CA2355554A1 - Mass spectrometer and methods of mass spectrometry - Google Patents
Mass spectrometer and methods of mass spectrometry Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2355554A1 CA2355554A1 CA002355554A CA2355554A CA2355554A1 CA 2355554 A1 CA2355554 A1 CA 2355554A1 CA 002355554 A CA002355554 A CA 002355554A CA 2355554 A CA2355554 A CA 2355554A CA 2355554 A1 CA2355554 A1 CA 2355554A1
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- Prior art keywords
- mbar
- vacuum chamber
- ion
- electrodes
- ion guide
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J49/00—Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
- H01J49/02—Details
- H01J49/06—Electron- or ion-optical arrangements
- H01J49/062—Ion guides
- H01J49/065—Ion guides having stacked electrodes, e.g. ring stack, plate stack
Abstract
An ion guide 15;15' is disclosed comprising a plurality of electrodes 15a,15b each having apertures which are preferably circular and substantially the same size. The ion guide 15;15' is preferably maintained in a vacuum chamber at a relatively high pressure.
Description
MASS SPECTROMETERS AND METHODS OF MASS SPECTROMETRY
The present invention re_Lat.es to mass spectrometers and methods of mass spectrometry.
Ion guides comprising rf-only multipole rod sets such as quadrupoles, hexapole:~ and octopoles are well known.
An alternative type of ion guide known as an "ion funnel" has recently been proposed by Smith and co-workers at Pacific: Northwest National Laboratory. An ion funnel comprises a stack o.f ring electrodes of constant external diameter but which have progressively smaller internal apertures. A d.c voltage/potential gradient is applied along the length of the ion guide in order to urge ions through the ion funnel which would otherwise act. as an ion mirror.
A variant of the standard ion funnel arrangement is disclosed in Anal. Chem. 2000, i2, 2247-2255 and comprises an initial drift section comprising ring electrodes having constant internal diameters and a funnel section comprising ring electrodes having uniformly decreasing internal diameters. A do voltage gradient is applied across both sections in order to urge ions through the ion funnel.
Ion funnels have not been successfully employed in commercial mass s~sectrometers to date .
One reason for this may be that ion funnels suffer from a narrow bandpass transmission efficiency i.e. the ion funnel may, for example, only efficiently transmit ions having mass too charge ratios ("m/z") falling within a narrow range e.c~. 100 < m/z <. 200. Reference is made, for example, to Figs. 5A and 5B of Anal. Chem. 1998, 70, 4111-4119 wherein experimental. results are presented comparing observed. mass spectra obtained using an ion funnel with that c:,btained using a conventional ion _. 2 __ guide. The experimental results show that both relatively low m/z and relatively high m/z ions fail to be transmitted by the ion funnel. Reference is also made to pages 2249 and 2250 of Anal. Chem 2000, 72, 2247-2255 which similarly recognises that ion funnels suffer from an undesirably narrow m/z transmission window.
Another reason may be that ion funnel ion guides require both an rf voltage and a do voltage gradient to be applied to the ring electrodes. However, the design and manufacture of: a reliable power supply capable of supplying both an rf voltage and a do voltage gradient which is decouplec:~ from the rf voltage is a non-trivial matter and increases the overall manufacturing cost of the mass spectrometer.
It is therefore desired too provide an improved ion guide.
According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a mass spectrometer as claimed in claim 1..
The preferred embodiment comprises a plurality of electrodes wherein :most if not. all of the electrodes have apertures which are substantially the same size.
The apertures are preferably circular in shape, and the outer circumference of the electrodes may also be circular. In one embodiment the electrodes may comprise ring or annular electrodes. However, the outer circumference of t;he electrodes does not need to be circular and emboc~i:ments of the present invention a:re contemplated wherein the outer profile of the electrodes may take on other shapes. The preferred embodiment wherein the internal apertures of each of the electrodes are either identical or substantially similar is referred to hereinafter as an "ion tunnel" in contrast to ion funnels which have ring electrodes with internal apertures which became progressively smaller in size.
One advantage of the preferred embodiment is that _. 3 __ the ion guide does not suffer :From a narrow or limited mass to charge ratio transmission efficiency which appears to be inherent with ion funnel arrangements.
Another advantage of the preferred embodiment is that a do voltage gradient is not and does not need to be applied to the ion guide. The resulting power supply for the ion guide can therefor_~e be significantly simplified compared with that required for an ion funnel thereby saving costs and increasing reliability.
An additional advantage of the preferred embodiment is that it has been found to exhibit an approximately 75o improvement ire. ion transmission efficiency compared with a conventional multipole, e.g. hexapole, ion guide.
The reasons for this enhanced ion transmission efficiency are not fully understood, but it is thought that the ion tunnel may have a greater acceptance angle and a greater acceptance area than a comparable multipole rod set ion guide.
The preferred ion guide therefore :represents a significant improvement over other known ion guides.
Various types of ion optical devices other than an ion tunnel ion guide are known including multipole rod sets, Einzel lenses, segmented multipoles, short (solid) quadrupole pr.e/po:~t filter lenses ("stubbies"), 3D
quadrupole ion traps comprising a central doughnut shaped electrode together with two concave end cap electrodes, and linear (2D) qiaadrupole ion traps comprising a multi.pole :rod set:: with entrance and exit ring electrodes. However, such devices are not intended to fall within the scope of the present invention.
According to the preferred embodiment, the input vacuum chamber is arranged to be maintained at a relatively high prE:ssure i.e. at least a few mbar.
According to an embodiment, the input vacuum chamber may be arranged t:o be maintained at a pressure above a minimum value as specified in claim 1 and less than or equal to a maximum value such as 20 or 30 mbar.
Embodiments <:~f the present invention are also contemplated, wherein if the AC-only io:n guide is considered to havE:~ a length L and is maintained in the input vacuum chamber at a pressure P, then the pressure-s length product p x L is selected from the group comprising: (i) _> 1 mbar cm; (ii) >2 mbar cm; (iii) >- 5 mbar cm; (iv) ~ 10 mbar cm; (vl > 15 mbar cm; (vi) >_ 20 mbar cm; (vii) >_ 25 mbar c:m; (viii) _ 30 mbar cm; (ix) >
40 mbar cm; (x) >50 mbar cm; (xi) >_ 60 mbar cm; (xii) ->_ 70 mbar cm; (xiii) _ 80 mbar c:m; (xiv) 90 mbar cm;
(xv) 100 mbar cm; (xvi) 11.0 mbar cm; (xvii) >120 mbar cm; (xviii) 130 mbar cm; (xix) >- 140 mbar cm;
(xx) > 150 mbar cm; (xxi) 1E~0 mbar cm; (xxii) >- 170 mbar cm; (xxiii) 180 mbar crn; (xxiv) >_ 190 mbar cm;
and (xxv) >200 mbar cm.
The electrodes are prefer-ably relatively thin e.g.
< 2 mm, further preferably ~ 1 mm, further preferably 0.5 ~ 0.2 mm, further preferably 0.7 ~ 0.1 mm thick.
According to a particularly preferred embodiment the electrodes have a thickness within the range 0.5-0.7 mm in contrast to mul.t.ipole rod sets which are typically >
10 cm long.
Each, or at least a majority of the electrodes forming the AC-only ion guide may comprise either a plate having an aperture therein, or a wire or rod bent to form a closed x:~ing or a nearly closed ring. The outer profile of t:.he electrodes may or may not be circular.
Preferably, alternate electrodes are connected together and to one of the output connections of a single AC generator.
The AC-only i.on guide preferably comprises at :least 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 100 electrodes.
