CA2219108A1 - Papermakers fabric with stacked machine and cross machine direction yarns - Google Patents
Papermakers fabric with stacked machine and cross machine direction yarns Download PDFInfo
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- CA2219108A1 CA2219108A1 CA002219108A CA2219108A CA2219108A1 CA 2219108 A1 CA2219108 A1 CA 2219108A1 CA 002219108 A CA002219108 A CA 002219108A CA 2219108 A CA2219108 A CA 2219108A CA 2219108 A1 CA2219108 A1 CA 2219108A1
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- Prior art keywords
- yarns
- cmd
- fabric
- fabric according
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Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
- D21F1/00—Wet end of machines for making continuous webs of paper
- D21F1/0027—Screen-cloths
- D21F1/0054—Seams thereof
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
- D21F1/00—Wet end of machines for making continuous webs of paper
- D21F1/0027—Screen-cloths
- D21F1/0036—Multi-layer screen-cloths
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
- D21F7/00—Other details of machines for making continuous webs of paper
- D21F7/08—Felts
- D21F7/083—Multi-layer felts
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/30—Woven fabric [i.e., woven strand or strip material]
- Y10T442/3065—Including strand which is of specific structural definition
- Y10T442/3089—Cross-sectional configuration of strand material is specified
- Y10T442/3114—Cross-sectional configuration of the strand material is other than circular
Abstract
The present invention provides a papermakers fabric having a system of flat monofilament machine direction yarns (hereinafter MD yarns) which are stacked to control the permeability of the fabric. The system of MD yarns comprises at least upper and lower layers of yarns. Preferably, each upper MD yarn is paired in a vertically stacked orientation with a lower MD yarn. Preferably, multiple layers of stacked CMD yarns are provided which are maintained in the stacked relationship by the flat stacked MD yarns to provide suitable void volume within the fabric. In a low permeability embodiment, at least the upper MD yarns are flat monofilament yarns woven contiguous with each other.
Description
PAP~RMAK~R-~ FABRIC WITH ST~R~n M~T~ AND CROSS M~T~ DIRECTION YARNS
R~K~RQUND OF THE lNv~NllON
This application is a continuation-in-part of copending application Serial No. 08/524,800, filed 09/07/95, entitled A SINGLE LAYER PAPERMAKERS FABRICS, which is a continuation of application Serial No. 08/288,158, ~iled 08/10/94, entitled PAPERMAKERS FABRIC HA~ING FLAT YARN FLOATS, issue,d on 09/12/95 as Patent No. 5,449,026, which is a continuatio:n of application Serial No. 08/043,016, filed 04/05/93, entitled PAPERMAKERS FABRIC WITH STACKED MACHINE DIRECTIO~
YARNS, which is a continuation o~ application Serial No.
07/855,904, filed 04/13/92, entitled PAPERMAKERS FABRIC WITH
STACKED MACHINE DIRECTION YARNS, issued on 04/06/93 as Patent No. 5,199,467, which is a continuation of application Serial No. 07/534,164, filed 06/06/90, entitled PAPERMAKER', FABRIC WITH STACKED MACHINE DIRECTION YARNS, issued on = 04/14/92 as Patent No. 5,103,874.
Field of the Invention The present invention relates to papermakers fabrics and in particular to fabrics comprised of flat monofilament yarns.
De~cription of Related Art Papermaking machines generally are comprised of three sections: forming, pressing, and drying. Papermakers fabrics are employed to transport a continuous paper sheet through the papermaking equipment as the paper is being ~ ,t, manufactured. The requirements and desirable characteristic-s of papermakers fabrics vary in accordance with the particular section o~ the machine where the respective fabrics are utilized.
With the development of synthetic yarns, shaped monofilament yarns have been employed in the construction of papermakers fabrics. For example, U.S. Patent No. 4,290,2()9 discloses a ~abric woven of ~lat mono~ilament warp yarns;
U.S. Patent No. 4,755,420 discloses a non-woven constructic3n where the papermakers fabric is comprised of spirals made from flat monofilament yarns.
Numerous weaves are known in the art which are employed to achieve dif~erent results. For example, U.S. Patent No.
4,438,788 discloses a dryer fabric having three layers o~
cross machine direction yarns interwoven with a system of flat monofilament machine direction yarns such that floats are created on both the top and bottom sur~aces o~ the fabric. The floats tend to provide a smooth surface for the fabric.
Permeability is an important criteria in the design of papermakers fabrics. In particular, with respect to fabrics made for running at high speeds on modern drying equipment, it is desirable to provide dryer ~abrics with relatively low permeability.
U.S. Patent No. 4,290,209 discloses the use of flat monofilament warp yarns woven contiguous with each other l_o provide a fabric with reduced permeability. However, even where flat warp yarns are woven contiguous with each other, additional means, such as stuffer yarns, are required t:o reduce the permeability of the fabric. As pointed out in that patent, it is desirable to avoid the use of fluffy, bulky stuffer yarns to reduce permeability which make the fabric susceptible to picking up foreign substances c~r retaining water.
U.S. Patent No. 4,290,209 and U.S. Patent No. 4,755,420 note practical limitations in the aspect ratio (cross-sectional width to height ratio) of machine direction warp yarns defining the structural weave of a fabric. The highest practical aspect ratio disclosed in those patents is 3:1, and the aspect ratio is preferably, less than 2:1.
U.S. Patent No. 4,621,663, assigned to the assignee of the present invention, discloses one attempt to utilize hic~h aspect ratio yarns (on the order of 5:1 and above) to define the surface of a papermakers dryer fabric. As disclosed :in that patent, a woven base fabric is provided to support the high aspect ratio surface yarns. The woven base fabric :is comprised of conventional round yarns and provides structural support and stability to the fabric disclosed :in that patent.
U.S. Patent No. 4,815,499 discloses the use of flat yarns in the context of a forming fabric. That patent discloses a composite fabric comprised of an upper fabr:ic and a lower fabric tied together by binder yarns. The aspect ratio employed for the flat machine direction yarns in both the upper and lower fabrics are well under 3:1.
"
SU ~ RY OF THE lNv~ LloN
The present invention provides a papermakers fabric having a system of flat monofilament machine direction yarns (hereinafter MD yarns) which are stacked to control the permeability o~ the fabric. The system of MD yarns comprises at least upper and lower layers of yarns.
Preferably, each upper MD yarn is paired in a vertically stacked orientation with a lower MD yarn.
The fabric has a variety of industrial uses. For example, it may be used as a base fabric for a papermakers wet press ~elt or as a dryer ~abric. Preferably, multiple layers of stacked CMD yarns are provided which are maintained in the stacked relationship by the ~lat stacked MD yarns to provide suitable void volume within the fabric.
Pre~erably, three layers of stacked CMD yarns are provided.
In a low permeability embodiment, at least the upper MD
yarns are flat monofilament yarns woven contiguous with each other.
Preferably, the same type and size yarns are used throughout the machine direction yarn system and both the top and the bottom MD yarns. Where three layers of CMD
yarns are used, the middle layer CMD yarns are pre~erably oiF
a smaller diameter than the upper and lower CMD layer yarns if the fabric is intended to be used as a press base fabric For dryer fabrics, the CMD yarns are preferably all the same.
It is an object of the invention to provide a papermakers ~abric having permeability controlled with woven flat machine direction yarns.
Other objects and advantages will become apparent from the following description of presently preferred embodiments.
= Other objects and advantages will become apparent t:o those skilled in the art after reading the detailed description of a presently preferred embodiment.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
Figure 1 is a schematic diagram o~ a papermakers ~abri.c made in accordance with the teachings of the present invention;
Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of the fabri.c depicted in Figure 1 along line 2-2;
Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view o~ the ~abri.c depicted in Figure 1 along line 3-3;
Figure 4 is a cross-sectional view of a prior art weave construction;
Figure 5 illustrates the actual yarn structure of the fabric depicted in Figure 1 in the finished fabric showing only two representative stacked MD yarns;
Figure 6 is a schematic view of a second embodiment of a fabric made in accordance with the present invention;
Figure 7 is a cross-sectional view of the fabri.c depicted in Figure 6 along line 7-7;
Figure 8 is a cross-sectional view of the fabr:Lc depicted in Figure 6 along line 8-8;
Figure 9 is a top view of a third embodiment of a fabric made in accordance with the present invention.
Figure 10 is a side view of the third embodiment o~ a fabric made in accordance with the present invention.
Figure 11 is a front view of the third embodiment of a fabric made in accordance with the present invention.
Figure 12 is a schematic view of the third embodiment of a ~abric made in accordance with the present invention showing only a first pair of stacked MD yarns.
Figure 13 is a schematic view of the third embodiment of a fabric made in accordance with the present invention showing only a second pair o~ stacked MD yarns.
Figure 14 is a schematic view o~ the third embodiment of a fabric made in accordance with the present invention showing only a third pair of stacked MD yarns.
Figure 15 is a schematic view of the third embodiment of a fabric made in accordance with the present invention showing only a fourth pair of stacked MD yarns.
Figure 16 is a cross sectional view of the fabr:ic depicted in Figure 9 along line 16-16.
Figure 17 is a cross sectional view of the fabr:ic depicted in Figure 9 along line 17-17.
