CA2175105A1 - Process for Improving the Formability and Weldability Properties of Zinc Coated Steel Sheet - Google Patents
Process for Improving the Formability and Weldability Properties of Zinc Coated Steel SheetInfo
- Publication number
- CA2175105A1 CA2175105A1 CA2175105A CA2175105A CA2175105A1 CA 2175105 A1 CA2175105 A1 CA 2175105A1 CA 2175105 A CA2175105 A CA 2175105A CA 2175105 A CA2175105 A CA 2175105A CA 2175105 A1 CA2175105 A1 CA 2175105A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- zinc
- formability
- improving
- sheet steel
- steel product
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract 4
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract 4
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 title abstract 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title abstract 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 4
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 abstract 4
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 229910001297 Zn alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000012670 alkaline solution Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/32—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer
- C23C28/322—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer only coatings of metal elements only
- C23C28/3225—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer only coatings of metal elements only with at least one zinc-based layer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
- C23C2/04—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor characterised by the coating material
- C23C2/06—Zinc or cadmium or alloys based thereon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
- C23C2/26—After-treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
- C23C2/34—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the material to be treated
- C23C2/36—Elongated material
- C23C2/40—Plates; Strips
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C22/05—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
- C23C22/60—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using alkaline aqueous solutions with pH greater than 8
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C22/05—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
- C23C22/68—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous solutions with pH between 6 and 8
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/34—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates
- C23C28/345—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates with at least one oxide layer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
- C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
- C25D3/22—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of zinc
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/48—After-treatment of electroplated surfaces
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
- C25D7/06—Wires; Strips; Foils
- C25D7/0614—Strips or foils
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12535—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.] with additional, spatially distinct nonmetal component
- Y10T428/12583—Component contains compound of adjacent metal
- Y10T428/1259—Oxide
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
- Y10T428/12785—Group IIB metal-base component
- Y10T428/12792—Zn-base component
- Y10T428/12799—Next to Fe-base component [e.g., galvanized]
Abstract
A post plating or post coating method for improving formability and weldability properties in sheet steel product having a protective zinc or zinc alloy layer formed on at least one surface thereof. The steps of the method comprise immersing the sheet steel product into a bath containing at least zinc to apply the protective layer, removing the sheet steel product from the bath, the sheet steel product having a protective zinc or zinc alloy layer formed on at least one surface thereof, and applying an alkaline solution to the protective layer to form a zinc oxide layer thereon, the alkaline solution being applied at a location outside the bath.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US44765695A | 1995-05-23 | 1995-05-23 | |
US08/447,656 | 1995-05-23 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CA2175105A1 true CA2175105A1 (en) | 1996-11-24 |
CA2175105C CA2175105C (en) | 1999-09-21 |
Family
ID=23777218
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CA002175105A Expired - Fee Related CA2175105C (en) | 1995-05-23 | 1996-04-26 | Process for improving the formability and weldability properties of zinc coated steel sheet |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US5660707A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0744475B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH08325791A (en) |
KR (1) | KR100292229B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE175730T1 (en) |
BR (1) | BR9602406A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2175105C (en) |
DE (1) | DE69601323T2 (en) |
TW (2) | TW419534B (en) |
Families Citing this family (20)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP3435255B2 (en) * | 1995-05-30 | 2003-08-11 | 新日本製鐵株式会社 | Manufacturing equipment for electro-galvanized steel sheet with excellent lubricity |
JPH08325790A (en) * | 1995-05-31 | 1996-12-10 | Nippon Steel Corp | Equipment for production of electrogalvanized hot rolled sheet having excellent lubricity |
