CA2313067A1 - Porous tissue scaffoldings for the repair or regeneration of tissue - Google Patents

Porous tissue scaffoldings for the repair or regeneration of tissue Download PDF

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Publication number
CA2313067A1
CA2313067A1 CA 2313067 CA2313067A CA2313067A1 CA 2313067 A1 CA2313067 A1 CA 2313067A1 CA 2313067 CA2313067 CA 2313067 CA 2313067 A CA2313067 A CA 2313067A CA 2313067 A1 CA2313067 A1 CA 2313067A1
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Canada
Prior art keywords
biocompatible
foam
cells
group
gradient
Prior art date
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Granted
Application number
CA 2313067
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French (fr)
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CA2313067C (en
Inventor
Murty N. Vyakarnam
Mark C. Zimmerman
Angelo George Scopelianos
Mark B. Roller
David V. Gorky
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Ethicon Inc
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Ethicon Inc
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Publication date
Priority claimed from US09/345,096 external-priority patent/US6333029B1/en
Application filed by Ethicon Inc filed Critical Ethicon Inc
Publication of CA2313067A1 publication Critical patent/CA2313067A1/en
Priority claimed from CA002338440A external-priority patent/CA2338440C/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of CA2313067C publication Critical patent/CA2313067C/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

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Abstract

The present patent describes a three-dimensional inter-connected open cell porous foams that have a gradient in composition and/or microstructure through one or more directions. These foams can be made from a blend of absorbable and biocompatible polymers that are formed into foams having a compositional gradient transitioning from predominately one polymeric material to predominately a second polymeric material. These gradient foams are particularly well suited to tissue engineering applications and can be designed to mimic tissue transition or interface zones.

Claims (126)

1. A biocompatible gradient foam comprising a biocompatible gradient foam having a first location and a second location wherein the biocompatible gradient foam has a substantially continuous transition in at least one characteristic selected from the group consisting of composition, stiffness, flexibility, bioabsorption rate and pore architecture from the first location to the second location of said biocompatible gradient foam.
2. The biocompatible gradient foam of claim 1 wherein the biocompatible gradient foam is bioabsorbable.
3. The biocompatible gradient foam of claim l wherein the biocompatible gradient foam is made from a bioabsorbable polymer selected from the group consisting of aliphatic polyesters, poly(amino acids), copoly(ether-esters), polyalkylenes oxalates, polyamides, poly(iminocarbonates), polyorthoesters, polyoxaesters, polyamidoesters, polyoxaesters containing amine groups poly(anhydrides), polyphosphazenes, biopolymers and blends thereof.
4. The biocompatible gradient foam of claim 3 wherein the bioabsorable polymer is an aliphatic polyester.
5. The biocompatible gradient foam of claim 4 wherein the aliphatic polyester is selected from the group consisitng of homopolymers and copolymers of lactide, lactic acid, glycolide, glycolic acid), .epsilon.-caprolactone, p-dioxanone (1,4-dioxan-2-one), trimethylene carbonate (1,3-dioxan-2-one), alkyl derivatives of trimethylene carbonate, .delta.-valerolactone, .beta.-butyrolactone, .gamma.-butyrolactone, .epsilon.-decalactone, hydroxybutyrate, hydroxyvalerate, 1,4-dioxepan-2-one, 1,5,8,12-tetraoxacyclotetradecane-7,14-dione), 1,5-dioxepan-2-one,
6,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxan-2-one and polymer blends thereof.
6. The biocompatible gradient foam of claim 3 wherein the aliphatic polyester is an elastomer.
7. The biocompatible gradient foam of claim 5 wherein the elastomer is selected from the group consisting of copolymers of .epsilon.-caprolactone and glycolide; copolymers of .epsilon.-caprolactone and (L)lactide, copolymers of p-dioxanone (1,4-dioxan-2-one) and (L)lactide, copolymers of .epsilon.-caprolactone and p-dioxanone, copolymers of p-dioxanone and trimethylene carbonate, copolymers of trimethylene carbonate and glycolide, copolymer of trimethylene carbonate and (L)lactide and blends thereof .
