mil gauge. Preferably, the melt strength of modified propylene polymer is up to 20 times that of the polymer before coupling, more preferably 12 or less. When excessive levels of coupling agents are used, one can experience gels, poor drawability (insufficient to draw the film to gauges as low as 0.6 mils (15 microns)), tear-off at the die, and lower than desired mechanical properties, such as dart and tear strength.
Melt strength is measured in uniaxial conditions extensional flow at isothennal conditions. Linear chains of isotactic polypropylene do not strain harden for all molecular weights reported in literature. In contrast, homopolymer and random copolymer chain-coupled isotactic polypropylene chains strain harden strongly as indicated by a rise in the viscosity %, by a factor of 10-100 when characterized under the same conditions. Surprisingly, the impact copolymer polypropylene resins used by us do not strain harden on coupling when characterized under the same condition.
Ethylene Polymers Examples of in-reactor polyethylene blends of substantially linear polyethylene and LLDPE are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,844,045 to Kolthammer et al. and U.S.
Patent No. 5,869,575 to Kolthammer et al.

Preferably, the LLDPE fraction of the in-reactor polyethylene blend is at least fifty weight percent (50 wt%) of the in-reactor blend, more preferably at least fifty five weight percent (55 wt%), most preferably at least sixty weight percent (60 wt%).
Preferably the LLDPE fraction of the in-reactor blend does not exceed eighty five weight percent (85 wt%) of the in-reactor blend, more preferably does not exceed eighty weight percent (80 wt%), most preferably does not exceed seventy five weight percent (75 wt%).
The polymer starting materials are suitably of any molecular weight distribution (MWD). MWD is calculated as the ratio M ,/M,,, where M, is the weight average molecular weight and Mn is the number average molecular weight. Those skilled in the art are aware that polymers having a MWD less than 3 are conveniently made using a metallocene or constrained geometry catalyst (especially in the case of ethylene polymers) or using electron- donor compounds with Ziegler Natta catalysts. In the practice of the invention, the MWD of the LLDPE fraction of the in-reactor blend is preferably at least 2 and preferably up to 8, more preferably up to 6, most preferably up to 4. The MWD of the substantially linear polyethylene or homogeneously branched linear polyethylene fraction of the in-reactor polyethylene blend is preferably at least 1 and preferably up to 6, more preferably up to 4, most preferably up to 3.

The in-reactor polyethylene blend of the invention preferably has a melt index (MI) as measured by ASTM D-1238 condition 190 C/2.16 Kg (formerly known as Condition E) of at least 0.1 g/10 min., more preferably at least 0.3 g/10 min, most preferably at least 0.5 g/l0 min, and in some instances, at least 1.0 g/10 min. The MI of the in-reactor blend is preferably less than 15 g/10 min, more preferably less than 10 g/10 min, fiuther more preferably less than 6 g/10 min, most preferably less than 4 g/l Omin. The in-reactor polyethylene blends preferably have a density at least 0.865 g/cm3as measured by ASTM D 792, more preferably at least 0.87 g/cm3, further more preferably at least 0.88 g/cm3, most preferably at least 0.90 g/cm3.
Preferably, the density is less than 0.96 g/cm3, more preferably up to 0.95 g/cm3, fiu-ther more preferably up to 0.930 g/cm3, most preferably up to 0.925 g/cm3.

The substantially linear polyethylene or homogeneously branched linear polyethylene fraction of the in-reactor blend preferably have a density approximately equal to the density of the coupled propylene polymer, preferably the density of the substantially linear polyethylene or homogeneously branched linear polyethylene fraction is within 0.015 g/cc of the density of the coupled propylene polymer used in the first layer, more preferably within 0.010 g/cc, most preferably within 0.005. For a typical coupled propylene polymer used in the invention, the density of the substantially linear polyethylene or homogeneously branched linear polyethylene fraction is preferably between 0.885 g/cc and 0.915 g/cc, more preferably between 0.890 g/cc and 0.910 g/cc, most preferably between 0.895 g/cc and 0.905 g/cc.
Additionally, it is preferable that the substantially linear polyethylene or homogeneously branched linear polyethylene fraction have relatively high molecular weight as indicated by a melt index (MI) preferably less than 0.8 g/l0 min, more preferably less than 0.5 g/10 min, further more preferably less than 0.3 g/l0 min, most preferably less than 0.2 g/10 min. It is believed that the high molecular weight substantially linear polyethylene or homogeneously branched linear polyethylene fractions will cause increased entanglement between the polyethylene and propylene polymer chains, which will lead to improved mechanical properties in the resulting coextruded films, including improved Elmendorf tear, puncture and dart impact as compared with a similar coextruded film made from coupled propylene polymer and LLDPE alone.

The density and melt index (MI) of the LLDPE fraction of the in-reactor polyethylene blend of the invention are of the appropriate values such that the desired MI and density of the in-reactor polyethylene blend are obtained. Preferably, the MI of the LLDPE fraction is between 1.0 g/10 min and 10.0 g/10 min, more preferably between 1.1 g/10 min and 8.0 g/10 min, most preferably between 1.2 g/10 min and 4.0 g/10 min.

Melt or dry blending, e.g. at the hopper of the extruder or in an off-line tumble blending operation, is useful to achieve any blends of coupled propylene polymer and polyethylene used in the invention.

