CA2173223A1 - Magnetoresistive linear displacement sensor, angular displacement sensor, and variable resistor - Google Patents
Magnetoresistive linear displacement sensor, angular displacement sensor, and variable resistorInfo
- Publication number
- CA2173223A1 CA2173223A1 CA002173223A CA2173223A CA2173223A1 CA 2173223 A1 CA2173223 A1 CA 2173223A1 CA 002173223 A CA002173223 A CA 002173223A CA 2173223 A CA2173223 A CA 2173223A CA 2173223 A1 CA2173223 A1 CA 2173223A1
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- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- magnetic
- layer
- sensor
- workpiece
- strip
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B7/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques
- G01B7/14—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques for measuring distance or clearance between spaced objects or spaced apertures
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B7/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques
- G01B7/30—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques for measuring angles or tapers; for testing the alignment of axes
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B7/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques
- G01B7/02—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques for measuring length, width or thickness
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01C—RESISTORS
- H01C10/00—Adjustable resistors
Abstract
A giant magnetoresistance displacement sensor includes at least one layered structure. This layered structure includes a harder magnetic (ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic) layer (34) having a fixed magnetic state, a second, softer magnetic layer (32) and a metal layer (33) interposed between and contacting these two layers (32, 34) to prevent exchange coupling between the two layers. The sensor also includes means (56, 58) for inducing a domain wall (37) at a measurand position, between regions (35, 36) of nonaligned magnetic fields in thc softer magnetic layer (32), and means (50) for measuring electrical resistance between points on opposite sides of the structure. In operation, the means (56, 58) for inducing a domain wall, typically one or more indexing magnets (56, 58), is positioned relative to the giant magnetoresistance strip. The resistance across the strip is measured, and from this resistance measurement the position of the domain wall is determined. The present invention is also a variable resistor, which is operated by positioning the means (56, 58) for inducing the domain wall at a selected position, to set the resistance across the strip to a desired value.
Description
~7~2~
3 MAGNETORESISTIVE LINEAR DISPLACEMENT SENSOR, 4 ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT SENSOR, AND VARIABLE RESISTOR
8 Field of the Invention 9 The present invention relates to linear and angular displacement sensors and to variable resistors, and more particularly to linear and angular displacement sensors and 11 variable resi~lol, using giant magnetoresistance.
13 Description of the Related Art 14 Linear and angular displacement sensors are used in high-precision machining and me~ ring, for manufacturing and testing components with very tight dimensional 16 tolerances. These devices are typically coupled to lathes, presses, robot arms, etc.
17 Typical displacement sensors operate by measuring the inductance of a metal bar 18 passing through a solenoid coil. These sensors have several drawbacks. They have 19 limited precision, are bulky, are not readily portable, are s~ siLive to vibrations, are expensive to fabricate, and use large amounts of power in operation.
23 Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to make an inherently linear, high 24 precision, compact, portable, vibration insensitive, displacement sensor that is inexpensive to fabricate, uses little power in operation, is non-volatile (i.e., does not lose calibration 26 each time it is turned off), and has an output that can be collvelLed readily to an 27 electronic readout.
28 It is a further object of this invention to make a variable le~7i~Lol sharing these 29 features.
SUBSTlTUrE SHEET (IWLE 26) WOg5/l0020 2i~ 3~23 PCTIUS91/10915 These and additional objects of the invention are accomplished by the structures2 and processes hereinafter described.
3 The present invention is a displacement sensor, having a giant magnetoresistant 4 strip, including at least one layered structure. This layered structure includes a harder magnetic (hard ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetically-pinned) layer having a fixed 6 magnetic state, a second, softer, magnetic layer, and a metal layer interposed between 7 and contacting these two layers to ~rGve--t exchange coupling between the two layers.
8 The invention also includes means for inducing a domain wall, at a measurand position, 9 between regions of nnn~ ned (i.e., opposing or mic~ligned) magnetic fields in the softer magnetic layer, and means for measuring electrical resistance between points on opposite 11 sides of the structure.
