CA2324247C - Cellulose/polymer composite enthalpy exchanger and method for its manufacture - Google Patents
Cellulose/polymer composite enthalpy exchanger and method for its manufacture Download PDFInfo
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- CA2324247C CA2324247C CA002324247A CA2324247A CA2324247C CA 2324247 C CA2324247 C CA 2324247C CA 002324247 A CA002324247 A CA 002324247A CA 2324247 A CA2324247 A CA 2324247A CA 2324247 C CA2324247 C CA 2324247C
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/26—Drying gases or vapours
- B01D53/28—Selection of materials for use as drying agents
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/22—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising organic material
- B01J20/26—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
- B01J20/32—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
- B01J20/3202—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating characterised by the carrier, support or substrate used for impregnation or coating
- B01J20/3206—Organic carriers, supports or substrates
- B01J20/3208—Polymeric carriers, supports or substrates
- B01J20/3212—Polymeric carriers, supports or substrates consisting of a polymer obtained by reactions otherwise than involving only carbon to carbon unsaturated bonds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
- B01J20/32—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
- B01J20/3231—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating characterised by the coating or impregnating layer
- B01J20/3234—Inorganic material layers
- B01J20/3236—Inorganic material layers containing metal, other than zeolites, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, sulphides or salts
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
- B01J20/32—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
- B01J20/3231—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating characterised by the coating or impregnating layer
- B01J20/3242—Layers with a functional group, e.g. an affinity material, a ligand, a reactant or a complexing group
- B01J20/3268—Macromolecular compounds
- B01J20/327—Polymers obtained by reactions involving only carbon to carbon unsaturated bonds
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
- B01J20/32—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
- B01J20/3231—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating characterised by the coating or impregnating layer
- B01J20/3242—Layers with a functional group, e.g. an affinity material, a ligand, a reactant or a complexing group
- B01J20/3268—Macromolecular compounds
- B01J20/328—Polymers on the carrier being further modified
- B01J20/3282—Crosslinked polymers
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F3/00—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems
- F24F3/12—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling
- F24F3/14—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification
- F24F3/1411—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification by absorbing or adsorbing water, e.g. using an hygroscopic desiccant
- F24F3/1423—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification by absorbing or adsorbing water, e.g. using an hygroscopic desiccant with a moving bed of solid desiccants, e.g. a rotary wheel supporting solid desiccants
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F2203/00—Devices or apparatus used for air treatment
- F24F2203/10—Rotary wheel
- F24F2203/1032—Desiccant wheel
- F24F2203/1036—Details
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F2203/00—Devices or apparatus used for air treatment
- F24F2203/10—Rotary wheel
- F24F2203/104—Heat exchanger wheel
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24628—Nonplanar uniform thickness material
- Y10T428/24669—Aligned or parallel nonplanarities
- Y10T428/24694—Parallel corrugations
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31855—Of addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
- Y10T428/3188—Next to cellulosic
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31971—Of carbohydrate
- Y10T428/31993—Of paper
Abstract
The invention relates to a composite enthalpy exchanger useful for transferring or removing latent and sensible heat from a gaseous stream. This enthalpy exchanger consists of a cellulose-based substrate impregnated with a polymeric desiccant. Also provided is a method of manufacture of the enthalpy exchanger wherein the process for synthesizin g the polymer on the substrate is disclosed.
Description
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CELLULOSEfPOLYIVIER COMPC1SITE ELVTHALPY FtXCHANGER AND
Technical Field The invention relates to a new sensible and latent heat exchange device, hereinafter termed an entha,ipy exchanger, and to a method for its manufacture. This enthalpy exchanger consists of a celiuloae-based substrate impregnated with a polymeric desiccant. This device has possible applications in the field of air treatment, such as dahuraidit3catioa, in systems for the transfer of moisture and heat between two air sti~cams, in HvAC systems and is other applications involving ~ovater vapour control sad recovery.
Background Art The solid desiccants used is air treatment systems or other applicatioa~s arc primarily inorganic (silica gel, molecular sieves, etc). They take the forth of fine powders which must be bonded to a rigid substrate. There are a number of tcchniqu,cs for depositing these desiccants, somo of which have been patented. Examples include patents filed in the United States under Nos.
3,338,034; x,769,053; 5,052,188; 5,120,694; and 5,496,397. U.S. Patent No.
5,542,968 describes a rn bthod which involves infixing the dosiccant powder 24 with fibres in a solution containing a binder and fire retardants, among other ingrcdfients. A manufacturing process borrowed from the paper industry is then used to produce sheets of this compound.
Another technique disclosed in Canadian Patont No. 1,285,931 involves coating a metallic substrata with a mixture consisting primarily of an inorganic desiccant and a heat-curable binder or adhesive in a solvent. The powder is then bonded to the substrate by heating the article. U.S. Patent No. 4,172,164 describes the use of a solvent to dissolve the surface of the thermoplastic substrate, leaving the polymer particles imbedded in it following evaporation of the solvent. These techniques have the disadvantage of inhibiting to some extent the absorption of water by the :::.::.:;~::::::.::::::::...:.:C.'.~:::2324247 2000-09-15 i'~;rci~iL.;~l~ $E~c <::::;::<:.::::::::::.,...>::-: ~~w:.:. °:;::::...:::,<::::::. ~ i~
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desiccant powder, which may deliquesce and become detached under conditions of actual use.
U.S. Patent ~To. 4,948,659 describes a water absorptive composite comprising a ccllulosic-fibre-based substrate having impregnated therein a polymeric desiccant (water absorptive polymer) obtained by polymerization of an aqueous solution containing an acrylic acid monomer, hydrogen peroxide as initiator and a cross-linking agent. The objective of the invention wan to produce a sanitary product, such as a paper diaper having a water absorption capacity many times its own weight.
In U.S. Patent hIo. 4,606,401 there is shown a highly absorptive material for use in diapers, tampons, sanitary napkins etc. It comprises a substrate of cellulosic fibres to which is applied a water-insoluble cross-linked abaorbcnt polymer or copolyraer of acrylic, methacrylic or other acids. The polymer is applied as a suspension, after which the liquid is r~noved by drying, 13 Summary of the Invention The technique presented here involves the production of an enthalpy exchanger consisting of a cellulose substrate coated with a polymerized desiccant, Polymer-based desiceattta have the advantage of being readily modified to obtain the desired absorptive properties, as wolf as other properties of interest for certain applications. The polymers themselves have relatively good thermal transfer properties thereby enabling sensible heat transfer. They can also be obtained in a number of geometric forms. Some have a certain off pity for structural products used as s5ubstratea, which can facilitate bonding.