Different ethylene polymers may be used for different layers of the coextruded film. Each polymer will contribute a desirable characteristic to the resulting film.
Similarly, more than one propylene polymer is optionally included in the coextruded film of the invention. At least one of the propylene polymers is coupled in the practice of the invention; however, coupling of one or more other polymers included in the coextruded film is optional. Furthermore, polymers other than ethylene polymers and propylene polymers are optionally included with the at least one coupled propylene polymer and the in-reactor polyethylene blend in the coextruded film of the invention.

Film Forming The technique of blown film extrusion is well known for the production of thin plastic films. In an advantageous process, plastics, such as low, linear low, and high density polyethylene (LDPE, LLDPE, and HDPE) are extruded through a circular die to form a film. Air is introduced through the center of the die to maintain the film in the form of a bubble which increases the diameter of the film 2 to 6 fold, after which the bubble is collapsed onto rollers. There are a number of variations of such a process within the skill in the art, for instance as described in such references as U.S. Patents 3,959,425; 4,820,471, where the difference between high (referred to as "long stalk"

therein) and low stalk film blowing is discussed at column 1; 5,284,613; W.D.
Harris, et al in "Effects of Bubble Cooling on Performance and Properties of HMW-HDPE
Film Resins", Polymers, Laminations & Coatings Conference, Book 1, 1990, pages 306-317; and, Moore, E.P., Polypropylene Handbook, Hanser, New York, 1996, pages 330-332. For instance, cooling is often advantageously modified because the art recognizes that polypropylene cools and crystallizes at a rate different from that of polyethylene. Therefore, adjustments to the cooling parameters often produce a more stable bubble at desired output rates.

In the formation of blown films, a melt enters a ring-shaped die either through the bottom or side thereof. The melt is forced through spiral grooves around the surface of a mandrel inside the die and extruded through the die opening as a thick-walled tube.
The tube is expanded into a bubble of desired diameter and correspondingly decreased thickness as previously described.

The formation of coextruded blown films is known in the art and applicable to the present invention. Articles illustrative of the art include Han and Shetty, "Studies on Multilayer Film Coextrusion III. The Rheology of Blown Film Coextrusion,"

Polymer En ineerina and Science, February, (1978), vol. 18, No. 3 pages 187-199; and Morris, "Peel Strength Issues in the Blown Film Coextrusion Process," 1996 Polymers, Laminations & Coatings Conference, TAPPI Press, Atlanta, Ga. (1996), pages 571-577.
The term "coextrusion" refers to the process of extruding two or more materials through a single die with two or more orifices arranged such that the extrudates merge together into a laminar structure, preferably before chilling or quenching.
Coextrusion systems for making multilayer films employ at least two extruders feeding a common die assembly. The number of extruders is dependent upon the number of different materials comprising the coextruded film. For each different material, a different extruder is advantageously used. Thus a five-layer coextrusion may require up to five extruders although less may be used if two or more of the layers are made of the same material.

Coextrusion dies are used to form coextruded blown films. They have multiple mandrels that feed the different melt streams to the circular die lip. When feedblocks are employed to stack melt layers from two or more extruders, the resulting multilayered melt stream is then fed to the film die.
Preferably, the coextruded blown films of the invention are produced at rates of at least 61b/hr/in of die circumference (0.298g/s/cm of die circumference), more preferably at least 8 lb/hr/in of die circumference (0.496 g/s/cm of die circumference), most preferably at least 10 lb/hr/in of die circumference (0.695 g/s/cm of die circumference).

Coextruded blown films of the present invention can be formed into pouches, bags, containers and the like using packaging machinery within the skill in the art such as heat sealing devices using mandrels and the like. Pouches, bags and other containers made from this combination of materials provide excellent toughness and impact strength and furthermore provide an excellent barrier to grease and oil and light hydrocarbons such as turpentine and the like. Coextruded blown film of the present invention can be used as a packaging substrate alone, as a liner in multi-wall bags, or a strength/sealant ply in laminated structures such as with polyethylene terephthalate or biaxially oriented polypropylene.

In multilayer films each layer advantageously imparts a desired characteristic such as weatherability, heat seal, adhesion, chemical resistance, barrier layers (e.g. to water or oxygen); elasticity, shrink, durability, hand and feel, noise or noise reduction, texture, embossing, decorative elements, impermeability, stiffness, and the like.
Adjacent layers are optionally direct adhered, or alternatively have an adhesive, tie or other layer between them, particularly for the purpose of achieving adhesion there between. Constituents of the layers are selected to achieve the desired purpose.
In the invention, a coupled propylene polymer, as described herein, is used for one layer of the coextruded film. This first layer may optionally contain polyethylene blended with the propylene polymer. This first layer is adjacent to a second layer that is comprised of an in-reactor polyethylene blend of both a substantially linear polyethylene (or a homogeneously branched linear polyethylene) and a LLDPE.
Preferably, the first layer comprises 50 weight percent or less of the overall film structure, more preferably, the first layer comprises 30 weight percent or less of the overall film structure; and in some instances where high tear strength is desired, the first layer is comprises less than twenty five weight percent (25 wt%) of the overall film structure, preferably less than twenty weight percent (20 wt%) of the overall film structure. It is believed that minimizing the weight percent of the first layer will provided improved film material properties, such as Elmendorf tear, puncture, and Dart impact, as compared to comparable films having a first layer that makes-up a higher weight percentage of the overall structure.