12 In operation, the means for inducing a domain wall is positioned relative to the 13 giant magnetoresistant strip. The resistance across the strip is measured, and from this 14 resistance measurement the position of the domain wall is determined. By fixing one workpiece to the giant magnetoresisLallt strip and another workpiece to the inducing 16 means, the linear displacement between the two workpieces is monitored by monitoring 17 electrical resistance.
18 The present invention is also a variable resistor, which is operated by positioning 19 the means for inclucing the domain wall at a selected position, to set the resistance across the strip to a desired value.
23 A more complete appreciation of the invention will be readily obtained by 24 refelellce to the following Description of the Preferred Embodiments and the accompanying drawings in which like numerals in different figures represent the same 26 structures or elements, wherein:
27 FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a l~min~te structure with layers of aligned 28 magnetic fields.
29 FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a laminate structure with layers of opposing magnetic fields.
SUBSTIIUTE SHEET (RULE 26) 2~ ~3~3 FIG. 3 is a side view of a l~min~te structure with a ~lQm~in wall in one of the 2 magnetic layers, separating regions of op~osing magnetic fields in this layer.
3 MAGNETORESISTIVE LINEAR DISPLACEMENT SENSOR, 4 ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT SENSOR, AND VARIABLE RESISTOR
8 Field of the Invention 9 The present invention relates to linear and angular displacement sensors and to variable resistors, and more particularly to linear and angular displacement sensors and 11 variable resi~lol, using giant magnetoresistance.
13 Description of the Related Art 14 Linear and angular displacement sensors are used in high-precision machining and me~ ring, for manufacturing and testing components with very tight dimensional 16 tolerances. These devices are typically coupled to lathes, presses, robot arms, etc.
17 Typical displacement sensors operate by measuring the inductance of a metal bar 18 passing through a solenoid coil. These sensors have several drawbacks. They have 19 limited precision, are bulky, are not readily portable, are s~ siLive to vibrations, are expensive to fabricate, and use large amounts of power in operation.
23 Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to make an inherently linear, high 24 precision, compact, portable, vibration insensitive, displacement sensor that is inexpensive to fabricate, uses little power in operation, is non-volatile (i.e., does not lose calibration 26 each time it is turned off), and has an output that can be collvelLed readily to an 27 electronic readout.
28 It is a further object of this invention to make a variable le~7i~Lol sharing these 29 features.
SUBSTlTUrE SHEET (IWLE 26) WOg5/l0020 2i~ 3~23 PCTIUS91/10915 These and additional objects of the invention are accomplished by the structures2 and processes hereinafter described.
3 The present invention is a displacement sensor, having a giant magnetoresistant 4 strip, including at least one layered structure. This layered structure includes a harder magnetic (hard ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetically-pinned) layer having a fixed 6 magnetic state, a second, softer, magnetic layer, and a metal layer interposed between 7 and contacting these two layers to ~rGve--t exchange coupling between the two layers.
8 The invention also includes means for inducing a domain wall, at a measurand position, 9 between regions of nnn~ ned (i.e., opposing or mic~ligned) magnetic fields in the softer magnetic layer, and means for measuring electrical resistance between points on opposite 11 sides of the structure.
12 In operation, the means for inducing a domain wall is positioned relative to the 13 giant magnetoresistant strip. The resistance across the strip is measured, and from this 14 resistance measurement the position of the domain wall is determined. By fixing one workpiece to the giant magnetoresisLallt strip and another workpiece to the inducing 16 means, the linear displacement between the two workpieces is monitored by monitoring 17 electrical resistance.
18 The present invention is also a variable resistor, which is operated by positioning 19 the means for inclucing the domain wall at a selected position, to set the resistance across the strip to a desired value.