8. The biocompatible gradient foam of claim 4 wherein additionally present as a constituent of the biocompatible gradient foam is a second aliphatic polyester.
9. The biocompatible gradient foam of claim 3 wherein the biocompatible gradient foam has a substantially continuous transition in composition from the first location to the second location.
10. The biocompatible gradient foam of claim 9 wherein the biocompatible gradient foam has a substantially continuous transition in composition from a first ratio of at least two different aliphatic polyesters to a second ratio of said at least two different aliphatic polyesters from the first surface to the second surface.
11. The biocompatible gradient foam of claim 3 wherein the biocompatible gradient foam has a substantially continuous transition in stiffness from the first location to the second location.
12. The biocompatible gradient foam of claim 3 wherein the biocompatible gradient foam has a substantially continuous transition in bioabsorption rate from the first location to the second location.
13. The biocompatible gradient foam of claim 3 wherein the biocompatible gradient foam has a substantially continuous transition in flexibility from the first location to the second location.
14. The biocompatible gradient foam of claim 3 wherein the biocompatible gradient foam has a substantially continuous transition in architecture from the first location to the second location.
15. The biocompatible gradient foam of claim 14 wherein the biocompatible gradient foam has a substantially continuous transition in architecture from a substantially spherical pore shape to a columnar pore shape from the first location to the second location.
16. The biocompatible gradient foam of claim 14 wherein the substantially spherical pore's size is from about 30 µm to about 150 µm.
17. The biocompatible gradient foam of claim 14 wherein the columnar pore's diameter is from about 100 µm to about 400 µm with a length to diameter ratio of at least 2.
18. The biocompatible gradient foam of claim 1 wherein also present in the biocompatible gradient foam is a therapeutic agent.
19. The biocompatible gradient foam of claim 1 wherein additionally present is an agent is selected from the group consisting of antiinfectives, hormones, analgesics; anti-inflammatory agents, growth factors, chemotherapeutic agents, anti-rejection agents prostaglandins, RDG peptides and combinations thereof.
20. The biocompatible gradient foam of claim 19 wherein the growth factor is selected from the group consisting of bone morphogenic proteins, bone morphogenic-like proteins, epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factors, platelet derived growth factor, insulin like growth factor, transforming growth factors, vascular endothelial growth factor and combinations thereof.
21. The biocompatible gradient foam of claim 1 wherein the biocompatible gradient foam is filled with a biocomptible material selected from the group consisting of bioabsorbable synthetic polymers, biocompatible, bioabsorbable biopolymers, biocompatible ceramic materials and combinations thereof.
22. A biocompatible foam comprising a biocompatible foam having a first surface and a second surface with interconnecting pores and channels.
23. The biocompatible foam of claim 22 wherein the channels have an average length of at least 200 µm.
24. The biocompatible foam of claim 22 wherein the channels extend substantially from said first surface to said second surface.
25. The biocompatible foam of claim 22 wherein the biocompatible foam is bioabsorbable.
26. The biocompatible foam of claim 22 wherein the biocompatible foam is made from a bioabsorbable polymer selected from the group consisting of aliphatic polyesters, poly(amino acids), copoly(ether-esters), polyalkylenes oxalates, polyamides, poly(iminocarbonates), polyorthoesters, polyoxaesters, polyamidoesters, polyoxaesters containing amine groups poly(anhydrides), polyphosphazenes, biopolymers and blends thereof.
27. The biocompatible foam of claim 26 wherein the bioabsorable polymer is an aliphatic polyester.
28. The biocompatible foam of claim 27 wherein the aliphatic polyester is selected from the group consisitng of homopolymers and copolymers of lactide, lactic acid, glycolide, glycolic acid), .epsilon.-caprolactone, p-dioxanone (1,4-dioxan-2-one), trimethylene carbonate (1,3-dioxan-2-one), alkyl derivatives of trimethylene carbonate, .delta.-valerolactone, .beta.-butyrolactone, .gamma.-butyrolactone, .epsilon.-decalactone, hydroxybutyrate, hydroxyvalerate, 1,4-dioxepan-2-one, 1,5,8,12-tetraoxacyclotetradecane-7,14-dione), 1,5-dioxepan-2-one, 6,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxan-2-one and polymer blends thereof.