Figure 18 is a top view o~ a ~ourth embodiment o~ a ~abric made in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
Figure 19 is a side view of the fourth embodiment of a fabric made in accordance with the present invention.
Figure 20 is a view of the fabric depicted in Figure 19 along line 20-20.
Figure 21 is a schematic view of the fourth embodiment of a fabric made in accordance with the present invention showing four stacked MD yarns.
Figure 22 is a schematic view o~ the ~ourth embodiment of a ~abric made in accordance with the present invention showing the second layer of four stacked MD yarns.
Figure 23 is a cross-sectional view of the fabr:ic depicted in Figure 18 along line 23-23.
Figure 24 is a cross-sectional view of the fabr:ic depicted in Figure 18 along line 24-24.
Figure 25 is a cross-sectional view of the fabric depicted in Figure 18 along line 25-25.
DETATT-T~'n DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The preferred embodiment will be described with reference to drawing figures where the numerals represe:nt like elements throughout.
Referring to Figures 1-3, there is shown a papermakers dryer fabric 10 comprising upper, middle and lower layers of cross machine direction (hereinafter CMD) yarns 11, 12, 13, respectively, interwoven with a system of MD yarns 14-19 which sequentially weave in a selected repeat pattern. The MD yarn system comprises upper MD yarns 14, 16, 18 which interweave with CMD yarns 11, 12 and lower MD yarns 15, 1'7, 19 which interweave with CMD yarns 12, 13.
The upper MD yarns 14, 16, 18 define floats on the top surface of the fabric 10 by weaving over two upper layer CMD
yarns 11 dropping into the fabric to weave in an interior knuckle under one middle layer CMD yarn 12 and under one CMD
yarn 11 and thereafter rising to the surface of the fabric to continue the repeat of the yarn. The floats over upper layer CMD yarns 11 of upper MD yarns 14, 16, 18 are staggered so that all of the upper and middle layer CMD
yarns 11, 12 are maintained in the weave.
As will be recognized by those skilled in the art, the disclosed weave pattern with respect to Figures 1-3, result:s in the top surface of the fabric having a twill pattern.
Although the two-float twill pattern represented in Figures 1, 2, and 3 is a preferred embodiment, it will be recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art that the length of the float, the number of MD yarns in the repeat, and the ordering of the MD yarns may be selected as desired so that other patterns, twill or non-twill, are produced.
As best seen in Figures 2 and 3, lower MD yarns 15, 17, 19, weave directly beneath upper MD yarns 14, 16, 18, respectively, in a vertically stacked relationship. The lower yarns weave in an inverted image of their respective upper yarns. Each lower MD yarn 15, 17, 19 floats under two lower layer CMD yarns 13, rises into the fabric over one CMD
yarn 13 and forms a knuckle around one middle layer CMD yarn 12 whereafter the yarn returns to the lower fabric surface .~ .1 to continue its repeat floating under the next two lower layer CMD yarns 13.
With respect to each pair of stacked yarns, the interior knuckle, formed around the middle layer CMD yarns 12 by one MD yarn, is hidden by the float of the other ~D
yarn. For example, in Figures 1 and 3, lower MD yarn 15 :Ls depicted weaving a knuckle over CMD yarn 12 while MD yarn :L4 is weaving its ~loat over CMD yarns 11, thereby hiding the interior knuckle o~ lower MD yarn 15. Likewise, wi1h respect to Figures 1 and 3, upper MD yarn 18 is depicted weaving a knuckle under yarn CMD yarn 12 while it is hidden by lower MD yarn 19 as it floats under CMD yarns 13.
The Figure 18 upper MD yarns 14, 16, 18, are woven contiguous with respect to each other. This maintains their respective parallel machine direction alignment and reduces permeability. Such close weaving of machine direction yarns is known in the art as 100~ warp fill as explained in U.S.
Patent No. 4,290,209. As taught therein (and used herein~, actual warp count in a woven fabric may vary between about 80~-125~ in a single layer and still be considered 100~ wa:rp i~ill .
The crowding of MD yarns 14, 16, and 18 also serves to force MD yarns 15, 17, 19, into their stacked position beneath respective MD yarns 14, 16, 18. Preferably MD yarns 15, 17, and 19 are the same size as MD yarns 14, 16, and 18 so that they are likewise woven 100~ warp fill. This results in the overall fabric of the preferred embodiment having 200~ warp fill of MD yarns.
,, , ~
Since the lower MD yarns 15 17 19 are also preEerab:Ly woven 100~ warp fill they likewise have the effect of maintaining the upper MD yarns 14 16 18 in stacked relationship with the respect to lower MD yarns 15, 17, 1'~.
Accordingly the respective MD yarn pairs 14 and 15 16 and 17 18 and 19 are doubly locked into position thereby enhancing the stability of the fabric.
As set forth in the U.S. Patent No. 4 290 209 it has been recognized that machine direction flat yarns will weave in closer contact around cross machine direction yarns than round yarns. However a 3:1 aspect ratio was viewed as a practical limit for such woven yarns in order to preserve overall fabric stability. The present stacked MD yarn system preserves the stability and machine direction strength o~ the ~abric and enables the usage o~ yarns with increased aspect ratio to more e~ectively control permeability.
The high aspect ratio of the MD yarns translates into reduced permeability. High aspect ratio yarns are wider and thinner than conventional ~lat yarns which have aspect ratios less than 3:1 and the same cross-sectional area.
Equal cross-sectional area means that comparable yarns have substantially the same linear strength. The greater width of the high aspect ratio yarns translates into fewer interstices over the width o~ the fabric than with conventional yarns so that ~ewer openings exist in t:he fabric through which ~luids may ~low. The relative thinness of the high aspect ratio yarns enables the flat MD yarns to .3 I~
more efficiently cradle, i.e. brace, the cross machine direction yarns to reduce the size o~ the interstices between machine direction and cross machine direction yarns.
For example, as illustrated in Figure 4, a fabric woven with a single layer system of a flat machine direction warp having a cross-sectional width of 1.5 units and a cross-sectional height of 1 unit, i.e. an aspect ratio o~
1.5:1, is shown. Such ~abric could be replaced by a ~abric having the present dual stacked MD yarn system with MD yarns which are twice the width, i.e. 3 units, and half the height, i.e. 0.5 units. Such MD yarns having a fourfolld greater aspect ratio o~ 6:1, as illustrated in Figure 3.
The thinner, wider MD yarns more e:E:Eiciently control permeability while the machine direction strength of the fabric remains essentially unaltered since the cross-sectional area oi~ the MD yarns over the width o:E the fabric rem,3;nC3 the same. For the above example, illustrated by Figures 3 and 4, the conventional single MD yarn system fabric has six conventional contiguous flat yarns over 9 units of the fabric width having a cross-sectional area of 9 square units, i.e. 6*(1u.*1.5u.). The thinner, wider high aspect ratio yarns, woven as contiguous stacked MD yarns, deEine a :Eabric which has three stacked pairs oi~ MD yarIlS
over 9 units of fabric width. Thus such fabric also has a cross-sectional area of 9 s~uare units, i.e. (3*(0.5u.*3u.)) = + (3*(0.5u.*3u.)), over 9 units of fabric width.
In one example, a fabric was woven in accordance wit;h Figures 1, 2 and 3, wherein the CMD yarns 11, 12, 13 were polyester monofilament yarns 0. 6 mm in diameter interwoven with MD yarns 14-19 which were flat polyester monofilament yarns having a width of 1.12 mm and a height of 0.2 mrn.
Accordingly, the aspect ratio of the flat MD yarns was 5.6:1. The fabric was woven at 48 warp ends per inch with a loom tension of 40 PLI (pounds per linear inch) and 12.5 CMD pick yarns per inch per layer (three layers).
The fabric was heat set in a conventional heat setting apparatus under conditions of temperature, tension and tirne within known ranges ~or polyester monofilament yarns. For example, conventional polyester fabrics are heat set with:in parameters of 340~F-380~F temperature, 6-15 PLI (pounds per linear inch) tension, and 3-4 minutes time. However, due l_o their stable structure, the fabrics of the present invention are more tolerant to variations in heat setting parameter<,.
The fabric exhibited a warp modulus of 6000 PSI (pounds per square inch) measured by the ASTM D-1682-64 standard of the American Society for Testing and Materials. The fabr:ic stretched less that 0.2~ in length during heat setting.
This result renders the manufacture of fabrics in accordance with the teachings of the present invention very reliable ln achieving desired dimensional characteristic as compared ~o conventional fabrics.
The resultant heat set fabric had 12. 5 CMD yarns per inch per layer with 106~ MD warp fill with respect to both upper and lower MD yarns resulting in 212~ actual warp fill s for the fabric. The finished fabric has a permeability of 83 CFM as measured by the ASTM D-737-75 standard.
As illustrated in Figure 5, when the fabric 10 is woven the three layers of~ CMD yarns 11, 12, 13 become compressed.
This compression along with the relatively thin dimension of the MD yarns reduces the caliper of the fabric.
Accordingly, the overall caliper of the fabric can be maintained relatively low and not significantly greater than conventional i~abrics woven without stacked MD yarn pairs.