The electrodes forming the AC-only ion guide may have internal diameters or dimensions selected from the group comprising: (i) 5.0 mnu; (ii) < 4.5 mm; (iii) <_ _ 5 _ 4 . 0 mm; ( iv) <_ 3 . 5 nun; (v) < 3 . 0 mm; (vi ) < 2 . 5 mm;
(vii ) 3 . 0 ~ 0 . 5 mrn; (viii ) < 10 . 0 mm; ( ix) -<- 9 . 0 mm; (x) <_ 8.0 mm; (xi) '7.0 mm; (xii) <_ 6.0 mm; (xiii) 5.0 ~
0.5 mm; and (xiv) 4--6 mm.
The length o:f_ tehe AC-only ion guide may be selected from the group comprising: (i) > 100 mm; (ii) >_ 120 mm;
(iii) >- 150 mm; (i_v) 130 ~ 10 mm; (v) 100-150 mm; (vi) <-160 mm; (vii) < 180 mm; (viii) <_ 200 mm; (ix) 130-150 mm; (x) 120-1.80 mm; (xi) 120-:140 mm; (xii) 130 mm ~ 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30 mm; (xiii) 50-300 mm; (xiv) 150-300 mm; (xv) _. 50 mm; (xvi) 50--100 mm; (xvii) 60-90 mm;
(xviii) >_ 75 mm; (xix) 50-75 rnm; and (xx) 75-100 mm.
Preferably, an intermedi<~te vacuum chamber may be disposed between t:he input vacuum chamber and the analyzer vacuum cluarnber, the -intermediate vacuum chamber comprising an AC-c:>nly ion guic.~e for transmitting ions through the intermediate vacuum chamber, the AC-only ion guide arranged in the intermediate vacuum chamber comprising a plurality of electrodes having apertures, the apertures being aligned so that ions travel through them as they are t:ransmitted by the ion guide. At least one further differential pumping apertured electrode is provided through which ions may pass. The further differential pumpi..ng aperturec:~ electrode is disposed between the vacuurrc chambers to allow the intermediate vacuum chamber to be maintained at a lower pressure than the input vacuum chamber, and the analyzer vacuum chamber to be maintained at a lower pressure than the intermediate vacuum chamber. An alternating current (AC) generator is connected to an intermediate chamber reference potential for providing AC potentials to the AC-only ion guide iri the intermediate vacuum chamber.
Preferably, ~:rt: least 90%, and preferably 100%, of the aperture; of the electrodes forming the AC-only ion guide in said intermediate vacuum chamber are substantially the same size, aIld. at least 90%, and preferably 100, of the plura=iity of the electrodes 6 __ forming the AC-only ion guide in the intermediate vacuum chamber are connected to the AC generator connected to the intermediate chamber reference potential in such a way that at any instant during an AC cycle of the output of the AC generator, adjacent ones of the electrodes forming the AC-on=Ly ion guide arranged in the intermediate vacuum. chamber a.re supplied respectively with approximately equal positive and negative potentials relative to the intermediate chamber reference potential.
Preferably, t:he AC-only ion guide in the intermediate vacuum chamber comprises at least 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, t~0, 70, 80, 90, or 100 electrodes.
Preferably, the intermediate vacuum chamber is arranged to be maintained at a pressure selected from the group comprising: (i) 10-?-10-2 mbar; (ii) >- 2 x 10-3 mbar; (iii) _ 5 x 1_0-' mbar; (iv) <10-2 mbar; (v) 10-~-5 x 10-3 mbar; and (vi) 5 x 10-~-10 ' mbar.
Preferably, t~:he electrodes forming the AC-only ion guide in the intermediate vacuum chamber have internal diameters or dimensions selected from t:he group comprising: (i) _<_ 5.0 mm; (ii) c 4.5 mm; (iii) <_ 4.0 mm;
(iv) < 3.5 mm; (v) _ 3.0 mm; (vi) <_ 2.5 mm; (vii) 3.0 ~
0.5 mm; (viii) < 1Ø0 mm; (ix) < 9.0 mm; (x) _< 8.0 mm;
(xi) < 7.0 mm; (xii) < 6.0 mm; (xiii) 5.0 ~ 0.5 mm; and (xiv) 4-6 mm.
In one embodiment the individual electrodes in the AC-only ion guide in. the input. vacuum chamber and/or the AC-only ion guide in. the intermediate vacuum chamber preferably have a su.bstanti_al:ly circular aperture having a diameter selected from the group comprising: (i) 0.5-1 . 5 mm; ( ii ) 1 . 5-<.' . 5 mm; ( i:ii ) 2 . 5-3 . 5 mm; ( iv) 3 . 5-4 . 5 mm; (v) 4.5-5.5 mm; (vi) 5.5-6.5 mm; (vii) 6.5-7.5 mm;
(viii) 7.5-8.5 mm; (ix) 8.5-9.5 mm; (x) 9.5-10.5 mm; and (xi) < 10 mm.
Preferably, the length of the ion guide in the _. 7 -intermediate vacuum chamber i:~ selected from the group comprising: (i) >_ 100 mm; (ii1 >120 mm; (iii) >- 150 mm;
(iv) 130 ~ 10 mm; (v) 100-150 mm; (vi) <160 mm; (vii) c 180 mm; (viii) <_ 20C mm; (ix) 130-150 mm; (x) 120-180 mm; (xi) 120-140 mm; (xii) 130 mm ~ 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30 mm; (xiii) 50-300 mm; (xiv;l 150-300 mm; (xv) >- 50 mm;
(xvi) 50-100 mm; (xvii) 60-90 mm; (xviii) . 75 mm; (xix) 50-75 mm; and (xx) 75-100 mm.
Preferably, t=.he ion sour<~e is an atmospheric pressure ion source.
Preferably, t=he ion source is a continuous ion source.
An Electrospray ("ES") ion source or an Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionisation ("APCI") ion source is particularly preferred. However, other embodiments are also contemplated wherein the ion source is either an Inductively Coupled Plasma ("ICP") ion source or a Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation ("MALDI") ion source at low vacuum or at atmospheric pressure.
Preferably, t:he ion mass analyser is selected from the group comprising: (i) a tune-of-flight mass analyser, preferably an orthogonal time of flight mass analyser; (ii) a quadrupole mass analyser; and (iii) a quadrupole ion trap.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of mass spectrometry as claimed in claim 20.
Various embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example onl=y, and with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
Fig. 1 shows a preferred ion tunnel arrangement;
Fig. 2 shows a conventional mass spectrometer with an atmospheric pres:~ure ion source and two rf hexapole ion guides disposed in separate vacuum chambers;
Fig. 3 shows an embodiment of the present invention wherein one of the hexapole ion guides has been replaced with an ion tunnel.; anc~
_. g _ Fig. 4 shows another embodiment of the present invention wherein both hexapo.Le ion guides have been replaced with ion tunnels.
As shown in I~'ig. 1, a preferred ion tunnel 15 comprises a plural.i_ty of electrodes 15a,15b each having an aperture. In the embodiment shown, the outer profile of the electrodes 1_5a,15b is circular. However, the outer profile of the electrodes 15a,15b does not need to be circular. Although the preferred embodiment may be considered to comprise a plurality of ring or annular electrodes, electrodes having other shapes are also contemplated as falling within the scope of the present invention.
Adjacent electrodes 15a,15b are connected to different phases of an .AC power supply. For example, the first, third, fifth etc. ring electrodes 15a may be connected to the ()'' phase supply 16a, and the second, fourth, sixth etc. ring electrodes 15b may be connected to the 180° phase supply 16b. In one embodiment the AC
power supply may be a R:F power supply. However, the present invention i.s not intended to be limited to RF
frequencies. Furthermore, "AC'"" is intended to mean simply that the w~a.veform alternates and hence embodiments of the present invention are also contemplated wherEi.n non-sinusoidal waveforms including square waves are p~rc>vided. Ions from an ion source pass through the ion tunnel 15 and are efficiently transmitted by it.