29. The biocompatible foam of claim 26 wherein the aliphatic polyester is an elastomer.
30. The biocompatible foam of claim 29 wherein the elastomer is selected from the group consisting of copolymers of .epsilon.-caprolactone and glycolide; copolymers of .epsilon.-caprolactone and (L)lactide, copolymers of p-dioxanone (1,4-dioxan-2-one) and (L)lactide, copolymers of .epsilon.-caprolactone and p-dioxanone, copolymers of p-dioxanone and trimethylene carbonate, copolymers of trimethylene carbonate and glycolide, copolymer of trimethylene carbonate and (L)lactide and blends thereof .
31. The biocompatible foam of claim 27 wherein additionally present as a constituent of the foam is a second aliphatic polyester.
32. The biocompatible foam of claim 26 wherein the biocompatible foam has a substantially continuous transition in composition from the first surface to the second surface.
33. The biocompatible foam of claim 32 wherein the biocompatible foam has a substantially continuous transition in composition from a first ratio of at least two different aliphatic polyesters to a second ratio of said at least two different aliphatic polyesters from the first surface to the second surface.
34. The biocompatible foam of claim 26 wherein the biocompatible foam has a substantially continuous transition in stiffness from the first surface to the second surface.
35. biocompatible foam of claim 26 wherein the biocompatible foam has a substantially continuous transition in bioabsorption rate from the first surface to the second surface.
36. The biocompatible foam of claim 26 wherein the biocompatible foam has a substantially continuous transition in flexibility from the first surface to the second surface.
37. The biocompatible foam of claim 26 wherein the biocompatible foam has a substantially continuous transition in architecture from the first surface to the second surface.
38. The biocompatible foam of claim 37 wherein the subsantially spherical pore's size is from about 30 µm to about 150 µm.
39. The biocompatible foam of claim 22 wherein also present in the biocompatible foam is a therapeutic agent.
40. The biocompatible foam of claim 22 wherein additonally present is an agent selected from the group consisting of antiinfectives, hormones, analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents, growth factors, chemotherapeutic agents, anti-rejection agents, prostaglandins, RDG peptides and combinations thereof.
41. The biocompatible foam of claim 40 wherein the growth factor is selected from the group consisting of bone morphogenic proteins, bone morphogenic-like proteins, epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factors, platelet derived growth factor, insulin like growth factor, transforming growth factors, vascular endothelial growth factor and combinations thereof.
42. The biocompatible foam of claim 22 wherein the biocompatible foam is filled with a biocomptible material selected from the group consisting of bioabsorbable synthetic polymers, biocompatible, bioabsorbable biopolymers, biocompatible ceramic materials and combinations thereof.
43. A biocompatible foam comprising a biocompatible foam having interconnected pores formed from a composition containing in the range of from about 30 weight percent to about 99 weight percent .epsilon.-caprolactone repeating units.
44. The biocompatible foam of claim 43 wherein the .epsilon.-caprolactone repeating units are copolymerized with a comonomer selected from the group consisting of lactide, lactic acid, glycolide, glycolic acid), p-dioxanone (1,4-dioxan-2-one), trimethylene carbonate (1,3-dioxan-2-one), alkyl derivatives of trimethylene carbonate, .delta.-valerolactone, .beta.-butyrolactone, .gamma.-butyrolactone, .epsilon.-decalactone, hydroxybutyrate, hydroxyvalerate, 1,4-dioxepan-2-one, 1,5,8,12-tetraoxacyclotetradecane-7,14-dione), 1,5-dioxepan-2-one, 6,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxan-2-one and polymer blends thereof.