Blending ethylene polymer into the first layer containing the coupled propylene polymer will improve the compatibility of the first layer containing the coupled propylene polymer and the second layer containing the in-reactor polyethylene blend for one another in the multilayer film structure. This improved compatibility will improve the mechanical film properties such as Elmendorf tear. The ethylene polymer may comprise LLDPE, LDPE, HDPE, substantially linear polyethylene, homogeneously branched linear polyethylene, and blends thereof. Preferably, any ethylene polymer that is blended with the coupled propylene polymer is a LLDPE, substantially linear polyethylene, homogeneously branched linear polyethylene, an in-reactor polyethylene blend as contained in the second layer, and mixtures thereof.
More preferably, an in-reactor polyethylene blend as contained in the second layer described above is added to the first layer.

For applications where tear properties of the coextruded film are critical, the first layer is preferably comprised of less than fifty percent (50%) by weight coupled propylene polymer, more preferably less than thirty percent (30%) by weight coupled propylene polymer, in some instances less than twenty five percent (25%) by weight coupled propylene polymer. For high tear applications (i.e. Elmendorf tear strength greater than 200 g/mil) it is preferable for the total weight percent of the coupled propylene polymer in the film to be less than 25 wt%, more preferably less than 20 wt%, in order to optimize the tear properties of the film. Preferably, the coupled propylene polymer making up the first layer is an impact propylene copolymer or a random propylene copolymer to further improve the compatibility between the first and second layers. For film applications requiring high tear, the coupled propylene polymer more preferably is an impact propylene copolymer. For film applications requiring excellent optics, the coupled propylene copolymer is more preferably a random copolymer.

For applications where grease resistance is a concern, it is preferable for the first layer to be comprised of at least eighty percent (80%) by weight coupled propylene polymer, more preferably, the first layer is comprised of one hundred percent coupled propylene polymer, preferably either an impact propylene copolymer or a random propylene copolymer for compatibility with the polyethylene of the second layer, more preferably an impact propylene copolymer. In addition to improved grease resistance, it is believed that coextruded film structures having a first layer comprised of between 80% and 100% by weight coupled propylene polymer will be more readily processed than comparable coextruded film structures not having a layer that is comprised of between 80% and 100% by weight coupled propylene polymer. This will lead to films that can be produced at a higher rates using broader processing window conditions.

In the most preferred embodiment of the invention, the first layer comprising coupled propylene polymer is sandwiched between two ethylene polymer layers.
One of these sandwich layers is the second layer as described above, the other layer (or third layer) can be comprised of the same in-reactor polyethylene blend as described for the second layer or it can be comprised of other polymers that are chosen depending on the properties this third layer can add to the overall properties desired of the co-extruded film structure. Having a second and third layer made from the same in-reactor polyethylene blend as described above is preferable for ease and simplicity of manufacturing. Also, it is believed such an A/B/A film structures (where the first layer is denoted by B and the second and third layers are the same and denoted by A) will provide a film exhibiting mechanical properties balance, preferably an excellent mechanical properties balance. Preferably, films of the invention have a machine direction tear resistance (MD tear) as measured according to the procedures of ASTM
D1922 of at least 50 g/mil (2 g/micron), more preferably at least 75 g/mil (3 g/micron), most preferably at least 100 g/mil (4 g/micron); and a cross directional tear resistance (CD tear) as measured according to the procedures of ASTM D 1922 of at least g/mil (4 g/micron), more preferably at least 150 g/mil (6 g/micron) most preferably at least 200 g/mil (8 g/micron); and together with a 2% secant modulus, measured in either the cross direction or machine direction, of at least 30,000 psi, more preferably at least 40, 000 psi. Further, sandwiching the first layer (B) between two layers comprised of in-reactor polyethyelene blend will provide a film structure that exhibits excellent clarity (gloss and haze) and heat seal and hot tack performance properties.
Surprisingly, blown films according to the current invention can be produced at higher output rates, higher haul-off rates, thinner film thicknesses, or a combination thereof.

Additives Additives are optionally included in compositions of the invention. Additives are well within the skill in the art. Such additives include, for instance, stabilizers including free radical inhibitors and ultraviolet wave (UV) stabilizers, neutralizers, nucleating agents, slip agents, antiblock agents, pigments, antistatic agents, clarifiers, waxes, resins, fillers such as silica and carbon black and other additives within the skill in the art used in combination or alone. Effective amounts are known in the art and depend on parameters of the polymers in the composition and conditions to which they are exposed.

Uses These films are advantageously used to make institutional liners, that is liners (or trash bags) for trash cans used in industry. Characteristics useful in these liners are good tear, (dart) impact strength, puncture strength, and high modulus. The term "good" is used to indicate Elmendorf tear above 50g/mil in the MD and 100 g/mil in the CD measured by the tests described herein, Dart impact strength above 100 g/mil as measured by the modified procedure of ASTM D1709 condition A. The term "high modulus" is used to mean secant modulus as measured by ASTM D 882 of at least 40,000 psi (275,790 kPa). The liners and similar products are made for instance by processes within the skill in the art such as those disclosed by C.A. van Kerckhoven, et al, "Quality Performance Optimization Tools for the Fabrication of HMW-HDPE
Blown Film", Polymers, Laminations, & Coatings Conference, Book 2, 1990, pages 68-85.

The present invention includes but is not limited to use of the films of the invention in such applications as consumer liners, heavy duty shipping sacks, produce bags, batch inclusion bags, pouches, grocery bags, merchandise bags, bags for foam packaging (especially where the foam is fonned in the bag), cereal liners, soft paper overwrap, multi-wall bags, baler bags, bundling films, compression films and laminations.