In contrast to ion funne-a.s, the do reference potential about wr~.ich the AC signal oscillates is substantially the same for each electrode. Unlike ion traps, blocking dc: potentials are not applied to either the entrance or ex:i.t o.f the ion tunnel 15.
Fig. 2 shows a conventional mass spectrometer. An Electrospray ("ES") ion source 1 or an Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionisation ("APCI") 1,2 ion source emits ions which enter a vacuum chamber 17 pumped by a rotary or mechanical. pump 4 via a sample cone 3 and a portion of the ga:~ and ions passes through a differential pumpi.ncy aperture 21 preferably maintained at 50-120V into a vacuum chamber 18 housing an rf-only hexapole ion guide 6. Vacuum chamber 18 is pumped by a rotary or mechanical pump 7. Ions are transmitted by the rf-only hexapole ion guide 6 through the vacuum.
chamber 18 and pass through a differential pumping aperture 8 into a further vacuum chamber 19 pumped by a turbo-molecular pump 10. Thi:~ vacuum chamber 19 houses another rf-only hexapole ion guide 9. Ions are transmitted by rf--on.ly hexapole ion guide 9 through vacuum chamber 19 and pass through differential pumping aperture 11 into a yet further vacuum chamber 20 which is pumped by a turbo-molecular pump 14. Vacuum chamber houses a prefilter rod set :L2, a quadrupole mass filter/analyser 13 and may include other elements such as a collision cell (not shown), a further quadrupole mass filter/analyser together with an ion detector (not 20 shown) or a time of flight analyser (not shown).
Fig. 3 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention wherein hexapole ion guide 6 has been replaced with an ion tunnel 15 according to the preferred embodiment. The other components of the mass spectrometer are :~u~>stantially the same as described in relation to Fig. 2 and hence will not be described again. The ion tunnel 15 exhv~bits an improved transmission efficiency of approximately 75% compared with using hexapo~.e ion guide 6 and the ion tunnel 15 does not suffer from as narrow a m/z bandpass transmission efficiency as is reported with ion funnels.
An rf-voltage is applied to the electrodes and the reference potential. of the ior:~ tunnel 15 is preferably maintained at 0-2 V do above t_he do potential of the wall forming the differential pumping aperture 11 which is preferably eitrner at ground (0 V dc) or around 40-240 V do depending upon the mass analyser used. However, - 1.0 -the wall forming differential pumping aperture 11 may, of course, be maintained at other do potentials.
In another less preferred (unillustrated) embodiment, the hexapole ion guide 9 may be replaced by an ion tunnel 15' with hexapo_Le ion guide 6 being maintained.
Fig. 4 shows a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention wherein both hexapole ion guides 6,9 have been replaced with i<m tunnels 15,15'. The ion tunnels 15,15' are' about 13 crn in length and preferably comprise approximately 85 rind electrodes. The ion tunnel 15 in vacuum chamber 18 is preferably maintained at a pressure ._ 1 mbar and is supplied with an rf-voltage at a frequency ~ 1 MHz, and the ion tunnel 15' in vacuum chamber 19 is preferably maintained at a pressure of 10-3-10--~ mbar and is supplied with an rf-voltage at a frequency ~ 2 MHz. Rf frequencies of 800 kHz - 3 MHz could also be used for both ion tunnels 15,15' according t_:o further embodiments of the present invention.
The ion tunnel 15' exhibits an improved transmission efficiency of approximately 25%, and hence the combination of ion tunnels 15,15' exhibit an improved transmission efficiency of approximately 100%
compared with using hexapole _i_on guide 6 in combination with hexapole ion guide 9.
The present invention re_Lat.es to mass spectrometers and methods of mass spectrometry.
Ion guides comprising rf-only multipole rod sets such as quadrupoles, hexapole:~ and octopoles are well known.
An alternative type of ion guide known as an "ion funnel" has recently been proposed by Smith and co-workers at Pacific: Northwest National Laboratory. An ion funnel comprises a stack o.f ring electrodes of constant external diameter but which have progressively smaller internal apertures. A d.c voltage/potential gradient is applied along the length of the ion guide in order to urge ions through the ion funnel which would otherwise act. as an ion mirror.
A variant of the standard ion funnel arrangement is disclosed in Anal. Chem. 2000, i2, 2247-2255 and comprises an initial drift section comprising ring electrodes having constant internal diameters and a funnel section comprising ring electrodes having uniformly decreasing internal diameters. A do voltage gradient is applied across both sections in order to urge ions through the ion funnel.
Ion funnels have not been successfully employed in commercial mass s~sectrometers to date .
One reason for this may be that ion funnels suffer from a narrow bandpass transmission efficiency i.e. the ion funnel may, for example, only efficiently transmit ions having mass too charge ratios ("m/z") falling within a narrow range e.c~. 100 < m/z <. 200. Reference is made, for example, to Figs. 5A and 5B of Anal. Chem. 1998, 70, 4111-4119 wherein experimental. results are presented comparing observed. mass spectra obtained using an ion funnel with that c:,btained using a conventional ion _. 2 __ guide. The experimental results show that both relatively low m/z and relatively high m/z ions fail to be transmitted by the ion funnel. Reference is also made to pages 2249 and 2250 of Anal. Chem 2000, 72, 2247-2255 which similarly recognises that ion funnels suffer from an undesirably narrow m/z transmission window.
Another reason may be that ion funnel ion guides require both an rf voltage and a do voltage gradient to be applied to the ring electrodes. However, the design and manufacture of: a reliable power supply capable of supplying both an rf voltage and a do voltage gradient which is decouplec:~ from the rf voltage is a non-trivial matter and increases the overall manufacturing cost of the mass spectrometer.
It is therefore desired too provide an improved ion guide.
According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a mass spectrometer as claimed in claim 1..
The preferred embodiment comprises a plurality of electrodes wherein :most if not. all of the electrodes have apertures which are substantially the same size.
The apertures are preferably circular in shape, and the outer circumference of the electrodes may also be circular. In one embodiment the electrodes may comprise ring or annular electrodes. However, the outer circumference of t;he electrodes does not need to be circular and emboc~i:ments of the present invention a:re contemplated wherein the outer profile of the electrodes may take on other shapes. The preferred embodiment wherein the internal apertures of each of the electrodes are either identical or substantially similar is referred to hereinafter as an "ion tunnel" in contrast to ion funnels which have ring electrodes with internal apertures which became progressively smaller in size.
One advantage of the preferred embodiment is that _. 3 __ the ion guide does not suffer :From a narrow or limited mass to charge ratio transmission efficiency which appears to be inherent with ion funnel arrangements.
Another advantage of the preferred embodiment is that a do voltage gradient is not and does not need to be applied to the ion guide. The resulting power supply for the ion guide can therefor_~e be significantly simplified compared with that required for an ion funnel thereby saving costs and increasing reliability.
An additional advantage of the preferred embodiment is that it has been found to exhibit an approximately 75o improvement ire. ion transmission efficiency compared with a conventional multipole, e.g. hexapole, ion guide.
The reasons for this enhanced ion transmission efficiency are not fully understood, but it is thought that the ion tunnel may have a greater acceptance angle and a greater acceptance area than a comparable multipole rod set ion guide.
The preferred ion guide therefore :represents a significant improvement over other known ion guides.