45. The biocompatible foam of claim 43 having a first location and a second location wherein the biocompatible foam has a substantially continuous transition in at least one characteristic selected from the group consisting of composition, stiffness, flexibility, bioabsorption rate and pore architecture from the first location to the second location of said biocompatible foam.
46. The biocompatible foam of claim 43 wherein the interconnecting pores have a pore size in the range from about 10 µm to about 200 µm.
47. The biocompatible foam of claim 43 wherein the biocompatible foam has a porosity of in the range of from about 20 to about 98 percent.
48. The biocompatible foam of claim 43 wherein the biocompatible foam has channels.
49. The biocompatible foam of claim 48 wherein the channels have an average length of at least 200 µm.
50. The biocompatible foam of claim 43 wherein additionally present as a constituent of the biocompatible foam is a second aliphatic polyester.
51. The biocompatible foam of claim 45 wherein the biocompatible foam has a substantially continuous transition in composition from the first location to the second location.
52. The biocompatible foam of claim 51 wherein the biocompatible foam has a substantially continuous transition in composition from a first ratio of at least two different aliphatic polyesters to a second ratio of said at least two different aliphatic polyesters from the first location to the second location.
53. The-biocompatible foam of claim 45 wherein the biocompatible foam has a substantially continuous transition in stiffness from the first location to the second location.
54. The biocompatible foam of claim 45 wherein the biocompatible foam has a substantially continuous transition in bioabsorption rate from the first location to the second location.
55. The biocompatible foam of claim 45 wherein the biocompatible foam has a substantially continuous transition in flexibility from the first location to the second location.
56. The biocompatible foam of claim 45 wherein the biocompatible foam has a substantially continuous transition in architecture from the first location to the second location.
57. The biocompatible foam of claim 56 wherein the biocompatible foam has a substantially continuous transition in architecture from a substantially spherical pore shape to a columnar pore shape from the first location to the second location.
58. The biocompatible foam of claim 56 wherein the substantially spherical pore's size is from about 30 µm to about 150 µm.
59. The biocompatible foam of claim 56 wherein the columnar pore's diameter is from about 30 µm to about 400 µm with a length to diameter ratio of at least 2.
60. The biocompatible foam of claim 43 wherein also present in the biocompatible foam is a therapeutic agent.
61. The biocompatible foam of claim 43 wherein additionally present is an agent selected from the group consisting of antiinfectives, hormones, analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents, growth factors, agents, anti-rejection agents, prostaglandins, RDG peptides and combinations thereof.
62. The biocompatible foam of claim 61 wherein the growth factor is selected from the group consisting of bone morphogenic proteins, bone morphogenic-like proteins, epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factors, platelet derived growth factor, insulin like growth factor, transforming growth factors, vascular endothelial growth factor and combinations thereof.
63. The biocompatible foam of claim 43 wherein the biocompatible foam is filled with a biocomptible material selected from the group consisting of bioabsorbable synthetic polymers, biocompatible, bioabsorbable biopolymers, biocompatible ceramic materials and combinations thereof.
64. The biocompatible gradient foam of claim 1 wherein the biocompatible gradient foam is formed with an insert within the biocompatible gradient foam.
65. The biocompatible gradient foam of claim 64 wherein the insert is selected from the group consisting of films, scrims, woven textiles, knitted textiles, braided textiles, orthopedic implants, tubes and combinations thereof.
66. The biocompatible gradient foam of claim 22 wherein the biocompatible foam is formed with an insert within the biocompatible foam.
67. The biocompatible foam of claim 66 wherein the insert is selected from the group consisting of films, scrims, woven textiles, knitted textiles, braided textiles, orthopedic implants, tubes and combinations thereof.
68. The biocompatible foam of claim 43 wherein the biocompatible foam is formed with an insert within the biocompatible foam.
69. The biocompatible foam of claim 68 wherein the insert is selected from the group consisting of films, scrims, woven textiles, knitted textiles, braided textiles, orthopedic implants, tubes and combinations thereof.
70. The biocompatible gradient foam of claim 1 wherein the biocompatible gradient foam is formed into a three-dimensional shaped structure.