In the above example, the caliper of the finished fabric was 0.050 inches.
It will be recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art that if either top MD yarns 14, 16, 18 or bottom MD
yarns 15, 17, 19 are woven at 100~ warp fill, the overall warp fill for the stacked fabric will be significantly greater than 100~ which will contribute to the reduction of permeability of the fabric. The instant fabric having stacked MD yarns will be recognized as having a significantly greater percentage of a warp fill than fabrics which have an actual warp fill of 125~ of non-stacked MD
yarns brought about by crowding and lateral undulation of the warp strands. Although the 200~ warp fill is preferrec~"
a fabric may be woven having 100~ fill for either the upper or lower MD yarns with a lesser degree of fill for the other MD yarns by utilizing yarns which are not as wide as those MD yarns woven at 100~ warp fill. For example, upE?er yarns 14, 16, 18 could be 1 unit wide with lower layer yarns 15, >
17, 19 being .75 units wide which would result in a fabric having approximately 175~ warp fill.
Such variations can be used to achieve a selected degree o~ permeability. Alternatively, such variations could be employed to make a forming fabric. In such a case, the lower MD yarns would be woven 100~ warp fill to define the machine side of the fabric and the upper MD yarns wou]d be woven at a substantially lower percentage of ~ill t:o provide a more open paper ~orming sur~ace.
Referring to Figure~ 6, 7 and 8, there is shown a second preferred embodiment of a fabric 20 made in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
Papermakers ~abric 20 is comprised o~ a single layer o~ CMD
yarns 21 interwoven with a system of stacked MD yarns 22-25 which weave in a selected repeat pattern. The MD yarn system comprises upper MD yarns 22, 24 which define float:s on the top surface o~ the ~abric 20 by weaving over three CMD yarns 21, dropping into the fabric to form a knuck]e around the next one CMD yarn 21, and thereafter continuing to float over the next three CMD yarns 21 in the repeat.
Lower MD yarns 23, 25, weave directly beneat:h respective upper MD yarns 22, 24 in a vertically stacked relationship. The lower MD yarns weave in an inverted image o~ their respective upper MD yarns. Each lower MD yarn 23, 25 floats under three CMD yarns 21, weaves upwardly around the next one CMD yarn forming a knuckle and thereafter continues in the repeat to float under the next three CMD
yarns 21.
As can be seen with respect to Figures 6 and 8, the knuckles formed by the lower MD yarns 23, 25 are hidden by the floats de~ined by the upper MD yarns 22, 24 respectively. Likewise the knuckles formed by the upper MD
yarns 22, 24 are hidden by the floats of the lower MD yarns 23, 25 respectively. The caliper of the fabric proximate the knuckle area shown in Figure 8, has a tendency to be somewhat greater than the caliper of the fabric at non-knuckle CMD yarns 21, shown in Figure 7. However, the CMD yarns 21 around which the knuckles are ~ormed become crimped which reduces the caliper of the fabric in that area as illustrated in Figure 8. Additionally, slightly larger size CMD yarns may be used for CMD yarns 21, shown in Figure 7, which are not woven around as knuckles by the MD yarns.
A fabric for use as a dryer fabric was woven in accordance with Figures 6-8, wherein the CMD yarns 21 were polyester monofilament yarns 0.7 mm in diameter interwoven with MD yarns 22-25 which were flat polyester monofilament yarns having a width of 1.12 mm and a height of 0.2 mm.
Accordingly, the aspect ratio of the flat MD yarns was 5.6:1. The fabric was woven at 22 CMD pick yarns per inch.
The fabric was heat set using conventional methods. The fabric exhibited a modulus of 6000 PSI. The fabric stretched less than 0.2~ in length during heat setting. The resultant fabric had 22 CMD yarns per inch with 106~ MD warp fill with respect to both upper and lower MD yarns resulting in 212~ actual warp fill for the fabric. The finished fabric had a caliper of .048 inches and an air permeabilit:y of 60 CFM.
= A fabric for use as a base fabric for a press felt was woven in accordance with Figures 6-8 where in the CMD yarrLs 21 were constructed of 0.019" and 0.012" in diameter alternating nylon yarns interwoven with 0.30mm by O.90mm flat nylon machine direction monofilament yarns. The fabric was woven at 15 to 19 picks per inch for the CMD yarns and 45 to 48 ends per inch for the MD yarns. A base fabric wit:h higher permeability was woven of the same design but using 0.30mm by 0.85mm flat nylon yarns for the machine direction yarns instead of the wider 0.30mm by O.90mm nylon yarns. To complete the press felt, batt material was needled onto the base fabric in a conventional manner.
The preferred inverted image weave of the lower MD
yarns facilitates the creation of seaming loops at the end of the fabric which enable the fabric ends to be joined together. In forming a seaming loop, the upper MD yarns extend beyond the end of the fabric and the respective lower yarns are trimmed back a selected distance from the fabr:Lc end. The upper MD yarns are then bent back upon themselves and rewoven into the space vacated by the trimmed lower MD
yarns. When the upper MD yarns are backwoven into the space previously occupied by the lower MD yarns, their crimp matches the pattern of the lower MD yarns, thereby locking the resultant end loops in position. Similarly, alternate top MD yarns can be backwoven tightly against the end of the fabric such that loops formed on the opposite end of the fabric can be intermeshed in the spaces provided by the non-loop forming MD yarns to seam the fabric via insertion of a pintle through the intermeshed end loops.
Since the top and bottom machine direction yarns are stacked, the resultant end loops are orthogonal to the plane of the fabric surface and do not have any twist. I:n conventional backweaving techniques, the loop defining yarns are normally backwoven into the fabric in a space adjacent to the yarn itself. Such conventional loop ~ormation inherently imparts a twist to the seaming loop, see U.';.
Patent No. 4,438,788, Figure 6.
Referring to Figures 9-17, there is shown a third preferred embodiment of a fabric 150 made in accordance wit:h the teachings of the present invention which is particular]y suited ~or use as a base ~abric ~or a press ~elt. The fabric 150 has upper, middle and lower layers of cross machine direction yarns 151, 152 and 153, respectively, interwoven with a system o~ MD yarns 154 through 161, which sequentially weave in a selected repeat pattern. The MD
yarn system has upper and lower stacked ~lat MD yarns that repeat on ~our MD yarn pairs 154 and 155, 156 and 157, l'i8 and 159, and 160 and 161. The MD yarn system interweaves with the three CMD layer yarns 151, 152 and 153. The stacked pairs o~ MD yarns repeat with respect to 12 CMD
yarns, 4 from each CMD yarn layer.
The relative stacking of both the MD and CMD yarns is shown in Figures 10-17. The upper layer MD yarns 154, 156, 158, 160 weave exclusively with the upper and middle layer .
CMD yarns 151, 152 and, preferably define interior knuckles under the middle layer CMD yarns 152 and exterior knuckles over the upper layer CMD yarns 151. As best seen in Figure 9, the repeat of the upper MD yarns preferably define a crow foot pattern with respect to four upper layer CMD yarns 151', but the MD yarns may be ordered to define a regular twi]l pattern.
The lower layer MD yarns 155, 157, 159, 161 weave in a similar manner as upper layer MD yarns, but with respect to the middle and lower CMD yarn layers 152, 153. The lower layer MD yarns 155, 157, 159, 161 weave such that interior knuckles are defined by the lower MD yarns 155, 157, 15'3, 161 over the middle layer CMD yarns 152 which are vertical:Ly aligned with the exterior knuckles defined by the upper MD
layer yarns 154, 156, 158, 160 over the upper layer CMD
yarns. Similarly, the lower layer MD yarns 155, 157, 159, 161 weave exterior knuckles under lower layer CMD yarns 1!,3 which are vertically aligned with the interior knuckles which are defined by the upper MD layer yarns 154, 156, 15,3, 160 under the middle layer CMD yarns 152.
A press felt base fabric produced in accordance with the third embodiment shown in Figures 9-17 is preferably woven 15-19 CMD yarns per inch in each layer using 0.5 lnm diameter nylon yarns for the upper and lower CMD layers a:nd 0.3 mm diameter nylon yarns for the middle CMD layer. The fabric is preferably woven at 45-48 MD yarns per inch in either a low permeability or a high permeability version.
In the low permeability version, 1.06 mm wide by 0.25 mm high nylon MD yarns are used to produce a base fabric permeability in the range o~ 90-200 CFM. In the hig-h permeability version 0.85 mm wide and 0.30 mm high nylon MD
yarns are used to produce a base fabric permeability in the range of 200-400 CFM.
To form a press felt, batting is needled onto the woven base fabric in a conventional manner having a weight in thLe pre~erred range o~ 2.2-2.6 oz/sq. ~t. Pre~erably, a batt weight of 2.3 oz/sq. ft. is used.
A dryer fabric produced in accordance with the third embodiment shown in Figures 9-17 is preferably woven 15-19 CMD yarns per inch in each layer using 0.5 mm diameter polyester yarns. The ~abric is pre~erably woven at 45-48 MD
yarns per inch ~rom 1.06 mm wide by 0.25 mm high polyester MD yarn to produce a base fabric permeability in the range of 90-200 CFM.