US6592738B2 (en) | 1997-01-31 | 2003-07-15 | Elisha Holding Llc | Electrolytic process for treating a conductive surface and products formed thereby |
EP0958410B1 (en) * | 1997-01-31 | 2006-05-17 | Elisha Holding LLC | An electrolytic process for forming a mineral containing coating |
US6599643B2 (en) * | 1997-01-31 | 2003-07-29 | Elisha Holding Llc | Energy enhanced process for treating a conductive surface and products formed thereby |
US6322687B1 (en) | 1997-01-31 | 2001-11-27 | Elisha Technologies Co Llc | Electrolytic process for forming a mineral |
US6231686B1 (en) | 1997-11-10 | 2001-05-15 | Ltv Steel Company, Inc. | Formability of metal having a zinc layer |
DE60236447D1 (en) † | 2001-10-23 | 2010-07-01 | Sumitomo Metal Ind | PROCESS FOR HOT PRESS PROCESSING OF A PLATED STEEL PRODUCT |
US20040188262A1 (en) * | 2002-02-05 | 2004-09-30 | Heimann Robert L. | Method for treating metallic surfaces and products formed thereby |
WO2003066937A2 (en) * | 2002-02-05 | 2003-08-14 | Elisha Holding Llc | Method for treating metallic surfaces and products formed thereby |
JP4617826B2 (en) * | 2004-10-26 | 2011-01-26 | 凸版印刷株式会社 | Blackening device |
JP5354166B2 (en) * | 2007-12-27 | 2013-11-27 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | Method for producing galvanized steel sheet |
EP2377968B1 (en) * | 2008-12-16 | 2017-12-27 | JFE Steel Corporation | Galvanized steel sheet and method for manufacturing the same |
DE102009053368A1 (en) * | 2009-11-14 | 2011-05-19 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Process and manufacturing plant for producing a sheet metal part with a corrosion protection coating |
JP2014523970A (en) * | 2011-07-15 | 2014-09-18 | タタ、スティール、アイモイデン、ベスローテン、フェンノートシャップ | Apparatus for producing annealed steel and method for producing said steel |
WO2014076105A2 (en) | 2012-11-19 | 2014-05-22 | Chemetall Gmbh | Method for coating metallic surfaces with nanocrystalline tin oxide layers, aqueous compositions therefor and use of the surfaces coated in this way |
EP2851452B1 (en) * | 2013-09-19 | 2019-04-17 | Fuchs Petrolub SE | Inorganic functional coating on hot-dip galvanised steel |
EP3161176B1 (en) * | 2014-06-27 | 2018-12-19 | Henkel AG & Co. KGaA | Dry lubricant for zinc coated steel |
CN109312487B (en) * | 2016-06-09 | 2021-02-26 | 杰富意钢铁株式会社 | Method and apparatus for manufacturing plated steel sheet |
CN107739809B (en) * | 2017-10-24 | 2019-03-08 | 浙江博星工贸有限公司 | A kind of solid solution treatment method of austenitic stainless steel strip |
Family Cites Families (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3415692A (en) * | 1965-03-12 | 1968-12-10 | Combustion Eng | Method of passivating metal surfaces |
GB1281872A (en) * | 1969-07-02 | 1972-07-19 | British Steel Corp | Improvements in or relating to the formation of zinc-iron-coatings |
JPS5413858B2 (en) * | 1974-05-20 | 1979-06-02 | ||
US4707415A (en) * | 1985-03-30 | 1987-11-17 | Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd. | Steel strips with corrosion resistant surface layers having good appearance |
JPH01149996A (en) * | 1987-12-08 | 1989-06-13 | Nippon Steel Corp | Production of plated steel sheet having superior spot weldability |
US4957594A (en) * | 1988-02-19 | 1990-09-18 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Process for producing a zinc or zinc alloy coated steel sheet having excellent spot weldability |
KR940001032B1 (en) * | 1989-12-12 | 1994-02-08 | 신닛뽕세이데쓰 가부시끼가이샤 | Galvanized steel plate-having excellent capability of press working, chemical conversion and the like, and production of said plate |
US5203986A (en) * | 1990-03-08 | 1993-04-20 | Nkk Corporation | Method for manufacturing electrogalvanized steel sheet excellent in spot weldability |
JPH0421751A (en) * | 1990-05-16 | 1992-01-24 | Kawasaki Steel Corp | Production of hot-dip galvanized steel sheet excellent in spot weldability, chemical conversion treating property, and sliding characteristic at the time of press-working |
-
1996
- 1996-04-26 CA CA002175105A patent/CA2175105C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-05-03 TW TW088117729A patent/TW419534B/en active
- 1996-05-03 TW TW085105315A patent/TW401468B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-05-09 KR KR1019960015162A patent/KR100292229B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-05-14 EP EP96107647A patent/EP0744475B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-05-14 AT AT96107647T patent/ATE175730T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-05-14 DE DE69601323T patent/DE69601323T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-05-17 JP JP8171687A patent/JPH08325791A/en active Pending
- 1996-05-23 BR BR9602406A patent/BR9602406A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-12-16 US US08/767,379 patent/US5660707A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-12-16 US US08/767,378 patent/US5714049A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US5660707A (en) | 1997-08-26 |
JPH08325791A (en) | 1996-12-10 |
CA2175105C (en) | 1999-09-21 |
KR100292229B1 (en) | 2001-06-01 |
BR9602406A (en) | 1998-10-06 |
US5714049A (en) | 1998-02-03 |
TW419534B (en) | 2001-01-21 |
EP0744475B1 (en) | 1999-01-13 |
EP0744475A1 (en) | 1996-11-27 |
DE69601323D1 (en) | 1999-02-25 |
TW401468B (en) | 2000-08-11 |
DE69601323T2 (en) | 1999-09-09 |
KR960041398A (en) | 1996-12-19 |
ATE175730T1 (en) | 1999-01-15 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
EEER | Examination request | ||
MKLA | Lapsed |