71. The biocompatible gradient foam of claim 70 wherein the three-dimensional shaped structure is selected from the group consisting of tubular shapes, branched tubular shapes, spherical shapes, hemispherical shapes, three-dimensional polygonal shapes, ellipsoidal shapes, toroidal shapes, conical shapes, frusta conical shapes, pyramidal shapes, both as solid and hollow constructs and combination thereof.
72. The biocompatible foam of claim 22 wherein the biocompatible foam is formed into a three-dimensional shaped structure.
73. The biocompatible foam of claim 72 wherein the three-dimensional shaped structure is selected from the group consisting of tubular shapes, branched tubular shapes, spherical shapes, hemispherical shapes, three-dimensional polygonal shapes, ellipsoidal shapes, toroidal shapes, conical shapes, frusta conical shapes, pyramidal shapes, both as solid and hollow constructs and combination thereof.
74. The biocompatible foam of claim 43 wherein the biocompatible foam is formed into a three-dimensional shaped structure.
75. The biocompatible foam of claim 74 wherein the three-dimensional shaped structure is selected from the group consisting of tubular shapes, branched tubular shapes, spherical shapes, hemispherical shapes, three-dimensional polygonal shapes, ellipsoidal shapes, toroidal shapes, conical shapes, frusta conical shapes, pyramidal shapes, both as solid and hollow constructs and combination thereof.
76. A method for the repair or regeneration of tissue comprising contacting cells with a biocompatible gradient foam having a biocompatible gradient foam having a first location and a second location wherein the biocompatible gradient foam has a substantially continuous transition in at least one characteristic selected from the group consisting of composition, stiffness, flexibility, bioabsorption rate and pore architecture from the first location to the second location of said biocompatible gradient foam.
77. The method of claim 76 wherein the biocompatible gradient foam is bioabsorbable.
78. The method of claim 76 wherein the biocompatible gradient foam is made from a bioabsorbable polymer selected from the group consisting of aliphatic polyesters, poly(amino acids), copoly(ether-esters), polyalkylenes oxalates, polyamides, poly(iminocarbonates), polyorthoesters, polyoxaesters, polyamidoesters, polyoxaesters containing amine groups poly(anhydrides), polyphosphazenes, biopolymers and blends thereof.
79. The method foam of claim 78 wherein the bioabsorable polymer is an aliphatic polyester.
80. The method foam of claim 79 wherein the aliphatic polyester is selected from the group consisting of homopolymers and copolymers of lactide, lactic acid, .delta.

glycolide, glycolic acid), .epsilon.-caprolactone, p-dioxanone (1,4-dioxan-2-one), trimethylene carbonate (1,3-dioxan-2-one), alkyl derivatives of trimethylene carbonate, .delta.-valerolactone, .beta.-butyrolactone, .gamma.-butyrolactone, .epsilon.-decalactone, hydroxybutyrate, hydroxyvalerate, 1,4-dioxepan-2-one, 1,5,8,12-tetraoxacyclotetradecane-7,14-dione), 1,5-dioxepan-2-one, 6,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxan-2-one and polymer blends thereof.
81. The biocompatible gradient foam of claim 80 wherein the aliphatic polyester is an elastomer.
82. The method of claim 76 wherein cells are seeded onto the biocompatible gradient foam.
83. The method of claim 80 wherein cells are seeded onto the biocompatible gradient foam.
84. The method of claim 76 wherein the biocompatible gradient foam is implanted in an animal and contacted with cells.
85. The method of claim 80 wherein the biocompatible gradient foam is implanted in an animal and contacted with cells.
86. The method of claim 76 wherein the biocompatible gradient foam is seeded with cells and the biocompatible gradient foam and cells are placed in a cell culturing device and the cells are allowed to multiply on the biocompatible gradient foam.
87. The method of claim 80 wherein the biocompatible gradient foam is seeded with cells and the biocompatible gradient foam and cells are placed in a cell culturing device and the cells are allowed to multiply on the biocompatible gradient foam.