Various types of ion optical devices other than an ion tunnel ion guide are known including multipole rod sets, Einzel lenses, segmented multipoles, short (solid) quadrupole pr.e/po:~t filter lenses ("stubbies"), 3D
quadrupole ion traps comprising a central doughnut shaped electrode together with two concave end cap electrodes, and linear (2D) qiaadrupole ion traps comprising a multi.pole :rod set:: with entrance and exit ring electrodes. However, such devices are not intended to fall within the scope of the present invention.
According to the preferred embodiment, the input vacuum chamber is arranged to be maintained at a relatively high prE:ssure i.e. at least a few mbar.
According to an embodiment, the input vacuum chamber may be arranged t:o be maintained at a pressure above a minimum value as specified in claim 1 and less than or equal to a maximum value such as 20 or 30 mbar.
Embodiments <:~f the present invention are also contemplated, wherein if the AC-only io:n guide is considered to havE:~ a length L and is maintained in the input vacuum chamber at a pressure P, then the pressure-s length product p x L is selected from the group comprising: (i) _> 1 mbar cm; (ii) >2 mbar cm; (iii) >- 5 mbar cm; (iv) ~ 10 mbar cm; (vl > 15 mbar cm; (vi) >_ 20 mbar cm; (vii) >_ 25 mbar c:m; (viii) _ 30 mbar cm; (ix) >
40 mbar cm; (x) >50 mbar cm; (xi) >_ 60 mbar cm; (xii) ->_ 70 mbar cm; (xiii) _ 80 mbar c:m; (xiv) 90 mbar cm;
(xv) 100 mbar cm; (xvi) 11.0 mbar cm; (xvii) >120 mbar cm; (xviii) 130 mbar cm; (xix) >- 140 mbar cm;
(xx) > 150 mbar cm; (xxi) 1E~0 mbar cm; (xxii) >- 170 mbar cm; (xxiii) 180 mbar crn; (xxiv) >_ 190 mbar cm;
and (xxv) >200 mbar cm.
The electrodes are prefer-ably relatively thin e.g.
< 2 mm, further preferably ~ 1 mm, further preferably 0.5 ~ 0.2 mm, further preferably 0.7 ~ 0.1 mm thick.
According to a particularly preferred embodiment the electrodes have a thickness within the range 0.5-0.7 mm in contrast to mul.t.ipole rod sets which are typically >
10 cm long.
Each, or at least a majority of the electrodes forming the AC-only ion guide may comprise either a plate having an aperture therein, or a wire or rod bent to form a closed x:~ing or a nearly closed ring. The outer profile of t:.he electrodes may or may not be circular.
Preferably, alternate electrodes are connected together and to one of the output connections of a single AC generator.
The AC-only i.on guide preferably comprises at :least 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 100 electrodes.
The electrodes forming the AC-only ion guide may have internal diameters or dimensions selected from the group comprising: (i) 5.0 mnu; (ii) < 4.5 mm; (iii) <_ _ 5 _ 4 . 0 mm; ( iv) <_ 3 . 5 nun; (v) < 3 . 0 mm; (vi ) < 2 . 5 mm;
(vii ) 3 . 0 ~ 0 . 5 mrn; (viii ) < 10 . 0 mm; ( ix) -<- 9 . 0 mm; (x) <_ 8.0 mm; (xi) '7.0 mm; (xii) <_ 6.0 mm; (xiii) 5.0 ~
0.5 mm; and (xiv) 4--6 mm.
The length o:f_ tehe AC-only ion guide may be selected from the group comprising: (i) > 100 mm; (ii) >_ 120 mm;
(iii) >- 150 mm; (i_v) 130 ~ 10 mm; (v) 100-150 mm; (vi) <-160 mm; (vii) < 180 mm; (viii) <_ 200 mm; (ix) 130-150 mm; (x) 120-1.80 mm; (xi) 120-:140 mm; (xii) 130 mm ~ 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30 mm; (xiii) 50-300 mm; (xiv) 150-300 mm; (xv) _. 50 mm; (xvi) 50--100 mm; (xvii) 60-90 mm;
(xviii) >_ 75 mm; (xix) 50-75 rnm; and (xx) 75-100 mm.
Preferably, an intermedi<~te vacuum chamber may be disposed between t:he input vacuum chamber and the analyzer vacuum cluarnber, the -intermediate vacuum chamber comprising an AC-c:>nly ion guic.~e for transmitting ions through the intermediate vacuum chamber, the AC-only ion guide arranged in the intermediate vacuum chamber comprising a plurality of electrodes having apertures, the apertures being aligned so that ions travel through them as they are t:ransmitted by the ion guide. At least one further differential pumping apertured electrode is provided through which ions may pass. The further differential pumpi..ng aperturec:~ electrode is disposed between the vacuurrc chambers to allow the intermediate vacuum chamber to be maintained at a lower pressure than the input vacuum chamber, and the analyzer vacuum chamber to be maintained at a lower pressure than the intermediate vacuum chamber. An alternating current (AC) generator is connected to an intermediate chamber reference potential for providing AC potentials to the AC-only ion guide iri the intermediate vacuum chamber.
Preferably, ~:rt: least 90%, and preferably 100%, of the aperture; of the electrodes forming the AC-only ion guide in said intermediate vacuum chamber are substantially the same size, aIld. at least 90%, and preferably 100, of the plura=iity of the electrodes 6 __ forming the AC-only ion guide in the intermediate vacuum chamber are connected to the AC generator connected to the intermediate chamber reference potential in such a way that at any instant during an AC cycle of the output of the AC generator, adjacent ones of the electrodes forming the AC-on=Ly ion guide arranged in the intermediate vacuum. chamber a.re supplied respectively with approximately equal positive and negative potentials relative to the intermediate chamber reference potential.
Preferably, t:he AC-only ion guide in the intermediate vacuum chamber comprises at least 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, t~0, 70, 80, 90, or 100 electrodes.
Preferably, the intermediate vacuum chamber is arranged to be maintained at a pressure selected from the group comprising: (i) 10-?-10-2 mbar; (ii) >- 2 x 10-3 mbar; (iii) _ 5 x 1_0-' mbar; (iv) <10-2 mbar; (v) 10-~-5 x 10-3 mbar; and (vi) 5 x 10-~-10 ' mbar.
Preferably, t~:he electrodes forming the AC-only ion guide in the intermediate vacuum chamber have internal diameters or dimensions selected from t:he group comprising: (i) _<_ 5.0 mm; (ii) c 4.5 mm; (iii) <_ 4.0 mm;
(iv) < 3.5 mm; (v) _ 3.0 mm; (vi) <_ 2.5 mm; (vii) 3.0 ~
0.5 mm; (viii) < 1Ø0 mm; (ix) < 9.0 mm; (x) _< 8.0 mm;
(xi) < 7.0 mm; (xii) < 6.0 mm; (xiii) 5.0 ~ 0.5 mm; and (xiv) 4-6 mm.
In one embodiment the individual electrodes in the AC-only ion guide in. the input. vacuum chamber and/or the AC-only ion guide in. the intermediate vacuum chamber preferably have a su.bstanti_al:ly circular aperture having a diameter selected from the group comprising: (i) 0.5-1 . 5 mm; ( ii ) 1 . 5-<.' . 5 mm; ( i:ii ) 2 . 5-3 . 5 mm; ( iv) 3 . 5-4 . 5 mm; (v) 4.5-5.5 mm; (vi) 5.5-6.5 mm; (vii) 6.5-7.5 mm;
(viii) 7.5-8.5 mm; (ix) 8.5-9.5 mm; (x) 9.5-10.5 mm; and (xi) < 10 mm.
