CA2174078A1

CA2174078A1 - Low elevation wall construction

Info

Publication number: CA2174078A1
Application number: CA002174078A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Dan J. Hotek; Peter L. Anderson; Michael J. Cowell
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Societe Civile des Brevets Henri Vidal
Priority date: 1993-10-15
Filing date: 1994-03-21
Publication date: 1995-04-20
Also published as: WO1995010667A1; AU6522494A; US5707184A; EP0722523A1; JPH09505858A; US5474405A; ZA941994B; SG52510A1

Abstract

A retaining wall construction comprises modular facing blocks (32) connected by fasteners (36) to anchoring blocks (34) positioned behind the facing blocks (32). The facing blocks (32) are arranged in courses which overlap one another.
The facing blocks (32), as well as the anchor blocks (34), have hollow, vertical throughbores (70). This enables interconnec-tion of the back wall (68) of the facing block (32) with the anchor block (34) by means of various types of fasteners (36).
The retaining wall construction is especially useful in the con-struction of low height, gravity type walls.

Description

WO 95110667 2 1 74 ~ 7 8 PCT/US94/03058 LOW ELEVATION WALL CONSTRUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to an improved retaining wall construction and, more particularly, to a construction which is especially useful as a lower height, ~ravity wall.
Ul;li~aLion of precast blocks for construction of ~ravity walls and other forms of aar~h retainin~ e.-,Lank~ nl:. is taught in various prior art patents.
These patents depict various types of precast blocks in co---~ )alion with various types of anchorin~ or s~ elements and co,-"~a.;led earth in order to provide a retaininS~ wall construction. The facin~ blocks for such constructions often have a very cGI~lFleY shape thereby renderin~ the block casting ope,alion CGII ~'?X or difficult and also .~nde-i-.g .. -an.-u17tion of the blocks cu---Lt-;.u.. -e and/or difficult.
Thus, there has developed a need, espe~ ~"y with respect to walls having a lower hei~ht, to provide a methodology for construction of a wall using precast concrete blocks of simple configuration in combination with anchoring and other elc."enls, also havin~ a simple confi~uration. Also, the blocks should be li~ht wei~ht and easy to --an-. Ilate and asse-. b~e.

WO 95/10667 ~ 1 7 4 0 7 8 PCT/US94103058 ,~

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Briefly the present invention comprises a retainin~ wall construction which is fabricated from a plurality of generally modular facin~ blocks arrancJed in hori~onlal layers or courses with the vertically adjacent blocks overlapping one another, at least in part, to define a mosaic pattern. The blocks are precast and have a ~enerally~. Ian~ular front face, a hollow core or vertical throughbore, a back wall and ~ene,. "y convergin~ side walls. Attached to the back wall are anchG,i"~ blocks which are typically precast, rectangular pdl.~ piped concfele blocks havincJ vertical throucJhbores. The sides of the anchorincJ blocks are posiLioned aJainst the back wi311 of the facing blocks and retained there by straps or other types of fasteners. A series of dnchoring blocks may be connected to one another to define an anchor or r~ ~rvf~.;,,5;l Ele."enl which is rr - ~la;ned within earth or partieulate material co,..,~ac.led on the back side of the ~ravity wall. Various types of fasteners are disclosed for connecting the blocks to one another. Various a"dn~e."er,ls for sldckin~ the blocks relative to each other and in combination are also disclosed. Constructions for corners, as well as a cap block a"dnge",ent are also d;sclosed.
Thus it is an object of the invention to provide an improved retainincJ wall eonstruction co"",,ised of simple, easily handled co",ponenl parts.
It is a further object of the invention to provide an improved ~ 9 wall construction which is economical to assemble and wherein the component parts arevery economical to make.
Yet a further object of the invention is to provide an improved re~dinin~ wall or gravity type wall which is especially useful for the construction of lower hei~ht retainincJ walls.

~ WO 95/10667 ;~ 1 7 4 0 7 8 PCT/U59J103058 Another object of the invention is to provide an improved retainin~ wall construction which is fabricated from easily manufactured component parts as well as component parts which are readily available.
These and other objects, advantages and features of the invention will be set forth in greater detail below.