88. The method of claim 80 wherein the cells are selected from the group consisting of pluripotent cells, stem cells, precursor cells and combinations thereof.
89. The method of claim 80 wherein the cells are selected from the group consisting of myocytes, adipocytes, fibromyoblasts, ectodermal cell, muscle cells, osteoblast, chondrocyte, endothelial cells, fibroblast, pancreatic cells, hepatocyte, bile duct cells, bone marrow cells, neural cells, genitourinary cells and combinations thereof.
90. The method of claim 82 wherein the cells are selected from the group consisting of pluripotent cells, stem cells, precursor cells and combinations thereof.
91. The method of claim 82 wherein the cells are selected from the group consisting of myocytes, adipocytes, fibromyoblasts, ectodermal cell, muscle cells, osteoblast, chondrocyte, endothelial cells, fibroblast, pancreatic cells, hepatocyte, bile duct cells, bone marrow cells, neural cells, genitourinary cells and combinations thereof.
92. The method of claim 76 wherein the biocompatible gradient foam contains an agent selected from the group consisting of antiinfectives, hormones, analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents, growth factors, chemotherapeutic agents, anti-rejection agents, prostaglandins, RDG peptides and combinations thereof.
93. A method for the repair or regeneration of tissue comprising contacting cells with a biocompatible foam having a first surface and a second surface with interconnecting pores and channels.
94. The method of claim 93 wherein the biocompatible foam is bioabsorbable.
95. The method of claim 93 wherein the biocompatible foam is made from a bioabsorbable polymer selected from the group consisting of aliphatic polyesters, poly(amino acids), copoly(ether-esters), polyalkylenes oxalates, polyamides, poly(iminocarbonates), polyorthoesters, polyoxaesters, polyamidoesters, polyoxaesters containing amine groups poly(anhydrides), polyphosphazenes, biopolymers and blends thereof.
96. The method of claim 95 wherein the bioabsorable polymer is an aliphatic polyester.
97. The method of claim 96 wherein the aliphatic polyester is selected from the group consisting of homopolymers and copolymers of lactide, lactic acid, glycolide, glycolic acid), s-caprolactone, p-dioxanone (1,4-dioxan-2-one), trimethylene carbonate (1,3-dioxan-2-one), alkyl derivatives of trimethylene carbonate, 8-valerolactone, ~i-butyrolactone, y-butyrolactone, s-decalactone, hydroxybutyrate, hydroxyvalerate, 1,4-dioxepan-2-one, 1,5,8,12-tetraoxacyclotetradecane-7,14-dione), 1,5-dioxepan-2-one, 6,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxan-2-one and polymer blends thereof.
98. The method of claim 97 wherein the aliphatic polyester is an elastomer.
99. The method of claim 93 wherein cells are seeded onto the biocompatible foam.
100. The method of claim 97 wherein cells are seeded onto the biocompatible foam.
101. The method of claim 93 wherein the biocompatible foam is implanted in an animal and contacted with cells.
102. The method of claim 97 wherein the biocompatible foam is implanted in an animal and contacted with cells.
103. The method of claim 93 wherein the biocompatible foam is seeded with cells and the biocompatible foam and cells are placed in a cell culturing device and the cells are allowed to multiply on the biocompatible foam.
104. The method of claim 97 wherein the biocompatible foam is seeded with cells and the biocompatible foam and cells are placed in a cell culturing device and the cells are allowed to multiply on the biocompatible foam.
105. The method of claim 97 wherein the cells are selected from the group consisting of pluripotent cells, stem cells, precursor cells and combinations thereof.
106. The method of claim 97 wherein the cells are selected from the group consisting of myocytes, adipocytes, fibromyoblasts, ectodermal cell, muscle cells, osteoblast, chondrocyte, endothelial cells, fibroblast, pancreatic cells, hepatocyte, bile duct cells, bone marrow cells, neural cells, genitourinary cells and combinations thereof.
107. The method of claim 99 wherein the cells are selected from the group consisting of pluripotent cells, stem cells, precursor cells and combinations thereof.
