CA2336936A1 - A capsule for semiconductor components - Google Patents

A capsule for semiconductor components Download PDF

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Publication number
CA2336936A1
CA2336936A1 CA002336936A CA2336936A CA2336936A1 CA 2336936 A1 CA2336936 A1 CA 2336936A1 CA 002336936 A CA002336936 A CA 002336936A CA 2336936 A CA2336936 A CA 2336936A CA 2336936 A1 CA2336936 A1 CA 2336936A1
Authority
CA
Canada
Prior art keywords
flange
capsule
copper
capsule according
electrical
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
CA002336936A
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Lars-Anders Olofsson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson AB
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of CA2336936A1 publication Critical patent/CA2336936A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L23/00Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices
    • H01L23/58Structural electrical arrangements for semiconductor devices not otherwise provided for, e.g. in combination with batteries
    • H01L23/64Impedance arrangements
    • H01L23/66High-frequency adaptations
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L21/00Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/04Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
    • H01L21/50Assembly of semiconductor devices using processes or apparatus not provided for in a single one of the subgroups H01L21/06 - H01L21/326, e.g. sealing of a cap to a base of a container
    • H01L21/56Encapsulations, e.g. encapsulation layers, coatings
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L23/00Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices
    • H01L23/34Arrangements for cooling, heating, ventilating or temperature compensation ; Temperature sensing arrangements
    • H01L23/36Selection of materials, or shaping, to facilitate cooling or heating, e.g. heatsinks
    • H01L23/367Cooling facilitated by shape of device
    • H01L23/3677Wire-like or pin-like cooling fins or heat sinks
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2223/00Details relating to semiconductor or other solid state devices covered by the group H01L23/00
    • H01L2223/58Structural electrical arrangements for semiconductor devices not otherwise provided for
    • H01L2223/64Impedance arrangements
    • H01L2223/66High-frequency adaptations
    • H01L2223/6644Packaging aspects of high-frequency amplifiers
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2224/00Indexing scheme for arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and methods related thereto as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2224/01Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
    • H01L2224/02Bonding areas; Manufacturing methods related thereto
    • H01L2224/04Structure, shape, material or disposition of the bonding areas prior to the connecting process
    • H01L2224/05Structure, shape, material or disposition of the bonding areas prior to the connecting process of an individual bonding area
    • H01L2224/0554External layer
    • H01L2224/05599Material
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2224/00Indexing scheme for arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and methods related thereto as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2224/01Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
    • H01L2224/42Wire connectors; Manufacturing methods related thereto
    • H01L2224/47Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors after the connecting process
    • H01L2224/48Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors after the connecting process of an individual wire connector
    • H01L2224/4805Shape
    • H01L2224/4809Loop shape
    • H01L2224/48091Arched
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2224/00Indexing scheme for arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and methods related thereto as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2224/01Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
    • H01L2224/42Wire connectors; Manufacturing methods related thereto
    • H01L2224/47Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors after the connecting process
    • H01L2224/48Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors after the connecting process of an individual wire connector
    • H01L2224/481Disposition
    • H01L2224/48151Connecting between a semiconductor or solid-state body and an item not being a semiconductor or solid-state body, e.g. chip-to-substrate, chip-to-passive
    • H01L2224/48221Connecting between a semiconductor or solid-state body and an item not being a semiconductor or solid-state body, e.g. chip-to-substrate, chip-to-passive the body and the item being stacked
    • H01L2224/48225Connecting between a semiconductor or solid-state body and an item not being a semiconductor or solid-state body, e.g. chip-to-substrate, chip-to-passive the body and the item being stacked the item being non-metallic, e.g. insulating substrate with or without metallisation
    • H01L2224/48227Connecting between a semiconductor or solid-state body and an item not being a semiconductor or solid-state body, e.g. chip-to-substrate, chip-to-passive the body and the item being stacked the item being non-metallic, e.g. insulating substrate with or without metallisation connecting the wire to a bond pad of the item
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2224/00Indexing scheme for arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and methods related thereto as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2224/01Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
    • H01L2224/42Wire connectors; Manufacturing methods related thereto
    • H01L2224/47Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors after the connecting process
    • H01L2224/49Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors after the connecting process of a plurality of wire connectors
    • H01L2224/491Disposition
    • H01L2224/4911Disposition the connectors being bonded to at least one common bonding area, e.g. daisy chain
    • H01L2224/49111Disposition the connectors being bonded to at least one common bonding area, e.g. daisy chain the connectors connecting two common bonding areas, e.g. Litz or braid wires
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2224/00Indexing scheme for arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and methods related thereto as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2224/01Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
    • H01L2224/42Wire connectors; Manufacturing methods related thereto
    • H01L2224/47Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors after the connecting process
    • H01L2224/49Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors after the connecting process of a plurality of wire connectors
    • H01L2224/491Disposition
    • H01L2224/4912Layout
    • H01L2224/49175Parallel arrangements
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2224/00Indexing scheme for arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and methods related thereto as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2224/80Methods for connecting semiconductor or other solid state bodies using means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected
    • H01L2224/85Methods for connecting semiconductor or other solid state bodies using means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected using a wire connector
    • H01L2224/8538Bonding interfaces outside the semiconductor or solid-state body
    • H01L2224/85399Material
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L24/00Arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies; Methods or apparatus related thereto
    • H01L24/01Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
    • H01L24/42Wire connectors; Manufacturing methods related thereto
    • H01L24/47Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors after the connecting process
    • H01L24/48Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors after the connecting process of an individual wire connector
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L24/00Arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies; Methods or apparatus related thereto
    • H01L24/01Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
    • H01L24/42Wire connectors; Manufacturing methods related thereto
    • H01L24/47Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors after the connecting process
    • H01L24/49Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors after the connecting process of a plurality of wire connectors
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2924/00Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2924/0001Technical content checked by a classifier
    • H01L2924/00014Technical content checked by a classifier the subject-matter covered by the group, the symbol of which is combined with the symbol of this group, being disclosed without further technical details
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2924/00Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2924/01Chemical elements
    • H01L2924/01012Magnesium [Mg]
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2924/00Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2924/01Chemical elements
    • H01L2924/01087Francium [Fr]
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2924/00Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2924/10Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices to be connected
    • H01L2924/11Device type
    • H01L2924/13Discrete devices, e.g. 3 terminal devices
    • H01L2924/1304Transistor
    • H01L2924/1305Bipolar Junction Transistor [BJT]
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2924/00Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2924/10Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices to be connected
    • H01L2924/11Device type
    • H01L2924/13Discrete devices, e.g. 3 terminal devices
    • H01L2924/1304Transistor
    • H01L2924/1305Bipolar Junction Transistor [BJT]
    • H01L2924/13055Insulated gate bipolar transistor [IGBT]
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2924/00Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2924/30Technical effects
    • H01L2924/301Electrical effects
    • H01L2924/30107Inductance

