CA2221216A1 - System and apparatus for merging a write event journal and an original storage to produce an updated storage using an event map - Google Patents

System and apparatus for merging a write event journal and an original storage to produce an updated storage using an event map Download PDF

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Publication number
CA2221216A1
CA2221216A1 CA002221216A CA2221216A CA2221216A1 CA 2221216 A1 CA2221216 A1 CA 2221216A1 CA 002221216 A CA002221216 A CA 002221216A CA 2221216 A CA2221216 A CA 2221216A CA 2221216 A1 CA2221216 A1 CA 2221216A1
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event
marker
storage
journal
data
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Mark Squibb
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F11/00Error detection; Error correction; Monitoring
    • G06F11/07Responding to the occurrence of a fault, e.g. fault tolerance
    • G06F11/14Error detection or correction of the data by redundancy in operation
    • G06F11/1402Saving, restoring, recovering or retrying
    • G06F11/1446Point-in-time backing up or restoration of persistent data
    • G06F11/1458Management of the backup or restore process
    • G06F11/1469Backup restoration techniques
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F11/00Error detection; Error correction; Monitoring
    • G06F11/07Responding to the occurrence of a fault, e.g. fault tolerance
    • G06F11/14Error detection or correction of the data by redundancy in operation
    • G06F11/1402Saving, restoring, recovering or retrying
    • G06F11/1471Saving, restoring, recovering or retrying involving logging of persistent data for recovery
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F2201/00Indexing scheme relating to error detection, to error correction, and to monitoring
    • G06F2201/86Event-based monitoring

Abstract

A method and apparatus for restoring an updated computer storage from a journal of write events and copy of an original storage generates an event map from the journal of write events. The event map permits efficient combination of the contents of the write event journal and the original storage. The event map also enables translation of the event journal into a delta expressing the differences between the original and updated storages. The event map similarly permits efficient merging of a write event journal and an original file stored streaming tape.

Description

[56104501~15]

SYSTEM A~r) APPARArUS FOR MERGING A WRITE EV~ T JOURNAL
ANI:I AN ORIGIN~L STORAC~E TO PROl~UCE AN UPI~ATEI:) STORAGE
I JSI~O A~ EVENT MAP
Reference to P~er Appendix This application i~cor~.~r~tes by ,~re-~l-ce the culll~ program listin~ contained in the atta~hed papcr appendix. The paper appendix includes 109 pa~es.

Field of the Inventinn The present invcntion relates to imprvvemcnts in the field of co~ ter system~ having backupJrestore or archive/retrieve s~ y~ . More particularly, the present IS invcntion relates to a rnethod and ~p~alus ~10 efficierltly protect and archi~e active data to ~ media.
u~d ~nformation In a data proc~s~irlE system, a baekuplrestorc subsystem~ usu~lly referred to as a b~ckup subsystem, is ~ypically used to save a recenl copy of an active file and several carlier versions There a~e, for ex~nple, three gcneral s~rategies cmployed by b~ckup systems. First, filll backup penodic~lly ~opies all files from a client syslem's storage to ~ backup server. A second strategy includes incr~...c~ l backllp, wh~re ~he client sysLeln copies only the modi~led files to the ~ackllp se~er. In a third strate~y, a delt~
backup copies only the modificd portions of the modified files to the backup se~ver CDmplete discussions of v~rious backup and stora~e tcchnolo~ies are disclosed, for example in U.S. Patent No. 5,479~654 enti~led APPAR~TUS AND MET~OD FOR
RECONSTRUCTINO A ~LE FROM A I~IFFERE~CE SIGNATURE AND AN
OR~GI~AE FIL~, which is hereby incorporated by reference. I~pp]ic9ntc co-pendin~applicati~ns entitled COMPUTF.R APPAE~TUS AND MEl HOD FOR MERGIN(~
A ~EQUENTIAL PLURALTTY OF DELTA STI~AMS, Attomey ~)ocket No. HP-l 0951196-1, filed , and COMPUTER APPARATUS ANl~ MET~IOD

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FOR MERGrNG SYS~EM DELTAS, Attorney O~ci;et No. HP-I 0960109, filed November 30, l ~95, also rclate tn backup and st~rage technologies and are hereby inco,~ d by ref~ence. In addition, the Storage Service Kit, 0199~ by Mark SquJbb ~Iso relates to data storay7e systems and is hereby incol~o-aLed by r~ cl~c~.
lt is ~pp~l~nt to those skilled in the ar~ thal in any given backup system, ~c hi~her the backup ~requency, the more accurate the backup copy will represcnt the present stale of the data within a file. Considerin~ the large \~ol~ne of data m~int~i~ed and ~tinllously gener~ted in a data proc~ssin~ system? thç amount of slorage, time an~
other resources associated with ~l~ote_li"g data are very s~lkst~nti~l Thus7 tllose skilled in the art arc c~ntinl]oUsly e~ ged in searching for bett~ and more efficient ways to provide dlata protection.
The time lag between the last backup, for ex~mple by the b~ckup melhods describe~
above, and the current data on an active system rcpre~e~ 7 Fisk of data lois. This '~protection gap'~ is an ~tive concern arnong colllp,llcr llser~ because it re~r~
u.. ~vlccted infolmation. Mi-~u~ g systems~ des~bed below, partially o~,rercome this gap.
It is well known in the art to capture wr~te evçnts to a storage system. For cx~nple, each time a cl~n~e is rnade to ~ storage dcvice, the change is l~co,Lled or lo~ge~ into a second media. A v~riety of typ~s ~f medi~ have been used for recordin,~ of logs includin~, for exannple, ~treaming tape, har~ disk, and remote hard disk A write event cor,l~,;ses, for ex~rTple, a stor~ge ;.,~ or inrlie~qtin~ what stora~e ~omponent or device the write applies to, a position indicator within the component or event as an offset tellin~ where in the stora~e the wr~te occurred, and the tata ~e.~.~
event data~ which was written. Yar~ous embodi.. ~ "1~ also include time or sequence m~l;ers for synchroni7~tio~ to identify or sclect points in time and to coordinate state illfor"l~lion ~cross storage boundaries. A collection of u rite e~ents i~ known as an erent log, referred to as an event joumal when ~he event log i5 stor~ on ~ storage devlce.

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Since events are I~co-~ed just after they occur? event logs are ordeTed in chronolo~ical scqllence. Ev~nts at the l~~ginn;n~ of the joumal occu~ed before events at Ihe end of the journal. C~eation of event logs is well known in the art. Rep]aying event logs to re-erlact ehan~es to a stora~e co~ n~r~ll is also well known in the art.
Prior art systems usc event journals to repl~y changes to random access write~ble mcdia. Tlle word "replay" Ineans, for example, ~o chronologically re-enact the storage wlite events that resulted in a particula~ lile 6~iYen an origin~l file. The replay process begins with a disk file on random access slor~e and an event log sy,..l,lvn;~d with the disk file. The initial file's Data State, for cxample, must coll~s~ond to the starting instant of the event log. The events in the event log are ,c~eat~d on the disk file in th~
sequence that they occur in the log.
Each event is rcad from the event journal in seguence from beginnillg to end. After cach event is read, thc coll~sy~nding event off~t is located in th~ disk filc. This location proce~s usu~lly ~molvcs repositionin~ in the disk Sle to a randorn position that may be before or afler the position of thc l~sl event offset. The event data is then ~1vritten to the file at the new offset. Old i~fiu~ ion in the file is destroyed because the new data ov~rlays the pnor data. rlhîs process is repeated until the event log is e~rh~ ted When the pro~ess comrl~te~, d~ta irl the revised file rel.r~sents the ~Inal Data State rc;~Jlc~nted by the event log.
Mirror systems duplicate changes ~s they occur. Storage deviccs are ustlally treated as block devices. When chan~e occurs, a wr~tc event i~ p~ Eed and l~n~ ed to a remote mirror ~ystem. Upon rcceipt~ the remote mirror dnrli(~t~s the change in the mirror storage. Mirror systems SometimPs employ event logs to store events Event logs are used in miTrorin~ systems for several purposes. For e~ lc, event lo~s are used in mirroring systems to compensate fnr tr~n~mi.Ccion del~ys at the s~urce system~ At the mirror sy$tern, event log~ arc use~ to ~ache events when the n,i"~l~d ~torage ~nnot keep up with incoming write cve~s Tt is also known to tcm~o,~ ily ha~t in~";n~ ~vents to a mirrol system so that the data to the mirTor system is cons~ant dunr~ backup of the mirror~