Thus, the present invention relates to an enthalpy exchanger comprising a cellulosie fibre-based substrate treated with a polymeric desiccant such that the enthalpy exchanger exhibits controlled swellabllity with absorption of water vapour. The polymeric desiccant is obtained by preparing a polymerlzable a~rganic solution containing (a) a polymeruable monomer selected from the groups consisting of acrylic acid, methacxylic acid and ...... ................................... ... ........ - - _ , . ,;. _.
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itaconic acid wherein up to SQ°/a of the carboxyl groups are neutralized by treatment with a base, (b) a hemolytic reaction initiator, (c) at least O.la/o by weight of a cross-polymerization agent and (d) an organic solvent, this polymerizablc solution containing less than about 3s% by weight of water.
The cellulosic substrate is impregnated with the poiymerizable solution, after which the impregnated substrate is heated in a substantially oxygen-free environment to et~ect polymcrizatioa of the monomer is the substrate.
The substrate thus obtained is then treated with an alkaline solution to transform the polymer iato a salt and the alkaline treated substrate is dried.
A particularly preferred pmduct comprises a potassium salt of acrylic acid polymerized on a conugatcd cardboard substrate. The technique used to bond the desiccaat to the substrate does not alter the properties of the desiccaat, even when the proportion of polymer by mass is relatively low. In addition, the article has good fire resistance and acceptable racohanical strength.
The enthalpy exchanger of this inveatian requires a high rate of absorpdon and desorptioa, so that it may react rapidly to a sudden variation in the concentration of water vapour or other gases in the flow of air in contact with the desiccant. Deposidon of the polymer in a thin layer on the walls of the substrate makes it possible to obtain very rapid sorption kinetics.
Controllable swellability pecrnits repeated cycles of water vapour absorption and desorption. .
In general, the technique consists of preparing a solution with a base of acrylic, methacrylic or itaconic acid or a mixture thereof in which the carboxyl groups are paroialty neutralized by treatment with a base. The monomer is mixed with a sut~cient quantity of a hemolytic reaction initiator such as a peroxide, azabiaisobutyronitrile or other initiator, in an organic solvent, such as acetone, ethylene glycol or propylene glycol. A
cross-polymerization agent such as trimethylotpropane triacrylate or divinylbenzene is added to the solution in a quantity corresponding to the desired density of cross-linkages to be obtained in the polymer. 'fhe solution s'(::y:'v~v~~'.',,,'~,.~:;:~;~<:.::,.'.::;.>.:.,,::::::.:~::.,: ~ t ..
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is well raixed, then applied to the cellulose-based exchanger. Cellulose has been selected because of its chemical at~nity for polymer. The article, impregnated with the solution, is placed in a chamber with low oxygen and heated to a temperature of between SO°C and 80°C. The polymerization reaction thus initiated should be completed within a few minutes, depending on the rate of thermal exchange in the chamber. Once the polymerized solution is bonded to the substrate, the polymer is placed in contact with a hydroxide solution of sodium, potassium, lithium or other monovalent or bivalent canons, The polymer is transformed into a salt, The substrate and desiccant raay then be dried to form a rigid article.
Vfhen the desiccant absorbs water vapour or other products, its volume increases. In certain applications, the swelling may be excessive and must be controlled or minimized. This can be done by simply adjusting the proportions of the products used in the composition of the polymer, such as the cross-polymeri2atian agent. The swelling of the polymer is, in fact, related to the degree of cross-linkage.
The concentration of the base monomer in the solution can be adjusted on the basis of the desired proportion of desiccant by weight to be obtained.
Generally, the amount of polymer present in the article or substrate is firom about 5 to 65% by weight, and preferably fi~om about 15% t0 30% by weight.
The enthalpy exchanger contains passageways which allow the air to circulate and to corns into contact with the substrate walls and the desiccant.
The enthalpy exchanger permits exchanges of sensible heat and moisture with an air stream. Yt may be ~a rotary or static type with parallel or cxoss streams. The first case involves walt.to-air exchanges of sensible and latent heat while, in the second, heat and rnolsture pass through the wall of the excha~ttg~ for transfer fmm one air stream to another.
The enthalpy exchanger of the presant invention can be manufactured by either of two techniques. The first consists of constructing the exchanger In ;;:;;. _:: :;,:;. ::::::: :::CA:::~;2 3 2.4-2' 4 7 2 0 0 0 - 0 9 - 15 '~. ! ~?
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:::?:::::::::::' its final form and impregnating it with the monornor solution, which is then polymerized, The exchanger can be constructed by rolling the substrate to form a whoel, or by stacking the substrate to produce a static exchanger with cross or parallel streams. The substrate may consist of corrugated cardboard, S corrugated paper or any other cellulose-ffbre-based product. The second technique involves impregnating a continuous flat sheet of cellulose-based substrate with the monomer solution, which is then polymerized, The composite sheet thus obtained is comtgated before drying to obtain the desired passageway geometry, then rolled to form a wheel.
The technique used to bond the desiccant to the substrate does not affect the absorptive properties of the desiccant. In addition, it gives the substrate a number of other interesting properties, including mechanical rigidity and fire resistance. Due to the thermal properrlics of the polymer, the desiccant article is also capable of transferring heat from a warm afr (gas) stream to a cool air (gas) stream within a recovery system, The bond obtained between the desiccant and the subsaste is vary strong and permits it to withstand a large number of absorption and desorption cycles without any deterioration in absorptive properties or physical characteristics. A further advantage of this technique is the fact that these properties can be controlled by adjusting the composition and quantity of polymer. Moat supports made from natural or synthetic cellulose fibres are permeable to air, which can pose a contornination problem in certain applications such as air exchangers.