Referring to Figures 18-25, there is shown a fourth alternate embodiment o~ a papermakers ~abric 110 which is also particularly suited for use as a press felt base fabric. The fabric 110 has upper, middle and lower layers of CMD yarns 111, 112, 113, respectively, interwoven with a system o~ machine direction MD yarns 114-121 which weave in a selected repeat pattern. As best seen in Figures 21-25, the MD yarns system repeat is defined by a first group of stacked MD yarns 112-117 and a second group of stacked MD
yarns 118-121 which repeat with respect to 12 CMD yarns 111-= CA 02219108 1997-10-24 113, four yarns from each of the upper, middle and lower CMiD
yarn layers.
The MD yarn system includes an upper interior MD yarn layer de~ined by MD yarns 115,119 which weave exclusively with the upper and middle CMD layer yarns 111, 112 forming knuckles over alternate upper layer CMD yarns 111 and under alternate middle layer CMD yarns 112. Upper interior MD
yarns 115, 119 both weave between alternate pairs of upper and middle layer CMD yarns 111, 112 within the ~abric repeat.
The MD yarn system also includes a lower interior MD
yarn layer defined by MD yarns 116, 120 which weave exclusively with the middle and lower CMD layer yarns 112, 113 ~orming knuckles over alternate middle layer CMD yarns 112 and under alternate lower layer CMD yarns 113. Lower interior MD yarns 116, 120 both weave between alternat;e pairs o~ middle and lower layer CMD yarns 112, 113 within the fabric repeat.
The knuckles defined by the upper interior and lower interior MD yarn layers are vertically aligned in a manner similar to the upper and lower MD yarn layers o~ the embodiment disclosed in Figures 9-17.
The MD yarn system also includes an upper ~ace MD yarn layer de~ined by MD yarns 114, 118 which weaves exclusive:Ly with the upper layer CMD yarns 111 with a float over three and a knuckle under one of the upper layer CMD yarns l:L1 within the repeat. The knuckles de~ined by upper ~ace layer yarn 114 being vertically aligned with the knuckles defined ~ I I
by the upper interior MD yarn 115 under middle CMD layer yarns 112; the knuckles defined by upper face layer yarn 118 being vertically aligned with the knuckles defined by upper interior MD yarns 119 under middle CMD layer yarns 112.
The MD yarn system also includes a lower face MD yarn layer defined by MD yarns 117~ 121 which weaves exclusively with the lower layer CMD yarns 113 with a float under three and a knuckle over one of the lower layer CMD yarns 113 within the repeat. The knuckles defined by lower ~ace layer yarn 117 being vertically aligned with the knuckles defined by the lower interior MD yarn 116 over middle CMD layer yarns 112; the knuckles defined by lower face layer yarn 121 being vertically aligned with the knuckles defined by lower interior MD yarns 120 over middle CMD layer yarns 112.
As a result of the repeat pattern alternate CMD yarn.s = in each CMD yarn layer are crimped to a significantly greater degree to the weaving of knuckles by the MD yarn.s system as best seen in Figures 21, 22 and 25. None o~ th.e MD yarns weave knuckles about the other alternate CMD yarn.s o~ each o~ the upper middle and lower CMD layer 111, 112 and 113. Accordingly, a balanced weave similar to the balance!d weave described with respect to the single CMD laye!r embodiment illustrated above is defined in a multi CMD laye!r ~abric. It will be recognized to those o~ ordinary skill i.n the art that the MD yarn system could include four groups o~
stacked MD yarns within the repeat to define either a twil.l or broken twill surface pattern. However, as illustrated A ' ~ ~
above only two groups of MD yarns 114-117 and 118-121 are required for the fabric's preferred construction.
A press felt base fabric produced in accordance with the fourth embodiment shown in Figure~ 18-25 is preferably woven 15-19 CMD yarns per inch in each layer using 0. 5 mm diameter nylon yarns for the upper and lower CMD layers and 0.3 mm diameter nylon yarns for the middle CMD layer. The fabric is preferably woven at 90-96 MD yarns per inch in either a low permeability or a high permeability version.
In the low permeability version, 1.06 mm wide by 0.25 ~Im high MD nylon yarns are used to produce a base fabric permeability in the range of 90-200 CFM. In the high permeability version 0.85 mm wide and 0.30 mm high MD nylc,n yarns are used to produce a base fabric permeability in thLe range of 200-400 CFM.
The addition of upper and lower face MD yarn layers does not substantially effect the fabric's permeability in contrast with fabrics made in accordance with the third embodiment depicted in Figures 9-17. The floats of the upper and lower face layer MD yarns provide a smoother support surface, but the inclusion of those yarns does nc,t reduce the void volume of the base fabric in contrast with fabrics made in accordance with the third embodiment depicted in Figures 9-17.
To form a press felt, batting is needled onto the woven base fabric in a conventional manner having a weight in the preferred range of 2.2-2.6 oz/sq. ft. Preferably, a batt weight of 2.3 oz/sq. ft. is used.
~ , , I
In the preferred low permeability embodiment, the upper ~ace MD yarns 114 and 118, are woven contiguous with respect to each other. This maintains their respective parallel machine direction alignment and reduces permeability. Such close weaving of machine direction yarns is known in the art as 100~ warp fill as explained in U.S. Patent No. 4,290,209.
As taught therein (and used herein), actual warp count in a woven ~abric may vary between about 80~-125~ in a single layer and still be considered 100~ warp fill.
The crowding of MD yarns 114 and 118 also serves to force MD yarns 115-117 and 119-121, into their stacked position beneath respective MD yarns 114, 118. Preferably MD yarns 115-117 and 119-121 are the same size as MD yarns 114 and 118 so that they are likewise woven 100~ warp fill.
This results in the overall fabric of the preferred low permeability embodiment having 400~ warp fill of MD yarns.
A dryer fabric produced in accordance with the fourth embodiment shown in Figures 18-25 is preferably woven 15-19 CMD yarns per inch in each layer using 0.5 mm diameter polyester yarns. The fabric is preferably woven at 90-96 MD
yarns per inch from 1. 06 mm wide by 0.25 mm high polyester MD yarn to produce a fabric having a permeability in the range o~ 90-200 CFM.
While the present invention has been described in terms of the preferred embodiment, other variations which are within the scope of the invention as defined in the claims will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
* * *
R~K~RQUND OF THE lNv~NllON
This application is a continuation-in-part of copending application Serial No. 08/524,800, filed 09/07/95, entitled A SINGLE LAYER PAPERMAKERS FABRICS, which is a continuation of application Serial No. 08/288,158, ~iled 08/10/94, entitled PAPERMAKERS FABRIC HA~ING FLAT YARN FLOATS, issue,d on 09/12/95 as Patent No. 5,449,026, which is a continuatio:n of application Serial No. 08/043,016, filed 04/05/93, entitled PAPERMAKERS FABRIC WITH STACKED MACHINE DIRECTIO~
YARNS, which is a continuation o~ application Serial No.
07/855,904, filed 04/13/92, entitled PAPERMAKERS FABRIC WITH
STACKED MACHINE DIRECTION YARNS, issued on 04/06/93 as Patent No. 5,199,467, which is a continuation of application Serial No. 07/534,164, filed 06/06/90, entitled PAPERMAKER', FABRIC WITH STACKED MACHINE DIRECTION YARNS, issued on = 04/14/92 as Patent No. 5,103,874.
Field of the Invention The present invention relates to papermakers fabrics and in particular to fabrics comprised of flat monofilament yarns.
De~cription of Related Art Papermaking machines generally are comprised of three sections: forming, pressing, and drying. Papermakers fabrics are employed to transport a continuous paper sheet through the papermaking equipment as the paper is being ~ ,t, manufactured. The requirements and desirable characteristic-s of papermakers fabrics vary in accordance with the particular section o~ the machine where the respective fabrics are utilized.
With the development of synthetic yarns, shaped monofilament yarns have been employed in the construction of papermakers fabrics. For example, U.S. Patent No. 4,290,2()9 discloses a ~abric woven of ~lat mono~ilament warp yarns;
U.S. Patent No. 4,755,420 discloses a non-woven constructic3n where the papermakers fabric is comprised of spirals made from flat monofilament yarns.
Numerous weaves are known in the art which are employed to achieve dif~erent results. For example, U.S. Patent No.
4,438,788 discloses a dryer fabric having three layers o~
cross machine direction yarns interwoven with a system of flat monofilament machine direction yarns such that floats are created on both the top and bottom sur~aces o~ the fabric. The floats tend to provide a smooth surface for the fabric.
Permeability is an important criteria in the design of papermakers fabrics. In particular, with respect to fabrics made for running at high speeds on modern drying equipment, it is desirable to provide dryer ~abrics with relatively low permeability.
U.S. Patent No. 4,290,209 discloses the use of flat monofilament warp yarns woven contiguous with each other l_o provide a fabric with reduced permeability. However, even where flat warp yarns are woven contiguous with each other, additional means, such as stuffer yarns, are required t:o reduce the permeability of the fabric. As pointed out in that patent, it is desirable to avoid the use of fluffy, bulky stuffer yarns to reduce permeability which make the fabric susceptible to picking up foreign substances c~r retaining water.