WO 9~/10667 2 ~ ~ 4 0 7 8 PCT/US94/03058 ~

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
In the detailed description which follows reference will be made to the drawin~
comprised of the following figures:
FIGURE 1 is a cut-away, exploded isometric view of a typical retaining wall construction of the invention;
FIGURE 2 is a top plan view of a wall of the type shown in Figure 1, wherelin a ri~ht angle corner is i"cG-~,o-dled in the wall;
FIGURE 3 is a side elevation of a wall of the type shown in Figure 1;
FIGURE 4 is a front elevation of a wall of the type shown in Figure 1;
FIGURE 5 is a top plan view of a wall construction wherein a convex curve is incGr~.oraled in the wall, and a soil rei..rofcin~ element is attached to the blocks;
FIGURE 6 is a top plan view of a wall of the invention wherein a concave curve is incorporated therein;
FIGURE 7 is a front plan view of a typical facing block used to practice the 1 5 invention;
FIGURE 8 is a top plan view of a typical facin~ block used to practice the invention;
FIGURE 9 is a rear plan view of the facin~ block of Figure 7;
FIGURE 10 is a top plan view of a typical anchor block used to practice the invention;
FIGURE 1 1 is an end view of the anchor block of Figure 10;
FIGURE 12 is a side view of the anchor block of Fi~ure 10;
FIGURE 13 is a top plan view of an allt:r-,ale anchor block;
FIGURE 14 is an end view of the block of Figure 13;
FIGURE 15 is a side view of the block of Figure 13;

2 1 ~4078 FIGURE 16 is an isometric view of a typical clip or fastener used to attach separate facin~ and/or anchor blocks together;
FIGURE 17 is an isometric view of an alternate clip or fastener;
FIGURE 18 is a front elevation of the clip of Fi~ure 17;
FIGURE 19 is a side elevation of the clip of Fi~ure 17;
FIGURE 20 is an isometric view of a second all~"~dLe clip desi~n;
FIGURE 21 is a front view of a third all~llldl~ clip design;
FIGURE 22 is a side view of the clip of Fi~ure 21;
FIGURE 23 is a top view of a further dl~ ldLe fastener desi~n;
FIGURE 24 is an iso,.. el.ic view of the fastener of Fi~ure 23;
FIGURE 25 is an isometric view of a flexible strap used as a fastener to connectad~acenl blocks;
FIGURE 26 is a side view of the strap of Fi~ure 25; and FIGURE 27 is an iso".el.ic view of a final all~."ale fastener.

WO 95/10667 2 1 7 ~ ~ 7 ~ PCT/US94/03058 ~

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Overview - .
Figures 1 through 4 provide a general overview of the ~ravity wall or retaining wall of the invention. The wall is typically positioned on a footing or co",pacled, S hori~o"ldi surface 30. The wall is comprised of hori~onldl rows of front facin~ bloclks 32 (one block of each row marked, as e~d",~'es) which are a"an~ed in layers or courses on top of one another. Most typically, the facin~ blocks 32 of ve. --''ly enl layers or courses overlap one another laterally, at least in part, as best seen in Figure 4. Generally the blocks 32 are not set back, but rather are stacked with their front faces defining a planar surface. They may, however, be set back.
The facing blocks 32 are connected to anchor blocks 34 ~one block of each row marked, as rep~esenldli~/e) attached to the back side or back wall 68 (see Fi~. 2;
one back wall marked, as representative) of selected facing blocks 32. The anchlor blocks 34 are interconnected by means of fasteners or clips 36 (one clip of each row marked, as rep~esenldli./e). The facing blocks 32 include throughbores 70 (see Fig. 2;
one representative throughbore marked) into which ~ravel or other particulate material is placed. The anchor blocks 34 are alldched to se'~ ^ lad layers or courses of facing blocks 32 and are surrounded by co",par,led particulate material 38 ~see Fi~s. 1 and 3). The entire asse"~Lly is built up in courses or layers and the blocks 32 of the top course constitute cap blocks 40 (see Fig. 4) defining a cap of the retalning wall construction.
The facin~ blocks 32, as well as the anchor blocks 34, may be fabricated from dry cast concrete. The facing blocks 32 as well as the anchor 34 blocks are ~enerally modular and generally the size of typical concrete blocks so that they may be easily manually manipulated. The facing blocks 32 are of a simple design which can be easily WO 95/10667 2 1 7 4 0 7~ PCT/US94/030~8 cast and easily manipulated into a position to form the wall. The face of the facin~
blocks 32 may be textured or otherwise shaped in a desired configuration.
The facing blocks 32 may be vertically connected by positioning rods stakes or other members 42 ~see Fi~. 3; one representative member marked) in the hollowspaces of adjacent blocks 32. The facin~ blocks 32 may be horizontally connected by means of rigid horizontal cross members 44 Isee Fig. 2; one represen~aL;~e ,-c,-,ber marked) for example. Another means for inle.. onne~ ling the facing blocks 32 as well 8s a means for providin~ ~i ,for. e",enl of the particulate "~alerial 38 co"-~-iaes a fabric, ~eotextile or ~eo~rid material 46 (see Figs. 3 and 5) ~Lained by the l"e"lbe,~
42, for example and projecting into the particulate material 38.
Numerous permutations and combinations of the desc~ ibed elements are aa-- b'e. Moreover, numerous all.:lllali./e configurations of the rdsl~ne.a or clips 36 are pr~s- IE. Various alternatives of the anchor blocks 34 may also be used thou~h it is prererable to use a standard concrete block construction. The followin~
desc,i~Jlion discusses therefore some of the variations and permutations of the basic construction described in this overview.
Figure 2 depicts a right an~le wall corner which ;nCGI l,Grd~es corner blocks 48which are all~ r"dled in ~ cLion at the corners as depicted in Figure 2. The corner blocks 48 typically have a front face 50 and side face 52 (I ep~ esel lldli~/e faces marked) and may include one or more vertical openin~s or throu~hbores 54 for receipt of pins that fit through vertically adjacent corner blocks 48 so that the corner will remain in substantially fixed alignment. The vertical openings or throu~hbores 54 are thuspositioned so that the corner blocks 48 may be alternated with the vertical openings 54 ali~ned at the corner.