Trreatment of this type of support with the polymer makes it much more air-tight and also more rigid, even using amounts of the polymer on the order of only 10°fo. For an application in the field of total heat excheagers made from paper or cardboard, a quantity of polymer on the order of 15% to 20°~
of total weight has been found to result in a product with very good sorption capacity sad kinetics, good mechanical resistance as well sa very good fire resistance (non-flammability). Furthermore, the product appears to have bactericidal properties and transfers virtually none of the eonsaminants present in the nix. These last two properties are particularly itaportant for applications in the domestic sector.
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Cellulosic-based substrates are desirable due to its chemical affinity for polymer and its tow cast. Preferably, the support is made from corrugated cardboard or paper due to the high qualitylprice ratio. The polymer has also been successfully deposited on silica-gel powder in order ro fix it by some S other technique, such as gluing on to substrates made of metal or plastic material.
The monomer solution consists primarily of s mernbox of the carboxylic acid family such as acrylic acid or tnethacrylie e~cid, a homalytic reaction initiator such as peroxide, and a cross-polymcrizadon agent such as trimethylolpropane triacrylate. The mixture is soluble in an organic solvent such as acetone.
Following impregnation with the solution, the substrate is heated is a chamber with very low oxygen to a temperature of between 50°C
(122°F) and 80°C (1'76°F).
The acidic polymer is then placed in contact with an alkaline solution of sodium, pOta9Sluttl Or atl7Cr hydroxide, to transform it into a salt of these cations. This operation gives the polymer, and thus the enthalpy exchanger, its absorptive properties.
Beet Mode for CarrylnS Ont the Invention The process of applying the polymeric desiccant material to the ccllulosic substxate as either a stock material or as a pre-constructed article made from a ccllulasic substrate is generally carried out in the same maanor. 'The process consists of preparing a monomer salutlon with a base of acrylic, methacrylic or itaconic acid or a mixture thereof. The concentration of the base monomer in the solution can be adjusted on the basis of the desired proportion of desiccant by weight to be obtained. In the preferred eznbadiiresnt, acrylic acid is used, The quantity of acrylic acid should be betwocn 2.5M and 4.0M; at less than 2.5M, the gol obtained will be insufficiently rigid, and above 4.0M, there is a risk of the reacttton being too violent (exothcrmie) and thus diffcult to control, Up to SO%, preferably ::=::;~::,~:,::::::z:::::::::C'~:::~2:32.42.47 2000-09-15 P~ t.y~~'f :"::::~~_.:..:.~.,~~:::,>~'.~>'~~:.,::... %' .:'~,."y'~.::.~.:;; ~~~.f\!~~ .~~
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20% to 50%, of the carboxyl groups must be neutralized by adding a solution of a base ouch as KOH dissolved in water. The total quantity of water in the final solution must not exceed 3 5% of the overall volume. A
greater volume of water would risk destroying the structure of the oellulosic fibre support and would limit the maximum quantity of dissolved cross-polyrnerizing agent.
The monorfler is then mixed with a su~cient quantity of a hemolytic reaction initiator such as a peroxide, azabislsobutyronitrile or other initiator, ' is an organio solvent. Other possible choices of initiator include a peroxide such as sodiuta, ammonium or potassium persulphate, a hydroxyperoxide such as cumene hydroxyperoxide or an alkyl peroxide such as di-tart.
butylperoxidc. Peroxide is preferred because of its non-toxicity and low cost. The amount of reaGt~ion-initiating agent must be su~cient to start the reaction, that is, about 1% of the total solution weight, although an excess of this substance would have no imgact on the polymerized product.
A cross-polymerization agent such as trimethylolpmpane triaerylate, propane ethoxylate, triacrylate, divinyl benzene or other cross-polymerization agent is added to the solution in a quantity corresponding to the desired density of cross-Linkages to be obtained is the polymer. To obtain an article capable of absorbing enough water vapour without excessive swell~ttg, ft is neeeasary to use 0,19~a to 2.0% by weight of a cross-polymerizing agent, preferably trimethylolpropane triacrylate.
Trintethylolpropane triacrylate is preferred because of its cost. A proportion on the order of 1% of total weight has. been found to produce the best compramiae for the desired properties in au enthalpy exchanger. The increase in volume (or swelling) of the desiccant material as a result of the absorption of water vapour can be controlled by the proportion of cr~oss-polymerization agent used to synthesize the polymer.
A quantity of organic solvents (acetone, for example) must lx added to bring about complete solution. Other solvents may be used or mixed with the acetone. In order to minimize logs of acrylic acid during the heating . ~~( CA 02324247 2000-09-15 ~ r, nPn ~~~;~- ' :::::::.: :..~._ ::.:::::::::............:::::::::::: ~.....
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phase, it ie possible to use propylene glycol, ethylene glycol or other solvents compatible with acetone and having a high boiling point.
The solution is well mixed, then applied to the cellulose-based substrate or the pre-constructed article, The article, impregnated with the solution, is placed is a closed chamber containing minimum oxygen and heated to a temperature sufficient to initiate polymerization. The polymerization reaction thus initiated should be completed within a few minutes, depending on the raft of thermal exchange in the chamber, Since polymerization is a radical ruction which is blocked in the presence of oxygen, it is therefore preferable to minimize the amount of oxygen in the solution in order to avoid the formation of short-chain molecules or a poor polymerization yield.
The presence of minute quantities of oxygen should have no perceptible effect on the quality of polytnecization. In practice, purging with a flow of nitrogen or argon is usually sufFeient to displace any oxygen dissolved in the solution or present in the load space around the article.
Heating bernperature must be su$icient to initiate polymerization, but rnuat not lead to excessive evaporation of the acrylic acid. A temperature of 80°C
to 120'C is suggested. Preferably, the heating equipment will be sufficiently powerful to minimize the heating time.
High-frequeaey or nucrawave ovens are aspeciaUy reconstuended, but a sufficiently powerful conventional oven can be used effectively and can reduce manufacturing coats.
The extent of ccose-linlotge is fixed by the amount of cross.polymerizing aEent which has actually reacted during the polymerization. To that end, it is irnpoctaat to ensure that it is uniformly and completely dissolved in the monorntr solution, In the present case, where the profaned agent is trimethylolpcopane triacrylato which has limited aqueous solubility, it is necessary to use organic solvents such as acetone, propylene glycol as well as other compatible solvents. The organic solvents promote improved solubility of the cross-polymerizing agent, which makes it possible to obtain ....................,.....,CA .023,2.4247 2000-09-15 t,~n~; ~~~~"~~
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a polymeric geI with a three-dimensional structure, It is preferable to limit the volume of water to 35% of the total volume of monomer solution.