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Cooling Or The Like Of Semiconductors Or Solid State Devices (AREA)
  • Structures For Mounting Electric Components On Printed Circuit Boards (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to a capsule (1) for at least one high power transistor chip (17) for high frequencies, comprising an electrically and thermally conductive flange (10), at least two electrically insulating substrates (15), and at least two electrical connections (16), and a cover member, where the high power transistor chip (17) is arranged on the flange (10). The high power transistor chip (17) and the electrically insulating substrates (15) are arranged on the flange (10). The electrical connections (16) are arranged on electrically insulating substrates (15) and the electrically insulating substrates (15) are connected to the flange (10) and open and separate from the high power transistor chip (17).

Description

A CAPSULE FOR SEMICONDUCTOR COMPONENTS
The present invention relates to a capsule for semiconductor components and more particularly to a capsule for high frequency power transistors, such as LDMOS-transistors, with which maximum thermal conduction is required and which can be surface soldered.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
High frequency power transistors far use with, e.g. power stages for base radio transmitters for mobile telephones or with high frequency radio transmitters, such as ground transmitters for digital radio and analogue TV are mainly of two types, namely bipolar and LDMOS types. A bipolar-type transistor has to be mounted on an electric insulator, whereas LDMOS-type transistors can be mounted on an underlying electrically conductive surface.
Encapsulation of LDMOS-transistors is typically effected with the aid of a ceramic electrical insulator in the form of a frame which encloses the transistor. The LDMOS-transistor is mounted on an electrically conductive so-called flange.
Connected to the electrically insulating frame are connections which are used as conductors between at least one circuit board and the transistor. Th~a ceramic insulator may be constructed from alumina, since the thermal flow will not pass through the ceramic material.
One of the problems with know techniques is that the flange must comprise CuW (a composite of copper and tungsten) in order to achieve an effective match between a linear expansion of the ceramic and linear expansion of the flange. The CuW-flange is relatively expensive and has only half the electrical conductivity of copper. Another problem is that the electrically insulating frame becomes weak and is liable to crack in the manufacture of the capsule, due to the differences in the thermal expansion between the frame and the flange, which results in a low yield and in a very expensive capsule.
Furthermore, it is not possible to surface solder present day power transistor capsules.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
One problem with known capsules for high frequency transistors is that they include a narrow electrically insulating ceramic frame which can crack easily in the manufacture of the capsule.
Another problem is that a so-called flange requires a special material, such as CuW, in order to obtain the best possible match between the linear expansion of the flange and the linear expansion of the ceramic frame.
Yet another problem is that CuW does not have satisfactory electrical conductivity.
The present invention addresses these problems through the medium of a capsule for at least one high frequency, high power transistor chip that includes an electrically conductive and thermally conductive flange, at least two electrically insulating substrates, at least two electrical connections, and a cover member, wherein the high power transistor chip and the electrically insulating substrates are arranged on the flange, and wherein the electrical connections are arranged on the electrically insulating substrate. The electrically insulating substrates are arranged to partially enclose the chip.
The flange may conveniently be made of copper. In a preferred embodiment, when the inventive shall be surface soldered the electrically insulating substrates are arranged on at least two side edges of the flange. The substrate is metallised from an upper side thereof, around one edge and down to an underside thereof.
The difference in linear expansion between the flange material and the substrate material may be large without danger of the substrates cracking, due to the fact that the substrates can be given a small size.
The object of the present invention is to provide a capsule that has better thermal. conductivity and that is cheaper than its prior art counterpart, and which can also be surface soldered.
One advantage afforded by the invention is that copper can be used in the flange.
Another advantage is that there is no danger of the electrically insulating substrates splitting after having been hard soldered to the flange.