Films of the current invention are also useable as heat seal films, pouches or bags.

EXAMPLES
The following examples are to illustrate this invention and do not limit it.
Ratios, parts, and percentages are by weight unless otherwise stated.
Testing Methods For the examples below, unless otherwise indicated: melt flow rate (MFR) is measured in accordance with ASTM D 1238, at a temperature of 230 C under a weight of 2.16 Kg; melt index (MI) is measured in accordance with ASTM D 1238, at a temperature of 190 C under a weight of 2.16 Kg; Dart impact is measured in accordance with ASTM
D-1709 (method A); Elmendorf tear is measured=in accordance with ASTM D-1922 (type B); Trouser tear is measured in accordance with ASTM D-1938-94; and Secant modulus is measured in accordance with ASTM D-882;.

Melt strength was measured by using a capillary rheometer fitted with a 2.1 mm diameter, 20:1 die with an entrance angle of approximately 45 degrees. After equilibrating the samples at 190 C for 10 minutes, the piston was run at a speed of 2.54 cm/minute. The standard test temperature is 190 C. The sample is drawn uniaxially to a set of accelerating nips located 100 mm below the die with an acceleration of 2.4 mm/sec2. The required tensile force is recorded as a fimction of the take-np speed of the.* rolls.
The maximum tensile force attained during the test is defined as the melt strength. In the case of polymer melt exhi'biting draw resonance, the tensile force before the onset of draw resonance was talcea as the mdt sfirength.

Dart impact is me.asared by the procedure of ASTM 1709; Condition A. Film TM
punoture valnes are obfiain~ad using ari Instroli tensiotneter eqiiippod with a stcain cell and an integratad digital display tbat provides force dete~inations. A single ply of a blown monola.yer film having a thiciamess of 2 mils (0.051 mm) is mounted tm.rt between the two haives of a circular holder construcbed of ahiminnm and machined to couple the halves securely when they are joined together. The exposed film area when mount,ed in the holder is 4 inches (102 cm) in di.ameter. The holder is then affixed to the upper staiionary jaw of the tensiometer. To the lower jaw of the tensiometer which is set to tiraverse upwardly, a hemispherical alwminum probe having a 12S mm is diameter is alExed. The probe is aligued to traverse upwards through the center of the mounted f ilm at a deformatlion rate of 250 mmfmin. The force required to n4Aure the film is taken from the digital display and divided by the film thickness and the diameter of the probe to provide puncture resistance (sometimes refeared to as "puncture") in kg-cm/cc or fHb!'m3.

Gloss, baze, and clarity are tested in acc~.ordaace with ASTM D-1746, ASTM D-1003, and ASTM D-2457, respectively The hot tack of the films was meamad using the "JB Instrument Hot Tack Test Method," which measures thie force required to separate a heat seal befare the seal has had a<hanoe to fally cool (cxystallize). This test simulates the filling of m,ateial into a pouch or bag befame the seal has had a chaace to completely cooL
The "JB Instromeat Hot Tack Test 1Vlethod" is a test medwd using a JB
Instrum6ut Hot Tack Tester aooording to the following conditions:

Specimen Width: 25.4 mm Sealing Time: 0.5 seconds Sealing Pressure: 0.27 N/mm/mm Delay Time: 0.2 seconds Peel Speed: 250 mm/seconds Number of Samples per 5 Temperature Temperature Increments: 5 C

The heat seal strength of sample films was measured using the "JB Instrument Heat Seal Strength Test Method," which is designed to measure the force required to separate a seal after the material has completely cooled to 23 C. The film samples were exposed to a relative humidity of 50 percent and a temperature of 23 C for a minimum of 24 hours prior to testing.

The seal strength of the film samples was determined using an Instron Tensile Tester Model #1122 according to the following test conditions:

Direction of Pull: 90 to seal Crosshead Speed: 500 mm/minute Full Scale Load: 5 kg Number of Samples/Threshold: 1 percent of FSL
Break Criterion: 80 percent Gauge Length: 2.0 inches (50.8 millimeters) Sample Width: 1.0 inch (25.4 millimeters) Heat seal initiation temperature is defined as the minimum temperature for 2 lb/in (0.4 Kg/cm) seal strength.

Base Polypropylene Resin The base polypropylene used to make the MICP used in the following examples is isotactic polypropylene pellets, available from The Dow Chemical Company under the designation DC 111. DC 111 is an impact copolymer of propylene with 7-9 weight percent of ethylene, melt flow rate (MFR) = 0.68 g/10 min and melt strength of approximately 12 cN.

Preparation of DPO-BSA Coupling Agent 4,4'-Oxydibenzenesulfonyl azide (hereinafter in the examples referred to as "DPO-BSA" or the "DPO-BSA coupling agent") used to make the MICP is prepared by the reaction of sodium azide with the corresponding bis(sulfonyl chloride) which is commercially available. An aqueous solution of sodium azide is added to an acetone solution of the bis(sulfonyl chloride), and the product is isolated by precipitation with excess water.

Preparation of DPO-BSA Concentrate Master Batch 52.25 lb/hr (23.75 Kg/hr) of AFFINITY* EG-8200, (1-octene based polyethylene plastomer having a 5 g/10 min MI, and a 0.87 g/cc density, commercially available from the Dow Chemical Company) and 2.75 lb/hr (1.25 Kg/hr) of DPO-BSA
are separately fed into a 30 mm twin screw extruder manufactured by Werner &
Pfleiderer, model # ZSK-30. The extruder has an inlet/feed throat and additional 5 zones following the inlet. The temperature profile for the extruder is shown below.