Once the polymerized solution is bonded to the substrate, the polymer is placed in contact with a hydroxide solution of sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium or other monovalent or bivalent rations. ?he polymer is transformed into a salt of the canon con-espoadiag to the alkaline solution used to give the polymer its absorptive properties. In the preferred embodiment, the acrylic acid based polymer is converted to a polyacrylic acid salt by wetting the article with a solution of potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide dissolved in methanol. Potassium hydroxide is preferred as it gives the polymer batter absorptive properties.
The treated article or substrate is then dried or allowed to dry, if necessary.
In the case of the polymerization treatment being applied to a substrate, the substrate is then used generally as stock material in the fabrication of the enthalpy exchanger's "working" components.
An illustration of the principles of the present invention is provided by way of the following example.
EXAMPLE
l An enthalpy-oxcchsnge whorl containing 20% by weight of the polymer obtained by starting with a solution of 2.5M of acrylic acid it 250 ml of aqueous KOH, with 1% by weight of trimethylolpmpane triacrylate, I% by weight of peroxide and the rust acetone by volume, the absorption capacities arc 300, 40% sad 95% is the presence of a flow of air with a relative humidity of 30'/0, 609 sad 90'/o respectively, The wheel exhibits a high rate of absorption and desorptlon and reacts rapidly to a sudden variation in the concentration of water vapour or other gasps in the flow of sir in contact therewith. Tests carried out with fttll-size enthalpy exchangers showed that the polymer has very good sorption kinetics for water vapour, even under exttane conditions of use.
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.........:.......~..~.. ....~..: :...>....~.~.~:..,.:... ~.::h.::: ~ y : ::'-::::'i It will be understood from the foregoing that the example and embodiJments referred to herein are intended to be illustrative of the principles of the invention and shauld not be construed as limiting. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications andlor substitutions in both tile materials and the method can be effected without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defused in the appended claims.
Industrial Applicability The enthalpy exchanger in accordance with the present invention has possible app1icntinna in the field of air treatment, such as dehumidification, 1 a in systems for the transfer of moisture sad best between two air s~caams, in HYAC systeJms and in other applications involving water vapour control and recovery, ::::::::;.::::::::<::::::::::;::::::::.::,.::~:,.::::::;>
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CELLULOSEfPOLYIVIER COMPC1SITE ELVTHALPY FtXCHANGER AND
Technical Field The invention relates to a new sensible and latent heat exchange device, hereinafter termed an entha,ipy exchanger, and to a method for its manufacture. This enthalpy exchanger consists of a celiuloae-based substrate impregnated with a polymeric desiccant. This device has possible applications in the field of air treatment, such as dahuraidit3catioa, in systems for the transfer of moisture and heat between two air sti~cams, in HvAC systems and is other applications involving ~ovater vapour control sad recovery.
Background Art The solid desiccants used is air treatment systems or other applicatioa~s arc primarily inorganic (silica gel, molecular sieves, etc). They take the forth of fine powders which must be bonded to a rigid substrate. There are a number of tcchniqu,cs for depositing these desiccants, somo of which have been patented. Examples include patents filed in the United States under Nos.
3,338,034; x,769,053; 5,052,188; 5,120,694; and 5,496,397. U.S. Patent No.
5,542,968 describes a rn bthod which involves infixing the dosiccant powder 24 with fibres in a solution containing a binder and fire retardants, among other ingrcdfients. A manufacturing process borrowed from the paper industry is then used to produce sheets of this compound.
Another technique disclosed in Canadian Patont No. 1,285,931 involves coating a metallic substrata with a mixture consisting primarily of an inorganic desiccant and a heat-curable binder or adhesive in a solvent. The powder is then bonded to the substrate by heating the article. U.S. Patent No. 4,172,164 describes the use of a solvent to dissolve the surface of the thermoplastic substrate, leaving the polymer particles imbedded in it following evaporation of the solvent. These techniques have the disadvantage of inhibiting to some extent the absorption of water by the :::.::.:;~::::::.::::::::...:.:C.'.~:::2324247 2000-09-15 i'~;rci~iL.;~l~ $E~c <::::;::<:.::::::::::.,...>::-: ~~w:.:. °:;::::...:::,<::::::. ~ i~
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desiccant powder, which may deliquesce and become detached under conditions of actual use.
U.S. Patent ~To. 4,948,659 describes a water absorptive composite comprising a ccllulosic-fibre-based substrate having impregnated therein a polymeric desiccant (water absorptive polymer) obtained by polymerization of an aqueous solution containing an acrylic acid monomer, hydrogen peroxide as initiator and a cross-linking agent. The objective of the invention wan to produce a sanitary product, such as a paper diaper having a water absorption capacity many times its own weight.
In U.S. Patent hIo. 4,606,401 there is shown a highly absorptive material for use in diapers, tampons, sanitary napkins etc. It comprises a substrate of cellulosic fibres to which is applied a water-insoluble cross-linked abaorbcnt polymer or copolyraer of acrylic, methacrylic or other acids. The polymer is applied as a suspension, after which the liquid is r~noved by drying, 13 Summary of the Invention The technique presented here involves the production of an enthalpy exchanger consisting of a cellulose substrate coated with a polymerized desiccant, Polymer-based desiceattta have the advantage of being readily modified to obtain the desired absorptive properties, as wolf as other properties of interest for certain applications. The polymers themselves have relatively good thermal transfer properties thereby enabling sensible heat transfer. They can also be obtained in a number of geometric forms. Some have a certain off pity for structural products used as s5ubstratea, which can facilitate bonding.
Thus, the present invention relates to an enthalpy exchanger comprising a cellulosie fibre-based substrate treated with a polymeric desiccant such that the enthalpy exchanger exhibits controlled swellabllity with absorption of water vapour. The polymeric desiccant is obtained by preparing a polymerlzable a~rganic solution containing (a) a polymeruable monomer selected from the groups consisting of acrylic acid, methacxylic acid and ...... ................................... ... ........ - - _ , . ,;. _.
