CA2357632C - Non-toxic primer mix - Google Patents
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- CA2357632C CA2357632C CA002357632A CA2357632A CA2357632C CA 2357632 C CA2357632 C CA 2357632C CA 002357632 A CA002357632 A CA 002357632A CA 2357632 A CA2357632 A CA 2357632A CA 2357632 C CA2357632 C CA 2357632C
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06C—DETONATING OR PRIMING DEVICES; FUSES; CHEMICAL LIGHTERS; PYROPHORIC COMPOSITIONS
- C06C7/00—Non-electric detonators; Blasting caps; Primers
Abstract
A non-toxic primer mix including both bismuth sulfide and potassium nitrate as the pyrotechnic portion of the primer is disclosed. In a further embodiment, a non--toxic primer mix comprising zinc sulfide and aluminum nitrate as the pyrotechnic portion of the primer mix is disclosed. Bismuth and zinc sulfide act as fuels for the oxidizers of potassium and aluminum nitrate in providing an ignition flame for the primer. The non-toxic primer mix further contains a lead-free explosive material, and additionally can include added fuels, sensitizers, explosives and binders.
Description
NON-TOXIC PRIMER MIX
FIELD OF INVENTION
The present invention generally relates to explosives and more particularly to a primer charge.
BACKGROUND
The smallest component in small anns ammunition, the percussion primer, is the link between the striking of the firing pin and the explosion of the projectile out of the cartridge casing. Percussion primers or primer mixes generally have undergone only gradual changes since their original development. For a time, mercury fulminate was the most commonly used primer mix. In the 1920s, alternate priming mixes were found to replace mercury fulminate, as this latter composition was found to deteriorate rapidly under tropical conditions and cause potential health problems or concerns such as lethargy and nausea to the shooter after firing. However, the alternate mixes, based on lead thiocyanate/potassium chlorate formulations were soon recognized as detrimental to weapon barrels because of the formation of corrosive water soluble potassium chloride salts upon combustion. Later primer mixes were based on the primary explosive lead styphnate, a substance which is much more stable than mercury fulminate and is still in use today.
Except for the use of pure mercury fulminate as an igniter, most commonly used primer mixes are chemical mixtures comprising at least a primary explosive, an oxidizing agent and a fuel source. Lead styphnate is the most common primary explosive, with tetrazene typically being added as a secondary explosive for rendering the lead styphnate composition sufficiently sensitive to percussion. The most common oxidizing agent is barium nitrate, which is combined with a fuel, antimony sulfide. Friction producing agents and additional fuels are also added.
Unfortunately, lead, antimony and barium are highly toxic, and therefore pose a potential health hazard, particularly when used within an enclosed shooting range where they can accumulate in the atmosphere and on surfaces.
Accordingly, attempts have produced a non-toxic primer composition. The phrase "non-toxic" is intended to mean a substance consisting essentially of materials which are not toxic heavy metals such as lead or barium, known carcinogens or poisons, especially when vaporized, burnt or exploded as in the firing of an ammunition round. In the production of non-toxic primer mixes, diazodinitrophenol (DDNP) is often a preferred substitute for lead styphnate as the primary explosive.
DDNP is both slightly insoluble in water and is desensitized by water for safer processing. Like lead styphnate, DDNP typically is accompanied by tetrazene as a secondary primary explosive to render the composition sufficiently sensitive to percussion.
While considerable attention has been directed to removing lead from primer mixes, there has been less attention paid to the removal of remaining toxic components from the primer mix. Thus, toxic oxidizing agents and fuels, such as barium nitrate and antimony sulfide, still remain sources of concern. Both barium and antimony are highly toxic metals and their inclusion in the primer mix creates a toxic residue after firing. Accordingly, there exists a need for a non-toxic primer mix free of both lead and toxic oxidizers and fuels such as barium nitrate and antimony sulfide.
FIELD OF INVENTION
The present invention generally relates to explosives and more particularly to a primer charge.
BACKGROUND
The smallest component in small anns ammunition, the percussion primer, is the link between the striking of the firing pin and the explosion of the projectile out of the cartridge casing. Percussion primers or primer mixes generally have undergone only gradual changes since their original development. For a time, mercury fulminate was the most commonly used primer mix. In the 1920s, alternate priming mixes were found to replace mercury fulminate, as this latter composition was found to deteriorate rapidly under tropical conditions and cause potential health problems or concerns such as lethargy and nausea to the shooter after firing. However, the alternate mixes, based on lead thiocyanate/potassium chlorate formulations were soon recognized as detrimental to weapon barrels because of the formation of corrosive water soluble potassium chloride salts upon combustion. Later primer mixes were based on the primary explosive lead styphnate, a substance which is much more stable than mercury fulminate and is still in use today.
Except for the use of pure mercury fulminate as an igniter, most commonly used primer mixes are chemical mixtures comprising at least a primary explosive, an oxidizing agent and a fuel source. Lead styphnate is the most common primary explosive, with tetrazene typically being added as a secondary explosive for rendering the lead styphnate composition sufficiently sensitive to percussion. The most common oxidizing agent is barium nitrate, which is combined with a fuel, antimony sulfide. Friction producing agents and additional fuels are also added.
Unfortunately, lead, antimony and barium are highly toxic, and therefore pose a potential health hazard, particularly when used within an enclosed shooting range where they can accumulate in the atmosphere and on surfaces.