U.S. Patent No. 4,290,209 and U.S. Patent No. 4,755,420 note practical limitations in the aspect ratio (cross-sectional width to height ratio) of machine direction warp yarns defining the structural weave of a fabric. The highest practical aspect ratio disclosed in those patents is 3:1, and the aspect ratio is preferably, less than 2:1.
U.S. Patent No. 4,621,663, assigned to the assignee of the present invention, discloses one attempt to utilize hic~h aspect ratio yarns (on the order of 5:1 and above) to define the surface of a papermakers dryer fabric. As disclosed :in that patent, a woven base fabric is provided to support the high aspect ratio surface yarns. The woven base fabric :is comprised of conventional round yarns and provides structural support and stability to the fabric disclosed :in that patent.
U.S. Patent No. 4,815,499 discloses the use of flat yarns in the context of a forming fabric. That patent discloses a composite fabric comprised of an upper fabr:ic and a lower fabric tied together by binder yarns. The aspect ratio employed for the flat machine direction yarns in both the upper and lower fabrics are well under 3:1.
"
SU ~ RY OF THE lNv~ LloN
The present invention provides a papermakers fabric having a system of flat monofilament machine direction yarns (hereinafter MD yarns) which are stacked to control the permeability o~ the fabric. The system of MD yarns comprises at least upper and lower layers of yarns.
Preferably, each upper MD yarn is paired in a vertically stacked orientation with a lower MD yarn.
The fabric has a variety of industrial uses. For example, it may be used as a base fabric for a papermakers wet press ~elt or as a dryer ~abric. Preferably, multiple layers of stacked CMD yarns are provided which are maintained in the stacked relationship by the ~lat stacked MD yarns to provide suitable void volume within the fabric.
Pre~erably, three layers of stacked CMD yarns are provided.
In a low permeability embodiment, at least the upper MD
yarns are flat monofilament yarns woven contiguous with each other.
Preferably, the same type and size yarns are used throughout the machine direction yarn system and both the top and the bottom MD yarns. Where three layers of CMD
yarns are used, the middle layer CMD yarns are pre~erably oiF
a smaller diameter than the upper and lower CMD layer yarns if the fabric is intended to be used as a press base fabric For dryer fabrics, the CMD yarns are preferably all the same.
It is an object of the invention to provide a papermakers ~abric having permeability controlled with woven flat machine direction yarns.
Other objects and advantages will become apparent from the following description of presently preferred embodiments.
= Other objects and advantages will become apparent t:o those skilled in the art after reading the detailed description of a presently preferred embodiment.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
Figure 1 is a schematic diagram o~ a papermakers ~abri.c made in accordance with the teachings of the present invention;
Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of the fabri.c depicted in Figure 1 along line 2-2;
Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view o~ the ~abri.c depicted in Figure 1 along line 3-3;
Figure 4 is a cross-sectional view of a prior art weave construction;
Figure 5 illustrates the actual yarn structure of the fabric depicted in Figure 1 in the finished fabric showing only two representative stacked MD yarns;
Figure 6 is a schematic view of a second embodiment of a fabric made in accordance with the present invention;
Figure 7 is a cross-sectional view of the fabri.c depicted in Figure 6 along line 7-7;
Figure 8 is a cross-sectional view of the fabr:Lc depicted in Figure 6 along line 8-8;
Figure 9 is a top view of a third embodiment of a fabric made in accordance with the present invention.
Figure 10 is a side view of the third embodiment o~ a fabric made in accordance with the present invention.
Figure 11 is a front view of the third embodiment of a fabric made in accordance with the present invention.
Figure 12 is a schematic view of the third embodiment of a ~abric made in accordance with the present invention showing only a first pair of stacked MD yarns.
Figure 13 is a schematic view of the third embodiment of a fabric made in accordance with the present invention showing only a second pair o~ stacked MD yarns.
Figure 14 is a schematic view o~ the third embodiment of a fabric made in accordance with the present invention showing only a third pair of stacked MD yarns.
Figure 15 is a schematic view of the third embodiment of a fabric made in accordance with the present invention showing only a fourth pair of stacked MD yarns.
Figure 16 is a cross sectional view of the fabr:ic depicted in Figure 9 along line 16-16.
Figure 17 is a cross sectional view of the fabr:ic depicted in Figure 9 along line 17-17.
Figure 18 is a top view o~ a ~ourth embodiment o~ a ~abric made in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
Figure 19 is a side view of the fourth embodiment of a fabric made in accordance with the present invention.
Figure 20 is a view of the fabric depicted in Figure 19 along line 20-20.
Figure 21 is a schematic view of the fourth embodiment of a fabric made in accordance with the present invention showing four stacked MD yarns.
Figure 22 is a schematic view o~ the ~ourth embodiment of a ~abric made in accordance with the present invention showing the second layer of four stacked MD yarns.
Figure 23 is a cross-sectional view of the fabr:ic depicted in Figure 18 along line 23-23.
Figure 24 is a cross-sectional view of the fabr:ic depicted in Figure 18 along line 24-24.
Figure 25 is a cross-sectional view of the fabric depicted in Figure 18 along line 25-25.
DETATT-T~'n DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The preferred embodiment will be described with reference to drawing figures where the numerals represe:nt like elements throughout.
Referring to Figures 1-3, there is shown a papermakers dryer fabric 10 comprising upper, middle and lower layers of cross machine direction (hereinafter CMD) yarns 11, 12, 13, respectively, interwoven with a system of MD yarns 14-19 which sequentially weave in a selected repeat pattern. The MD yarn system comprises upper MD yarns 14, 16, 18 which interweave with CMD yarns 11, 12 and lower MD yarns 15, 1'7, 19 which interweave with CMD yarns 12, 13.
The upper MD yarns 14, 16, 18 define floats on the top surface of the fabric 10 by weaving over two upper layer CMD
yarns 11 dropping into the fabric to weave in an interior knuckle under one middle layer CMD yarn 12 and under one CMD
yarn 11 and thereafter rising to the surface of the fabric to continue the repeat of the yarn. The floats over upper layer CMD yarns 11 of upper MD yarns 14, 16, 18 are staggered so that all of the upper and middle layer CMD
yarns 11, 12 are maintained in the weave.
As will be recognized by those skilled in the art, the disclosed weave pattern with respect to Figures 1-3, result:s in the top surface of the fabric having a twill pattern.
Although the two-float twill pattern represented in Figures 1, 2, and 3 is a preferred embodiment, it will be recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art that the length of the float, the number of MD yarns in the repeat, and the ordering of the MD yarns may be selected as desired so that other patterns, twill or non-twill, are produced.
As best seen in Figures 2 and 3, lower MD yarns 15, 17, 19, weave directly beneath upper MD yarns 14, 16, 18, respectively, in a vertically stacked relationship. The lower yarns weave in an inverted image of their respective upper yarns. Each lower MD yarn 15, 17, 19 floats under two lower layer CMD yarns 13, rises into the fabric over one CMD
yarn 13 and forms a knuckle around one middle layer CMD yarn 12 whereafter the yarn returns to the lower fabric surface .~ .1 to continue its repeat floating under the next two lower layer CMD yarns 13.
With respect to each pair of stacked yarns, the interior knuckle, formed around the middle layer CMD yarns 12 by one MD yarn, is hidden by the float of the other ~D
yarn. For example, in Figures 1 and 3, lower MD yarn 15 :Ls depicted weaving a knuckle over CMD yarn 12 while MD yarn :L4 is weaving its ~loat over CMD yarns 11, thereby hiding the interior knuckle o~ lower MD yarn 15. Likewise, wi1h respect to Figures 1 and 3, upper MD yarn 18 is depicted weaving a knuckle under yarn CMD yarn 12 while it is hidden by lower MD yarn 19 as it floats under CMD yarns 13.
The Figure 18 upper MD yarns 14, 16, 18, are woven contiguous with respect to each other. This maintains their respective parallel machine direction alignment and reduces permeability. Such close weaving of machine direction yarns is known in the art as 100~ warp fill as explained in U.S.
Patent No. 4,290,209. As taught therein (and used herein~, actual warp count in a woven fabric may vary between about 80~-125~ in a single layer and still be considered 100~ wa:rp i~ill .
The crowding of MD yarns 14, 16, and 18 also serves to force MD yarns 15, 17, 19, into their stacked position beneath respective MD yarns 14, 16, 18. Preferably MD yarns 15, 17, and 19 are the same size as MD yarns 14, 16, and 18 so that they are likewise woven 100~ warp fill. This results in the overall fabric of the preferred embodiment having 200~ warp fill of MD yarns.
,, , ~
Since the lower MD yarns 15 17 19 are also preEerab:Ly woven 100~ warp fill they likewise have the effect of maintaining the upper MD yarns 14 16 18 in stacked relationship with the respect to lower MD yarns 15, 17, 1'~.
Accordingly the respective MD yarn pairs 14 and 15 16 and 17 18 and 19 are doubly locked into position thereby enhancing the stability of the fabric.