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From a ~ata protection ~eA ,~ecliv~, there arc two types ~f evellts th~t col~pr~mi~e data access. The first and kest und~rstood is a hald~ f~ilu~. Mirronn~ effectively a hardware Failure from compromising 1J~;IIE~ COI~ nce The secon~
event type is a logical failurc. ~ lo~ical ~ilure occurs when a user, o~,dlor orS application doe~ ~omething that dcstroys, corn~pts or distorts info~ AI;on Mirroring systems immp~ t~ly and i~Teversibly duplicate logical ~rrors, Mirroring systems have several deficiellci~s. F~r example, .llir~ does not protcct from logical fiailures. In addilion1 the need to re-cxecute every w~ite event on another random-access storage devicc shortly after ~e initial event effectively requires~uplic~t;on of all ~ctive storage in a sec~nd stora~e system The cost of the extra second stora~e and the m~n~ overh~ad prevents wide~.c&d adoption of mirroring te~l-nology Mirroring does elimin~tc the data protection gap inherent with backup techn~low Mirrored systems im~p~i~tçly prote~t new data, unless it is destroyed by a lo~ical failure. llJe volatile nature of mirrored storage, how~vcr, is a deficiency. The cost of dllp~ tinE m~sive stora~3e is also a ~efieienry In contr~st, the present inven~ion provides ~e same data protection as mirrored stor~ge ~ much lower ~ost and prov~des reeourse for logical errors.
Clusterin~ is a type of milToring. Clusters are a collectfon of servers that m~intRin a ~0 mirror distributed amon~ severa~ other servers on the net~ork. Clustered servers share the lo~ical falllt intolerance an~ storage riollblin~ ch~racteristics of mirrore~
systems.
Flle mirrorin~ systems are an~ther typc of mirroring. It is known in the art to have a rnany-to-one mirror, for example whcn a single system pro~ides a logical mirrori~
serv~ce for a number of net~vork servers. The sin~le system c~l]ects change from the servers on a network. The chan~e is stored or applied to a hard ~isk ca~he of açti~ve data files. Periodically the ~ata file versions are backed up to tape. File mirror systems, however, share thc same de~lciencies as mirror systems bec~use ~ ctive data must ~e ~t~red on dis~ and in-ln~P~ ~rchive service provides random archive s0-~ 09I6#1I05b0IsSSI 01 ~~16 6S~ ZTZ 31ZN3~ 31~a ~ Z:9I ~6~ bl no~

~rarlularity, Also as inAic~t~d above, mirrorin~ systems rnaitltain a duplicate copy of thc stora~e in case the primary st~rage syskm fails.
U.S. Patent ~o. 5,086,S0~ to Malco~m describes an apparatlls an~ meLhod f~r recording an cvent journal to ~ backup storage me~ns to provide backup to a pnmary storagc drivc. Thc Malcnlm patent, howe~ver, ex~licitly requir~s ~hal a random access storage device hold thc base lile Tt is ;~ t to note that this process occurs in the order of the events rccorde~ in the event journal. These events are recorded in lhe order that changes were made to the kase f'lle, and Ih~refore nre random with respect to position in the ba~e st~e~n. If the Malcolm system fails, ~ sequential li$t of write operations is replayed on a c~py of the ori~inal data to restore thc data set to the latest ~orking in~t~n~e It is well known in the art to store write events and ~ombjne them Witll J backup copy to reco~er a ~l~f~h~P ~s of the latest instant, I'hus, this technique rc~quires first installing the base copy on random access mcdi~ ~nd seconcl r~p-~tin8 ail write events to th~ base copy on the disk Accordin~ly, datA recovery using M~lcolrn joumals is restricted to randomly seekable and wlite~ble stora~e means.
For example, a first event may indica~e a Wrile event of 100 bytes at offs~t 1000 in a base filç te.g., ~ original file) and, a sccond evenl may indicate a wlite event of 100 bytes at an off~et of 5 00 in the same base file. ln order for the joumal o~ Malcolm to be used to reco~er a file by lhe specified method the bAse file must first be pl~ced on random aGcess media; a seek to byte 1000 must occur follow~ by a write of the 100 bytes ~om the first wr~te e~ent; and the primary ~nedi~ must thAn see~; to ~yte 5U0 and the 100 bytes relating to the second wr~te event must be written to the primary media.
This r~ui~ e,lll to seck in the base file rnu]tiple times ef~ectively prevents skeaming media from bein~ used in colnbin~tion with Malcolm's joumals or in the comrno~
precedent of using replaying ~l~t~h~ re~ lo~$.

It is also well known in the art to use st,reamin~ media to backup ~ata ~ s. Fore~nrle7 p~ior art systems operate by copying data files to a stream~ media.
Streamin~ mcdia is prefe~red prima~ily because of its low cost. Baclmp systems tend to be used f~r il~r~lu~lt r~tr~eYal, and when such retrieval is re~uired, data is usually 90 ~ 0916#1105~019551 Ol ~~16 65~ ZIZ 31ZN3~W ~ ~3~ ~~:91 ~6. ~I nON

required in the order in which it w~s recorded.

The combination of, for eX~rnple, Malcolm and prior art backup systems does not cont~rnr late opcldling in the ~sen¢e of a pnmary storage rDedia for the fil~ to ~e restolcd or any means of combining a file stored on one strealnin~ media to ~e merged with an cvent journal and ~vritten to another streaming storage. The p7ior art systems all require, for c~cample, an inte~rnedi~te step of placing the ori~inal ~lle (which may be ~tored on streaming mc~ia) inlo a seek~hle media, such as a disk. Once ehe original file is on disk, then a history of write events can be wlitten onto the origi~al file, via seekin~ to the a~.,opl;ule addresses on thc disk, to recreate the latest version of the file.