Accordingly, attempts have produced a non-toxic primer composition. The phrase "non-toxic" is intended to mean a substance consisting essentially of materials which are not toxic heavy metals such as lead or barium, known carcinogens or poisons, especially when vaporized, burnt or exploded as in the firing of an ammunition round. In the production of non-toxic primer mixes, diazodinitrophenol (DDNP) is often a preferred substitute for lead styphnate as the primary explosive.
DDNP is both slightly insoluble in water and is desensitized by water for safer processing. Like lead styphnate, DDNP typically is accompanied by tetrazene as a secondary primary explosive to render the composition sufficiently sensitive to percussion.
While considerable attention has been directed to removing lead from primer mixes, there has been less attention paid to the removal of remaining toxic components from the primer mix. Thus, toxic oxidizing agents and fuels, such as barium nitrate and antimony sulfide, still remain sources of concern. Both barium and antimony are highly toxic metals and their inclusion in the primer mix creates a toxic residue after firing. Accordingly, there exists a need for a non-toxic primer mix free of both lead and toxic oxidizers and fuels such as barium nitrate and antimony sulfide.
SUMMARY
The present invention generally comprises a composition and method of preparing a non-toxic primer mix including in one embodiment both bismuth sulfide and potassium nitrate as the pyrotechnic portion of the primer mix. In a further embodiment, zinc sulfide and aluminum nitrate are included as the pyrotechnic portion of the primer mix. Bismuth sulfide and zinc sulfide serve as non-toxic fuels for the non-toxic oxidizers of potassium nitrate and aluminum nitrate in the production of an ignition flame.
In greater detail, the non-toxic primer mix contains approximately 2-20% by weight bismuth sulfide, approximately 25-70% by weight potassium nitrate and approximately 25-50% by weight of a lead-free explosive material.
Additionally, the primer can include additional fuels such as nitrocellulose, aluminum, manganese and manganese oxide. Furthermore, pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) may be included as a primary explosive and gum arabic used as a binder.
The primer mix typically is wet processed during production for safety, and comprises the steps of combing water and on a dry weight percent approximately 20% by weight bismuth sulfide, approximately 25-70% by weight potassium nitrate, and approximately 25-50% by weight explosive material and then mixing. The wet formed primer mix can then be rolled and charged into percussion cups.
In an additional embodiment, the non-toxic primer mix contains approximately 2-20% by weight zinc sulfide, approximately 25-70% by weight aluminum nitrate and approximately 25-50% by weight of a lead-free explosive material. Additionally, the primer can include additional fuels such as nitrocellulose, aluminum, manganese and titanium. Furthermore, pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) may be included as a primary explosive and gum arabic used asa binder.
The present invention generally comprises a composition and method of preparing a non-toxic primer mix including in one embodiment both bismuth sulfide and potassium nitrate as the pyrotechnic portion of the primer mix. In a further embodiment, zinc sulfide and aluminum nitrate are included as the pyrotechnic portion of the primer mix. Bismuth sulfide and zinc sulfide serve as non-toxic fuels for the non-toxic oxidizers of potassium nitrate and aluminum nitrate in the production of an ignition flame.
In greater detail, the non-toxic primer mix contains approximately 2-20% by weight bismuth sulfide, approximately 25-70% by weight potassium nitrate and approximately 25-50% by weight of a lead-free explosive material.
Additionally, the primer can include additional fuels such as nitrocellulose, aluminum, manganese and manganese oxide. Furthermore, pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) may be included as a primary explosive and gum arabic used as a binder.
The primer mix typically is wet processed during production for safety, and comprises the steps of combing water and on a dry weight percent approximately 20% by weight bismuth sulfide, approximately 25-70% by weight potassium nitrate, and approximately 25-50% by weight explosive material and then mixing. The wet formed primer mix can then be rolled and charged into percussion cups.
In an additional embodiment, the non-toxic primer mix contains approximately 2-20% by weight zinc sulfide, approximately 25-70% by weight aluminum nitrate and approximately 25-50% by weight of a lead-free explosive material. Additionally, the primer can include additional fuels such as nitrocellulose, aluminum, manganese and titanium. Furthermore, pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) may be included as a primary explosive and gum arabic used asa binder.
In a further embodiment, the primer mix is wet processed comprising the steps of combing water and on a dry weight percent approximately 2-20%
by weight zinc sulfide, approximately 25-70% by weight aluminum nitrate, and approximately 25-50% by weight explosive material and then mixing. The wet formed primer mix can then be rolled and charged into percussion cups.
In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a non-toxic primer mix comprising: approximately 2-20% by weight bismuth sulfide; approximately 25-70% by weight potassium nitrate; and approximately 25-50% by weight of a lead-free explosive material.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of making a non-toxic primer mix comprising the steps of:
forming an aqueous primer mix by combining and mixing water with, on a dry weight percent; approximately 2-20% by weight bismuth sulfide, approximately 25-70% by weight potassium nitrate, and approximately 25-50% by weight explosive material.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The present invention comprises a non-toxic primer mix including both bismuth sulfide and potassium nitrate as at least a portion of the pyrotechnic portion of the primer. Additionally, the present invention comprises a non-toxic primer mix including both zinc sulfide and aluminum nitrate as at least a portion of the pyrotechnic portion of the primer. Bismuth sulfide and zinc sulfide act as fuels for potassium nitrate and aluminum nitrate, which act as oxidizers, to provide an ignition flame. Typically the non-toxic primer mix contains approximately 2 to 20% by weight bismuth sulfide or zinc sulfide, approximately 25 to 70% by weight potassium nitrate or alun-iinum nitrate, and approximately 25 to 50% by weight of a lead-free explosive material.