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itaconic acid wherein up to SQ°/a of the carboxyl groups are neutralized by treatment with a base, (b) a hemolytic reaction initiator, (c) at least O.la/o by weight of a cross-polymerization agent and (d) an organic solvent, this polymerizablc solution containing less than about 3s% by weight of water.
The cellulosic substrate is impregnated with the poiymerizable solution, after which the impregnated substrate is heated in a substantially oxygen-free environment to et~ect polymcrizatioa of the monomer is the substrate.
The substrate thus obtained is then treated with an alkaline solution to transform the polymer iato a salt and the alkaline treated substrate is dried.
A particularly preferred pmduct comprises a potassium salt of acrylic acid polymerized on a conugatcd cardboard substrate. The technique used to bond the desiccaat to the substrate does not alter the properties of the desiccaat, even when the proportion of polymer by mass is relatively low. In addition, the article has good fire resistance and acceptable racohanical strength.
The enthalpy exchanger of this inveatian requires a high rate of absorpdon and desorptioa, so that it may react rapidly to a sudden variation in the concentration of water vapour or other gases in the flow of air in contact with the desiccant. Deposidon of the polymer in a thin layer on the walls of the substrate makes it possible to obtain very rapid sorption kinetics.
Controllable swellability pecrnits repeated cycles of water vapour absorption and desorption. .
In general, the technique consists of preparing a solution with a base of acrylic, methacrylic or itaconic acid or a mixture thereof in which the carboxyl groups are paroialty neutralized by treatment with a base. The monomer is mixed with a sut~cient quantity of a hemolytic reaction initiator such as a peroxide, azabiaisobutyronitrile or other initiator, in an organic solvent, such as acetone, ethylene glycol or propylene glycol. A
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is well raixed, then applied to the cellulose-based exchanger. Cellulose has been selected because of its chemical at~nity for polymer. The article, impregnated with the solution, is placed in a chamber with low oxygen and heated to a temperature of between SO°C and 80°C. The polymerization reaction thus initiated should be completed within a few minutes, depending on the rate of thermal exchange in the chamber. Once the polymerized solution is bonded to the substrate, the polymer is placed in contact with a hydroxide solution of sodium, potassium, lithium or other monovalent or bivalent canons, The polymer is transformed into a salt, The substrate and desiccant raay then be dried to form a rigid article.
Vfhen the desiccant absorbs water vapour or other products, its volume increases. In certain applications, the swelling may be excessive and must be controlled or minimized. This can be done by simply adjusting the proportions of the products used in the composition of the polymer, such as the cross-polymeri2atian agent. The swelling of the polymer is, in fact, related to the degree of cross-linkage.
The concentration of the base monomer in the solution can be adjusted on the basis of the desired proportion of desiccant by weight to be obtained.
Generally, the amount of polymer present in the article or substrate is firom about 5 to 65% by weight, and preferably fi~om about 15% t0 30% by weight.
The enthalpy exchanger contains passageways which allow the air to circulate and to corns into contact with the substrate walls and the desiccant.
The enthalpy exchanger permits exchanges of sensible heat and moisture with an air stream. Yt may be ~a rotary or static type with parallel or cxoss streams. The first case involves walt.to-air exchanges of sensible and latent heat while, in the second, heat and rnolsture pass through the wall of the excha~ttg~ for transfer fmm one air stream to another.
The enthalpy exchanger of the presant invention can be manufactured by either of two techniques. The first consists of constructing the exchanger In ;;:;;. _:: :;,:;. ::::::: :::CA:::~;2 3 2.4-2' 4 7 2 0 0 0 - 0 9 - 15 '~. ! ~?
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:::?:::::::::::' its final form and impregnating it with the monornor solution, which is then polymerized, The exchanger can be constructed by rolling the substrate to form a whoel, or by stacking the substrate to produce a static exchanger with cross or parallel streams. The substrate may consist of corrugated cardboard, S corrugated paper or any other cellulose-ffbre-based product. The second technique involves impregnating a continuous flat sheet of cellulose-based substrate with the monomer solution, which is then polymerized, The composite sheet thus obtained is comtgated before drying to obtain the desired passageway geometry, then rolled to form a wheel.
The technique used to bond the desiccant to the substrate does not affect the absorptive properties of the desiccant. In addition, it gives the substrate a number of other interesting properties, including mechanical rigidity and fire resistance. Due to the thermal properrlics of the polymer, the desiccant article is also capable of transferring heat from a warm afr (gas) stream to a cool air (gas) stream within a recovery system, The bond obtained between the desiccant and the subsaste is vary strong and permits it to withstand a large number of absorption and desorption cycles without any deterioration in absorptive properties or physical characteristics. A further advantage of this technique is the fact that these properties can be controlled by adjusting the composition and quantity of polymer. Moat supports made from natural or synthetic cellulose fibres are permeable to air, which can pose a contornination problem in certain applications such as air exchangers.
Trreatment of this type of support with the polymer makes it much more air-tight and also more rigid, even using amounts of the polymer on the order of only 10°fo. For an application in the field of total heat excheagers made from paper or cardboard, a quantity of polymer on the order of 15% to 20°~
of total weight has been found to result in a product with very good sorption capacity sad kinetics, good mechanical resistance as well sa very good fire resistance (non-flammability). Furthermore, the product appears to have bactericidal properties and transfers virtually none of the eonsaminants present in the nix. These last two properties are particularly itaportant for applications in the domestic sector.
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Cellulosic-based substrates are desirable due to its chemical affinity for polymer and its tow cast. Preferably, the support is made from corrugated cardboard or paper due to the high qualitylprice ratio. The polymer has also been successfully deposited on silica-gel powder in order ro fix it by some S other technique, such as gluing on to substrates made of metal or plastic material.
The monomer solution consists primarily of s mernbox of the carboxylic acid family such as acrylic acid or tnethacrylie e~cid, a homalytic reaction initiator such as peroxide, and a cross-polymcrizadon agent such as trimethylolpropane triacrylate. The mixture is soluble in an organic solvent such as acetone.
Following impregnation with the solution, the substrate is heated is a chamber with very low oxygen to a temperature of between 50°C
(122°F) and 80°C (1'76°F).