Preferably, the length of the ion guide in the _. 7 -intermediate vacuum chamber i:~ selected from the group comprising: (i) >_ 100 mm; (ii1 >120 mm; (iii) >- 150 mm;
(iv) 130 ~ 10 mm; (v) 100-150 mm; (vi) <160 mm; (vii) c 180 mm; (viii) <_ 20C mm; (ix) 130-150 mm; (x) 120-180 mm; (xi) 120-140 mm; (xii) 130 mm ~ 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30 mm; (xiii) 50-300 mm; (xiv;l 150-300 mm; (xv) >- 50 mm;
(xvi) 50-100 mm; (xvii) 60-90 mm; (xviii) . 75 mm; (xix) 50-75 mm; and (xx) 75-100 mm.
Preferably, t=.he ion sour<~e is an atmospheric pressure ion source.
Preferably, t=he ion source is a continuous ion source.
An Electrospray ("ES") ion source or an Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionisation ("APCI") ion source is particularly preferred. However, other embodiments are also contemplated wherein the ion source is either an Inductively Coupled Plasma ("ICP") ion source or a Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation ("MALDI") ion source at low vacuum or at atmospheric pressure.
Preferably, t:he ion mass analyser is selected from the group comprising: (i) a tune-of-flight mass analyser, preferably an orthogonal time of flight mass analyser; (ii) a quadrupole mass analyser; and (iii) a quadrupole ion trap.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of mass spectrometry as claimed in claim 20.
Various embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example onl=y, and with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
Fig. 1 shows a preferred ion tunnel arrangement;
Fig. 2 shows a conventional mass spectrometer with an atmospheric pres:~ure ion source and two rf hexapole ion guides disposed in separate vacuum chambers;
Fig. 3 shows an embodiment of the present invention wherein one of the hexapole ion guides has been replaced with an ion tunnel.; anc~
_. g _ Fig. 4 shows another embodiment of the present invention wherein both hexapo.Le ion guides have been replaced with ion tunnels.
As shown in I~'ig. 1, a preferred ion tunnel 15 comprises a plural.i_ty of electrodes 15a,15b each having an aperture. In the embodiment shown, the outer profile of the electrodes 1_5a,15b is circular. However, the outer profile of the electrodes 15a,15b does not need to be circular. Although the preferred embodiment may be considered to comprise a plurality of ring or annular electrodes, electrodes having other shapes are also contemplated as falling within the scope of the present invention.
Adjacent electrodes 15a,15b are connected to different phases of an .AC power supply. For example, the first, third, fifth etc. ring electrodes 15a may be connected to the ()'' phase supply 16a, and the second, fourth, sixth etc. ring electrodes 15b may be connected to the 180° phase supply 16b. In one embodiment the AC
power supply may be a R:F power supply. However, the present invention i.s not intended to be limited to RF
frequencies. Furthermore, "AC'"" is intended to mean simply that the w~a.veform alternates and hence embodiments of the present invention are also contemplated wherEi.n non-sinusoidal waveforms including square waves are p~rc>vided. Ions from an ion source pass through the ion tunnel 15 and are efficiently transmitted by it.
In contrast to ion funne-a.s, the do reference potential about wr~.ich the AC signal oscillates is substantially the same for each electrode. Unlike ion traps, blocking dc: potentials are not applied to either the entrance or ex:i.t o.f the ion tunnel 15.
Fig. 2 shows a conventional mass spectrometer. An Electrospray ("ES") ion source 1 or an Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionisation ("APCI") 1,2 ion source emits ions which enter a vacuum chamber 17 pumped by a rotary or mechanical. pump 4 via a sample cone 3 and a portion of the ga:~ and ions passes through a differential pumpi.ncy aperture 21 preferably maintained at 50-120V into a vacuum chamber 18 housing an rf-only hexapole ion guide 6. Vacuum chamber 18 is pumped by a rotary or mechanical pump 7. Ions are transmitted by the rf-only hexapole ion guide 6 through the vacuum.
chamber 18 and pass through a differential pumping aperture 8 into a further vacuum chamber 19 pumped by a turbo-molecular pump 10. Thi:~ vacuum chamber 19 houses another rf-only hexapole ion guide 9. Ions are transmitted by rf--on.ly hexapole ion guide 9 through vacuum chamber 19 and pass through differential pumping aperture 11 into a yet further vacuum chamber 20 which is pumped by a turbo-molecular pump 14. Vacuum chamber houses a prefilter rod set :L2, a quadrupole mass filter/analyser 13 and may include other elements such as a collision cell (not shown), a further quadrupole mass filter/analyser together with an ion detector (not 20 shown) or a time of flight analyser (not shown).
Fig. 3 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention wherein hexapole ion guide 6 has been replaced with an ion tunnel 15 according to the preferred embodiment. The other components of the mass spectrometer are :~u~>stantially the same as described in relation to Fig. 2 and hence will not be described again. The ion tunnel 15 exhv~bits an improved transmission efficiency of approximately 75% compared with using hexapo~.e ion guide 6 and the ion tunnel 15 does not suffer from as narrow a m/z bandpass transmission efficiency as is reported with ion funnels.
An rf-voltage is applied to the electrodes and the reference potential. of the ior:~ tunnel 15 is preferably maintained at 0-2 V do above t_he do potential of the wall forming the differential pumping aperture 11 which is preferably eitrner at ground (0 V dc) or around 40-240 V do depending upon the mass analyser used. However, - 1.0 -the wall forming differential pumping aperture 11 may, of course, be maintained at other do potentials.
In another less preferred (unillustrated) embodiment, the hexapole ion guide 9 may be replaced by an ion tunnel 15' with hexapo_Le ion guide 6 being maintained.
Fig. 4 shows a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention wherein both hexapole ion guides 6,9 have been replaced with i<m tunnels 15,15'. The ion tunnels 15,15' are' about 13 crn in length and preferably comprise approximately 85 rind electrodes. The ion tunnel 15 in vacuum chamber 18 is preferably maintained at a pressure ._ 1 mbar and is supplied with an rf-voltage at a frequency ~ 1 MHz, and the ion tunnel 15' in vacuum chamber 19 is preferably maintained at a pressure of 10-3-10--~ mbar and is supplied with an rf-voltage at a frequency ~ 2 MHz. Rf frequencies of 800 kHz - 3 MHz could also be used for both ion tunnels 15,15' according t_:o further embodiments of the present invention.
The ion tunnel 15' exhibits an improved transmission efficiency of approximately 25%, and hence the combination of ion tunnels 15,15' exhibit an improved transmission efficiency of approximately 100%
compared with using hexapole _i_on guide 6 in combination with hexapole ion guide 9.