Additionally, the pritner can include added fuels, such as nitrocellulose, and a binder, such as gum arabic.
by weight zinc sulfide, approximately 25-70% by weight aluminum nitrate, and approximately 25-50% by weight explosive material and then mixing. The wet formed primer mix can then be rolled and charged into percussion cups.
In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a non-toxic primer mix comprising: approximately 2-20% by weight bismuth sulfide; approximately 25-70% by weight potassium nitrate; and approximately 25-50% by weight of a lead-free explosive material.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of making a non-toxic primer mix comprising the steps of:
forming an aqueous primer mix by combining and mixing water with, on a dry weight percent; approximately 2-20% by weight bismuth sulfide, approximately 25-70% by weight potassium nitrate, and approximately 25-50% by weight explosive material.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The present invention comprises a non-toxic primer mix including both bismuth sulfide and potassium nitrate as at least a portion of the pyrotechnic portion of the primer. Additionally, the present invention comprises a non-toxic primer mix including both zinc sulfide and aluminum nitrate as at least a portion of the pyrotechnic portion of the primer. Bismuth sulfide and zinc sulfide act as fuels for potassium nitrate and aluminum nitrate, which act as oxidizers, to provide an ignition flame. Typically the non-toxic primer mix contains approximately 2 to 20% by weight bismuth sulfide or zinc sulfide, approximately 25 to 70% by weight potassium nitrate or alun-iinum nitrate, and approximately 25 to 50% by weight of a lead-free explosive material.
Additionally, the pritner can include added fuels, such as nitrocellulose, and a binder, such as gum arabic.
Bismuth sulfide generally serves as the fuel or inflammable material in the pyrotechnic system of the non-toxic primer mix and is generally represented by the formula of Bi2S3. Bismuth sulfide is also known as bismuthinite, an ore of bismuth. Bismuth sulfide is non-toxic and non-carcinogenic as evidenced by the various uses of bismuth salts in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. For example, bismuth pharmaceuticals are used in the treatment of stomach ulcers and other intestinal problems, or for external uses because of their astringent and slight antiseptic properties.
4a The bismuth sulfide component of the present primer mix generally is combined with the oxidizer (potassium nitrate) to produce the ignition flame for the combustion of the propellant charge. Bismuth sulfide is added on a dry weight percent basis at between about 2 to 20% by weight of the primer mix. In one embodiment, bismuth sulfide is added in amounts of about 5 to 15% by weight of the non-toxic primer mix. In a second embodiment, bismuth sulfide is added at about 11 % by weight of the primer mix. Various other ranges or amounts of the bismuth sulfide can be added to the primer mix as will be understood by those skilled in the art.
Potassium nitrate is added to the primer mix as an oxidizer and is generally represented by the formula of KNO3. Potassium nitrate is also known as quick salt or saltpeter and is a very strong oxidizer that is free of toxic metal ions and upon combustion generally does not produce toxic or corrosive by-products.
Potassium nitrate is combined with bismuth sulfide to produce the ignition flame.
Additionally, potassium nitrate can be processed in the form of a wet mix. The potassium nitrate component generally is added on a dry weight percent basis between about 25 to 70%
of the non-toxic primer mix. In an additional embodiment, potassium nitrate is added in an amount between about 35 to 55% of the norrtoxic primer mix. In a further embodiment, the potassium nitrate is added at about 50% by weight of the primer mix.
In an alternative embodiment, zinc sulfide generally serves as the fuel or inflammable material in the pyrotechnic system of the non-toxic primer mix and is generally represented by the formula of ZnS. Zinc sulfide occurs naturally as an off white powder blend that is typically prepared by the precipitation of a zinc salt solution with ammonium sulfide. Zinc sulfide is added on a dry weight percent basis at between about 2 to 20% by weight of the primer mix. In one embodiment, zinc sulfide is added in amounts of about 5 to 15% by weight of the non4oxic primer mix.
4a The bismuth sulfide component of the present primer mix generally is combined with the oxidizer (potassium nitrate) to produce the ignition flame for the combustion of the propellant charge. Bismuth sulfide is added on a dry weight percent basis at between about 2 to 20% by weight of the primer mix. In one embodiment, bismuth sulfide is added in amounts of about 5 to 15% by weight of the non-toxic primer mix. In a second embodiment, bismuth sulfide is added at about 11 % by weight of the primer mix. Various other ranges or amounts of the bismuth sulfide can be added to the primer mix as will be understood by those skilled in the art.
Potassium nitrate is added to the primer mix as an oxidizer and is generally represented by the formula of KNO3. Potassium nitrate is also known as quick salt or saltpeter and is a very strong oxidizer that is free of toxic metal ions and upon combustion generally does not produce toxic or corrosive by-products.
Potassium nitrate is combined with bismuth sulfide to produce the ignition flame.
Additionally, potassium nitrate can be processed in the form of a wet mix. The potassium nitrate component generally is added on a dry weight percent basis between about 25 to 70%
of the non-toxic primer mix. In an additional embodiment, potassium nitrate is added in an amount between about 35 to 55% of the norrtoxic primer mix. In a further embodiment, the potassium nitrate is added at about 50% by weight of the primer mix.