In the field ~f illr~ tion storage, a variety of mcdi~ types ~re u~ed. S~eamin~
media, or tape. is ~ m~ ly cheaper than random ~ccess media. For most practical pu~poses, howe~er, tapc is not considered Q readily seek~le ~edia. ~hile most tape device~ support positioning of media to a linear address, this position~g reguires linear traversal of a very long media. This positioning takes a lot of timc, and is used sparingly in pr~-~ti~l applicativns R~ndom access media perrnits il~v"l,a~ion to be efficiently retrieve~ în an order different than it was laid out on the media. Streamin~ media i~ preferred for hi~h ollllne applications, however, because of low cost and high capae.ly. S~amin~
~0 mr~dia iS much cheaper than eq ~ivalent random access media. Also, streaming tape devices havc many times the capa¢ity of random access devices. For c~ le, a t~pelibr~ry may hold a thousand tapes7 each t~pe having the capacity of 40 or more hard dis};s.
As a result, strcaming storage devices are p.e~ places to store immense volumes of i~lÇv~ lion. In this example, a single ~ape libra~ is cap~le of holdin~ a~ much infolmation as 40,0QO disk drives. The ability to col~r~i ntr~Le and eff;ciently store huge volumes of inform~t4~ is a siUllir~,l advant~ge in many applications, par~i~ularly when pr~viding data protection services for large networks. ~hc ~0'd 09~6#~10~b019~SI Ol ~~~6 6~;~ Zl~ 31ZN3>10W ~ ~3~l~a ~ ~Z;9~ ~6~ b~ r~ON

combination of lower ~torage Cost plll$ much higher capacity are ex~remel~ in~o.~lt factors with data protection systems ~t is therefore an object of the pre~ent invention to provide improYed data protection inclu~in~ both bac~p aAd archive capability in A data processin~ environment.
It is a fiJrther object of the present invention to provide data protection in~ 1in~
backup and archive ser~rices in a client~server enviroml,cll~.
It is a further object of the present inveI~tion to provide data protection by 11 :n~ . ;n~
a minimllm amount of data across cnmmlmi~ ~tion link.
It is a filrth~r objcct ofth~ prcsent invcntion to elimin~te the data protection ~ap inherent to bacl~up technolo~y by ~lotc~Lillg i-ll;J.,.~aLion up to the last instant usin~
low~ost ~l.e~n~ media.
It is a filrther oyect of the present inventiOn to protect d~t~ from software and user errors by providin~ a stor~e archive for older versions.
It i~ a furthcr objcct of thc prcsent invention to use inexpensive streaming media, e.E, tape~ for backup stora~e.
~t is a fil~ther object of the preSent invention to prov~de a cost and time-effective method for providing an archiYe mirror using in. ~.cr,~i~c streamin~ media.
It is ~ fiur~her object of the present invention to conver~ a write event journal into a del~a ~t is a fillther object of ~he present invention to con~crt a write event joumal into a map of ch3llged se~. P ~ that can be queried with respect to linear offset lt is a filrther object of the present invention to enable use of a read-only base stream and an event log as a readable, seekable and ~riteable stream.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method for c~lnhinin~ a plurality of writc cvcnt journals wi~ a read-only non-seekable basest~eam to produce an updated stream.

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It is a fi~ther object of the present invention to provide an al)p~lus and method fo presentin~ a r:h~n~in~ ~ase file for an inverse write event journal as an llnrll~ngin~
~ase file.
Summary of the Invention S The present invention er~bles a broad collection of useful b~haviors including op~rating with ~ media. Via the creation an~ use of an event map, the present invention is usefill for morc than backup and in particular includes a combination event journal ~nd an ordered container. rhrou~h the use of an event rnap, the present invention enables, for example: an event log to be merged with a non-~eekable streaIn~
an event log to col c~il"le a readable and ~riteable file; the use of only an event log to imitate a readable and writcable file; and an e~.~en~ lo~ ~nd a seel~able readable file to imitate a readable ~nd writeablc basc file. The present inrention also supports ux of media in data prote~tian applications previously restricted to random access media.
Il is a~ ent that reliable and low-cost data proteçtion is a forrnid~ble ta~k. On onc han~, conventional backup technolo~y is eu~ ome and the most re~ent data is always at r~sk. On the other hand, mirrorin~ techniques instantly propagate errors to the backup storage, ~nd ]~e~ le deployment of mirrorin~ is impractical because of hardware and costs. The present invention addres~es these two major deficiencies nf current data protection systen~s by providin~ up to the instant protection using low-cost media while causing minimum network transf~r ovcrhead.
Rrief Oescriytion of the Drawings Figure IA illustrates a comput~r and c~ p~ ,. storage devices according to an exemplaIy embodiment of the present invention ~5 Figure 1 B il]ustr~tes exemplary storage units ~ccording to an ernbodiment of the present invention.
Fi~ure 1 C illustrates the cffects of write events and addressing in a computer storage 60-d 0916#110Sb019SSI Ol ~~16 ~S~ 21Z 31ZN3~ W ~ ~3>1~a ~3 ~~:9T ~6. bl nON

device ~e~o~ to an exemplary embodimerlt ofthe presen~ invention.
Figure 1~ illustrates an exemplary event journal acco.li,l~ to an embo~im~nt of the present invention.
Fi~ure 2A illustrates an eYrm~l~ event map acco.~lin~ to ~n embodiment of ~e present invention.
Fi~ure 2B illustrates an eY~mrl~y method for creating an event map accordin~ to an em~o~ n~ of the present invention.
Figllle 2C illustrates an ex~ pl~y method ~or creaLing a current event marker acoording to an embodiment of the pre~ent invcntion.
Figure 2D illu~kal~;~ an exemplaly method for removin~ overlapped m~rker qe~ ntR
according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fi~ure 2E illustrates an e~mrlAry method fo~ revising an overlapped m~rker aceordin~ to an embodiment of the p~sent invention.
Figure 3 illustrates an original an updated storage accv~ g to an ~ n embodîment of the present invention.
Fi~ure 4A ~llus :rates eY~ ry components for fulfillin~ a read request according to ~n embodiment of the present invention ~;igure 4B illus~rates an exemplary method for ~lfilling a read request ~ccording to an em~odiment of the present invention.
Figurc 4C illustr~tes an exempl~ry method for building a strearn according to ane~borliment of the present invention.
Figure S illustrates an exemplaly me~hod for converting an event journal to a delta accoldinR to an ~rnbodiment of the presen~ invention.
Fi~ure 6A illustrates an exemplary flow chart showing how to use a read{mly ~tora~e and an ev~nt joumal as a seekable7 readable and writeable ~t~ra~e accordin~ to an 01'd 0916#1105b019551 Ol ~~16 6S~ ZIZ 31ZN3~W ~ ~3~ 3 bZ:91 ~6. bl ~ON

embo~ çnt ofthe prcsent invention.
Fi~ure 6B illustrates an exemplary f~w chart showing how t~ wnte t~ a read-o~ly storage snd event journal c~mbination according to an embodiment of the prcsent invention.
Fig 6C illustrates a read from a read-only stora~}e and event journal combination according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed De~ ion of the Inventi~n Fi~ure 1 A shows a computer system 3 having, for example, two random acccss plimary computer stor~es 1 n~ta~h~d via conn~tion 2. The ~ uLcl storages 1 are use~, for example, to store co".E,ut~. data durin~ norm~l operation of the computer SySle}~l 3.
Figure 1~ shows a more exp~n~ed view of a computer stora~e 1, showing elemental storage un~ts 7, each having an a~dress 5 and resi~ent data, 10, c g., ''OL~_DATA NO~V'' The storage a~ aJ,,s7 5 for each ~ storage Ullit 7, ror 1 j example shown havin~ values 0-] 2, indicate the number of primary stora~e units the cuITent stor~ge unit is offset from the storage origin 4 The e~ nt~l stora~ units 7 illustra~ed in Figure lB are populated Wilh7 ror example, ~SCII byte codes While the ill~ ted embodiment ~f the p~esent invenLlon re~ites fixed length storage units, a storagc unit may contain a byte as illustrated~ a disk block~ a ~ c, record, or any other fi~ced len{~th unit that satisfies the natural ad~es~ convention of the particular c~Jr..E,,ll~.. Storage units 7 may also be empty.
During norm~l oper~tion of the col~,pllLcr system 3, inforrnation is written ta the clemental stora~e un~ts 7. When new infonnation is store~ in a loc~tion, overwritin~
destroys the old info,n~ )". In certain plior art systems, the old data is copied to a temporary area before overwriting occurs.
Figure lC illu~ tes ~n ori~in~l colnru~Pr stora~e I containin~ ~ri~ir~l ~ta 6. Acollection of write events, for example indicated at 8, ~, 10, 11 t 1~ each result in a 11 ~ 091~#1105~019551 Ol ~~16 6~;~ ZIZ 31ZN3~1~W ~ ~3~ 3 ~Z:91 ~6. tl ~lON