These temperatures, except for the Melt Temperature, are barrel temperatures for the extruder. The resulting melt-extruded mixture of EG-8200 and DPO-BSA is passed through a strand die located at the exit of zone #5 and then through a cooling water bath (water temperature 20 C) before being pelletized. The resulting DPO-BSA
Concentrate Master Batch contains 5 weight percent DPO-BSA.

Feed Throat Room Temp Zone #1 Temp (C) 100 Zone #2 Temp (C) 100 Zone #3 Temp (C) 100 Zone #4 Temp (C) 100 Zone #5/Die Temp (C) 120 Melt Temp (C) 114 Extruder Torque % 60 Extruder RPM 170 Preparation of Modified Impact Copolymer Polypropylene (MICP) The modified inipact cbpolymer polypropyl(ne (l=einafter `MCP') is produced as follows. 15471b,/hr (703.2 Kg/hr) of DCl 11 is fed into a 92 mm twin screw extradermanufac,hared by Werner & Pfleiderer, model # ZSK-92, using an individual feeder inlet.

The DPO-BSA Conceairate Master Batch and additional DC1 11 are fizst fed into a blender with a weight ratio of 95.93 to 4.07 of DC 111 to DPO-BSA
Concentrate Master Batch to insure homogeneous mixing. The above mixhme is then fed into the same 92 mm twin screw exlruder as the DCl l l via anotb,er individual feeder inlet at a rate of 1231b/br ( 55.9 KgThr). The feed rate of the DC 111/DPO-BSA
Concentcate is adjusted to introduce 150 ppm of DPO-BSA based on the total weight of the polymers pmesent. An additive paclcage is added via a third feed:er. The addititve package includes a phenolic stabilizer available from Ciba Specialty Chemicals Company imder TM
the tra.de name TRGANOX 1010, a phosphite stabilizer available from Ciba Specialty Chemicals Company under the trade name IRGAFOS 168, calcium stearate, and glycerol monostearate. The feed rate of the a.dditives is adjusted so ffiat the resulting modified polymer resin has approximatiely 0.05 wt'/ of Calcium S'bearate, TM TM
approxima#ely 0.06 wt'/ IRGANOX 1010, approximately 0.04 wt'/o 1RGAFOS 168 and approximately 0.04 wt'/ glycerol monostearate.
The feed throat of the cxtruder is purged with nitroge,n to reduce the oxygen level in the eichndeer. The temperaixtre profile acaoss the twin screw extivder from inlet to otrtlet is 200,195,180, 245, 245, 240, 240, 242, 242, and 253 C. Tbe tempm-atares listed are barrel temperaiures in the. extcvd:er. A die located at the outlet of the last zone should ba.ve a tcmpm-atm of 250=270 C to ensare the full reaction of the BSA
and propylene polymer. The resnlting melt-extruded polymer is passed though the die and flien pelletized.. . The resalting coupledresia matecial is refeaed to hmrrm as the MICP
(035 MFR, 0.900 g/cc density, melt stc+ength 71 cN, and appadmately 7-9 weight pe~ ethylene content Polymer resins The msins used in the exan3ples are descril)ed below.

TM
1. DOWLEX* 2045A, 1 g/10 min NII, 0.920 g/cc density, MWD 3.7, LLDPE
resn comprising a i-octene comonomer, prepared using a Zigler-Natta type catalyst and a solution polytnerization process, commercially available from The Dow Chemical Company.
2. MICP, bisuiphonyl azide modified impact copol3mier, fabricated as de.scan'W
above.
3. Polyethylene Blend A, a 1 g/10 min MI, 0916 g/cc in-reactor blend consisting o:E (a) 38 wt % of a subshanfiially linear ethylenell-ocbeae copolymer having a 03 g/10 min MI and a 0.902 glcc, prepared using a CGC type catalyst and a solutionprecess;
and (b) 62 wt'/o of a Ziegler-Natta catalyzed (solution process) ethylene/1-octene LLDPE having a 1.7 g/10 min MI and a 0.925 gfcc density.

TM
Blending DowleX 2045A/MICP
TM
Dowlex 2045A/MICP are blended pri.or to introduction into the blown film exiruder as follows:
TM
DO WLEX 2045A and MICP are placed in a plastic divm in a weight raiio of 75 TM
parts by weight MICP to 25 parts by weight DOWLEX 2045A. T'he dxum is covered with a plastic liner. The above dnun is then sealed and loaded onto a tumble blender and tumbled for at least 45 minutes to ensure good mixing.