In an alternative embodiment, zinc sulfide generally serves as the fuel or inflammable material in the pyrotechnic system of the non-toxic primer mix and is generally represented by the formula of ZnS. Zinc sulfide occurs naturally as an off white powder blend that is typically prepared by the precipitation of a zinc salt solution with ammonium sulfide. Zinc sulfide is added on a dry weight percent basis at between about 2 to 20% by weight of the primer mix. In one embodiment, zinc sulfide is added in amounts of about 5 to 15% by weight of the non4oxic primer mix.
In a second embodiment, zinc sulfide is added at about 11 % by weight of the primer mix. Various other ranges or amounts of the zinc sulfide can be added to the primer mix as will be understood by those skilled in the art.
Aluminum nitrate is added to the primer mix as an oxidizer in combination with zinc sulfide and is generally represented by the fonmula of Al(NO3~.
Aluminum nitrate is combined with zinc sulfide to produce the ignition flame.
Additionally, aluminum nitrate can be processed in the form of a wet mix. The aluminum nitrate component generally is added on a dry weight percent basis between about 25 to 70%
of the non-toxic primer mix. In an additional embodiment, aluminum nitrate is added in an amount between about 35 to 55% of the non-toxic primer mix. In a further embodiment, the aluminum nitrate is added at about 50% by weight of the primer mix.
The primer mix additionally contains a lead-free explosive material that preferably acts as both an accelerant and sensitizer. The explosive material chosen generally is non-toxic and can include both a primary and secondary explosive.
Preferably, the primer mix contains about 24 to 50% by weight explosive material. In an alternative embodiment, the primer contains between about 33 to 41 % by weight explosive.
In one embodiment, diazodinitrophenol (DDNP) is chosen as the primary explosive. DDNP can be manufactured by the partial reduction of trinitrophenole and subsequent diazotation and is slightly insoluble in water. DDNP may be desensitized by immersing it in water where it does not react at normal temperature. The sensitivity of DDNP to friction is also less than that of mercury fulminate, but is approximately the same as that of lead azide. DDNP is not the only primary explosive compatible for use within the primer mix. For example, additional primary explosives can include potassium dinitrobenzofuroxane (KDNBP) and derivatives or mixtures thereof. The primary explosive is chosen for being both lead-free and non-toxic. Other primary explosives may be used in the present primer mix, either alone or in combination with those listed above, so long as the ballistic properties of the prepared primers are similar to or better than those of the lead styphnate based primers.
In one embodiment, the explosive portion of the composition preferably contains about 27 to 35% DDNP as the primary explosive. In an alternative embodiment, DDNP comprises about 28% by weight of the primer mix. Typically, when DDNP is less than about 27% by weight of the primer mix, shock propagation is reduced, and when it is greater than 35%, shock velocity can increase above desired or preferred levels.
The secondary explosive is typically a sensitizer that accelerates the rate of conversion of the pyrotechnic system. There are a variety of sensitizers capable of being included in the present primer mix. In the present case, the sensitizer is selected in part for its compatibility with the chosen primary explosive. The sensitizer enhances the sensitivity of the primary explosive to the percussion mechanism.
Additionally, friction agents, such as glass, may be used to enhance the sensitivity of the primary explosive. Furthermore, pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) can be added to the primer mix to enhance the flame temperature to aid in igniting the propellant.
In an embodiment, tetrazene is selected as a secondary explosive to be combined with DDNP. Tetrazene, also known as tetracene, tetrazolyl guanyltetrazene hydrate or tetrazene-l-carboxamidine-4-(1-H-tetrazol-5-yl) monohydrate, typically added to the mix in combination with DDNP to increase the sensitivity of the charge.
Tetrazene is typically added to the mix in an amount between about 4 to 11 /a by weight. For example, in one embodiment, tetrazene can comprise about 5% by weight of the primer mix. When tetrazene is added in amounts less than about 4% by weight, it becomes difficult to reliably incorporate it using typical manufacturing techniques, and with concentrations greater than about 11% by weight, there is an increase in the shock pressure beyond normally acceptable or desired limits.
The primer mix can further include an added fuel that comprises between about 2 to 20% by weight of the primer mix. The added fuel can be either metallic, nonmetallic or combinations thereof. An example of a nonmetallic fuel includes nitrocellulose, which is typically added in amounts between about 5 to 15% by weight of the primer mix and more specifically about 6% by weight. In an additional embodiment, nitrocellulose comprises from about 5 to 11 % by weight of the primer mix. Nitrocellulose may be added as a doubled-based nitrocellulose. Examples of metallic fuels include aluminum, manganese and titanium or combinations thereof.
Metallic fuels are typically added in amounts up to about 10% by weight of the primer mix.
The primer formulations may also contain a binder that is generally included up to 2% by weight of the primer mix to minimize dusting. Typically, about from 0.5 to 1.5% by weight of the primer mix is binder, and more particularly about 0.5% by weight is binder. The binder generally is chosen for maximum compatibility with the explosive formulation prepared. The binder can be selected from a variety of gum materials, such as gum arabics, and particularly acacia gum arabic, as well as polyvinyl alcohol with guar gum. However, gum arabic has been found to be particularly satisfactory.
The disclosed components of the primer mix can be combined and wet mixed by the use of standard low shear mixers, using customary techniques for blending explosives. The components typically are wet-mixed for safety since the explosive compounds are desensitized when mixed with water. With these techniques, the explosive components are generally blended first, followed by the fuels, and finally the oxidizer components.
Aluminum nitrate is added to the primer mix as an oxidizer in combination with zinc sulfide and is generally represented by the fonmula of Al(NO3~.
Aluminum nitrate is combined with zinc sulfide to produce the ignition flame.