change to computer storase 1 by overlaying d~ta already there. For exam~le~ eachwrite event including the data ~ritten and an address from the ori~in Or ~he cornpllter stora~e ;s indicated by ~-14, 9-17, 10-16, 11-18, 12-15 ~s shown in Fi~ure lC The ser.ies of write e~ellts 1~ resultin~ in a change in the data of the original storage 6 S results in an updated storage 19.
Figule ID illustrates an exemplauy event journal. For the pluposes of the present invention, the event journal may rcsul~ from practice o~any of the prior ~rt methods recited a~ove or an equivalent. Each event journal entry must include at least an event address 22 alld the data l~eo~ 24 during the write event. ~ote that n~nbcr of elementa} stora~e units writtell, or the event si2e 2~, is a char~t.l;stic of the data written.
Each event entry in the event journal has an offset from the ori~in of thc ~vent jouInal.
Each e~ent eT~t~ also contains the data written to the original fi}e. The data written to the origina~ file ~Iso has ~n of{set in the event journal. This offset is, for example~ the event data address 2~. This event data address is used to cor,slru.,L the marker data pointer later de~ri1aed. The evenl journal is or~ani7ed as follows. ~C~min~, forexample, th~t the event address 22 and the event size 23 are e~ch 8 bit values, then the f~st event d~ta 24. "ab&de", is stored at startin~ location 16, as shown in Fi~ lD
and would end at location 20. Also as shown in Fi~ure I D, the next event data, "fghi", is located at address 37 in the event journal which reflects the five address locations oeç~l~ied by the first event data ~4 plus the 1~ bits occupied by the ncxt event address 22 and ev~nt size 23. The rem~init~ tries in the event joumal are determined in the sarne manner.
For the pulposes of simple illustration, all of thc write events in this description apply to a single computer stora~e. 'rhe same methods also apply~ however, to a cotnputer or network of computerc each having a plurality of storages. For systems havin~ a plurality of storages, it is common to includc checkpoint cvcnts. Chcckpoint cYents cont~in markers that ~ndiçate stable or committed ir stants where data in a plurality of storages i5 synchl~nl~ed or v~lid. Checkpoints often façilitate recovery to a particular Zl'~ 0916#1105b~195SI Ol ~~16 65~ ZIZ 31ZN3~ 3~ a ;~ bZ:91 ~6. ~I MN

point in time for systems having a plurality of storages.
It i~ to note that the e~ents in the event journal are recorded in :he ~rne sequence that thcy occwred on the compllter storage. Since this ~e~-le~,ce is random with rcspect t~ ~e position in the onginal co~,lpllh. storage, there is no ef~lcient way to determine ~he events whiçh affected a particular storage offsct without ~roeess;,~
evc~y event in the event journal.
The present invention uses an event map, or plllrality of e~ent maps~ created from an event journal to ~CE~ ; tl the çurnulative effects of ~ series of write even~ on ~riginal co~ r storage.
~igure 2A shows an eYent map ~cu.~ $ to an ern~odiment of the present invention.Figure 2B shows hi~h level logic flow cha~t of ~n exempl3~y embodiment of the present inYentiOn for $~.1erdling an event map. With reference now to Fi~llres 2B-2E
and sour~e code pal3es 33-34 and 23-2~ of the ~ h~d paper appe~dix and with p~ticular refcrcnce to the source code routine entitled Joun-alServiceBase:~eejcterF;vent, the method accordin~ to the prescnt ir~entionproceeds a~ follows.
As in~icated in Fi~ure 2B, ~ach event entry is loaded at step 32 and chee~red to see if it is a final event or a synchroni~ation event indicating that the process should halt at step 33 lf thç eYent entry is not a final event, ~ current event marker is gen.,.~ted for the event at step 34. The event map is then searched for any marker segment~ that overlap the currcnt marker and overlapping markers ~e removed a~ ~tep 3~. Finally, the cuITent marker is inserted into the event map ~t step 36. The process continues until the last event is proccssed.
~igure 2C illustrat~s an exempla~y ~nethod for con$truc~ing a ~ulTent even~ marker *om an event entry according to ~n embodiment of the present invention. As show~in Figurc 2A, the current event m~rker c~mprises ~t least three co.l.y~ ellts: a marker ori~in ad~ress 26 col.e*,o.~in~ to the event dat~ address of the loaded event ently; an event n~.~rker ~pan 27 ~ont~inin~ the number of primary stor~ge units that were written ~1-d 0916#11aSb01gSSI Ol ~~16 65~ ZIZ 3IZN3)1~ l3>1~ ~3 5~:91 ~6. bl ~ON

in the event entry: and a marker da~a pointer 2B comprising arl address or offset in t~e e~ent journal which enables the event data to be guickly located in the event journal.
For the puIposes of i~lustration, exemplary generation of the e~enl map is descri~ed from be~inning to end. The method ac~o~il~ to the present invention is usefill if the event joumal is stored on sLIe ~ ~in~ rnedi~ or if a backup computer is recordinE~ an event joumal and simu]L~co~ y ~ 4~ g the eYcnt map.
Also according to the method of the present inv~tion1 ~n event map can be construçted by procesiing event jou~al entries in re~erse ordcr, from end to beginning. The mechan~cs arc sornewhat ~ir~.c.,l because events encountered fir~t, i.e., last in the journal, will take prec~d~n~ ~ over those earlier in l:he Journal r The flow chart of Fi~ure 2B would~ instead of removing earl~er events, first search for s~ments referenced in the event map. The o~la~7~i"g se~ ell~ found in the event map a~e omitted from the current marker. Note that the current m~rker can be fr~y"~"Led into a plurality of marker~s e~ch l~ in~ ch~nges for the current event entry.
~igure 21;) fur~hcr descr~bes an exemplary mettlod for clearin~ overlapping markers from the event rr ap ~cc~ g to an ernbodimcnt of the present invention. The event rn~p is sedl~hed for the evcnt closest to the e~rent ¢vent ma~er in step 42. When no event is found, the event map is cn~pty and there is no overlap with any other event and the method retum~ at step 43, so that the current event m~rker can be ~nselted into the evcnt map.
If ~n eve~t is found, there arc s~v~ral possible cor~ditions. The found event may start ~Rer the end of the current event in step 44. If this is the ease, the previous event in the event map is loaded in step 4~ If no such event entry exists in step 45, themethod retllms to step 43. O~herwise~ the found e~ent may end before the currentevent in~lic~te~l in step 46. I~this is the c~se~ erl no more events overl~p the cu~Tent event and then tlIe method retums in step ~0.
The final possible condition is overlap. Overlap occurs when pa~ of the current marker sits nn top of a found marker entry. When this occurs~ the found ~arker entry ~1-d 0916#110~019~51 Ol ~~1~ 6~ ZIZ 3IZN3~13W ~ ~3~ Z~ 6. ~1 hON