23 A more complete appreciation of the invention will be readily obtained by 24 refelellce to the following Description of the Preferred Embodiments and the accompanying drawings in which like numerals in different figures represent the same 26 structures or elements, wherein:
27 FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a l~min~te structure with layers of aligned 28 magnetic fields.
29 FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a laminate structure with layers of opposing magnetic fields.
SUBSTIIUTE SHEET (RULE 26) 2~ ~3~3 FIG. 3 is a side view of a l~min~te structure with a ~lQm~in wall in one of the 2 magnetic layers, separating regions of op~osing magnetic fields in this layer.
3 FIG. 3A is a side view of a laminatè structure with a domain wall in one of the 4 ma~netic layers, separating regions of opposing magnetic fields in this layer, and with a anlirellolllagnetically-pinned layer having a fixed magnetic state.
6 FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a preferred embodiment of the invention.
7 FIG. 5 is a top view of a plefelled embo~limeIlt of the invention.
8 FIG. 6 is a detailed view of a pair of indexing magnets positinned for inducing a 9 domain wall in a soft magnetic layer accolding to the invention.
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a multil~min~te structure accoldillg to the 11 invention.
12 FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of another l~min~te structure accordillg to the 13 invention, with the hard magnetic layer over the soft magnetic layer.
14 FIGS. 9 and 10 are an exploded view and a top view, respectively, of another lS embodiment of the invention.
16 FIG. 11 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the invention, with the 17 domain wall parallel to the direction of current flow in the l~min~r structure.
Giant magnelorç~ nce, or GMR, is a relatively newly-discovered phenomenon.
21 Brie~y stated, it has been discovered that there is a significant difference (on the order 22 of between about 8% and about 20%) in electrical resistance between the structure 23 shown in FIG. 1 and the structure shown in FIG. 2.
24 FIG. 1 shows a l~min~te structure 10 with ferromagnetic layers 12,14 having aligned magnetic fields, where these layers are separated by and in contact with a 26 nonmagnetic conductive layer 13. As carriers (generally electrons) are injected from a 27 contact 16 into the top ferromagnetic layer 12, the carriers are spin-polarized. These 28 spin-polarized carriers are free to travel through this fe-lolagnetic layer and the other 29 conductive layers 13,14 in this structure 10. Consequently, the electrical resistance SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RllLE 26) WO 9~/10020 PCT/US9 1/1091;~
~3~2~ --experienced by the current associated with the flow of these carriers will be related to 2 the thickness of this structure 10.
3 In contrast, FIG. 2 shows a l~min~te structure 20 with ferromagnetic layers 22,24 4 having opposing magnetic fields, separated by and in contact with a nonmagnetic S conductive layer 23. As carriers are injected from a contact 16 into the top ferromagnet-6 ic layer 22, the carriers are spin-polarized. These spin-polarized carriers are free to 7 travel through this ielloll,agnetic layer 22 and the adjacent nonmagnetic layer 23.
8 However, when these spin-polarized carriers strike the interface with ferromagnetic layer 9 24 having a nonaligned magnetic field, the carriers are scattered back, away from this layer, according to the giant magnetoresistance (i.e., spin-valve) effect. Giant magneto-11 resistance is a function of the angle between the magnetic fields in the two layers.
12 Scattering is minimi7e~ when the fields are parallel, and m~rimi7P-l when the fields are 13 antiparallel (opposing). When the fields are opposing, the ~;ullcnt associated with the 14 flow of these carriers is impeded from traveling through the entire thickness of this 1~ structure 20, and the electrical resistance experienced by this current will be higher, 16 related to the thickness of only the top two layers 22,23 of this structure 20.
17 An intermediate case accoldil,g to the present invention is shown in FIG. 3. In 18 this case, the l~min~te structure 30 has a bottom layer 34 with a fixed magnetic state, and 19 a (relatively) soft magnetic top layer 32 with regions 35,36 of opposing magnetic fields.