Additionally, aluminum nitrate can be processed in the form of a wet mix. The aluminum nitrate component generally is added on a dry weight percent basis between about 25 to 70%
of the non-toxic primer mix. In an additional embodiment, aluminum nitrate is added in an amount between about 35 to 55% of the non-toxic primer mix. In a further embodiment, the aluminum nitrate is added at about 50% by weight of the primer mix.
The primer mix additionally contains a lead-free explosive material that preferably acts as both an accelerant and sensitizer. The explosive material chosen generally is non-toxic and can include both a primary and secondary explosive.
Preferably, the primer mix contains about 24 to 50% by weight explosive material. In an alternative embodiment, the primer contains between about 33 to 41 % by weight explosive.
In one embodiment, diazodinitrophenol (DDNP) is chosen as the primary explosive. DDNP can be manufactured by the partial reduction of trinitrophenole and subsequent diazotation and is slightly insoluble in water. DDNP may be desensitized by immersing it in water where it does not react at normal temperature. The sensitivity of DDNP to friction is also less than that of mercury fulminate, but is approximately the same as that of lead azide. DDNP is not the only primary explosive compatible for use within the primer mix. For example, additional primary explosives can include potassium dinitrobenzofuroxane (KDNBP) and derivatives or mixtures thereof. The primary explosive is chosen for being both lead-free and non-toxic. Other primary explosives may be used in the present primer mix, either alone or in combination with those listed above, so long as the ballistic properties of the prepared primers are similar to or better than those of the lead styphnate based primers.
In one embodiment, the explosive portion of the composition preferably contains about 27 to 35% DDNP as the primary explosive. In an alternative embodiment, DDNP comprises about 28% by weight of the primer mix. Typically, when DDNP is less than about 27% by weight of the primer mix, shock propagation is reduced, and when it is greater than 35%, shock velocity can increase above desired or preferred levels.
The secondary explosive is typically a sensitizer that accelerates the rate of conversion of the pyrotechnic system. There are a variety of sensitizers capable of being included in the present primer mix. In the present case, the sensitizer is selected in part for its compatibility with the chosen primary explosive. The sensitizer enhances the sensitivity of the primary explosive to the percussion mechanism.
Additionally, friction agents, such as glass, may be used to enhance the sensitivity of the primary explosive. Furthermore, pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) can be added to the primer mix to enhance the flame temperature to aid in igniting the propellant.
In an embodiment, tetrazene is selected as a secondary explosive to be combined with DDNP. Tetrazene, also known as tetracene, tetrazolyl guanyltetrazene hydrate or tetrazene-l-carboxamidine-4-(1-H-tetrazol-5-yl) monohydrate, typically added to the mix in combination with DDNP to increase the sensitivity of the charge.
Tetrazene is typically added to the mix in an amount between about 4 to 11 /a by weight. For example, in one embodiment, tetrazene can comprise about 5% by weight of the primer mix. When tetrazene is added in amounts less than about 4% by weight, it becomes difficult to reliably incorporate it using typical manufacturing techniques, and with concentrations greater than about 11% by weight, there is an increase in the shock pressure beyond normally acceptable or desired limits.
The primer mix can further include an added fuel that comprises between about 2 to 20% by weight of the primer mix. The added fuel can be either metallic, nonmetallic or combinations thereof. An example of a nonmetallic fuel includes nitrocellulose, which is typically added in amounts between about 5 to 15% by weight of the primer mix and more specifically about 6% by weight. In an additional embodiment, nitrocellulose comprises from about 5 to 11 % by weight of the primer mix. Nitrocellulose may be added as a doubled-based nitrocellulose. Examples of metallic fuels include aluminum, manganese and titanium or combinations thereof.
Metallic fuels are typically added in amounts up to about 10% by weight of the primer mix.
The primer formulations may also contain a binder that is generally included up to 2% by weight of the primer mix to minimize dusting. Typically, about from 0.5 to 1.5% by weight of the primer mix is binder, and more particularly about 0.5% by weight is binder. The binder generally is chosen for maximum compatibility with the explosive formulation prepared. The binder can be selected from a variety of gum materials, such as gum arabics, and particularly acacia gum arabic, as well as polyvinyl alcohol with guar gum. However, gum arabic has been found to be particularly satisfactory.
The disclosed components of the primer mix can be combined and wet mixed by the use of standard low shear mixers, using customary techniques for blending explosives. The components typically are wet-mixed for safety since the explosive compounds are desensitized when mixed with water. With these techniques, the explosive components are generally blended first, followed by the fuels, and finally the oxidizer components.
By way of example and illustration, and not by limitation, the mixing and preparation of the primer mix is illustrated below by the following steps.
Other components may be added to the mix as described above, and the recited primer mix is not to be limited by any one proscribed process, but only by the appended claims.
The primer mix may be prepared and applied by the following steps:
1. Within the above-described ranges, primary and secondary explosives are added in a kettle mixer with an amount of water and then mixed for approximately 2 minutes.
2. Within the above-described ranges, bismuth sulfide and additional fuels are added to the wet mix of explosives and then mixed for approximately minutes.
3. Within the above-described ranges, potassium nitrate is added to the wet mix of explosives and fuel and then mixed for about 2 minutes.
Subsequently, the entire mixture is mixed for about 3 minutes to form the wet mix primer.
4. The resulting wet primer mix is rolled onto plates having holes or recesses wherein the wet mixture is formed into pellets and then punched and charged into primer cups. The resulting charged primer mix is then covered with a paper foil and an anvil is inserted. The charged primer mix is then typically allowed to dry for 5 days at about 50 C.