mllst he reviscd or removed to make way for the cu~rent marker entry in step 47.A~e~ the marl~er is rcvised in step 47, the previous event marker is loaded and the proCesS ~ontinlles until an exit condition is ellcol~.lt~,.e~ in ~teps 43 or 46.
In a stor~ge system, overl~p occurs when ~ write oc~urs to the same location in a pa~ticulal file. Many umtes may occur to a file position resulting in many evententries r~r~ g a par~icular storage lo~tion Only the 11st wr~te to the file positi~n determines the d~ta stored there Equival~nt:ly, only the last event entry in the e~ent journal defines the event marker for correcporl~in~ to that address in the event lnap.
The present invention us~s a sorted cQrltAin~r, such as a link list, a~ay or btrcc, to contain the event markers. An e~al"lJlc of ~ sorted cnntail~er by Azarona Software employed in an ex~mplary embodim~nt of the present invention is incl~lded ~n thcsource code w~th particular lefel~ncc to, for example, pages 105-1 17 of the ~ ched paper ~,e~
Evenl markers are stored in order of çvent rna~ker address. ~orting enables rapid location of markers relatin~ IO ~n event markcr address. The process of ~nserting 3nd ~eletin~ whoIe markers in the list can be time con~urning, eireciolly if thc list or btree is lar~c. The present invention practices two techniques for i~prove~ perform~lre when lists become l~rge. The first pr~ctice ~ known as marker editin~. Editin~
modifies an existin~ entry in a list whcn it is known that the edits do not affect the ~0 sequence ,et,~e~entet by the list. In most eases~ editin~ an cxisting rnarker is many li-ncs faster tha[l deletin~ and r~ g a trcc cntry or sorted list ently.
Thc practice of marker editin is particularly demonstrated~ for example~ in thc Vtrcc::UpdateDat~ routino particularly ref~rcncet on, for ~rnrle, pa~e 110 ofthesource code in the ~ hP~I paper appendix. Marker editing techniques are fiJrtherdemonstrated in source code at~ for e~."~le~ pa~e 26 line 368 in the att-c~let paper Appendix.
The second technique praCLiCe~ ~ccording to the prçsent invention is ~uWivision. lt is well known in the art th~t thc amount of effort to ...~ tAil~ a sorted cont~iner i~ ses 51 ~ 0916#1105~019551 Ol Ç~16 65~ ZIZ 31ZN3~1~W ~ 2~3~1~1EI ~3 SZ:91 ~. b~ nON

disproportionally to the nurnber of items in the list. The present invention can divide a large journ~l into a plural i~y of smaller ~c~~ and ~,~,r.~ an event map for eac~
journal se~mAnt There are se ~reral overlap conditions that can occur. A current event mark~r may overlap sever~l markers, for example as illus~rated in Figure IC by events 8, ~, 10 overiapped by entry 12. A curr~nt marker may overlap a complete m~ker illustrated by event 10 ~ein~ completely overlapped by event 12. A current marker may also overl~p the trailing side of a current marker, illustrated by event 8 and event 12. A
currçnt marlcer may overlap the front side of a marker illu~ ,d by event ~ and event 12.
Figure ~E illustrates an exempl~ry techniqlle for revising ~n overlapped event rnarker accordin~ to the pregent invention. If the current event m~rker cornpletely overlaps the found m~rker in step 52!! t}le overlapped marker is deleted in step 53. I~the current event marker overlaps the tail of the found event marker in stçp 54, thç found event mOEker is re~r trimmed by reducin~ the event clata size ~.a~e.. ted in the f~und event markcr in stcps 5~ and ~6. If thc front of thc found cvcnt overlaps the found event in step 58, the found event is front trimmed by calc~ inp the si~ of the ov~rlap in step $9. i~-cl~asi.,g the evçnt marker offset ~y the overlap in step 60, adjusting the markcr data pointer tv reflect the first data ihat wa$ not ove~ en irl the event journal by addin~ the overlap to the marker d~ta pointer in step ~1~ and finally reduc~n~ the d~ta size of the found marker in step ~
It is considered within the scope of the present inYention to use marker editingtechniques to replace a marker ent~y deletion and insertion when the deleted andinserted markers go into the same place in the sorted cor-t~iner.

The e~ent map ac~ording to the present invention is llseful for ~ riety of purposes.
It is ~ell known to Creal~ a backup of a computer by copying an ori~inal storage to a streaming media. Prior aft systems describe methods for rçcsvcrine from an eventjournal by copyin~ a backup onto a hard disk and "replayin~" the events in ~n event 91 d 09T5#110~b019S~1 Ol ~~16 6~ ZIZ 31ZN3~ 3~a ~ 9Z 9l ~6. b~ (~ON

journal. n~is techn~que only works, however, if the nL~ber of events in the event journal is srrlall enough to replay in a reasonable amount of time. ~ior exarnplc, if a l~rge volume of changes are ~t~red in an event jollmal, replaying the çntire eYent joum~l to recreate a ~le eould take a prohibitively ]ong tirne. Thus, such a technique S i5 impr~ctical f~r gll~t~jn~rl off-site backup m~inten~nr~ Ihe requirement to penodi~ally re~esh the entire backup crcatcs a hu~e arnount of network traffic and disqualifies this method from use for large systcms. In ~Aiti~tn, the pr~or art systemS
require the int~ di~tP step of placing the original data file on a seekable medium prior to replayin~ the event journal to r~,~cr~ate a file. On con~entional tape ba,k-up 1~ systems, ho~ever, only a small arnount of disk gpace is availabl~, if at all, and thus the origir~l file cannot be placed on disk for mergin~ with an event journal as is done via an event map according to the present invention.

In contrast, thc cv~nt map of th~ present invention enables effi~iPnt nll~atine of a backup stored on streaming media. For e~ample, by creating the event map according to the present inv~ntion, the net result of the changes in the event joumal are cornbined with the original file, thus reducing the amount of network traffic associate~ with the back-up or recreation process and there is no requirement for an intermediate step of placing the or~inal file on a s~k~le medium as the event map can be comb:ned scquentially with the ori~inal file.

As indicated ~ar~i~r~ it is w~ll known in the art that a backup con~pr.ses ~ copy of an ori~inal storaye and ~hat backup copies are often stored on ~ll c~ medi~ be¢~use, media is cheaper than random acce~s media It i9 alio well known to store an event journ~l. For exaTnple~ in ~ convention~l compl-ler system with a primary computçr and a backup computer connected tQ a network, ~ cnpy of a base (e.~., ~5 on~inal) file i$ copied from ~he primary computer to the ba~kup computcr. To generate a backup copy of the current state of the file, the basc file would be written to a disk from the backup col,lpu~ for combinAtion with the changes to the b~se file.
stored as an eve~t joumal on the backup cu~ u~ , thus ne~;e.~ait~ lg many 1~0 .aliolls as de~ ed e~rlier. The updated fi]e would then be stored in the backup ~ 0916~10Sb0195SI Ol ~~16 6S~ ZIZ 31ZN3~W ~ ~3~ 3 9Z:91 ~6. bl n0N

system. In addition to requir~n~ transfer from a barkup ~he~n~ media to a disk to gcllelale an upd~ted backup copy of a file, such a backup system also ~enerally does not provide the capability t~ incor~r~te only recent ch~nges to the ba~ file, which may no longcr exist on the ~ackup system if replaced followin~ a backup operation.
Thus, it is not known to merge data in an event jotlmal with an origin~l storagc stored on stre~ming mcdia for recovery. It is further not knoun to merge data from an event journal u~h data in a streaming me~ia for m~intpn~n~e of a backup copy to keep the backup copy up to datc in a¢cor~lanec with the present invention.