WO95/10667 2 ~ 7 4 b 7 8 PCTrUS94/03058 Referring to Figure 5, there is depicted, in a top plan view, the construction of a convex curve. It is necessary or preferred that the anchor blocks 34 associated with layers of facing blocks 32, formin~ the curve in the wall, be attached to alternatin~
vertical courses distinct from the alternatin~ vertical courses associated with the a.ljace"L an~led section of the wall. Thus, the anchor blocks 34, at least in the vicinity of the curve, may overlap as depicted in Figure 5, thereby en?'r'lng the use of anchor blocks 34 with respect to curved or angled secLions of a wall.
It should be noted that Figure 2 depicts a right an~le corner, while Fi~ure 5 depicts a convex curve. Other corners, curves and an~les may be formed and tlhe construction is not limited to a right an~le corner and a convex curve. Wall seclions may be joined at any angle. Intersections may be curved convexly as shown in Figulre 5. I..~ .e, lions may form straight angles. Wall se.,lions may join at an angle orealter or less than 90 or 180 or be concave as depicted in Figure 6. The a"dngerl,ent of the anchor blocks 34 in combination with the facing blocks 32 is such that multiple wall sections forming complex walls can be constructed. In all events, the anchor blocks 34 should extend into particulate material 38 without in~e,re,in~ with each other, as in Figures 2 and 5, re~ardless of the curvature or corners formed in the vvall by the facin~ blocks 32.

Block Constructions Figures 7, 8 and 9 illustrate the construction of a preferred embodiment of t;hefacing blocks 32. As in Fi~ures 6 and 7, a front face 60is positioned on a front wall 62. Converging side walls 64 and 66 connect with a back wall 68 so that a top plan view configuration of the facing block 32 is ~enerally that of a trapezoid. The front face 60 may be textured or configured in a number of ways. For example, the fnmt WO 95/10667 2 ~ 7 4 ~ ~8 PCT/US94/03058 g face 60 may be generally planar. The front face 60 may be also in a convex or concave shape. The f~ront face 60 may also have various sha,ces applied thereto or inserts applied therein.
A vertical throughbore 70 connects a top surface 72 with a bottom surface 74 of the facin~ block 32. The surfaces 72 and 74 are ~enerally parallel to one another.
The back wall 68 may include detents or slots 76 and 78 adjacent to top surface and bottom surface 72 and 74, espec~ ely.
The hei~ht of the facing blocks 32 ~Yceeds the hei~ht of the anchor blocks by a fraction of an inch. The profile of the front face 60 is ~enerally that of a r~cCldl _~e The side walls 64 and 66 conver~e to enable formation of curved walls such as de~ ' in Figure 5. The slots 76 and 78, as will be e~ F' led in ~reater detail below, are for coope,alion with the fasteners or clips 36. The slots 76 or 78 are optional features in the facing blocks 32.
As shown in Fi~ures 10-12, the anchor blocks 34 may cG".prise typical drycast, rectan~ular, concrete blocks. The anchor blocks 34 are ~enerally of a ~eoldn~ ular, para~ pi,)ed shape. Thus an anchor block 34 will include longitudinal side walls 80 and 82 joined together by transverse side walls 84 and 86. End flan~es cxtend off the side walls 84, 86. An internal web or wall 88 connecls the longitudinal walls 80 and 82 at their -.idpc .,L. Vertical throughbores 90 and 92 are defined by the ar.~n~e---ent of side walls 80, 82, side walls 84, 86 and web walls 88.
In an alternate block 34, the side walls 84 and 86 may include at their midpoints, either at the top or boKom thereof or in both positions, slots or detents 94 and 96 as shown in Figures 13-15. The slots 94 and 96 of anchor block 34 coact with rdalaners 36 in the same manner as do slots 76 and 78 associated with the facing blocks 32. A side wall 84 or 86 coacts with a back wall 68 of a facing block 32 and WO95/10667 2 ~ ~ ~ a 7~ PCT/US94/03058 ~