The present primer mix generally matches the energetics of currently manufactured formulations based on lead styphnate, as more fully illustrated by the following comparative examples, in which parts and percentages are by weight.
Table 1 illustrates the various components of the present primer mix and their respective percent weights on a dry weight basis. The binder, gum arabic, is added to all six examples in amounts of up to about 0.5% and its percentage is not listed in Table 1 since it comprises so little of the primer mix.
Other components may be added to the mix as described above, and the recited primer mix is not to be limited by any one proscribed process, but only by the appended claims.
The primer mix may be prepared and applied by the following steps:
1. Within the above-described ranges, primary and secondary explosives are added in a kettle mixer with an amount of water and then mixed for approximately 2 minutes.
2. Within the above-described ranges, bismuth sulfide and additional fuels are added to the wet mix of explosives and then mixed for approximately minutes.
3. Within the above-described ranges, potassium nitrate is added to the wet mix of explosives and fuel and then mixed for about 2 minutes.
Subsequently, the entire mixture is mixed for about 3 minutes to form the wet mix primer.
4. The resulting wet primer mix is rolled onto plates having holes or recesses wherein the wet mixture is formed into pellets and then punched and charged into primer cups. The resulting charged primer mix is then covered with a paper foil and an anvil is inserted. The charged primer mix is then typically allowed to dry for 5 days at about 50 C.
The present primer mix generally matches the energetics of currently manufactured formulations based on lead styphnate, as more fully illustrated by the following comparative examples, in which parts and percentages are by weight.
Table 1 illustrates the various components of the present primer mix and their respective percent weights on a dry weight basis. The binder, gum arabic, is added to all six examples in amounts of up to about 0.5% and its percentage is not listed in Table 1 since it comprises so little of the primer mix.
Table 1 Bismuth Sulfide 11.0o/n 7.0% 7.0% 7.0% 11.0% 11.0%
Potassium Nitrate 50.0% 37.0% 34.0% 37.0% 45.0% 45.0%
Diazodinitrophenol 28.0% 33.0% 30.0% 30.0% 28.0% 28.0%
Tetrazene 5.0% 8.0% 8.0% 8.0% 5.0% 5.0%
Nitrocellulose 6.0% 15.0% 15.0% 15.0% 6.0% 6.0%
PETN -- -- 3.0% 3.0%
Aluminum -- -- 3.0% Glass 5.0% 15 Manganese 3.0% Manganese Oxide -- -- -- -- --5.0%
Binder-Gum Arabic Table 2 illustrates the sensitivity of the inventive primer mix of examples 1-as compared to a primer mix formed from lead styphnate. The test was carried out using the BAM Drop Test Fixture procedure which is a conventional drop test well known to those skilled in the art. The 50% fire height and standard deviation test results are presented in Table 2, where the 50% fire height is the height at which 50%
of the primer fires and 50% of the primer fails to fire. All heights are given in inches.
Table 2 Ballistic Drop 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lead Styphnate Test Based Primers 50% Fire Height 4.84" 4.12" 5.28" 4.46" 3.9" 4.24" 3.80"
Standard 0.82 0.77 0.90 1.08 0.98 1.05 0.64 Deviation Table 3 illustrates the tested ballistic properties for examples 1-6 and a lead styphnate primer. The primers were placed in 9-mm Luger cartridges and tested for ballistic properties as compared to a current styphnate-based primer.
Table 3 I 2 3 4 5 6 Lead Styphnate Based Primers Average Chamber 34300 34000 34800 34100 34000 33300 35000 Pressure (psi) Average Veolocity 1195 1220 1225 1215 1215 1217 1220 (fts) While Applicants have set forth embodiments as illustrated and described above, it is recognized that numerous variations may be made with respect to relative weight percentages of various constituents in the composition. Therefore, while the invention has been disclosed in various forms only, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that many additions, deletions and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention, and no undue limits should be imposed, except as to those set forth in the following claims.
Potassium Nitrate 50.0% 37.0% 34.0% 37.0% 45.0% 45.0%
Diazodinitrophenol 28.0% 33.0% 30.0% 30.0% 28.0% 28.0%
Tetrazene 5.0% 8.0% 8.0% 8.0% 5.0% 5.0%
Nitrocellulose 6.0% 15.0% 15.0% 15.0% 6.0% 6.0%
PETN -- -- 3.0% 3.0%
Aluminum -- -- 3.0% Glass 5.0% 15 Manganese 3.0% Manganese Oxide -- -- -- -- --5.0%
Binder-Gum Arabic Table 2 illustrates the sensitivity of the inventive primer mix of examples 1-as compared to a primer mix formed from lead styphnate. The test was carried out using the BAM Drop Test Fixture procedure which is a conventional drop test well known to those skilled in the art. The 50% fire height and standard deviation test results are presented in Table 2, where the 50% fire height is the height at which 50%
of the primer fires and 50% of the primer fails to fire. All heights are given in inches.
Table 2 Ballistic Drop 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lead Styphnate Test Based Primers 50% Fire Height 4.84" 4.12" 5.28" 4.46" 3.9" 4.24" 3.80"
Standard 0.82 0.77 0.90 1.08 0.98 1.05 0.64 Deviation Table 3 illustrates the tested ballistic properties for examples 1-6 and a lead styphnate primer. The primers were placed in 9-mm Luger cartridges and tested for ballistic properties as compared to a current styphnate-based primer.