The invention will now be described in more detail with reference to exemplifying embodiments thereof and also with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Figure 1 is a side-on sectioned view of a known capsule minus its cover member.
Figure 2 shows the capsule of Fig. 1 from above, minus its cover member.
Figure 3 is a side-on sectioned view of another embodiment of the capsule, minus its cover member.
Figure 4 is a side-on view of another embodiment of the inventive capsule, minus its cover member.
Figure 5 illustrates the capsule of Fig. ? or Fig. ? seen from above, minus its cover member.
Figure 6 illustrates the capsule of Fig. ? or Fig. ? from above, minus its cover member.
Figure 7 is a sectioned side-on view of another embodiment of the inventive capsule minus its cover member.
Figure 8 is a sectioned side-on view of still another embodiment of the inventive capsule, minus its cover member.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OE' PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS.
Figure 1 is a side-on sectioned view of a known capsule, minus its cover member. The capsule 1 includes a flange 10, an electrically insulating substrate 15, two electrical connections 16, and a high frequency transistor chip 17 with associated connection conductors 18. The flange 10 is produced from an electrically conductive material whose coefficient of linear expansion is adapted to the material in the electrically 5 insulating substrate 15. Although not shown, the capsule also includes a cover member., Figure 2 shows the known capsule of Fig. 1 from above. It will be evident from this perspective view that the electrically insulating substrate 15 is arranged around the high frequency transistor chip 17 in a frame-like configuration. It will also be seen that the flange includes a pair of holes 20. These holes are used to connect the flange 10 to a cooler by means of a pair of screws or rivets Figure 3 is a side-on sectioned view of an inventive capsule minus its cover member. In this embodiment, the electrically insulating substrates 15 are accommodated in two recesses on the side edges of the flange 10. As apparent from Fig. 3, the substrates 15 may have' the same height as the flange 10 to which they are connected. The electrically insulating substrates of the Fig. 3 embodiment are provided with electrical connections 16 in the form of a metallisation from one upper side, around the side edge and on an underside, so as to obtain an electrical connection of low inductance between the upper side and the under side of the capsule.
Figure 4 is a side view of the embodiment shown in Fig. 3.
Figure 5 shows the embodiment of Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 from above.
It will be evident from Figs. 4 and 5 that a gap has been left between the metallisation and the flange 10, so as to avoid contact therebetween. The electrically insulating substrates can be metallised, by printing ? in a manner which is well known to those skilled in this art and which will not therefore be described in detail.
Figure 6 shows another embodiment an inventive capsule from above, minus its cover member. In this embodiment, the electrically insulatin<3 substrates have been arranged along the full extension of the side edges of the flange instead of in said recesses. As evident from Fig. 5, the metallisation that forms the electrical connections on the substrates may be somewhat incomplete, in other words the surfaces need not be fully covered. However, the metallisation may not come into contact with the flange 10.
Figure 7 is a side=on sectioned view of another embodiment of an inventive capsule minus its cover member. In this embodiment, the electrically insulating substrate 15 and the edge of the flange .to which the substrate shall be connected is modified with the intention of simplifying manufacture. In the Fig. 7 embodiment, the connecting surfaces of the flange 10 and the substrate 15 have been adapted to one another in step-like configuration. This simplifies joining of the flange to the substrate and allows~tr~e underside to be flat.
A possibility of improving the performance of the capsule lies in placing so-called vias 25 through the electrically insulating substrate 15 in accordance with Figure 8. Such vias will reduce a series inductance in the electrical connections.
The flange may include a number of screw holes 20 or apertures for mounting a circuit board or a cooler. However, the flange may alternatively be soldered to a circuit board, therewith obviating the need for acrew holes.
Each electrically insulating substrate may include one or more electrical connections 16.
Copper, copper-diamond -composite, copper-molybdenum-copper -composite, copper-tungsten-copper -composite are examples of materials that have good thermal conductivity and are conceivably suitable as flange material.
It will be understood that the invention is not limited to the described and exemplifying embodiments thereof and that modifications can be made within the scope of the following claims.