Claims (20)
1. A mass spectrometer comprising:
an ion source for producing ions;
an input vacuum chamber comprising at least one AC-only ion guide for transmitting said ions, said AC-only ion guide comprising a plurality of electrodes having apertures, said apertures being aligned so that ions travel through them as they are transmitted by said ion guide;
an analyzer vacuum chamber comprising an ion mass analyzer disposed to receive ions after they have been transmitted by said ion guide;
at least one differential pumping apertured electrode though which ions may pass, said at least one differential pumping apertured electrode being disposed between said input vacuum chamber and said analyzer vacuum chamber to permits said analyzer vacuum chamber to be maintained at a lower pressure than said input vacuum chamber;
at least one alternating current (AC) generator connected to an input chamber reference potential for providing AC potentials to said plurality of electrodes;
wherein:
at least 90%, and preferably 100%, of said apertures are substantially the same size;
at least 90%, and preferably 100%, of said plurality of electrodes forming said AC-only ion guide are connected to said AC generator in such a way that at any instant during an AC cycle of the output of said AC
generator, adjacent ones of said electrodes are supplied respectively with approximately equal positive and negative potentials relative to said input chamber reference potential; and wherein said input vacuum chamber is arranged to be maintained at a pressure selected from the group comprising: (i) >= 0.1 mbar; (ii) >= 0.5 mbar; (iii) >= 0.7 mbar; (iv) >= 1.0 mbar; (v) >= 1.3 mbar; (vi) >= 1.5 mbar;
(viii) >= 2.0 mbar; (ix) >= 2.5 mbar; (x) >= 3.0 mbar; (xi) >=3.5 mbar; (xii) >= 4.0 mbar; (xiii) >= 4.5 mbar; (xiv) >=
5.0 mbar; (xv) >= 6.0 mbar; (xvi) >= 7.0 mbar; (xvii) >=
8.0 mbar; (xviii) >= 9.0 mbar; (xix) >= 10.0 mbar; (xx) 1-5 mbar; (xxi) 1-2 mbar; (xxii) 0.5-1.5 mbar; (xxiii) <=
20 mbar; and (xxiv) <= 30 mbar.
an ion source for producing ions;
an input vacuum chamber comprising at least one AC-only ion guide for transmitting said ions, said AC-only ion guide comprising a plurality of electrodes having apertures, said apertures being aligned so that ions travel through them as they are transmitted by said ion guide;
an analyzer vacuum chamber comprising an ion mass analyzer disposed to receive ions after they have been transmitted by said ion guide;
at least one differential pumping apertured electrode though which ions may pass, said at least one differential pumping apertured electrode being disposed between said input vacuum chamber and said analyzer vacuum chamber to permits said analyzer vacuum chamber to be maintained at a lower pressure than said input vacuum chamber;
at least one alternating current (AC) generator connected to an input chamber reference potential for providing AC potentials to said plurality of electrodes;
wherein:
at least 90%, and preferably 100%, of said apertures are substantially the same size;
at least 90%, and preferably 100%, of said plurality of electrodes forming said AC-only ion guide are connected to said AC generator in such a way that at any instant during an AC cycle of the output of said AC
generator, adjacent ones of said electrodes are supplied respectively with approximately equal positive and negative potentials relative to said input chamber reference potential; and wherein said input vacuum chamber is arranged to be maintained at a pressure selected from the group comprising: (i) >= 0.1 mbar; (ii) >= 0.5 mbar; (iii) >= 0.7 mbar; (iv) >= 1.0 mbar; (v) >= 1.3 mbar; (vi) >= 1.5 mbar;
(viii) >= 2.0 mbar; (ix) >= 2.5 mbar; (x) >= 3.0 mbar; (xi) >=3.5 mbar; (xii) >= 4.0 mbar; (xiii) >= 4.5 mbar; (xiv) >=
5.0 mbar; (xv) >= 6.0 mbar; (xvi) >= 7.0 mbar; (xvii) >=
8.0 mbar; (xviii) >= 9.0 mbar; (xix) >= 10.0 mbar; (xx) 1-5 mbar; (xxi) 1-2 mbar; (xxii) 0.5-1.5 mbar; (xxiii) <=
20 mbar; and (xxiv) <= 30 mbar.
2. A mass spectrometer as claimed in claim 1, wherein said electrodes comprise a plate having an aperture therein.
3. A mass spectrometer as claimed in claim 1, wherein said electrodes comprise a wire or rod bent to form a substantially closed ring.
4. A mass spectrometer as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein alternate ones of said electrodes are connected to each other and to one of the output connections of a single AC generator.
5. A mass spectrometer as claimed in any previous claim, wherein the AC-only ion guide comprises at least 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 electrodes.
6. A mass spectrometer as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein said electrodes have internal diameters or dimensions selected from the group comprising: (i) <=
5.0 mm; (ii) <= 4.5 mm; (iii) <= 4.0 mm; (iv) <= 3.5 mm;
(v) <= 3.0 mm; (vi) <= 2.5 mm; (vii) 3.0 ~ 0.5 mm; (viii) <= 10.0 mm; (ix) <= 9.0 mm; (x) <= 8.0 mm; (xi) <= 7.0 mm;
(xii) <= 6.0 mm; (xiii) 5.0 ~ 0.5 mm; and (xiv) 4-6 mm.
5.0 mm; (ii) <= 4.5 mm; (iii) <= 4.0 mm; (iv) <= 3.5 mm;
(v) <= 3.0 mm; (vi) <= 2.5 mm; (vii) 3.0 ~ 0.5 mm; (viii) <= 10.0 mm; (ix) <= 9.0 mm; (x) <= 8.0 mm; (xi) <= 7.0 mm;
(xii) <= 6.0 mm; (xiii) 5.0 ~ 0.5 mm; and (xiv) 4-6 mm.
7. A mass spectrometer as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the length of said AC-only ion guide is selected from the Group comprising: (i) >= 100 mm; (ii) >=
120 mm; (iii) >= 150 mm; (iv) 130 ~ 10 mm; (v) 100-150 mm; (vi) <= 160 mm; (vii) <= 180 mm; (viii) <= 200 mm; (ix) 130-150 mm; (x) 120-180 mm; (xi) 120-140 mm; (xii) 130 mm ~ 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30 mm; (xiii) 50-300 mm; (xiv) 150-300 mm; (xv) >= 50 mm; (xvi) 50-100 mm; (xvii) 60-90 mm; (xviii) >= 75 mm; (xix) 50-75 mm; (xx) 75-100 mm;
(xxi) 150-200 mm; (xxii) >= 200 mm; and (xxiii) 50-200 mm.
120 mm; (iii) >= 150 mm; (iv) 130 ~ 10 mm; (v) 100-150 mm; (vi) <= 160 mm; (vii) <= 180 mm; (viii) <= 200 mm; (ix) 130-150 mm; (x) 120-180 mm; (xi) 120-140 mm; (xii) 130 mm ~ 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30 mm; (xiii) 50-300 mm; (xiv) 150-300 mm; (xv) >= 50 mm; (xvi) 50-100 mm; (xvii) 60-90 mm; (xviii) >= 75 mm; (xix) 50-75 mm; (xx) 75-100 mm;
(xxi) 150-200 mm; (xxii) >= 200 mm; and (xxiii) 50-200 mm.
8. A mass spectrometer as claimed in any previous claim, further comprising:
an intermediate vacuum chamber disposed between said input vacuum chamber and said analyzer vacuum chamber, said intermediate vacuum chamber comprising an AC-only ion guide for transmitting ions through said intermediate vacuum chamber, said AC-only ion guide arranged in said intermediate vacuum chamber comprising a plurality of electrodes having apertures, the apertures being aligned so that ions travel through them as they are transmitted by said ion guide;
at least one further differential pumping apertured electrode through which ions may pass, disposed between said vacuum chambers to allow said intermediate vacuum chamber to be maintained at a lower pressure than said input vacuum chamber, and said analyzer vacuum chamber to be maintained at a lower pressure than said intermediate vacuum chamber; and an alternating current (AC) generator connected to an intermediate chamber reference potential for providing AC potentials to the AC-only ion guide in said intermediate vacuum chamber.
an intermediate vacuum chamber disposed between said input vacuum chamber and said analyzer vacuum chamber, said intermediate vacuum chamber comprising an AC-only ion guide for transmitting ions through said intermediate vacuum chamber, said AC-only ion guide arranged in said intermediate vacuum chamber comprising a plurality of electrodes having apertures, the apertures being aligned so that ions travel through them as they are transmitted by said ion guide;
at least one further differential pumping apertured electrode through which ions may pass, disposed between said vacuum chambers to allow said intermediate vacuum chamber to be maintained at a lower pressure than said input vacuum chamber, and said analyzer vacuum chamber to be maintained at a lower pressure than said intermediate vacuum chamber; and an alternating current (AC) generator connected to an intermediate chamber reference potential for providing AC potentials to the AC-only ion guide in said intermediate vacuum chamber.