108. The method of claim 99 wherein the cells are selected from the group consisting of myocytes, adipocytes, fibromyoblasts, ectodermal cell, muscle cells, osteoblast, chondrocyte, endothelial cells, fibroblast, pancreatic cells, hepatocyte, bile duct cells, bone marrow cells, neural cells, genitourinary cells and combinations thereof.
109. The method of claim 93 wherein the biocompatible foam contains an agent selected from the group consisting of antiinfectives, hormones, analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents, growth factors, chemotherapeutic agents, anti-rejection agents, prostaglandins, RDG peptides and combinations thereof.
110. A method for the repair or regeneration of tissue comprising contacting cells with a biocompatible having interconnected pores formed from a composition containing in the range of from about 30 weight percent to about 99 weight percent .epsilon.-caprolactone repeating units.
111. The method foam of claim 110 wherein the .epsilon.-caprolactone repeating units are polymerized with a comonomer selected from the group consisting of homopolymers and copolymers of lactide, lactic acid, glycolide, glycolic acid), p-dioxanone (1,4-dioxan-2-one), trimethylene carbonate (1,3-dioxan-2-one), alkyl derivatives of trimethylene carbonate, .delta.-valerolactone, .beta.-butyrolactone, .gamma.-butyrolactone, .epsilon.-decalactone, hydroxybutyrate, hydroxyvalerate, 1,4-dioxepan-2-one, 1,5,8,12-tetraoxacyclotetradecane-7,14-dione), 1,5-dioxepan-2-one, 6,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxan-2-one and polymer blends thereof.
112. The biocompatible gradient foam of claim 111 wherein the aliphatic polyester is an elastomer.
113. The method of claim 110 wherein cells are seeded onto the biocompatible foam.
114. The method of claim 111 wherein cells are seeded onto the biocompatible foam.
115. The method of claim 110 wherein the biocompatible foam is implanted in an animal and contacted with cells.
116. The method of claim 111 wherein the biocompatible foam is implanted in an animal and contacted with cells.
117. The method of claim 110 wherein the biocompatible foam is seeded with cells and the biocompatible foam and cells are placed in a cell culturing device and the cells are allowed to multiply on the biocompatible foam.
118. The method of claim 111 wherein the biocompatible gradient foam is seeded with cells and the biocompatible foam and cells are placed in a cell culturing device and the cells are allowed to multiply on the biocompatible foam.
119. The method of claim 110 wherein the cells are selected from the group consisting of pluripotent cells, stem cells, precursor cells and combinations thereof.
120. The method of claim 110 wherein the cells are selected from the group consisting of myocytes, adipocytes, fibromyoblasts, ectodermal cell, muscle cells, osteoblast, chondrocyte, endothelial cells, fibroblast, pancreatic cells, hepatocyte, bile duct cells, bone marrow cells, neural cells, genitourinary cells and combinations thereof.
121. The method of claim 110 wherein the cells are selected from the group consisting of pluripotent cells, stem cells, precursor cells and combinations thereof.
122. The method of claim 111 wherein the cells are selected from the group consisting myocytes, adipocytes, fibromyoblasts, ectodermal cell, muscle cells, osteoblast, chondrocyte, endothelial cells, fibroblast, pancreatic cells, hepatocyte, bile duct cells, bone marrow cells, neural cells, genitourinary cells and combinations thereof.
123. The method of claim 110 wherein the biocompatible gradient foam contains an agent selected from the group consisting of antiinfectives, hormones, analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents, growth factors, chemotherapeutic agents, anti-rejection agents, prostaglandins, RDG peptides and combinations thereof.
124. The method of claim 86 wherein after the cells are allowed to multiply on the biocompatible foam, the biocompatible foam and the cells are implanted into an animal.
125. The method of claim 103 wherein after the cells are allowed to multiply on the biocompatible foam, the biocompatible foam and the cells are implanted into an animal.
126. The method of claim 118 wherein after the cells are allowed to multiply on the biocompatible foam, the biocompatible foam and the cells are implanted into an animal.
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