Film Production Methods F,xample A:

A three layer film stiwchme (A:B:A) is used for the coextrusion films of Tables 1 and 2. These film sftvctuu+e.s are made as de.scnbed below The tvree layer f lm struetwe is made on a blown flm coadrusion line where Layer "A" (one outer layer) is exhuded through an 8.0 inch (2032 cm) diameter multi-c,bannel annular die using 2.5 inch (635 cm) diameter extcvder with a IJD ratio of 24:1 and a LDPE type screw.
Layer A is made from 100% by vveight Polyethylene Blend A; Layer'B" (the core layer) is extruded tlmough an 8.0 inch (2032 cm) diameter mnlh-cb~ annnlar die using a 2.5 inch (635 cm) diameter extruder wiih a L/D ratio of 24:1 and a banier screw desiga with open ohannel and Maddock mixng tip. Layer B is made fmm a blend of 75 weight percent MICP and 25 weight percent DOWLEX 2045A; and the second layer "A" (the outer layer) is extruded through an 8.0 inch (20.32 cm) diameter multi-channel annular die using a 2 inch (5.08 cm) diameter extruder with a L/D ratio of 24:1 and a LDPE style screw with Maddock mixing tip. This second Layer A is also made from 100 percent by weight Polyethylene Blend A. The total configuration is set for a target output of 200 pounds/hour (90 kg). The weight output ratios of the extruders is targeted at 20%/60%/20% for the A/B/A extruders unless stated otherwise.
Typical polymer melt temperatures are targeted at 375 F/425 F/425 F/425 F from inlet to outlet for the polymers that comprise layers A/B/A, with a target die temperature of 1o 440 F. A 70 mil die gap is used for all the dies. The produced films are air blown to a 2.5:1 blow-up ratio (BUR) and air-quenched to produce the three layer A/B/A
multilayer film.
Tables 1 and 2 show the properties for the films produced. As can be seen from Tables 1 and 2, the inventive coextruded film structures exhibit excellent Secant Modulus, Dart Impact, Elmendorf Tear, heat seal strength and hot tack together will excellent optical properties.

Table 1 Coex A/B/A Coex A/B/A
Avg Thickness, (mils) 2.0 0.8 Avg Haze Value,% 9 5 Avg Gloss 45 deg, % 69 72 MD-Avg 2% SECANT MODULUS, 73,100 73,004 (psi) CD-Avg. 2% SECANT MODULUS, 72,661 75,958 (psi) Dart Impact (g) 344 126 Avg Elmendorf Tear MD (g) 103 64 Avg Elmendorf Tear CD (g) 385 143 Max. Heat Seat Strength (lb/in) 5.7 3.5 Max. Hot Tack (N) 11.0 6.5 Table 2 Material. A/B/A
Coextrusion Average Thickness (mil) 5.3 Dart Impact (g) 838 2% Secant Modulus (psi) MD 69,055 2% Secant Modulus (psi) CD 66,376 Elmendorf Tear MD (g) 473 Elmendorf Tear CD (g) 478 Exam lp e B:

Three layer film structure (A:B:A) are used for the coextrusion films of Table 3.
These film structures are made as described below. All the coextruder film structure listed in Table 3 are 2.0 mils in thickness. The three layer film structure is made on a blown film coextrusion line where Layer "A" (one outer layer) is extruded through an 8.0 inch (20.32 cm) diameter multi-channel annular die using 2.5 inch (6.35 cm) diameter extruder with a L/D ratio of 24:1 and a LDPE type screw. Layer A is made from 100% by weight Polyethylene Blend A; Layer "B" (the core layer) is extruded through an 8.0 inch (20.32 cm) diameter multi-channel annular die using a 2.5 inch (6.35 cm) diameter extruder with a L/D ratio of 24:1 and a barrier screw design with open channel and Maddock mixing tip. Layer B is made from a blend of MICP and Polyethylene Blend A, the weight percentage of Polyethylene Blend A is provided in Table 3, for all the film samples, MICP makes up the rest of the core; and the second layer "A" (the outer layer) is extruded through an 8.0 inch (20.32 cm) diameter multi-channel annular die using a 2 inch (5.08 cm) diameter extruder with a L/D
ratio of 24:1 and a LDPE style screw with Maddock mixing tip. This second Layer A is also made from 100 percent by weight Polyethylene Blend A. The total configuration is set for a target output of 200 pounds/hour (90 kg/hour).

The weight percent of the core as a percentage of the total weight for each film sample is provided in Table 3. The skins make up the rest of the weight for each film sample. The extruders are operated so that each skin makes up approximately the same weight percent of the film structure as the other. For example, for sample number 1, the core makes up 20 weight percent of the total structure and contains 100%
MICP;
each skin layer is made from 100% Polyethylene Blend A and each skin makes up approximately 40 weight percent of the total film structure.

Typical polymer melt temperatures are targeted at 375 F/425 F/425 F/425 F
from inlet to outlet for the polymers that comprise layers A/B/A, with a target die temperature of 440 F. A 70 mil die gap is used for all the dies. The output rates of the individual extruders are adjusted to get the desired individual layer weight ratios. The produced films are air blown to a 2.5:1 blow-up ratio (BUR) and air-quenched to produce the three layer A/B/A multilayer film.
Table 3 shows the properties for the films produced. As can be seen from Table3, the inventive coextruded film structures exhibit excellent Secant Modulus, Dart Impact, Elmendorf Tear, heat seal strength and hot tack together will excellent optical properties. Also as can be seen from Table 3, coextruded film structures where the core makes up less than 50 weight percent of the structure and where the coupled propylene polymer makes up less than 25 weight percent of the total film structure show excellent values for Elmendorf tear, dart impact and puncture.