9. A mass spectrometer as claimed in claim 8, wherein:
at least 90%, and preferably 100%, of the apertures of the electrodes forming said AC-only ion guide in said intermediate vacuum chamber are substantially the same size; and at least 90%, and preferably 100%, of said plurality of the electrodes forming said AC-only ion guide in said intermediate vacuum chamber are connected to the AC generator connected to said intermediate chamber reference potential in such a way that at any instant during an AC cycle of the output of the AC
generator, adjacent ones of said electrodes forming said AC-only ion guide arranged in said intermediate vacuum chamber are supplied respectively with approximately equal positive and negative potentials relative to said intermediate chamber reference potential.
at least 90%, and preferably 100%, of the apertures of the electrodes forming said AC-only ion guide in said intermediate vacuum chamber are substantially the same size; and at least 90%, and preferably 100%, of said plurality of the electrodes forming said AC-only ion guide in said intermediate vacuum chamber are connected to the AC generator connected to said intermediate chamber reference potential in such a way that at any instant during an AC cycle of the output of the AC
generator, adjacent ones of said electrodes forming said AC-only ion guide arranged in said intermediate vacuum chamber are supplied respectively with approximately equal positive and negative potentials relative to said intermediate chamber reference potential.
10. A mass spectrometer as claimed in claim 8 or 9, wherein the AC-only ion guide in said intermediate vacuum chamber comprises at least 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 electrodes.
11. A mass spectrometer as claimed in any of claims 8, 9 or 10, wherein said intermediate vacuum chamber is arranged to be maintained at a pressure selected from the group comprising : (i) 10-3-10-2 mbar; (ii) >= 2 x 10-3 mbar; (iii) >= 5 x 10-3 mbar; (iv) <= 10-2 mbar; (v) 10-3 -5 x 10-3 mbar; and (vi) 5 x 10-3-10-2 mbar.
12. A mass spectrometer as claimed in any of claims 8-11, wherein electrodes forming said AC-only ion guide in said intermediate vacuum chamber have internal diameters or dimensions selected from the group comprising: (i) <=
5.0 mm; (ii) <= 4.5 mm; (iii)<= 4.0 mm; (iv) <= 3.5 mm;
(v) <= 3.0 mm; (vi) <= 2.5 mm; (vii) 3.0 0.5 mm; (viii) <= 10.0 mm; (ix) <= 9.0 mm; (x) <= 8.0 mm; (xi) <= 7.0 mm;
(xii) <= 6.0 mm; (xiii) 5.0 ~ 0.5 mm; and (xiv) 4-6 mm.
5.0 mm; (ii) <= 4.5 mm; (iii)<= 4.0 mm; (iv) <= 3.5 mm;
(v) <= 3.0 mm; (vi) <= 2.5 mm; (vii) 3.0 0.5 mm; (viii) <= 10.0 mm; (ix) <= 9.0 mm; (x) <= 8.0 mm; (xi) <= 7.0 mm;
(xii) <= 6.0 mm; (xiii) 5.0 ~ 0.5 mm; and (xiv) 4-6 mm.
13. A mass spectrometer as claimed in any of claims 8-12, wherein the length of said ion guide in said intermediate vacuum chamber is selected from the group comprising: (i) >= 100 mm; (ii) 120 mm; (iii) >= 150 mm;
(iv) 130 ~ 10 mm; (v) 100-150 mm; (vi) <= 160 mm; (vii) <=
180 mm; (viii) <= 200 mm; (ix) 130-150 mm; (x) 120-180 mm; (xi) 120-140 mm; (xii) 130 mm ~ 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30 mm; (xiii) 50-300 mm; (xiv) 150-300 mm; (xv) >= 50 mm;
(xvi) 50-100 mm; (xvii) 60-90 mm; (xviii) >= 75 mm; (xix) 50-75 mm; (xx) 75-100 mm; (xxi) 150-200 mm; (xxii) >= 200 mm; and (xxiii) 50-200 mm.
(iv) 130 ~ 10 mm; (v) 100-150 mm; (vi) <= 160 mm; (vii) <=
180 mm; (viii) <= 200 mm; (ix) 130-150 mm; (x) 120-180 mm; (xi) 120-140 mm; (xii) 130 mm ~ 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30 mm; (xiii) 50-300 mm; (xiv) 150-300 mm; (xv) >= 50 mm;
(xvi) 50-100 mm; (xvii) 60-90 mm; (xviii) >= 75 mm; (xix) 50-75 mm; (xx) 75-100 mm; (xxi) 150-200 mm; (xxii) >= 200 mm; and (xxiii) 50-200 mm.
14. A mass spectrometer as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein said ion source is an atmospheric pressure ion source.
15. A mass spectrometer as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein said ion source is a continuous ion source.
16. A mass spectrometer as claimed in claim 14 or 15, wherein said ion source is an Electrospray ("ES") ion source or an Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionisation ("APCI") ion source.
17. A mass spectrometer as claimed in claim 14 or 15, wherein said ion source is an Inductively Coupled Plasma ("ICP") ion source.
18. A mass spectrometer as claimed in any of claims 1-13, wherein said ion source is a Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation ("MALDI") ion source.
19. A mass spectrometer as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein said ion mass analyser is selected from the group comprising: (i) a time-of-flight mass analyser, preferably an orthogonal time of flight mass analyser; (ii) a quadrupole mass analyser; and (iii) a quadrupole ion trap.
20. A method of mass spectrometry, comprising:
producing ions from an ion source;
transmitting at least some of said ions through an input vacuum chamber comprising at least one AC-only ion guide for transmitting said ions, said AC-only ion guide comprising a plurality of electrodes having apertures, said apertures being aligned so that ions travel through them as they are transmitted by said ion guide;
providing AC potentials to said plurality of electrodes from at least one alternating current (AC) generator connected to an input chamber reference potential;
passing said ions to an analyzer vacuum chamber comprising an ion mass analyzer disposed to receive ions after they have been transmitted by said ion guide;
wherein at least one differential pumping apertured electrode is provided though which ions may pass, said at least one differential pumping apertured electrode being disposed between said input vacuum chamber and said analyzer vacuum chamber to permit said analyzer vacuum chamber to be maintained at a lower pressure than said input vacuum chamber; and wherein at least 90%, and preferably 100%, of said apertures are substantially the same size and at least 90%, and preferably 100%, of said plurality of electrodes forming said AC-only ion guide are connected to said AC generator in such a way that at any instant during an AC cycle of the output of said AC generator, adjacent ones of said electrodes are supplied respectively with approximately equal positive and negative potentials relative to said input chamber reference potential;
said method further comprising the step of:
maintaining said input vacuum chamber at a pressure selected from the group comprising: (i) >= 0.1 mbar; (ii) >= 0.5 mbar; (iii) >= 0.7 mbar; (iv) >= 1.0 mbar; (v) >= 1.3 mbar; (vi) >= 1.5 mbar; (viii) >= 2.0 mbar; (ix) >= 2.5 mbar; (x) >= 3.0 mbar; (xi) >= 3.5 mbar; (xii) >= 4.0 mbar;
(xiii) >= 4.5 mbar; (xiv) >= 5.0 mbar; (xv) >= 6.0 mbar;
(xvi) >= 7.0 mbar; (xvii) >= 8.0 mbar; (xviii) >= 9.0 mbar;
(xix) >= 10.0 mbar; (xx) 1-5 mbar; (xxi) 1-2 mbar; (xxii) 0.5-1.5 mbar; (xxiii) <= 20 mbar; and (xxiv) <= 30 mbar.