It is kno~n in the art tO replay recorded stora~e events. E~eplay techniques repe~t the sequence of wr~te~ ~eco~ led in an event joumal to ~ copy of an ori$i nal storage stored on ran~o~-access random-wliteable media. A probl~m with this app,o~ch is that the vast rnajority of tll~ copies of ori~inal-stora~e a~e stored on streaming media, e.~., tape~ which is neither efficiently seeka~le nor randomly writ~abl~. As a result. evcnt jou~nal techniques are not used for backup.

'l hc present invention enables ef~lcient mer~inE of informariorl in an evcnt jo~nal with a copy of an original ~torage on st~e~mi.~ media. The methods described above relating to creation nf an evem map, when pracliced with the follou~n~ t~rllniqu~s to fulfill a data re~uest from an event journal and an ori ginal storage, enable an array of n~w capabilities. Further disclosurc of this te~hnique is provid~d with reference to, for cxamp]e, E:l~ges ~3-26 and 33-34 of the source code in the ~ ch~d paper appendix and with particular ~ef~,rel ce to the JournalServicpR~e :QuelyLocation subroutine.

Figure 4~ strates exemplary co~ "ls of the present invention tl~t participate in fulfillfng a read request 30 for an updated storage, an origirlal slorage 6~ ~n event jollrnal 21 and an cv~nt map 29. The flo~chart of Fi~urc 4B descri~ei ~n exemplary ~5 me~hod for fulfilling a read request frc1m the combination of Figure 4A comprising an original storage 6, an event journal 21 and an ~vent n~ap 29. A read request is composed, for ex~nple, of tYo clel"~ "1~: a data position; and a read si2e. The data position ~ives, for example, the starting ~ddress rel~tive eo ~n oligin of ~he data to be ~7 81-d 0916#TT05b019551 01 ~~16 ~S~ ZIZ 31ZN3~W ~ ~3~ 9Z:91 ~c ~T no~

read. The re~d gi~e giYe~ for example, the coul~l of elemental units to be ob~ined from the storage. The sum of the data position and lhe read size gives the a~dress vf the en~ing re~d address.

With reference to Figure 4B~ the first step 66 in processin~ a read request is to determine the data position, read size, and ending read address 32 The event map i~
quericd for a nlarker that corlt~in~ the current read position in step 67. If no marker references the current read position in step ~, the number of storage u~its until the next read marker is retrieved in 5t~p 72, the next marker count. The unit read size is c~lr~ tf~d to be the min~mum of the next m~rker count and the read si~e in step 73.
tO Data firom the ori~in~l storage is copied into the ~ead ~uffer to fulfill the unit read COllIlt ~f pri~Ary stora~e ele~ents in step 74.

lfan event marker is found which C~..c;.~ ts to the read position in step fi8, the unit read size is calc~lated to be the minimum of the overlapping marker segment si~e and the read size in ~tep 69. The marker d~ta pointer is uscd to locate the corresponding event data in the event journal and fillfill the requcst for unit read si~ from the evenl jou~al in step 70. Ncxt~ the read size is dccrc ~ t~d by ~e number o~e3ern~t~
stora~e units fulfilled, unit read size~ in the last iteration7 and the read position is advanc~d by ~e uIlit read size to indicate partial ~llfillm~nt of the read request in step 71. When the read size reaches zero, the read is fillfilled in step 75 ~nd the procçss ~0 t~minateS in step 76. ~f the read ~ize is not zero, the process resumes by queryin~ the event map in step 67~

Application of the read method according lo the presen~ invention to cau~ seqllential re~ding of an updated stream from beginninE~ to cnd is an efficient way to mer~e an un~inal s~eam and an event jnumal Figure 4C ghows an exemplary flo~v chart that generally descri~es the mcthod accor~ing to the present invcntion. This method ;s filrther ~isclosed in source code form at, ~or example, pages ~-10, 15-18, l 9-20~ ~3-26~ 30-31 ~nd 33-34 in the attached paper appendix. The so~ce coAe references four similar but distinct uses of the present invention Each of these seve~al beh~vior5 can 61-~ 0916#T10Sb019SSI Ol ~C16 6S~ ZIZ 31ZN3~1~W ~ ~13~1Y~ ~3 ~Iz:9~ ~6. bl (~ON

be, for example, invoked by program options.
A~ illust~ted in ~igure 4~, in ~ method f'or merging a non-se~kable base stream with an event log, an event map is cons~ructed trom thc event joumal as described above in step 78. A cnpy of an original stor~e on a stlc~m~ll~ media is loaded into a tape dri~re S in step 79. A ser~es of read requests requestin~ ivc seglrl~r~L!~ of data from the updated storage represented by the combination of the origirlal storage and the event journal arc issued and fulfilled by, for _xample, the meth~d of Figure 4B in step 80.
The results of the read requests are s~ ~hs~qupTltly rccorded to a target storage which m~y be anothe~ arl.ing medi~, disk or other storage in step 81. The process co. ~ u~;, until comp~ in steps 82 and 83.
The s~qu~ read process~ the subjecl of Figure 4B and source code disclosure at, for examplc. page ~0 of the atTached p~per appendix, causes the copy of the original storage to be eons~ d from b~ n~ to cnd. The seeks which occur to the or-~inal stor~gç advance the onginal stora~,e beyond the same numbcr of primary storage units 1~ supplied by the e~ent journal. As a rçsult, the on~nal storA~c is conq~ d ~om ;~ e to end without seeking notwithct~ n~ skippin~ of d~ta units provided by the event joumal. This ch~ e ri~LlC en~qbles efficient comhin~tion of an original computer storAge an~d an e~ent j ournal.

~eeks on the ori~inal storage scrve to skip data 3eglllCIIL:i provided by the event journal. Co-pending ~pplic~tion by ~ lic~t, entitled ~OMPUTER APPARATUS
AND METHOD FOR ~ER~ 3 A SEQUENTIAL PLU~ALIl~ O~ DELTA
STREAMS recites a method ~nd ~pz.~tus to cap~re skipped s~"~e~ intn an inverse delta. When processing a ~trearn firom l~ inP. to end, ~he act ~f discarding ~l,dJ~.;le.~ i9 awkward. In praeti~e, seeks in the origin~l medi~ only occur when a segment :trom thc original storaee has becn O~ n. The normal ef~e~ of this on an original stre~m is to slcip the ove~yped c~ s recited above, the mcans ~f skippin~ oveItyped c,h~r~L" a is to disc~rd them. The present invention include~, for eY~mrle, methods cnmp*tihle With co-pending application entitled (~OMPUTER
APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR MERGING ~ SEQUENTIAI~ PLURALITY OF

0Z d 09F6~P~05P0~95~ Ol ~~T6 6~;~ Z~Z 31ZN3~10W g ~3~a ~3 ~z s~ ~6, t'~ ~ON

NOJ 14 '~7 17:51 FR B~KER ~ 11CKENZIE 212 75g ~133 TO 155610451311#g160 P.02 O~l,TA S~R~AMS whieh, for PY~mplC~ c~ptu,~s an ;'~nverse delta" which is a list of chan~e~ that if made to the updated storage convert it b~ck into an ori~in~l storage.
~e present invention also protuces inverse delt~. The method s~mply re~uires capturing elPn~nt~l stora~e units skipped in the orilzina] strearn as mism~tch se~5mPntc and recording data ss~n~ used from the original strearn as nlatching Se~m~nt~.