The acidic polymer is then placed in contact with an alkaline solution of sodium, pOta9Sluttl Or atl7Cr hydroxide, to transform it into a salt of these cations. This operation gives the polymer, and thus the enthalpy exchanger, its absorptive properties.
Beet Mode for CarrylnS Ont the Invention The process of applying the polymeric desiccant material to the ccllulosic substxate as either a stock material or as a pre-constructed article made from a ccllulasic substrate is generally carried out in the same maanor. 'The process consists of preparing a monomer salutlon with a base of acrylic, methacrylic or itaconic acid or a mixture thereof. The concentration of the base monomer in the solution can be adjusted on the basis of the desired proportion of desiccant by weight to be obtained. In the preferred eznbadiiresnt, acrylic acid is used, The quantity of acrylic acid should be betwocn 2.5M and 4.0M; at less than 2.5M, the gol obtained will be insufficiently rigid, and above 4.0M, there is a risk of the reacttton being too violent (exothcrmie) and thus diffcult to control, Up to SO%, preferably ::=::;~::,~:,::::::z:::::::::C'~:::~2:32.42.47 2000-09-15 P~ t.y~~'f :"::::~~_.:..:.~.,~~:::,>~'.~>'~~:.,::... %' .:'~,."y'~.::.~.:;; ~~~.f\!~~ .~~
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20% to 50%, of the carboxyl groups must be neutralized by adding a solution of a base ouch as KOH dissolved in water. The total quantity of water in the final solution must not exceed 3 5% of the overall volume. A
greater volume of water would risk destroying the structure of the oellulosic fibre support and would limit the maximum quantity of dissolved cross-polyrnerizing agent.
The monorfler is then mixed with a su~cient quantity of a hemolytic reaction initiator such as a peroxide, azabislsobutyronitrile or other initiator, ' is an organio solvent. Other possible choices of initiator include a peroxide such as sodiuta, ammonium or potassium persulphate, a hydroxyperoxide such as cumene hydroxyperoxide or an alkyl peroxide such as di-tart.
butylperoxidc. Peroxide is preferred because of its non-toxicity and low cost. The amount of reaGt~ion-initiating agent must be su~cient to start the reaction, that is, about 1% of the total solution weight, although an excess of this substance would have no imgact on the polymerized product.
A cross-polymerization agent such as trimethylolpmpane triaerylate, propane ethoxylate, triacrylate, divinyl benzene or other cross-polymerization agent is added to the solution in a quantity corresponding to the desired density of cross-Linkages to be obtained is the polymer. To obtain an article capable of absorbing enough water vapour without excessive swell~ttg, ft is neeeasary to use 0,19~a to 2.0% by weight of a cross-polymerizing agent, preferably trimethylolpropane triacrylate.
Trintethylolpropane triacrylate is preferred because of its cost. A proportion on the order of 1% of total weight has. been found to produce the best compramiae for the desired properties in au enthalpy exchanger. The increase in volume (or swelling) of the desiccant material as a result of the absorption of water vapour can be controlled by the proportion of cr~oss-polymerization agent used to synthesize the polymer.
A quantity of organic solvents (acetone, for example) must lx added to bring about complete solution. Other solvents may be used or mixed with the acetone. In order to minimize logs of acrylic acid during the heating . ~~( CA 02324247 2000-09-15 ~ r, nPn ~~~;~- ' :::::::.: :..~._ ::.:::::::::............:::::::::::: ~.....
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phase, it ie possible to use propylene glycol, ethylene glycol or other solvents compatible with acetone and having a high boiling point.
The solution is well mixed, then applied to the cellulose-based substrate or the pre-constructed article, The article, impregnated with the solution, is placed is a closed chamber containing minimum oxygen and heated to a temperature sufficient to initiate polymerization. The polymerization reaction thus initiated should be completed within a few minutes, depending on the raft of thermal exchange in the chamber, Since polymerization is a radical ruction which is blocked in the presence of oxygen, it is therefore preferable to minimize the amount of oxygen in the solution in order to avoid the formation of short-chain molecules or a poor polymerization yield.
The presence of minute quantities of oxygen should have no perceptible effect on the quality of polytnecization. In practice, purging with a flow of nitrogen or argon is usually sufFeient to displace any oxygen dissolved in the solution or present in the load space around the article.
Heating bernperature must be su$icient to initiate polymerization, but rnuat not lead to excessive evaporation of the acrylic acid. A temperature of 80°C
to 120'C is suggested. Preferably, the heating equipment will be sufficiently powerful to minimize the heating time.
High-frequeaey or nucrawave ovens are aspeciaUy reconstuended, but a sufficiently powerful conventional oven can be used effectively and can reduce manufacturing coats.
The extent of ccose-linlotge is fixed by the amount of cross.polymerizing aEent which has actually reacted during the polymerization. To that end, it is irnpoctaat to ensure that it is uniformly and completely dissolved in the monorntr solution, In the present case, where the profaned agent is trimethylolpcopane triacrylato which has limited aqueous solubility, it is necessary to use organic solvents such as acetone, propylene glycol as well as other compatible solvents. The organic solvents promote improved solubility of the cross-polymerizing agent, which makes it possible to obtain ....................,.....,CA .023,2.4247 2000-09-15 t,~n~; ~~~~"~~
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a polymeric geI with a three-dimensional structure, It is preferable to limit the volume of water to 35% of the total volume of monomer solution.
Once the polymerized solution is bonded to the substrate, the polymer is placed in contact with a hydroxide solution of sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium or other monovalent or bivalent rations. ?he polymer is transformed into a salt of the canon con-espoadiag to the alkaline solution used to give the polymer its absorptive properties. In the preferred embodiment, the acrylic acid based polymer is converted to a polyacrylic acid salt by wetting the article with a solution of potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide dissolved in methanol. Potassium hydroxide is preferred as it gives the polymer batter absorptive properties.
The treated article or substrate is then dried or allowed to dry, if necessary.
In the case of the polymerization treatment being applied to a substrate, the substrate is then used generally as stock material in the fabrication of the enthalpy exchanger's "working" components.
An illustration of the principles of the present invention is provided by way of the following example.