producing ions from an ion source;
transmitting at least some of said ions through an input vacuum chamber comprising at least one AC-only ion guide for transmitting said ions, said AC-only ion guide comprising a plurality of electrodes having apertures, said apertures being aligned so that ions travel through them as they are transmitted by said ion guide;
providing AC potentials to said plurality of electrodes from at least one alternating current (AC) generator connected to an input chamber reference potential;
passing said ions to an analyzer vacuum chamber comprising an ion mass analyzer disposed to receive ions after they have been transmitted by said ion guide;
wherein at least one differential pumping apertured electrode is provided though which ions may pass, said at least one differential pumping apertured electrode being disposed between said input vacuum chamber and said analyzer vacuum chamber to permit said analyzer vacuum chamber to be maintained at a lower pressure than said input vacuum chamber; and wherein at least 90%, and preferably 100%, of said apertures are substantially the same size and at least 90%, and preferably 100%, of said plurality of electrodes forming said AC-only ion guide are connected to said AC generator in such a way that at any instant during an AC cycle of the output of said AC generator, adjacent ones of said electrodes are supplied respectively with approximately equal positive and negative potentials relative to said input chamber reference potential;
said method further comprising the step of:
maintaining said input vacuum chamber at a pressure selected from the group comprising: (i) >= 0.1 mbar; (ii) >= 0.5 mbar; (iii) >= 0.7 mbar; (iv) >= 1.0 mbar; (v) >= 1.3 mbar; (vi) >= 1.5 mbar; (viii) >= 2.0 mbar; (ix) >= 2.5 mbar; (x) >= 3.0 mbar; (xi) >= 3.5 mbar; (xii) >= 4.0 mbar;
(xiii) >= 4.5 mbar; (xiv) >= 5.0 mbar; (xv) >= 6.0 mbar;
(xvi) >= 7.0 mbar; (xvii) >= 8.0 mbar; (xviii) >= 9.0 mbar;
(xix) >= 10.0 mbar; (xx) 1-5 mbar; (xxi) 1-2 mbar; (xxii) 0.5-1.5 mbar; (xxiii) <= 20 mbar; and (xxiv) <= 30 mbar.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002355554A CA2355554A1 (en) | 2000-11-29 | 2001-08-23 | Mass spectrometer and methods of mass spectrometry |
Applications Claiming Priority (9)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GBGB0029088.2A GB0029088D0 (en) | 2000-11-29 | 2000-11-29 | Ion tunnel |
| GB0029088.2 | 2000-11-29 | ||
| GB0109760.9 | 2001-04-20 | ||
| GBGB0109760.9A GB0109760D0 (en) | 2000-11-29 | 2001-04-20 | Mass spectrometers and methods of mass spectrometry |
| GB0110149.2 | 2001-04-25 | ||
| GB0110149A GB0110149D0 (en) | 2000-11-29 | 2001-04-25 | Mass spectrometers and methods of mass spectrometry |
| CA002346526A CA2346526A1 (en) | 2000-11-29 | 2001-05-04 | Mass spectrometers and methods of mass spectrometry |
| CA2,346,526 | 2001-05-04 | ||
| CA002355554A CA2355554A1 (en) | 2000-11-29 | 2001-08-23 | Mass spectrometer and methods of mass spectrometry |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2355554A1 true CA2355554A1 (en) | 2002-05-29 |
Family
ID=27255989
Family Applications (3)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002346526A Abandoned CA2346526A1 (en) | 2000-11-29 | 2001-05-04 | Mass spectrometers and methods of mass spectrometry |
| CA002351700A Abandoned CA2351700A1 (en) | 2000-11-29 | 2001-06-26 | Mass spectrometers and methods of mass spectrometry |
| CA002355554A Abandoned CA2355554A1 (en) | 2000-11-29 | 2001-08-23 | Mass spectrometer and methods of mass spectrometry |
Family Applications Before (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002346526A Abandoned CA2346526A1 (en) | 2000-11-29 | 2001-05-04 | Mass spectrometers and methods of mass spectrometry |
| CA002351700A Abandoned CA2351700A1 (en) | 2000-11-29 | 2001-06-26 | Mass spectrometers and methods of mass spectrometry |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20020063210A1 (en) |
| CA (3) | CA2346526A1 (en) |
| GB (2) | GB0115504D0 (en) |
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| GB2370686B (en) * | 2000-11-29 | 2003-10-22 | Micromass Ltd | Mass spectrometers and methods of mass spectrometry |
| US6583408B2 (en) * | 2001-05-18 | 2003-06-24 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Ionization source utilizing a jet disturber in combination with an ion funnel and method of operation |
| CA2391140C (en) * | 2001-06-25 | 2008-10-07 | Micromass Limited | Mass spectrometer |
| US6762404B2 (en) | 2001-06-25 | 2004-07-13 | Micromass Uk Limited | Mass spectrometer |
| US7095013B2 (en) * | 2002-05-30 | 2006-08-22 | Micromass Uk Limited | Mass spectrometer |
| US6794641B2 (en) | 2002-05-30 | 2004-09-21 | Micromass Uk Limited | Mass spectrometer |
| US6800846B2 (en) | 2002-05-30 | 2004-10-05 | Micromass Uk Limited | Mass spectrometer |
| US6791078B2 (en) * | 2002-06-27 | 2004-09-14 | Micromass Uk Limited | Mass spectrometer |
| US6884995B2 (en) * | 2002-07-03 | 2005-04-26 | Micromass Uk Limited | Mass spectrometer |
| US7071467B2 (en) * | 2002-08-05 | 2006-07-04 | Micromass Uk Limited | Mass spectrometer |
| DE10326156B4 (en) * | 2003-06-10 | 2011-12-01 | Micromass Uk Ltd. | Mass spectrometer with gas collision cell and AC or RF ion guide with differential pressure ranges and associated methods for mass spectrometry |
| CA2431603C (en) * | 2003-06-10 | 2012-03-27 | Micromass Uk Limited | Mass spectrometer |
| DE102004048496B4 (en) * | 2004-10-05 | 2008-04-30 | Bruker Daltonik Gmbh | Ion guide with RF diaphragm stacks |
| US8610806B2 (en) * | 2006-08-28 | 2013-12-17 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Color filter array, imagers and systems having same, and methods of fabrication and use thereof |
| US10566169B1 (en) * | 2008-06-30 | 2020-02-18 | Nexgen Semi Holding, Inc. | Method and device for spatial charged particle bunching |
| GB0817115D0 (en) * | 2008-09-18 | 2008-10-29 | Micromass Ltd | Mass spectrometer |
| CN112185797B (en) * | 2020-09-24 | 2022-04-01 | 复旦大学 | Normal-pressure high-temperature ion cooling focusing device |
-
2001
- 2001-05-04 CA CA002346526A patent/CA2346526A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-06-25 GB GBGB0115504.3A patent/GB0115504D0/en not_active Ceased
- 2001-06-26 CA CA002351700A patent/CA2351700A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-08-16 GB GBGB0120028.6A patent/GB0120028D0/en not_active Ceased
- 2001-08-16 US US09/930,294 patent/US20020063210A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-08-23 CA CA002355554A patent/CA2355554A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2346526A1 (en) | 2002-05-29 |
| GB0120028D0 (en) | 2001-10-10 |
| CA2351700A1 (en) | 2002-05-29 |
| US20020063210A1 (en) | 2002-05-30 |
| GB0115504D0 (en) | 2001-08-15 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FZDE | Discontinued |