Claims (9)

8
1. A capsule for at least one high power transistor chip for high frequencies comprising an electrically and thermally conductive flange, at least two electrical insulators, at least two first electrical connections and a cover member, wherein the high power transistor chip is arranged on the flange, characterised in that the electrical insulators (15) are directly provided on the side edges of the flange (10) and separate from the high power transistor chip (17) and in that second electrical connections (18) are provided between the high power transistor chip (17) and the first electrical connections (16).
2. A capsule according to Claim 1, characterised in that the flange (10) is made of copper.
3. A capsule according to Claim 1, characterised in that the flange (10) is made of either a copper-molybdenum-copper-composite or a copper-tungsten-copper-composite or a copper-diamond-composite.
4. A capsule according to Claim 2 or 3, characterised in that the electrical insulators (15) are disposed along a recess on at least one of the side edges of said flange (10).
5. A capsule according to Claim 2 or 3, characterised in that the electrical insulators (15) are disposed along the full extension of the side edges of said flange (10).
6. A capsule according to Claim 4 or 5, characterised in that the electrical insulators (15) are metallised from an upper side, around the side edge and down to an under side.
7. A capsule according to Claim 4 or 5, characterised in that the electrical insulators (15) include electrically conductive vias that extend from tine upper side to the under side of the electrical insulators (15).
8. A capsule according to Claim 6 or 7, characterised in that a side edge of the electrical insulators (15) to be connected to the flange (10) has a geometrical shape that is adapted to the shape and size of a side edge of the flange (10), so as to enable an upper side and an under side of the flange and of the electrical insulator respectively to be brought readily into mutually the same plane.
9. A capsule according to Claim 8, characterised in that said geometric configuration is a stepped configuration.
CA002336936A 1998-07-08 1999-06-30 A capsule for semiconductor components Abandoned CA2336936A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE9802453-2 1998-07-08
SE9802453A SE512710C2 (en) 1998-07-08 1998-07-08 High frequency transistor chip caps for high frequencies including an electrically and thermally conductive flange
PCT/SE1999/001193 WO2000003435A2 (en) 1998-07-08 1999-06-30 A capsule for semiconductor components

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CA2336936A1 true CA2336936A1 (en) 2000-01-20

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CA002336936A Abandoned CA2336936A1 (en) 1998-07-08 1999-06-30 A capsule for semiconductor components

Country Status (11)

Country Link
US (1) US6465883B2 (en)
EP (1) EP1116271A2 (en)
JP (1) JP2002520855A (en)
KR (1) KR20010071766A (en)
CN (1) CN1192428C (en)
AU (1) AU4948199A (en)
CA (1) CA2336936A1 (en)
HK (1) HK1039403A1 (en)
SE (1) SE512710C2 (en)
TW (1) TW441057B (en)
WO (1) WO2000003435A2 (en)

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WO2000003435A2 (en) 2000-01-20
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TW441057B (en) 2001-06-16
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US20020014694A1 (en) 2002-02-07
US6465883B2 (en) 2002-10-15

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