As set forth in the U.S. Patent No. 4 290 209 it has been recognized that machine direction flat yarns will weave in closer contact around cross machine direction yarns than round yarns. However a 3:1 aspect ratio was viewed as a practical limit for such woven yarns in order to preserve overall fabric stability. The present stacked MD yarn system preserves the stability and machine direction strength o~ the ~abric and enables the usage o~ yarns with increased aspect ratio to more e~ectively control permeability.
The high aspect ratio of the MD yarns translates into reduced permeability. High aspect ratio yarns are wider and thinner than conventional ~lat yarns which have aspect ratios less than 3:1 and the same cross-sectional area.
Equal cross-sectional area means that comparable yarns have substantially the same linear strength. The greater width of the high aspect ratio yarns translates into fewer interstices over the width o~ the fabric than with conventional yarns so that ~ewer openings exist in t:he fabric through which ~luids may ~low. The relative thinness of the high aspect ratio yarns enables the flat MD yarns to .3 I~
more efficiently cradle, i.e. brace, the cross machine direction yarns to reduce the size o~ the interstices between machine direction and cross machine direction yarns.
For example, as illustrated in Figure 4, a fabric woven with a single layer system of a flat machine direction warp having a cross-sectional width of 1.5 units and a cross-sectional height of 1 unit, i.e. an aspect ratio o~
1.5:1, is shown. Such ~abric could be replaced by a ~abric having the present dual stacked MD yarn system with MD yarns which are twice the width, i.e. 3 units, and half the height, i.e. 0.5 units. Such MD yarns having a fourfolld greater aspect ratio o~ 6:1, as illustrated in Figure 3.
The thinner, wider MD yarns more e:E:Eiciently control permeability while the machine direction strength of the fabric remains essentially unaltered since the cross-sectional area oi~ the MD yarns over the width o:E the fabric rem,3;nC3 the same. For the above example, illustrated by Figures 3 and 4, the conventional single MD yarn system fabric has six conventional contiguous flat yarns over 9 units of the fabric width having a cross-sectional area of 9 square units, i.e. 6*(1u.*1.5u.). The thinner, wider high aspect ratio yarns, woven as contiguous stacked MD yarns, deEine a :Eabric which has three stacked pairs oi~ MD yarIlS
over 9 units of fabric width. Thus such fabric also has a cross-sectional area of 9 s~uare units, i.e. (3*(0.5u.*3u.)) = + (3*(0.5u.*3u.)), over 9 units of fabric width.
In one example, a fabric was woven in accordance wit;h Figures 1, 2 and 3, wherein the CMD yarns 11, 12, 13 were polyester monofilament yarns 0. 6 mm in diameter interwoven with MD yarns 14-19 which were flat polyester monofilament yarns having a width of 1.12 mm and a height of 0.2 mrn.
Accordingly, the aspect ratio of the flat MD yarns was 5.6:1. The fabric was woven at 48 warp ends per inch with a loom tension of 40 PLI (pounds per linear inch) and 12.5 CMD pick yarns per inch per layer (three layers).
The fabric was heat set in a conventional heat setting apparatus under conditions of temperature, tension and tirne within known ranges ~or polyester monofilament yarns. For example, conventional polyester fabrics are heat set with:in parameters of 340~F-380~F temperature, 6-15 PLI (pounds per linear inch) tension, and 3-4 minutes time. However, due l_o their stable structure, the fabrics of the present invention are more tolerant to variations in heat setting parameter<,.
The fabric exhibited a warp modulus of 6000 PSI (pounds per square inch) measured by the ASTM D-1682-64 standard of the American Society for Testing and Materials. The fabr:ic stretched less that 0.2~ in length during heat setting.
This result renders the manufacture of fabrics in accordance with the teachings of the present invention very reliable ln achieving desired dimensional characteristic as compared ~o conventional fabrics.
The resultant heat set fabric had 12. 5 CMD yarns per inch per layer with 106~ MD warp fill with respect to both upper and lower MD yarns resulting in 212~ actual warp fill s for the fabric. The finished fabric has a permeability of 83 CFM as measured by the ASTM D-737-75 standard.
As illustrated in Figure 5, when the fabric 10 is woven the three layers of~ CMD yarns 11, 12, 13 become compressed.
This compression along with the relatively thin dimension of the MD yarns reduces the caliper of the fabric.
Accordingly, the overall caliper of the fabric can be maintained relatively low and not significantly greater than conventional i~abrics woven without stacked MD yarn pairs.
In the above example, the caliper of the finished fabric was 0.050 inches.
It will be recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art that if either top MD yarns 14, 16, 18 or bottom MD
yarns 15, 17, 19 are woven at 100~ warp fill, the overall warp fill for the stacked fabric will be significantly greater than 100~ which will contribute to the reduction of permeability of the fabric. The instant fabric having stacked MD yarns will be recognized as having a significantly greater percentage of a warp fill than fabrics which have an actual warp fill of 125~ of non-stacked MD
yarns brought about by crowding and lateral undulation of the warp strands. Although the 200~ warp fill is preferrec~"
a fabric may be woven having 100~ fill for either the upper or lower MD yarns with a lesser degree of fill for the other MD yarns by utilizing yarns which are not as wide as those MD yarns woven at 100~ warp fill. For example, upE?er yarns 14, 16, 18 could be 1 unit wide with lower layer yarns 15, >
17, 19 being .75 units wide which would result in a fabric having approximately 175~ warp fill.
Such variations can be used to achieve a selected degree o~ permeability. Alternatively, such variations could be employed to make a forming fabric. In such a case, the lower MD yarns would be woven 100~ warp fill to define the machine side of the fabric and the upper MD yarns wou]d be woven at a substantially lower percentage of ~ill t:o provide a more open paper ~orming sur~ace.
Referring to Figure~ 6, 7 and 8, there is shown a second preferred embodiment of a fabric 20 made in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
Papermakers ~abric 20 is comprised o~ a single layer o~ CMD
yarns 21 interwoven with a system of stacked MD yarns 22-25 which weave in a selected repeat pattern. The MD yarn system comprises upper MD yarns 22, 24 which define float:s on the top surface o~ the ~abric 20 by weaving over three CMD yarns 21, dropping into the fabric to form a knuck]e around the next one CMD yarn 21, and thereafter continuing to float over the next three CMD yarns 21 in the repeat.
Lower MD yarns 23, 25, weave directly beneat:h respective upper MD yarns 22, 24 in a vertically stacked relationship. The lower MD yarns weave in an inverted image o~ their respective upper MD yarns. Each lower MD yarn 23, 25 floats under three CMD yarns 21, weaves upwardly around the next one CMD yarn forming a knuckle and thereafter continues in the repeat to float under the next three CMD
yarns 21.
As can be seen with respect to Figures 6 and 8, the knuckles formed by the lower MD yarns 23, 25 are hidden by the floats de~ined by the upper MD yarns 22, 24 respectively. Likewise the knuckles formed by the upper MD
yarns 22, 24 are hidden by the floats of the lower MD yarns 23, 25 respectively. The caliper of the fabric proximate the knuckle area shown in Figure 8, has a tendency to be somewhat greater than the caliper of the fabric at non-knuckle CMD yarns 21, shown in Figure 7. However, the CMD yarns 21 around which the knuckles are ~ormed become crimped which reduces the caliper of the fabric in that area as illustrated in Figure 8. Additionally, slightly larger size CMD yarns may be used for CMD yarns 21, shown in Figure 7, which are not woven around as knuckles by the MD yarns.
A fabric for use as a dryer fabric was woven in accordance with Figures 6-8, wherein the CMD yarns 21 were polyester monofilament yarns 0.7 mm in diameter interwoven with MD yarns 22-25 which were flat polyester monofilament yarns having a width of 1.12 mm and a height of 0.2 mm.
Accordingly, the aspect ratio of the flat MD yarns was 5.6:1. The fabric was woven at 22 CMD pick yarns per inch.
The fabric was heat set using conventional methods. The fabric exhibited a modulus of 6000 PSI. The fabric stretched less than 0.2~ in length during heat setting. The resultant fabric had 22 CMD yarns per inch with 106~ MD warp fill with respect to both upper and lower MD yarns resulting in 212~ actual warp fill for the fabric. The finished fabric had a caliper of .048 inches and an air permeabilit:y of 60 CFM.
= A fabric for use as a base fabric for a press felt was woven in accordance with Figures 6-8 where in the CMD yarrLs 21 were constructed of 0.019" and 0.012" in diameter alternating nylon yarns interwoven with 0.30mm by O.90mm flat nylon machine direction monofilament yarns. The fabric was woven at 15 to 19 picks per inch for the CMD yarns and 45 to 48 ends per inch for the MD yarns. A base fabric wit:h higher permeability was woven of the same design but using 0.30mm by 0.85mm flat nylon yarns for the machine direction yarns instead of the wider 0.30mm by O.90mm nylon yarns. To complete the press felt, batt material was needled onto the base fabric in a conventional manner.