EXAMPLE
l An enthalpy-oxcchsnge whorl containing 20% by weight of the polymer obtained by starting with a solution of 2.5M of acrylic acid it 250 ml of aqueous KOH, with 1% by weight of trimethylolpmpane triacrylate, I% by weight of peroxide and the rust acetone by volume, the absorption capacities arc 300, 40% sad 95% is the presence of a flow of air with a relative humidity of 30'/0, 609 sad 90'/o respectively, The wheel exhibits a high rate of absorption and desorptlon and reacts rapidly to a sudden variation in the concentration of water vapour or other gasps in the flow of sir in contact therewith. Tests carried out with fttll-size enthalpy exchangers showed that the polymer has very good sorption kinetics for water vapour, even under exttane conditions of use.
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.........:.......~..~.. ....~..: :...>....~.~.~:..,.:... ~.::h.::: ~ y : ::'-::::'i It will be understood from the foregoing that the example and embodiJments referred to herein are intended to be illustrative of the principles of the invention and shauld not be construed as limiting. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications andlor substitutions in both tile materials and the method can be effected without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defused in the appended claims.
Industrial Applicability The enthalpy exchanger in accordance with the present invention has possible app1icntinna in the field of air treatment, such as dehumidification, 1 a in systems for the transfer of moisture sad best between two air s~caams, in HYAC systeJms and in other applications involving water vapour control and recovery, ::::::::;.::::::::<::::::::::;::::::::.::,.::~:,.::::::;>
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Claims (4)
1. An enthalpy exchanger comprising a cellulosic fibre-based substrate treated with a polymeric desiccant, wherein the polymeric desiccant is obtained by preparing a polymerizable organic solution containing (a) a polymerizable monomer selected from the groups consisting of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and itaconic acid wherein up to 50% of the carboxyl groups are neutralized by treatment with a base, (b) a homolytic reaction initiator, (c) at least 0.1% by weight a cross-polymerization agent and (d) an organic solvent, said polymerizable solution containing less than about 35%
by weight of water, impregnating said cellulosic substrate with said polymerizable solution, heating said impregnated substrate in a substantially oxygen-free environment to effect polymerization of the monomer on the substrate, treating the substrate thus obtained with an alkaline solution to transform the polymer into a salt and drying the alkaline treated substrate.
by weight of water, impregnating said cellulosic substrate with said polymerizable solution, heating said impregnated substrate in a substantially oxygen-free environment to effect polymerization of the monomer on the substrate, treating the substrate thus obtained with an alkaline solution to transform the polymer into a salt and drying the alkaline treated substrate.
2. An enthalpy exchanger of claim 1, wherein the polymeric desiccant treated substrate is a cardboard or paper substrate formed as a rotary enthalpy wheel.
3. An enthalpy exchanger of claim 1, wherein the polymeric desiccant treated substrate comprises cardboard or paper substrate formed as a static enthalpy exchanger.
4. A process for making an enthalpy exchanger of a predetermined structure comprising cardboard or paper sheets which are either rolled around a hub to form a multi-layer wheel with transverse passageways or are stacked to form a multi-layer structure having transverse passageways, the process comprising the steps of:
(a) preparing a polymerizable organic solution containing a polymerizable monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and itaconic acid in which up to 50% of the carboxyl groups are neutralized by treatment with a base, a homolytic reaction initiator, at least 0.1% by weight of a cross-polymerization agent and an organic solvent, said polymerizable organic solution containing less than 35% by weight of water;
(b) impregnating said cardboard or paper sheets with the solution defined in (a);
(c) heating the impregnated sheets in a substantially oxygen-free atmosphere to initiate polymerization of the monomer;
(d) treating the polymerized sheets in an alkaline solution to transform the polymer into a salt; and (e) drying the sheets to form the enthalpy exchanger.
5. The process of claim 4, wherein the cardboard or paper sheets are in corrugated form.
6. The process of claim 5, wherein the cardboard or paper sheets are impregnated before being formed into a multi-layer wheel or multi-layer stack.
7. The process of claim 5, wherein the cardboard or paper sheets are impregnated after being formed into a multi-layer wheel or multi-layer stack.
8. The process of claim 4, wherein the sheets being impregnated are paper sheets which are impregnated with said polymerizable organic solution and polymerized in the form of flat sheets and then corrugated prior to drying.
9. The process of any one of claims 4 to 8, wherein the monomer is acrylic acid which is present in the solution in a concentration between 2.5 M to 4.0 M.
10. The process of any one of claims 4 to 9, wherein the homolytic reaction initiator is peroxide, sodium persulphate or azabisisobutyronitrile.
11. The process of any one of claims 4 to 10, wherein the amount of cross-polymerization agent in the solution is between 0.1-2% by weight.
12. The process of any one of claims 4 to 11, wherein the organic solvent is acetone or a glycol.
13. The process of any one of claims 4 to 12, wherein the cross-polymerization agent is trimethylolpropane triacrylate.
14. The process of claim 11, wherein the amount of cross-polymerization agent in the solution is between 1-2% by weight of the amount of acrylic acid.
15. The process of any one of claims 4 to 14, wherein the polymerizable organic solution is trimethylolpropane ethoxylate triacrylate or divinyl benzene.
16. The process of any one of claims 4 to 15, wherein the polymerizable organic solution is heated to a temperature of from 60°C (140°F) to 80°C
(176°F) to initiate polymerization.
17. The process of any one of claims 4 to 16, wherein the alkaline solution contains a monovalent cation of potassium, sodium, lithium or ammonium.
18. The process of claim 17, wherein the alkaline solution contains potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide dissolved in methanol.
19. The process of any one of claims 4 to 18, wherein about 20-50% of the carboxyl groups in the monomer are neutralized.
20. An enthalpy exchanger of a predetermined structure comprising cardboard or paper sheets which are either rolled around a hub to form a multi-layer wheel with transverse passageways or are stacked to form a multi-layer structure having transverse passageways, made by the process of
4. A process for making an enthalpy exchanger of a predetermined structure comprising cardboard or paper sheets which are either rolled around a hub to form a multi-layer wheel with transverse passageways or are stacked to form a multi-layer structure having transverse passageways, the process comprising the steps of:
(a) preparing a polymerizable organic solution containing a polymerizable monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and itaconic acid in which up to 50% of the carboxyl groups are neutralized by treatment with a base, a homolytic reaction initiator, at least 0.1% by weight of a cross-polymerization agent and an organic solvent, said polymerizable organic solution containing less than 35% by weight of water;
(b) impregnating said cardboard or paper sheets with the solution defined in (a);
(c) heating the impregnated sheets in a substantially oxygen-free atmosphere to initiate polymerization of the monomer;
(d) treating the polymerized sheets in an alkaline solution to transform the polymer into a salt; and (e) drying the sheets to form the enthalpy exchanger.