is retained therewith by means of the fasteners or clips 36 in slots 76 78 94 96 as discussed below. - .
The surfaces of walls 68 84 and 86 preferably define planar contact surfaces so that the blocks 32 34 will fit snugly against each other. The heights of the facing blocks 32 and alternate anchor blocks 34 of Figures 13-15 are preferably equal.

rU~l~n6. ~ .
Figures 16 through 27 illustrate various types of raslene~s which are used to i"~t,rco"nect blocks 32 34. Referring first to Figure 16, there is illustrated a clip or fastener 36 which is comprised of a pair of opposed spaced legs 100 and 102 joined by a crown 104. The fastener or clip 36 is typically made of ~alvanized steel and the le~s 100 and 102 are spring biased toward one another by the crown 104. The leas100 and 102 may fit over adjacent side walls 84 and 86 of adjacent anchor blocks 34.
Alternatively the clips 36 fit over an adjacent side wall 84 or 86 of anchor block 34 and back wall 68 of facing block 32 to connect them together as depicted in Figures 1-3, 5 and 6. The crown 104 may fit into slots 76 and 94 associated with the facing blocks 32 and alternate anchor blocks 34 when such slots 76, 94 are provided. One or two ~ ene,s 36 may be used for each connec~ion of blocks. That is, the ra;,~ene,:, 36 may connect the bottom and/or top of each pair of joined blocks. Connection at the top is preferred and depicted in Fi~ures 1 and 3.
As depicted in Figures 17-19 an alternate fastener 36 may also have le~s 100, 102 joined by a crown 104. A lower run 106 and 108 of each leg 100 and 102 is upwardly and outwardly curved.
As depicted in Figure 20 second allar,.ale fasteners or ciips 36 may include an upwardly extending pin 110 attached thereto which can coact with a soil reinforcing element such as a geogrid, geotextile, wire mesh or steel strip material 112 as shown in Figures 3 and 5 lone representative pin marked). The pin 110 may be hook shaped or otherwise shaped to coact with the geogrid material 112 or any other screenin~ or earth stabilizing material or member. Pin or hook 110 is preferably positioned over the side wall 84 or 86 of anchor block 34, so it will not inle~ r~r~ with the adjacent stacked facing blocks 32.
Fi~ures 21 and 22 illustrate another aller--dli~/e construction for a ~..;.l~ner.
Here the fastener 114 cor"pri~es a pair of opposed le~s 116 and 118 joined by a crown 120. The le~s 116 and 118 have an extent or hei~ht which is subslar,i ?~lyequal to the depth or height of the back wall 68 of the facing block 32 and the side walls 84,86 of the anchor block 34. The le~s 116 and 118 are biased toward each other by virtue of the construction of the crown 120. The le~s 116 and 118 include inwardly projecting tabs 122 and 124, respectively, which tend to lock adjacent blocks 32 and 34 together by fittin~ over the walls, e.g. walls 68 and 84.
Figures 23 and 24 illustrate yet another construction for a fastener or clip.
Here a rod or pin 126 conne~ spaced plates 128 and 130. The rod or pin 126 may be a nut and bolt fastener which is adjustable to thereby adjust the di ,~ance between the plates 128 and 130 and to thereby permit the plates 128 and 130 to be li~l-lened.
The pin 126 may fit within slots, such as slots 76 and 94 defined in the facin~ block 32 and anchor block 34 wi~h the plates 128, 130 fitting against the walls 68, 80. As in Figure 27, the pin 126 may have plates 128, 130 in the form of washers. Bolted connection may be made by placement through additional holes or slots (not shown) in the walls of the blocks.
Fi~ures 25 and 26 illustrate yet another method or construction for a fastener.
Here a flexible strap 132 is provided. The strap 132 is positioned around the back wall Wo 9S/106G7 2 1 7 4 (~ 7 8 ~CT/US94/03058 ~