Table 3 I 2 3 4 5 6 Lead Styphnate Based Primers Average Chamber 34300 34000 34800 34100 34000 33300 35000 Pressure (psi) Average Veolocity 1195 1220 1225 1215 1215 1217 1220 (fts) While Applicants have set forth embodiments as illustrated and described above, it is recognized that numerous variations may be made with respect to relative weight percentages of various constituents in the composition. Therefore, while the invention has been disclosed in various forms only, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that many additions, deletions and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention, and no undue limits should be imposed, except as to those set forth in the following claims.
Claims (20)
1. A non-toxic primer mix comprising:
approximately 2-20% by weight bismuth sulfide;
approximately 25-70% by weight potassium nitrate; and approximately 25-50% by weight of a lead-free explosive material.
approximately 2-20% by weight bismuth sulfide;
approximately 25-70% by weight potassium nitrate; and approximately 25-50% by weight of a lead-free explosive material.
2. The non-toxic primer mix of claim 1, wherein the explosive material is selected from the group consisting of primary and secondary explosives.
3. The non-toxic primer mix of claim 1, wherein the explosive material comprises diazodinitrophenol and tetrazene.
4. The non-toxic primer mix of claim 3, wherein the explosive material comprises between about 25-33% by weight diazodinitrophenol and about 4-10% by weight tetrazene.
5. The non-toxic primer mix of claim 1, further including approximately 2-20% by weight of a fuel.
6. The non-toxic primer mix of claim 5, wherein the fuel is selected from the group consisting of metallic and nonmetallic fuels.
7. The non-toxic primer mix of claim 6, wherein the metallic fuel is selected from the group consisting essentially of aluminum, manganese and titanium.
8. The non-toxic primer mix of claim 6, wherein the nonmetallic fuel comprises nitrocellulose.
9. The non-toxic primer mix of claim 1, further comprising a binder.
10. The non-toxic primer mix of claim 9, wherein the binder comprises a gum material.
11. The non-toxic primer mix of claim 1, further including pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN).
12. A method of making a non-toxic primer mix comprising the steps of:
forming an aqueous primer mix by combining and mixing water with, on a dry weight percent;
approximately 2-20% by weight bismuth sulfide, approximately 25-70% by weight potassium nitrate, and approximately 25-50% by weight explosive material.
forming an aqueous primer mix by combining and mixing water with, on a dry weight percent;
approximately 2-20% by weight bismuth sulfide, approximately 25-70% by weight potassium nitrate, and approximately 25-50% by weight explosive material.
13. The method of making the non-toxic primer mix of claim 12, further comprising pelletizing the formed aqueous primer mix to form a primer pellet.
14. The method of making the non-toxic primer mix of claim 13, further comprising charging a percussion cup with the primer pellet to form a charged percussion cup.
15. The method of making the non-toxic primer mix of claim 12, wherein the added explosive material comprises between about 25-33% by weight diazodinitrophenol and about 4-10% by weight tetrazene.
16. The method of making the non-toxic primer mix of claim 12, further including adding an additional fuel in an amount of approximately 2-20% by weight.
17. The method of making the non-toxic primer mix of claim 12, further including adding an additional fuel selected from the group consisting of metallic and nonmetallic fuels.
18. The method of making the non-toxic primer mix of claim 17, wherein the metallic fuel is selected from the group consisting essentially of aluminum, manganese and titanium.
19. The method of making the non-toxic primer mix of claim 12, further comprising adding a binder
20. The method of making the non-toxic primer mix of claim 12, further including adding pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) as the explosive material.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US09/680,803 US6478903B1 (en) | 2000-10-06 | 2000-10-06 | Non-toxic primer mix |
| US09/680,803 | 2000-10-06 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2357632A1 CA2357632A1 (en) | 2002-04-06 |
| CA2357632C true CA2357632C (en) | 2009-12-08 |
Family
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002357632A Expired - Fee Related CA2357632C (en) | 2000-10-06 | 2001-09-21 | Non-toxic primer mix |
Country Status (12)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6478903B1 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP1195366B1 (en) |
| KR (1) | KR20020027280A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1179928C (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE315016T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU782638B2 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR0104341A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2357632C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE60116453T2 (en) |
| HK (1) | HK1045832B (en) |
| IL (1) | IL145482A (en) |
| MX (1) | MXPA01010110A (en) |
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| US6544363B1 (en) * | 2000-10-30 | 2003-04-08 | Federal Cartridge Company | Non-toxic, heavy-metal-free shotshell primer mix |
| BR0202906B1 (en) * | 2002-07-18 | 2011-05-17 | non-toxic small-arms ammunition starter mixture. | |
| US6878221B1 (en) * | 2003-01-30 | 2005-04-12 | Olin Corporation | Lead-free nontoxic explosive mix |