5. The process of claim 4, wherein the cardboard or paper sheets are in corrugated form.
6. The process of claim 5, wherein the cardboard or paper sheets are impregnated before being formed into a multi-layer wheel or multi-layer stack.
7. The process of claim 5, wherein the cardboard or paper sheets are impregnated after being formed into a multi-layer wheel or multi-layer stack.
8. The process of claim 4, wherein the sheets being impregnated are paper sheets which are impregnated with said polymerizable organic solution and polymerized in the form of flat sheets and then corrugated prior to drying.
9. The process of any one of claims 4 to 8, wherein the monomer is acrylic acid which is present in the solution in a concentration between 2.5 M to 4.0 M.
10. The process of any one of claims 4 to 9, wherein the homolytic reaction initiator is peroxide, sodium persulphate or azabisisobutyronitrile.
11. The process of any one of claims 4 to 10, wherein the amount of cross-polymerization agent in the solution is between 0.1-2% by weight.
12. The process of any one of claims 4 to 11, wherein the organic solvent is acetone or a glycol.
13. The process of any one of claims 4 to 12, wherein the cross-polymerization agent is trimethylolpropane triacrylate.
14. The process of claim 11, wherein the amount of cross-polymerization agent in the solution is between 1-2% by weight of the amount of acrylic acid.
15. The process of any one of claims 4 to 14, wherein the polymerizable organic solution is trimethylolpropane ethoxylate triacrylate or divinyl benzene.
16. The process of any one of claims 4 to 15, wherein the polymerizable organic solution is heated to a temperature of from 60°C (140°F) to 80°C
(176°F) to initiate polymerization.
17. The process of any one of claims 4 to 16, wherein the alkaline solution contains a monovalent cation of potassium, sodium, lithium or ammonium.
18. The process of claim 17, wherein the alkaline solution contains potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide dissolved in methanol.
19. The process of any one of claims 4 to 18, wherein about 20-50% of the carboxyl groups in the monomer are neutralized.
20. An enthalpy exchanger of a predetermined structure comprising cardboard or paper sheets which are either rolled around a hub to form a multi-layer wheel with transverse passageways or are stacked to form a multi-layer structure having transverse passageways, made by the process of
claim 4.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US09/039,410 | 1998-03-16 | ||
| US09/039,410 US6228506B1 (en) | 1998-03-16 | 1998-03-16 | Cellulose/polymer composite enthalpy exchanger and method for its manufacture |
| PCT/CA1999/000215 WO1999047239A1 (en) | 1998-03-16 | 1999-03-15 | Cellulose/polymer composite enthalpy exchanger and method for its manufacture |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2324247A1 CA2324247A1 (en) | 1999-09-23 |
| CA2324247C true CA2324247C (en) | 2004-02-10 |
Family
ID=21905304
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002324247A Expired - Lifetime CA2324247C (en) | 1998-03-16 | 1999-03-15 | Cellulose/polymer composite enthalpy exchanger and method for its manufacture |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6228506B1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU2708999A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2324247C (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1999047239A1 (en) |
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| US8440290B2 (en) | 1999-10-22 | 2013-05-14 | Anne Yaeger | Contact media for evaporative coolers |
| SE515612E (en) * | 1999-12-09 | 2009-02-26 | Proflute Ab | Bacteriostatic moisture exchange element and process for its preparation |
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| JP5070442B2 (en) * | 2002-02-28 | 2012-11-14 | 株式会社Ｐｈｇ | Novel polypeptide and method for producing the same |
| US6997977B2 (en) * | 2002-07-31 | 2006-02-14 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Adsorptive duct for contaminant removal, and methods |
| US20040069146A1 (en) * | 2002-07-31 | 2004-04-15 | Carter Steven Alan | Adsorptive duct for contaminant removal, and methods |
| US7186318B2 (en) * | 2003-12-19 | 2007-03-06 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Soft tissue hydrophilic tissue products containing polysiloxane and having unique absorbent properties |
| US7479578B2 (en) * | 2003-12-19 | 2009-01-20 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Highly wettable—highly flexible fluff fibers and disposable absorbent products made of those |
| US7147752B2 (en) | 2003-12-19 | 2006-12-12 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Hydrophilic fibers containing substantive polysiloxanes and tissue products made therefrom |
| US7811948B2 (en) * | 2003-12-19 | 2010-10-12 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Tissue sheets containing multiple polysiloxanes and having regions of varying hydrophobicity |
| JP4975970B2 (en) * | 2005-01-21 | 2012-07-11 | 日本エクスラン工業株式会社 | Sorptive heat exchange module and method for producing the same |
| WO2010132983A1 (en) | 2009-05-18 | 2010-11-25 | Dpoint Technologies Inc. | Coated membranes for enthalpy exchange and other applications |
| EP2618090B1 (en) | 2012-01-20 | 2014-10-15 | Westwind Limited | Heat exchanger element and method for the production |
| JP5816821B2 (en) * | 2012-09-11 | 2015-11-18 | パナソニックＩｐマネジメント株式会社 | Total heat exchange element partition member and total heat exchange element and heat exchange type ventilator using the total heat exchange element partition member |
| CA2872185C (en) | 2013-07-19 | 2015-12-15 | Marcel Riendeau | Heat / enthalpy exchanger element and method for the production |
| JPWO2020166653A1 (en) * | 2019-02-14 | 2021-12-09 | 三菱製紙株式会社 | Total heat exchange element Paper and total heat exchange element |
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-
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- 1999-03-15 AU AU27089/99A patent/AU2708999A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-03-15 CA CA002324247A patent/CA2324247C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-03-15 WO PCT/CA1999/000215 patent/WO1999047239A1/en active Application Filing
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2324247A1 (en) | 1999-09-23 |
| WO1999047239A1 (en) | 1999-09-23 |
| US6228506B1 (en) | 2001-05-08 |
| AU2708999A (en) | 1999-10-11 |
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