68 and side wall 84. The ends of the strap 132 are configured with a buckle or latching mechanism 134 to thereby hold the anchor block 34 and facinQ block 32 or a pair of anchor blocks 34 to~ether.
Numerous alLt:l"alives to the described block construction as well as the fasteners and the manner in which they may be stacked and i"lerconnected alre ~os~ ' le. U~ " ;ion of ~eo~rid ."aLerials and other tc;~fo(c;ns ",alerials tO i"l~,.,onnecl the facin~ blocks 32 and anchor blocks 34 may be varied in numerous ways. In allevents, the si",plicil~ of the construction is enhanced by the ability to use a sim~)le facin~ block 32 construction in co",bi.-alion with an anchor block 34 construction of equal simplicity. The anchor block 34 construction is, in fact, of a type already commonly available. The retainin~ walls of the present invention are especially useful for low hei~ht ~ravity walls, for example walls up to six feet or ~I,ertabouts in heiglht.
With the present invention it is especially advanta~eous to construct such walls since they may be constructed manually. Thus, while there has been set forth a ~efe,.dd emho " .. ent of the invention, it is to be understood that the invention is to be limiled by the follov,/;nq claims and their equivalents.

Claims

- 13 - What is claimed is:

1. A retaining wall construction comprising, in combination:
a plurality of generally modular facing blocks arranged in courses with vertically adjacent blocks laterally overlapping one another, at least in part, to define a mosaic, said blocks having a generally rectangular front face, a front wall defining the front face, a back wall spaced from the front wall with a hollow throughbore therebetween and sidewalls joining the back wall to the front wall, said back wall defining a generally planar contact surface;
at least one precast, hollow core, generally rectangular parallelpiped anchor block of the type having side walls defining generally planar contact surfaces with a contact surface positioned against the contact surface of a back wall of a facing block;
a fastener for attaching a side wall of an anchor block to the back wall of a facing block; and fill material surrounding and filling the hollow anchor block and the region adjacent the back surface of the facing blocks.

2. The retaining wall of Claim 1 including at least one additional anchor block with its side wall positioned against the side wall of the anchor block fastened to a facing block.

3. The retaining wall of Claim 1 including soil reinforcing elements attached to blocks and extending into the fill material.

4. The retaining wall of Claim 1 wherein the side walls of the facing block converge together from the front face.

5. The retaining wall of Claim 1 further including a notch in the facing block back wall wherein the fastener includes a clip member which fits in the notch of the facing block back as well as inside of the anchor block.

6. The retaining wall of Claim 1 including anchor blocks attached to alternate courses of facing blocks.

7. The retaining wall of Claim 1 including vertical members extending through the hollow core of vertically adjacent facing blocks.

8. The retaining wall of Claim 1 including granular particulate in the hollow core of the vertically adjacent facing blocks.

9. The retaining wall of Claim 1 further including generally horizontal linking members cross linking horizontally adjacent facing blocks.

10. The wall of Claim 1 wherein the fastener comprises a flexible strap encircling the facing block back wall and anchor block side wall.

11. The wall of Claim 1 wherein the fastener comprises a clip member including a crown joining a pair of legs and the legs are positioned to retain the facing block back wall and anchor block side wall therebetween and joined.

12. The wall of Claim 1 wherein the fastener comprises a pin having flange members at its opposite ends and wherein the flange members are positioned to retain the facing block back wall and anchor block side wall therebetween and joined.

13. The wall of Claim 1 including facing blocks forming a second wall section at an angle with another first wall section and wherein the first wall section includes anchor blocks attached to facing blocks in a course of blocks different then the course of facing blocks to which anchor blocks are attached in the second wall section.

14. The retaining wall of Claim 1 wherein the wall includes facing blocks forming a first wall section and facing blocks forming a connected second wall section at an angle to the first wall section.

15. The retaining wall of Claim 1 wherein the wall includes facing blocks and anchor blocks of substantially equal height.

16. The retaining wall of Claim 1 wherein the facing wall blocks are fabricated from dry cast concrete.

17. The retaining wall of Claim 1 wherein the facing wall blocks have converging side walls, a generally flat planar front face, and a vertical hollow throughbore defining the front, back and side walls.

18. The retaining wall of Claim 1 wherein the anchor block has a rectangular, parallelpiped-shape with at least one throughbore from the top to the bottom surface and a height no greater than the height of the facing blocks.

19. The retaining wall of Claim 18 wherein the hollow throughbores of the facing blocks and the throughbores of the anchor blocks are filled with concrete, the retaining wall further comprising a cast in place footing.

20. The retaining wall of Claim 18 wherein the concrete is reinforced.