The preferred inverted image weave of the lower MD
yarns facilitates the creation of seaming loops at the end of the fabric which enable the fabric ends to be joined together. In forming a seaming loop, the upper MD yarns extend beyond the end of the fabric and the respective lower yarns are trimmed back a selected distance from the fabr:Lc end. The upper MD yarns are then bent back upon themselves and rewoven into the space vacated by the trimmed lower MD
yarns. When the upper MD yarns are backwoven into the space previously occupied by the lower MD yarns, their crimp matches the pattern of the lower MD yarns, thereby locking the resultant end loops in position. Similarly, alternate top MD yarns can be backwoven tightly against the end of the fabric such that loops formed on the opposite end of the fabric can be intermeshed in the spaces provided by the non-loop forming MD yarns to seam the fabric via insertion of a pintle through the intermeshed end loops.
Since the top and bottom machine direction yarns are stacked, the resultant end loops are orthogonal to the plane of the fabric surface and do not have any twist. I:n conventional backweaving techniques, the loop defining yarns are normally backwoven into the fabric in a space adjacent to the yarn itself. Such conventional loop ~ormation inherently imparts a twist to the seaming loop, see U.';.
Patent No. 4,438,788, Figure 6.
Referring to Figures 9-17, there is shown a third preferred embodiment of a fabric 150 made in accordance wit:h the teachings of the present invention which is particular]y suited ~or use as a base ~abric ~or a press ~elt. The fabric 150 has upper, middle and lower layers of cross machine direction yarns 151, 152 and 153, respectively, interwoven with a system o~ MD yarns 154 through 161, which sequentially weave in a selected repeat pattern. The MD
yarn system has upper and lower stacked ~lat MD yarns that repeat on ~our MD yarn pairs 154 and 155, 156 and 157, l'i8 and 159, and 160 and 161. The MD yarn system interweaves with the three CMD layer yarns 151, 152 and 153. The stacked pairs o~ MD yarns repeat with respect to 12 CMD
yarns, 4 from each CMD yarn layer.
The relative stacking of both the MD and CMD yarns is shown in Figures 10-17. The upper layer MD yarns 154, 156, 158, 160 weave exclusively with the upper and middle layer .
CMD yarns 151, 152 and, preferably define interior knuckles under the middle layer CMD yarns 152 and exterior knuckles over the upper layer CMD yarns 151. As best seen in Figure 9, the repeat of the upper MD yarns preferably define a crow foot pattern with respect to four upper layer CMD yarns 151', but the MD yarns may be ordered to define a regular twi]l pattern.
The lower layer MD yarns 155, 157, 159, 161 weave in a similar manner as upper layer MD yarns, but with respect to the middle and lower CMD yarn layers 152, 153. The lower layer MD yarns 155, 157, 159, 161 weave such that interior knuckles are defined by the lower MD yarns 155, 157, 15'3, 161 over the middle layer CMD yarns 152 which are vertical:Ly aligned with the exterior knuckles defined by the upper MD
layer yarns 154, 156, 158, 160 over the upper layer CMD
yarns. Similarly, the lower layer MD yarns 155, 157, 159, 161 weave exterior knuckles under lower layer CMD yarns 1!,3 which are vertically aligned with the interior knuckles which are defined by the upper MD layer yarns 154, 156, 15,3, 160 under the middle layer CMD yarns 152.
A press felt base fabric produced in accordance with the third embodiment shown in Figures 9-17 is preferably woven 15-19 CMD yarns per inch in each layer using 0.5 lnm diameter nylon yarns for the upper and lower CMD layers a:nd 0.3 mm diameter nylon yarns for the middle CMD layer. The fabric is preferably woven at 45-48 MD yarns per inch in either a low permeability or a high permeability version.
In the low permeability version, 1.06 mm wide by 0.25 mm high nylon MD yarns are used to produce a base fabric permeability in the range o~ 90-200 CFM. In the hig-h permeability version 0.85 mm wide and 0.30 mm high nylon MD
yarns are used to produce a base fabric permeability in the range of 200-400 CFM.
To form a press felt, batting is needled onto the woven base fabric in a conventional manner having a weight in thLe pre~erred range o~ 2.2-2.6 oz/sq. ~t. Pre~erably, a batt weight of 2.3 oz/sq. ft. is used.
A dryer fabric produced in accordance with the third embodiment shown in Figures 9-17 is preferably woven 15-19 CMD yarns per inch in each layer using 0.5 mm diameter polyester yarns. The ~abric is pre~erably woven at 45-48 MD
yarns per inch ~rom 1.06 mm wide by 0.25 mm high polyester MD yarn to produce a base fabric permeability in the range of 90-200 CFM.
Referring to Figures 18-25, there is shown a fourth alternate embodiment o~ a papermakers ~abric 110 which is also particularly suited for use as a press felt base fabric. The fabric 110 has upper, middle and lower layers of CMD yarns 111, 112, 113, respectively, interwoven with a system o~ machine direction MD yarns 114-121 which weave in a selected repeat pattern. As best seen in Figures 21-25, the MD yarns system repeat is defined by a first group of stacked MD yarns 112-117 and a second group of stacked MD
yarns 118-121 which repeat with respect to 12 CMD yarns 111-= CA 02219108 1997-10-24 113, four yarns from each of the upper, middle and lower CMiD
yarn layers.
The MD yarn system includes an upper interior MD yarn layer de~ined by MD yarns 115,119 which weave exclusively with the upper and middle CMD layer yarns 111, 112 forming knuckles over alternate upper layer CMD yarns 111 and under alternate middle layer CMD yarns 112. Upper interior MD
yarns 115, 119 both weave between alternate pairs of upper and middle layer CMD yarns 111, 112 within the ~abric repeat.
The MD yarn system also includes a lower interior MD
yarn layer defined by MD yarns 116, 120 which weave exclusively with the middle and lower CMD layer yarns 112, 113 ~orming knuckles over alternate middle layer CMD yarns 112 and under alternate lower layer CMD yarns 113. Lower interior MD yarns 116, 120 both weave between alternat;e pairs o~ middle and lower layer CMD yarns 112, 113 within the fabric repeat.
The knuckles defined by the upper interior and lower interior MD yarn layers are vertically aligned in a manner similar to the upper and lower MD yarn layers o~ the embodiment disclosed in Figures 9-17.
The MD yarn system also includes an upper ~ace MD yarn layer de~ined by MD yarns 114, 118 which weaves exclusive:Ly with the upper layer CMD yarns 111 with a float over three and a knuckle under one of the upper layer CMD yarns l:L1 within the repeat. The knuckles de~ined by upper ~ace layer yarn 114 being vertically aligned with the knuckles defined ~ I I
by the upper interior MD yarn 115 under middle CMD layer yarns 112; the knuckles defined by upper face layer yarn 118 being vertically aligned with the knuckles defined by upper interior MD yarns 119 under middle CMD layer yarns 112.
The MD yarn system also includes a lower face MD yarn layer defined by MD yarns 117~ 121 which weaves exclusively with the lower layer CMD yarns 113 with a float under three and a knuckle over one of the lower layer CMD yarns 113 within the repeat. The knuckles defined by lower ~ace layer yarn 117 being vertically aligned with the knuckles defined by the lower interior MD yarn 116 over middle CMD layer yarns 112; the knuckles defined by lower face layer yarn 121 being vertically aligned with the knuckles defined by lower interior MD yarns 120 over middle CMD layer yarns 112.
As a result of the repeat pattern alternate CMD yarn.s = in each CMD yarn layer are crimped to a significantly greater degree to the weaving of knuckles by the MD yarn.s system as best seen in Figures 21, 22 and 25. None o~ th.e MD yarns weave knuckles about the other alternate CMD yarn.s o~ each o~ the upper middle and lower CMD layer 111, 112 and 113. Accordingly, a balanced weave similar to the balance!d weave described with respect to the single CMD laye!r embodiment illustrated above is defined in a multi CMD laye!r ~abric. It will be recognized to those o~ ordinary skill i.n the art that the MD yarn system could include four groups o~
stacked MD yarns within the repeat to define either a twil.l or broken twill surface pattern. However, as illustrated A ' ~ ~
above only two groups of MD yarns 114-117 and 118-121 are required for the fabric's preferred construction.
A press felt base fabric produced in accordance with the fourth embodiment shown in Figure~ 18-25 is preferably woven 15-19 CMD yarns per inch in each layer using 0. 5 mm diameter nylon yarns for the upper and lower CMD layers and 0.3 mm diameter nylon yarns for the middle CMD layer. The fabric is preferably woven at 90-96 MD yarns per inch in either a low permeability or a high permeability version.
In the low permeability version, 1.06 mm wide by 0.25 ~Im high MD nylon yarns are used to produce a base fabric permeability in the range of 90-200 CFM. In the high permeability version 0.85 mm wide and 0.30 mm high MD nylc,n yarns are used to produce a base fabric permeability in thLe range of 200-400 CFM.
The addition of upper and lower face MD yarn layers does not substantially effect the fabric's permeability in contrast with fabrics made in accordance with the third embodiment depicted in Figures 9-17. The floats of the upper and lower face layer MD yarns provide a smoother support surface, but the inclusion of those yarns does nc,t reduce the void volume of the base fabric in contrast with fabrics made in accordance with the third embodiment depicted in Figures 9-17.
To form a press felt, batting is needled onto the woven base fabric in a conventional manner having a weight in the preferred range of 2.2-2.6 oz/sq. ft. Preferably, a batt weight of 2.3 oz/sq. ft. is used.