Example C:
Three layer film structure (A:B:A) are used for the coextruded films of FIGS
1, 2, and 3. These film structures are made as described below. All the coextruder film structure used to develop the data for FIGS 1, 2, and 3 are 2.0 mils in thickness. The three layer film structures are made on a blown film coextrusion line where Layer "A"
(one outer layer) is extruded through an 8.0 inch (20.32 cm) diameter multi-channel annular die using 2.5 inch (6.35 cm) diameter extruder with a L/D ratio of 24:1 and a LDPE type screw. Layer A is made from 100% by weight Polyethylene Blend A;

Layer "B" (the core layer) is extruded through an 8.0 inch (20.32 cm) diameter multi-channel annular die using a 2.5 inch (6.35 cm) diameter extruder with a L/D
ratio of 24:1 and a barrier screw design with open channel and Maddock mixing tip.
Layer B is made from 100% MICP; and the second layer "A" (the other outer layer) is extruded through an 8.0 inch (20.32 cm) diameter multi-channel annular die using a 2 inch (5.08 cm) diameter extruder with a L/D ratio of 24:1 and a LDPE style screw with Maddock mixing tip. This second Layer A is also made from 100 percent by weight Polyethylene Blend A. The total configuration is set for a target output of pounds/hour (90 kg/hour).

The weight percent of the three layers of the structure are indicated along the x-axis of FIGS 1 and 2. For example, in a structure indicated along the x-axis to be 10/80/10, each Layer A makes up 10 weight percent of the overall structure and Layer B makes up 80 weight percent of the overall structure.

Typical polymer melt temperatures are targeted at 375 F/425 F/425 F/425 F
from inlet to outlet for the polymers that comprise layers A/B/A, with a target die temperature of 440 F. A 70 mil die gap is used for all the dies. The output rates of the individual extruders are adjusted to get the desired individual layer weight ratios. The produced films are air blown to a 2.5:1 blow-up ratio (BUR) and air-quenched to produce the three layer A/B/A multilayer film.

FIGS. 1 and 2 show the normalized Trouser tear values for various coextruded film structures and a monolayer film comprised of 100% MICP. All the films of FIGS.
1 and 2 are 2 mil thick. As can be seen from FIGS 1 and 2, film structures having a MICP core that is less than 50 weight percent of the overall structure exhibit excellent Trouser tear properties compared with monolayer film structures comprised of MICP
alone (using equipment and procedures similar to those for making layer B
(core layer) of the multilayer films described above), three-layer coextruded film structures made with 100% Polyethylene Blend A and having 25/50/25 weight percent per layer, and other coextruded film structures having a MICP core which makes up greater than 50 weight percent of the entire structure.

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Claims (46)

We Claim:

1. A coextruded film comprising:

(a) at least one layer comprising at least one coupled propylene polymer; and (b) at least one layer comprising an in-reactor blend of linear low density polyethylene and a substantially linear polyethylene or a homogeneously branched linear polyethylene, wherein component (a) comprises less than 50 weight percent of the coextruded film.

2. The film of Claim 1, wherein component (a) comprises less than 30 weight percent of the coextruded film.

3. The film of Claim 1, wherein component (a) comprises less than 25 weight percent of the coextruded film.

4. The film of Claim 1, wherein the component (a) comprises less than 20 weigh percent or less of the coextruded film.

5. The film of Claim 1, wherein the at least one coupled propylene polymer is made by reacting an impact propylene copolymer with a coupling agent.

6. The film of Claim 5, wherein the coupling agent is a poly (sulfonyl azide) and the melt strength of the coupled propylene polymer is at least 20 cN.

7. The film of Claim 1, wherein the in-reactor blend of (b) has a melt index of at least 0.1 g/10 min and less than 15 g/10 min.

8. The film of Claim 7, wherein the in-reactor blend of (b) has a melt index of at least 0.3 g/10 min.

9. The film of Claim 7, wherein the in-reactor blend of (b) has a melt index of less than 10 g/10 min.

10. The film of Claim 7, wherein the in-reactor blend of (b) has a melt index of at least 0.5 g/10 min and less than 4 g/10 min.

11. The film of Claim 10, wherein the in-reactor blend of (b) has a density of at least 0.87 g/cc and less than 0.95 g/cc.

12. The film of Claim 11, wherein the in-reactor polyethylene blend of (b) has a density of at least 0.90 g/cc and less than 0.925 g/cc.

13. The film of Claim 11, wherein the density of the substantially linear polyethylene fraction or homogeneously branched linear polyethylene fraction is within ~ 0.015 g/cc of the density of the coupled propylene polymer of (a).

14. The film of Claim 13, wherein the density of the substantially linear polyethylene fraction or homogeneously branched linear polyethylene fraction is between 0.885 g/cc and 0.915 g/cc.

15. The film of Claim 11, wherein the melt index of the substantially linear polyethylene fraction or homogeneously branched linear polyethylene fraction is less than 0.8 g/10 min.

16. The film of Claim 9, wherein the melt index of the LLDPE fraction of the in-reactor blend of (b) is between 1.0 g/10 min and 10.0 g/10 min.

17. The film of Claim 9, wherein the melt index of the LLDPE fraction of the in-reactor blend of (b) is between 1.2 g/10 min and 4.0 g/l0 min.

18. The film of Claim 1, wherein component (a) further comprises at least one ethylene polymer.

19. The film of Claim 18, wherein the at least one ethylene polymer comprising component (a) is selected from the group consisting of: low density polyethylene, LLDPE, high density polyethylene, substantially linear polyethylene, homogeneously branched linear polyethylene, and blends thereof.

20. The film of Claim 18, wherein the at least one ethylene polymer comprising component (a) is an in-reactor blend of linear low density polyethylene and a substantially linear polyethylene or a homogeneously branched linear polyethylene.