It is similarly an object of the present invention to translate an event joumal into a delta. A delta cont~inC~ for t~an~l)le, ~I~P. n~ frames describin~ mDtrlline andmi~m~trhinp. sections of a~ original arld updated s~orage. The method is r~ ed in sc~urce code ~,vith nference to, for e~nrle, pages 12, 21-2~ 32~ and 3 3-34 of thc attached paper appendix with particular ~r~rcllcc to the class named JournalL~elta.
The flow chart of Figure ~ illustrates an exernpl~ embodimcnt of a method far convertin~ 0n evenl JUUlllal to a delta ~COl'~ling to Ihe present invention. An event Inap is constructed ror the event journal in step 85. A Yariable tracking thc logical progress through the updated stream is initi~li7~d in step 87. This variable traek~ Ihe position accountin~ of the updated fi~e. This logic~l pvsition advances resultin~ from ~n accounting for stora~e units in the updated strearn. Each time this position advances, the curposition variable is advanced in step 94.
When the cll")ositi~ll variable reachcs a known EOF c~itiol~J the method l~ ;s in steps 88 and 95 For all oth~r times, the event map is queried for the C~lrpOsition in ZO stcp 89. When the query returns with a rnatch marker notification, the match marlcer is used to construct a data frame. ~e data fiame specifies a micm~tell in tlle ori~zinal and updated stora~es. The data framc compr~ses effectively the ~ata that was notmatched. The micm~qt~hine data is e,.k~ete~ from the event journal using the marker data pointçr and the marker data si~e and incorporated into the data fiame.
When the query returns no match marker notil;~tion in step 90, the data from the~riginal and updated streams ~re ide~ltir~l until the next match marker. In an en~bo~iirnP-lt of the present invention, a count of prirnary storage units is returned until the ev~nt address of the next event marker. ~he curposition variable aI~d this eount NOV 14 ~' 17:5~ FR E3RKER ~ MCKENZIE 212 759 9133 TO 15561045I311~gl~0 P.03 CA 0222l2l6 l997-ll-l4 are u~ed to ~orlsk,l~it the rnatch fralne in step ~3. TllC match frame tells Ihe poSition and count of ch~rArt~rs that match in the original and updated storage. The rnatch rr~e nolific~liol comprises a position çlement and a sizc element indicating thepo$ition and number of ch~raPt~r$ that m~tch in the or~ginal and ~pdate streams.
Finally, the ~ dl ~ cl frame is rccordcd in step 94 and the process resumes. Thecurposition is in~ c~ to account for daL~ ve.-kd by the currcnt frame in step ~4 and the process resumcs by el~P~:~in~T, if the storage is complcte in step 88. ~Fnot, the prOCess aboYe repeats until all ele .. 1, l storage units of thc updated storage are accounte~ for. The delt~ of the present method i~ particularly usefi~l when us~d in conjwlction with co-pending ar~plicatifmc entilled COMPUTER APPARATUS AND
M~T~OI) FO~ MERGING A SEQUENTIAL PLURALITY OF PELTA STREAMS
and COMPUTER APPARATUS AND MF.THOI~) FO~ MERGING SYSTEM
DELTAS.

ReAd-only files are well kno~n ir~ the art. They ~re common to write-once medi~ such as CD-ROMs and the like as well ~ networlc file systems where ~ user may lack permi~qio~ to or the ability to modify a parti~ular storage. T~e present invention further provi~es a ~neaTIs cf using a combination ora read~nly storage, an active evcnt journal and an event map as a se~ble-r~adable-writea~le stora~e. ~he mcthod is ~enerally disclosed in sou~e code at~ for example, pages 9-10, 15-18~ 1~-20, ~3-2~, ~0 30~31 and 33-~4 of the ~ h~d paper appendix. The flowcharts of Fi~ure ~A-6C
gener~lly describe ~n exemplary method ~ccol~din~ to the present invention.
The method of Fi~ure 6A includes, for ex~ the step of initializin~ an event joumal in step 97. Initi~li7~tinn rnay be~ for exarnple, creation of a new event journal or activation of an existin~ journal. lf the se~sion refers to a co~tinll~tion of ~n earlie~
~5 session, thc storage ~s~oci~ d with the evenl joun~al is opened for readin~ and writing If this is a n~w session7 ~n event map is created~ otherwise an e~rlier event map is activated in step 9~. The event map and the event joumal should be consistent.
Note that if an event journal exists but no event m~p exists, thc above rnethod for ~ene.~ an event map from an event journal is used. The final step is to open the 2~

NOlJ 14 ~g7 17:52 F~ ERKER ~ I~ICKENZIE 212 75~ 3133 TO 15561E~45011#g160 P.04 CA 0222l2l6 l997-ll-l4 rea~ only stora~e in step 99. Note that by defin~tion the re~d-only camlot bc modified.
A~er initialization of the e~ent joun~l~ event map and read only stora~e. read an~
write ~ece~ses to the storage a~e ~)c.ru.,..ed as generally dcscribed in step 100, and speeifi~slly p~rformed as dcs~liL,e~ in Figures fiB ~nd 6t~. Wi~h further reference to Figure 6B, the present invention diverts ~rites that would normally apply to the read-only storage to the cvent journal. nlis diversion is pë~ rOl ~ned by first constructin~ a write event entry fiom the wlite rcqucst by determirling the daea and posilion rep,e~,e~lled by the write request. The data positi~n is used as the event address The data included in the write request is used as the r~ent data.
The write even~ entry i5 recorded into the event journal in step 105. Sul~uel,lly, the event entry is used to constluct a current event marker in step 106 USing, for ex~n~rl~
the me~od ~enerally r~p.e~,~.,led in Figllre 2C. 'rhc event map is searched and all o~erlappin~ se~llellt~ th~t overlap thc ~urrent event marker are removed in step 107 using! for ex~rnple, the mcthod generally ie~ d in Figure 2r~. Finally, the culTent evcnt rnar1cer is added to the event map in ste'p ~08.
E~ead reque~ to thc combined read-only stora~e, cvenl journal combination are generally proces~d using the method illustr~ted, for ex~rnrle7 in the flowchart ~f FiguJe ~C. Instead of reading the souree file, the read request is di~erted and fillfille~
by the method generally, e~ 7e,lLed by Figure 4B. The combination of ~sin~ tl~isread and write method provides a r~a~ e an~ writeable interface to a read-only StOra~e.
The technique aecor~ing to Ihe present invention can be us~d7 for ex~np]e? to provide a plura~ity of inL~rfaces to a read-~nly file. Co~ider, for e,.~l~le, a group of users all haYin~ ess to a read-only stora~e b~ desirîng to make chan~es to this storage. The ~5 metl~o~ ~¢cording to the present invelltion can be applied for each user who ~enerat~s an independem even~ ~og that c~ntains only the cllanges made by the uscr. These changes are invisible to the othcr user~ permittin~ each user to change his data view as nP~eS~

NOV 14 'g7 17:52 FR BRKER & ~CKENZIE 212 759 9133 TO 15561045011~9160 P.05 A sirnilar ~rplic~tion of the prcsent invention use~ the above method for simulation of ~ standard file interfac~ u~in~ only a read only on~inal stora4e and an event lo~ in the a~sence of the read on~y file. If the read-only filc above conta~n~ nn data then the eYent Journal con~ins all of the subject d~ta. ~i~ capa~ilit~Y perrn~ts a readable write~le and seek~ e fil~ system to be created on a seekable write-once media like a Cl:)~ROM The meth~d involves creating the eventjoumal on C~-ROM and using the rcad ~nd wl~te simulation methf~lc dis~losed in the previous section to fulfill all read and write requests.