| JP2007516404A (en) | 2003-05-21 | 2007-06-21 | アレックザ ファーマシューティカルズ， インコーポレイテッド | Optically or electrically ignited built-in heating unit and drug supply unit using the same |
| US20050098248A1 (en) * | 2003-06-26 | 2005-05-12 | Vladimir Nikolaevich Khovonskov | Ammunition primer composition for small arms |
| US8784583B2 (en) * | 2004-01-23 | 2014-07-22 | Ra Brands, L.L.C. | Priming mixtures for small arms |
| KR100569705B1 (en) * | 2004-03-30 | 2006-04-10 | 주식회사 풍산 | Non-toxic primer composition for small caliber ammunition |
| US7402777B2 (en) * | 2004-05-20 | 2008-07-22 | Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Stable initiator compositions and igniters |
| US20060219341A1 (en) | 2005-03-30 | 2006-10-05 | Johnston Harold E | Heavy metal free, environmentally green percussion primer and ordnance and systems incorporating same |
| US8540828B2 (en) | 2008-08-19 | 2013-09-24 | Alliant Techsystems Inc. | Nontoxic, noncorrosive phosphorus-based primer compositions and an ordnance element including the same |
| US7857921B2 (en) * | 2006-03-02 | 2010-12-28 | Alliant Techsystems Inc. | Nontoxic, noncorrosive phosphorus-based primer compositions |
| US8641842B2 (en) | 2011-08-31 | 2014-02-04 | Alliant Techsystems Inc. | Propellant compositions including stabilized red phosphorus, a method of forming same, and an ordnance element including the same |
| US7833330B2 (en) | 2006-05-16 | 2010-11-16 | Pacific Scientific Energetic Materials Company | Lead-free primary explosive composition and method of preparation |
| US8163786B2 (en) | 2006-05-16 | 2012-04-24 | Pacific Scientific Energetic Materials Company | Preparation of a lead-free primary explosive |
| CA2942312C (en) | 2007-02-09 | 2019-05-28 | Vista Outdoor Operations Llc | Non-toxic percussion primers and methods of preparing the same |
| WO2008100252A2 (en) * | 2007-02-09 | 2008-08-21 | Alliant Techsystems Inc. | Non-toxic percussion primers and methods of preparing the same |
| US8192568B2 (en) | 2007-02-09 | 2012-06-05 | Alliant Techsystems Inc. | Non-toxic percussion primers and methods of preparing the same |
| US8062443B2 (en) | 2008-03-10 | 2011-11-22 | Pacific Scientific Energetic Materials Company | Lead-free primers |
| US7834295B2 (en) | 2008-09-16 | 2010-11-16 | Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Printable igniters |
| JP5805382B2 (en) * | 2009-11-16 | 2015-11-04 | 日本工機株式会社 | Detonator composition for detonator |
| US8206522B2 (en) | 2010-03-31 | 2012-06-26 | Alliant Techsystems Inc. | Non-toxic, heavy-metal free sensitized explosive percussion primers and methods of preparing the same |
| US20120048963A1 (en) | 2010-08-26 | 2012-03-01 | Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Heat Units Using a Solid Fuel Capable of Undergoing an Exothermic Metal Oxidation-Reduction Reaction Propagated without an Igniter |
| US9278984B2 (en) | 2012-08-08 | 2016-03-08 | Pacific Scientific Energetic Materials Company | Method for preparation of a lead-free primary explosive |
| CN105518248B (en) | 2013-07-05 | 2019-09-24 | 布鲁斯·A.·通盖特 | For cultivating the device and method of downhole surface |
| CN114522152A (en) | 2015-03-11 | 2022-05-24 | 艾利斯达医药品公司 | Use of antistatic materials in airways for hot aerosol condensation processes |
| EP3523266A4 (en) * | 2016-10-05 | 2020-06-10 | Olin Corporation | Pyrotechnic compositions |
| CN114777584A (en) * | 2022-02-16 | 2022-07-22 | 南京理工大学 | Triggering fuse high-sensitivity impact fire cap containing heterogeneous sensitizer |
| CN115594555A (en) * | 2022-09-23 | 2023-01-13 | 西安庆华民用爆破器材股份有限公司（Cn） | Environment-friendly high-temperature-resistant ignition agent |
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| US5167736A (en) | 1991-11-04 | 1992-12-01 | Olin Corporation | Nontoxic priming mix |
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-
2000
- 2000-10-06 US US09/680,803 patent/US6478903B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2001
- 2001-09-16 IL IL14548201A patent/IL145482A/en unknown
- 2001-09-18 AU AU72180/01A patent/AU782638B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2001-09-21 CA CA002357632A patent/CA2357632C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-09-28 BR BR0104341-2A patent/BR0104341A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-09-30 CN CNB011353511A patent/CN1179928C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-10-05 MX MXPA01010110A patent/MXPA01010110A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2001-10-05 KR KR1020010061526A patent/KR20020027280A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2001-10-05 EP EP01308530A patent/EP1195366B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-10-05 AT AT01308530T patent/ATE315016T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-10-05 DE DE60116453T patent/DE60116453T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2002
- 2002-10-09 HK HK02107374.9A patent/HK1045832B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| IL145482A (en) | 2005-05-17 |
| DE60116453T2 (en) | 2006-08-31 |
| CN1349959A (en) | 2002-05-22 |
| US6478903B1 (en) | 2002-11-12 |
| EP1195366B1 (en) | 2006-01-04 |
| AU782638B2 (en) | 2005-08-18 |
| EP1195366A2 (en) | 2002-04-10 |
| ATE315016T1 (en) | 2006-02-15 |
| AU7218001A (en) | 2002-04-11 |
| MXPA01010110A (en) | 2004-06-25 |
| HK1045832B (en) | 2006-07-07 |
| KR20020027280A (en) | 2002-04-13 |
| CA2357632A1 (en) | 2002-04-06 |
| HK1045832A1 (en) | 2002-12-13 |
| EP1195366A3 (en) | 2003-07-23 |
| DE60116453D1 (en) | 2006-03-30 |
| BR0104341A (en) | 2002-05-28 |
| IL145482A0 (en) | 2002-06-30 |
| CN1179928C (en) | 2004-12-15 |
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