21. A coextruded film comprising:
(a) at least one layer comprising at least one coupled propylene copolymer, the at least one coupled propylene copolymer having a melt strength of at least 40 cN, a melt flow rate of at least 0.1 g/10 min and less than 2.0 g/10 min; and (b) at least one layer comprising an in-reactor blend of linear low density polyethylene and a substantially linear polyethylene or a homogeneously branched linear polyethylene, wherein the in-reactor blend of (b) has a melt index of at least 0.1 g/10 min and less than 15 g/10 min.

22. The film of Claim 21, wherein the in-reactor blend of (b) has a density of at least 0.87 g/cc and less than 0.95 g/cc, the density of the substantially linear polyethylene fraction or homogeneously branched linear polyethylene fraction is between 0.885 g/cc and 0.915 g/cc and wherein the melt index of the substantially linear polyethylene fraction or homogeneously branched linear polyethylene fraction is less than 0.8 g/10 min.

23. The film of Claim 22, wherein the melt index of the LLDPE fraction of the in-reactor blend of (b) is between 1.0 g/10 min and 10.0 g/10 min.

24. The film of Claim 22, wherein the melt index of the LLDPE fraction of the in-reactor blend of (b) is between 1.2 g/10 min and 4.0 g/10 min.

25. The film of Claim 24, wherein the coupled propylene copolymer of (a) is a coupled impact propylene copolymer made by reacting an impact propylene copolymer with a coupling agent.

26. The film of Claim 25, wherein the coupling agent is a bis(sulfonyl azide).

27. The film of Claim 21, wherein the layer of (a) comprises less than 30 weight percent of the coextruded film.

28. The film of Claim 21, wherein component (a) comprises 20 weight percent or less of the coextruded film.

29. The film of Claim 21, wherein the coupled propylene copolymer of (a) is a coupled impact propylene copolymer and the layer of (a) further comprises an in-reactor blend of linear low density polyethylene and a substantially linear polyethylene or a homogeneously branched linear polyethylene.

30. The film of Claim 29, wherein component (a) comprises less than 50 weight percent of the coextruded film and the coupled impact propylene copolymer comprises 50 weight percent or less of component (a).

31. The film of Claim 29, wherein the coupled impact propylene copolymer comprises less than 30 weight percent of component (a).

32. The film of Claim 29, wherein component (a) comprises less than 30 weight percent of the coextruded film and the coupled impact propylene copolymer comprises less than 25 weight percent of component (a).

33. The film of Claim 29, wherein component (a) comprises less than 25 weight percent of the coextruded film and the coupled impact propylene copolymer comprises less than 25 weight percent of component (a).

34. The film of Claim 21, wherein component (a) comprises less than 50 weight percent of the coextruded film and the coupled propylene copolymer comprises at least 80 weight percent of component (a).

35. The film of Claim 34, wherein component (a) comprises less than 30 weight percent of the coextruded film and the coupled propylene copolymer comprises 100 weight percent of component (a).

36. The film of Claim 21 having at least one core layer comprising component (a) sandwiched between at least two outer layers, wherein the outer layers comprise component (b).

37. The film of Claim 34 having at least one core layer comprising component (b) sandwiched between at least two outer layers, wherein at least one of the outer layers comprise component (a).

38. The film of Claim 37 which is used for grease resistant applications.

39. The film of Claim 38 which is used for packaging food stuffs.

40. A coextruded film comprising:
(a) at least one layer comprising at least one coupled impact propylene copolymer coupled by reaction with a coupling agent and having a melt strength of at least 40 cN; and (b) at least one layer comprising an in-reactor blend having a melt index of at least 0.3 g/10 min and less than 10 g/10 min and having a density of at least 0.88 g/cc and less than 0.930 g/cc, the in-reactor blend comprised of a linear low density polyethylene and a substantially linear polyethylene or a homogeneously branched linear polyethylene, wherein the film exhibits an Elmendorf tear strength greater than 50 g/mil in machine direction (MD) and 100 g/mil in cross direction (CD); a 2% secant modulus, in either the cross direction or machine direction, equal to or greater than 30,000 psi; and a dart impact equal to or greater than 100 g/mil.

41. The film of Claim 40, wherein the in-reactor blend has a melt index of at least 0.5 g/10 min and less than 6 g/10 min and has a density of at least 0.90 g/cc and less than 0.925 g/cc.

42. The film of Claim 41, wherein the in-reactor blend has a melt index of at least 0.5 g/10 min and less than 4 g/10 min, component (a) comprises less than weight percent of the coextruded film, and the coupled impact propylene copolymer comprises 50 weight percent or less of component (a).

43. The film of Claim 41, wherein the film exhibits: Elmendorf tear resistance in either the cross direction or machine direction of at least 300 g/mil, Dart impact of at least 500 g, and puncture resistance of at least 200 ft-lb/in3.

44. The film of Claim 43, wherein the in-reactor blend has a melt index of at least 0.5 g/10 min, component (a) comprises less than 50 weight percent of the coextruded film, and the coupled impact propylene copolymer comprises 50 weight percent or less of component (a).

45. The film of Claim 44, which is a heat sealable film having a seal initiation temperature less than 100°C and a maximum heat seal strength of at least 3 lb/in.

46. The film of Claim 44, which is a heat sealable film having a seal initiation temperature less than 94°C and a maximum heat seal strength of at least 3.5 lb/in.