~ TOTRL PRGE.05 *~

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Claims (38)

1. A method for creating an event map from an event journal, comprising the steps of:

reading each of a plurality of write event entries from an event journal;
generating a current event marker for each of the plurality of write event entries; and determining if an overlap condition exists between a latest current event marker and an existing current event marker and if an overlap condition exists, removing the overlap condition to represent the latest current event marker.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of determining and removing the overlap condition includes comparing the latest current event marker and the existing current event marker to identify an overlapped portion.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the event journal includes the plurality of write events stored in a computer memory device, the computer memory device having an array of storage units each having a predetermined address.
4. The method according to claim 3, wherein each of the plurality of write events includes at least an event address and an event data, the event address representing a location of the write event in the computer memory device and the event data including a content of the storage units occupied by the write event.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the current event marker includes atleast a marker origin address, a marker event span and a marker data pointer, the marker origin address representing a location in the computer memory device, themarker event span representing a number of occupied storage units, and the marker data pointer representing a pointer to an event data in the computer memory device.
6. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of storing each of the plurality of current event markers in a sorted list.
7. The method according to claim 2, wherein the step of removing the overlap condition includes one of deleting the overlapped portion and revising the overlapped portion.
8. The method according to claim 3, wherein the array of storage units stores one of bytes in a computer file, blocks in a computer disk and records in a database.
9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the event journal is stored on a backup computer system, the backup computer system being coupled to a primary computer system, and further comprising the step of storing each current event marker on the backup computer system, and wherein the steps of generating the current event marker and determining and removing the overlap condition are performed on the backup computer system.
10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the steps of generating the currentevent marker and determining if an overlap condition exists at performed immediately after the step of reading each of the plurality of write event entries.
11. The method according to claim 5, further comprising the step of, when a write event entry occurs only at a block boundary and an event size equals a block size, storing each current event marker in an array of storage marker pointers containing one of a null value and the marker data pointer, the null value indicating an original storage block not changed by a write event entry and the marker data pointer indicating the original data block changed by the write event entry.
12. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of dividing theevent journal into a plurality of segments and wherein the step of reading each of the plurality of write events includes reading each of the plurality of write events for a respective one of the plurality of segments.
13. A method of fulfilling a read request for an updated storage using an original storage, an event journal and an event map, the method comprising the stops of:

receiving a read request, the read request including a data position and a read size;

identifying, from the read request and via the event map, portions of the read request to be provided by the event journal and portions of the read request to be provided by the original storage; and fulfilling the read request.
14. The method according claim 13, wherein the data position represents an offset from an origin of the updated storage and the read size represents a number of storage units to be read from the updated storage, the updated storage containing a data content of the original storage and subsequent changes to the original storage a plurality of write events.
15. The method according to claim 13, wherein the original storage includes a computer memory device having an array of storage units each having a predetermined address, the event journal being stored in the computer memory device, the event journal including a plurality of write event entries.
16. The method according to claim 15, wherein each of the plurality of write event entries includes at least an event address and an event data, the event address representing a location of the write event in the computer memory device and theevent data including a content of the storage units occupied by the write event.
17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the event map is created from the event journal via:

reading each of the plurality of write event entries from the event journal;

generating a current event marker for each of the plurality of write event entries; and determining if an overlap condition exists between a latest current event marker and an existing current event marker and if an overlap condition exists, removing the overlap condition to represent the latest current event marker.
18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the current event marker includes at least a marker origin address, a marker event span and a marker data pointer, the marker origin address representing a location in the computer memory device, themarker event span representing a number of occupied storage units, and the marker data pointer representing a pointer to an event data in the computer memory device.
19. The method according to claim 13, wherein the original storage is empty.
20. The method according to claim 13, wherein the original storage includes a read only storage device.
21. The method according to claim 13, wherein the step of fulfilling the read request includes reading the requested data from a respective one of the original storage and the event map as determined via the identifying step.
22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the step of fulfilling the read request further includes reading each contiguous segment of the original storage and recording a result of the read request on a second storage media.
23. The method according to claim 22, wherein the second storage media inch one of a streaming backup tape and a seekable disk.
24. The method according to claim 13, wherein the original storage resides on a streaming tape and the streaming tape is not repositioned during the step of fulfilling the read request except to skip overlaid data segments from the event journal.
25. The method according to claim 22, wherein the event journal includes a plurality of event journals.
26. A method for converting an event journal into a delta, comprising the steps of:

generating an event map from an event journal;

identifying, via the event map, a mismatching segment between an original storage and an updated storage;

recording a mismatch marker for each mismatching segment;
identifying, via the event map, a matching segment between the original storage and the updated storage; and recording a match marker for each matching segment.
27. The method according to claim 26, wherein each match marker represents a position and a size of a matching segment in the original storage and the updated storage and each mismatch marker represents a position, a size and a data content of a mismatching segment between the original storage and the updated storage.
28. The method according to claim 26, wherein the step of identifying a mismatching segment includes identifying the mismatching segment as a function of an entry in the event map using a marker data pointer to supply a data content from the event journal.
29. The method according to claim 26, wherein the step of identifying a matchingsegment includes identifying an omission from the event map and wherein the step of recording a match marker includes recording the match marker for each omission in the event map.
30. The method according to claim 26, wherein the updated storage is stored on afirst storage device and wherein a copy of the original storage and the recordedmarkers are stored on a second storage device, the second storage device providing a backup of the updated storage.
31. The method according to claim 26, wherein the mismatch marker represents a size and a data content of a mismatching segment between the original storage and the updated storage.
32. The method according to claim 26, wherein the mismatch marker represents a position, a size and a marker data pointer of a mismatching segment between the original storage and the updated storage.
33. The method according to claim 30, wherein the first storage device is located on a first computer system and the second storage device is located on a second computer system.
34. The method according to 26, wherein the event journal includes a plurality of event journals, and wherein the generating, identifying and recording steps are performed for each of the plurality of event journals.
35. The method according to claim 26, wherein the event journal is recorded on aclient server and the markers are recorded on a backup server.
36. The method according to claim 26, further comprising the step of dividing the event journal into a plurality of segments and wherein the steps of generating, identifying and recording are performed for each of the plurality of segments.
37. The method according to claim 1, wherein the event journal includes synchronization information and further comprising the step of identifying a termination condition as a function of the synchronization information.
38. The method according to claim 1, wherein the event journal includes a plurality of event journals and the steps of reading, generating and determining are performed for each of the plurality of event journals.
CA002221216A 1996-11-15 1997-11-14 System and apparatus for merging a write event journal and an original storage to produce an updated storage using an event map Abandoned CA2221216A1 (en)

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