~ , , I
In the preferred low permeability embodiment, the upper ~ace MD yarns 114 and 118, are woven contiguous with respect to each other. This maintains their respective parallel machine direction alignment and reduces permeability. Such close weaving of machine direction yarns is known in the art as 100~ warp fill as explained in U.S. Patent No. 4,290,209.
As taught therein (and used herein), actual warp count in a woven ~abric may vary between about 80~-125~ in a single layer and still be considered 100~ warp fill.
The crowding of MD yarns 114 and 118 also serves to force MD yarns 115-117 and 119-121, into their stacked position beneath respective MD yarns 114, 118. Preferably MD yarns 115-117 and 119-121 are the same size as MD yarns 114 and 118 so that they are likewise woven 100~ warp fill.
This results in the overall fabric of the preferred low permeability embodiment having 400~ warp fill of MD yarns.
A dryer fabric produced in accordance with the fourth embodiment shown in Figures 18-25 is preferably woven 15-19 CMD yarns per inch in each layer using 0.5 mm diameter polyester yarns. The fabric is preferably woven at 90-96 MD
yarns per inch from 1. 06 mm wide by 0.25 mm high polyester MD yarn to produce a fabric having a permeability in the range o~ 90-200 CFM.
While the present invention has been described in terms of the preferred embodiment, other variations which are within the scope of the invention as defined in the claims will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
* * *
Claims (23)
1. A papermakers fabric comprising:
a system of flat monofilament MD yarns interwoven with a system of said CMD yarns in a selected repeat pattern;
said system of CMD yarns including at least upper intermediate and lower layers of CMD yarns stacked in vertical alignment; and said system of MD yarns including a first subsystem of flat MD yarns which interweave with said upper and intermediate CMD yarn layers and a second subsystem of flat MD yarns which interweave with said intermediate and lower CMD yarn layers such that each of said second subsystem MD yarns is stacked in vertical alignment with a flat MD yarn of said first subsystem of MD yarns.
a system of flat monofilament MD yarns interwoven with a system of said CMD yarns in a selected repeat pattern;
said system of CMD yarns including at least upper intermediate and lower layers of CMD yarns stacked in vertical alignment; and said system of MD yarns including a first subsystem of flat MD yarns which interweave with said upper and intermediate CMD yarn layers and a second subsystem of flat MD yarns which interweave with said intermediate and lower CMD yarn layers such that each of said second subsystem MD yarns is stacked in vertical alignment with a flat MD yarn of said first subsystem of MD yarns.
2. A papermakers fabric according to claim 1 further comprising batt material needled onto the interwoven MD and CMD yarns.
3. A papermakers fabric according to claim 1 wherein said first subsystem MD yarns have an aspect ratio of at least 3:1 and are woven 100% warp fill.
4. A papermakers fabric according to claim 1 wherein said MD and CMD yarns are polyester.
5. A papermakers fabric according to claim 1 wherein said MD and CMD yarns are nylon yarns.
6. A papermakers fabric according to claim 1 wherein said upper and lower layer CMD yarns are round in cross-section and have a first diameter and said intermediate layer CMD yarns are round in cross-section and have a second diameter smaller than said first diameter.
7. A papermakers fabric according to claim 6 wherein said middle layer CMD yarns with are 0.3 mm in diameter and said upper and lower CMD yarns are 0.5 mm in diameter.
8. A papermakers fabric according to claim 1 wherein said flat MD yarns are 1.06 mm by 0.25 mm and the fabric has a permeability in the range or 90-200 CFM.
9. A papermakers fabric according to claim 1 wherein said flat MD yarns are 0.85 mm by 0.30 mm and the fabric has a permeability in the range of 200-400 CFM.
10. A papermakers fabric according to claim 1 further comprising a third subsystem of flat MD yarns which interweave with said upper CMD layer yarns such that each of said third subsystem MD yarns is stacked in vertical alignment with a flat MD yarn of said first subsystem of MD
yarns.
yarns.
11. A papermakers fabric according to claim 10 further comprising a fourth subsystem of flat MD yarns which interweave with said lower CMD layer yarns such that each of said fourth subsystem MD yarns is stacked in vertical alignment with a flat MD yarn of said first subsystem of MD
yarns.
yarns.
12. A papermakers fabric according to claim 11 wherein said third subsystem flat MD yarns weave with floats over at least three upper layer CMD yarns.
13. A papermakers fabric according to claim 12 wherein said fourth layer flat MD yarns weave with floats under at least three of said lower layer CMD yarns.
14. A papermakers fabric according to claim 11 further comprising batt material needled onto the interwoven MD and CMD yarns.
15. A papermakers fabric according to claim 11 wherein said third subsystem MD yarns have an aspect ratio of at least 3:1 and are woven 100% warp fill.
16. A papermakers fabric according to claim 11 wherein said MD and CMD yarns are polyester.
17. A papermakers fabric according to claim 11 wherein said MD and CMD yarns are nylon yarns.
18. A papermakers fabric according to claim 11 wherein said upper and lower layer CMD yarns are round in cross-section and have a first diameter and said intermediate layer CMD yarns are round in cross-section and have a second diameter smaller than said first diameter.
19. A papermakers fabric according to claim 18 wherein said middle layer CMD yarns with are 0.3 mm in diameter and said upper and lower CMD yarns are 0.5 mm in diameter.
20. A papermakers fabric according to claim 11 wherein said flat MD yarns are 1.06 mm by .25 mm and the fabric has a permeability in the range or 90-200 CFM.
21. A papermakers fabric according to claim 11 wherein said MD yarns are .85 mm by .30 mm and the fabric has a permeability in the range of 200-400 CFM.
22. A papermakers fabric according to claim 11 wherein the fabric is woven in a repeat pattern in which two groups of four stacked MD yarns repeat with respect to a total of twelve CMD yarns, four CMD yarns from each of said upper, intermediate and lower CMD yarn layers.
23. A papermakers fabric according to claim 11 wherein the stacked MD yarns form alternating knuckles which impart more crimp upon alternate CMD yarns of each layer in relation to the other CMD yarns.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US08/640,165 | 1996-04-30 | ||
| US08/640,165 US5713396A (en) | 1990-06-06 | 1996-04-30 | Papermakers fabric with stacked machine and cross machine direction yarns |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2219108A1 true CA2219108A1 (en) | 1997-11-06 |
Family
ID=24567101
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002219108A Abandoned CA2219108A1 (en) | 1996-04-30 | 1997-04-28 | Papermakers fabric with stacked machine and cross machine direction yarns |
Country Status (10)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (3) | US5713396A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0904450B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2000501460A (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE194177T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU713129B2 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR9709303A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2219108A1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69702397T2 (en) |
| NO (1) | NO984978L (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1997041297A1 (en) |
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| FR2693747B1 (en) * | 1992-07-15 | 1994-08-19 | Feutres Papeteries Tissus Indl | Asymmetric stationery fabric and paper making device using such fabric. |
| GB2292755A (en) * | 1994-09-03 | 1996-03-06 | Scapa Group Plc | Papermaker's fabric |
| US5503196A (en) * | 1994-12-07 | 1996-04-02 | Albany International Corp. | Papermakers fabric having a system of machine-direction yarns residing interior of the fabric surfaces |
| US5769131A (en) * | 1997-05-16 | 1998-06-23 | Albany International Corp. | Seam design for a dryer fabric |
| DE19827417B4 (en) * | 1998-06-19 | 2004-10-28 | Hahn, Rainer, Dr.Med.Dent. | Material for different modification of the optical properties of different cells |
-
1996
- 1996-04-30 US US08/640,165 patent/US5713396A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1997
- 1997-04-28 DE DE69702397T patent/DE69702397T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-04-28 WO PCT/US1997/006953 patent/WO1997041297A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1997-04-28 AT AT97918815T patent/ATE194177T1/en active
- 1997-04-28 EP EP97918815A patent/EP0904450B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-04-28 CA CA002219108A patent/CA2219108A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-04-28 AU AU26823/97A patent/AU713129B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1997-04-28 BR BR9709303A patent/BR9709303A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-04-28 JP JP9539056A patent/JP2000501460A/en active Pending
-
1998
- 1998-02-02 US US09/017,177 patent/US5975148A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-10-26 NO NO984978A patent/NO984978L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
-
1999
- 1999-11-02 US US09/431,891 patent/US6189577B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2682397A (en) | 1997-11-19 |
| JP2000501460A (en) | 2000-02-08 |
| AU713129B2 (en) | 1999-11-25 |
| DE69702397D1 (en) | 2000-08-03 |
| ATE194177T1 (en) | 2000-07-15 |
| US5713396A (en) | 1998-02-03 |
| NO984978D0 (en) | 1998-10-26 |
| US5975148A (en) | 1999-11-02 |
| US6189577B1 (en) | 2001-02-20 |
| WO1997041297A1 (en) | 1997-11-06 |
| BR9709303A (en) | 1999-08-10 |
| EP0904450A1 (en) | 1999-03-31 |
| EP0904450B1 (en) | 2000-06-28 |
| DE69702397T2 (en) | 2000-12-21 |
| NO984978L (en) | 1998-12-11 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| FZDE | Discontinued |