These regions 35,36 are separated by a flom~in wall 37. Between and contacting these 21 two layers 32,34 is a nonmagnetic conductive metal layer 33 for prcvelllillg exchange 22 coupling between the two magnetic layers 32,34. As carriers are injected from a contact 23 16 into the top ferromagnetic layer 32, the carriers are spin-polarized. These spin-24 polarized carriers are free to travel through this ferromagnetic layer 32, the nonmagnetic layer 33, and the bottom ferromagnetic layer 34. Because the effective thickness of the 26 conductor is relatively large, electrical resistance will be relatively low on this side of the 27 domain wall 37.
28 As the spin-polarized carriers travel further down this structure 30, to the far side 29 of the domain wall 37, they will be confined to the bottom two layers 33,34 of the l~min~te structure 30, in accordance with the giant magnetoresistance effect. Electrical SUBSTIME SHEET (RIJLE 26~
WO 95/10020 PCT/US9~/109~5 ~ 1 7 ~
resistance will be relatively high on this side of the domain wall. Consequently, the 2 overall electrical resistance of the l~minzlr structure 30 will be a linear function of the 3 location of the domain wall 37. Positioning the domain wall 37 toward the left of the 4 l~min~r structure, away from the contact 16 iniecting the carriers, will result in a relatively low electrical resistance for the l~min~r structure 30. Positioning the domain wall 37 6 toward the right of the l~min~r structure 30, near the contact 16 injecting the carriers, 7 will result in a relatively high electrical resistance for the l~min~r structure 30.
8 Another embodiment of this ]~min~te structure acc~ldil.g to the invention is 9 shown in FIG. 3A, where the bottom magnetic layer is fixed in its magnetic state with an anlirell~ gnetic pinning layer 81.
11 Note that the spin-polarized carriers travel a non-reciprocal path. If the carriers 12 are injected from the left side of the domain wall 37, the spin-polarized carriers will be 13 conrilled to the top two layers 32,33 of the l~min~e structure 30 on the near side of the 14 dnm~in wall 37, but will be free to travel through the entire thickness of the l~min~te structure 30 on the far side of the ~lom~in wall 37. In this case, moving the r1nm~in wall 16 37 to the left will decrease electrical resistance, while moving it to the right will increase 17 electrical l esi~l~nce.
18 Accordingly, a magnetoreiai~liv~ displacement sensor will measure the relative 19 position of two workpieces by fixing the first workpiece to a magnetoresi~ivt; l~min~r structure and fixing the second workpiece to means for inducing a domain wall in a 21 relatively soft ferromagnetic layer in this l~min~r structure, and measuring the electrical 22 rc~ allce of the l~min~r structure as a function of the relative positions of the two 23 wolkyicces. As used herein, workpieces are elements having a relative displacement 24 measured by the sensor of the invention. Examples of workpieces, as the term is used herein, are m~chine parts having positions that need to be known with great accuracy and 26 precision.
27 FIGS. 4 and 5 show, respectively, a cross-sectional view and a top view of a 28 ~ieîelled embodiment 40 of the invention. ~- ~his embodiment of the invention, the 29 l~min~r structure 30 is coupled to the first workpiece 38, shown in FIG. 4 as a substrate.
The layer 34 with the fixed magnetic state (i.e., the magnetically harder layer) is disposed SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) wo 95/l0020 ~3 PCT/US~/10915 over the substrate, with the magnetic field lines oriented "into" the drawing sheet. Over, 2 and contacted to, this layer 34 is the non-magnetic metal buffer layer 33. Over and 3 contacted to this buffer layer 33 is the magnetically softer layer 32, preferably with the 4 magnetic field lines on one side 35 of the domain wall 37 oriented "into'' the drawing sheet, and with the magnetic field lines on the other side 36 of the domain wall 37 6 oriented "out of" the drawing sheet. A standard four-probe configuration connects the 7 l~min~r structure 30 to an ohmmeter ~0 (comprising a constant current source 52 and 8 a volt meter 54, connected in parallel), which provides the operating ~;Ullellt and 9 measures the electrical resistance of the structure 30.
As shown in FIG. 6, a pair of indexing magnets 56,58 with preferably opposing 11 magnetic fields are positioned to induce the domain wall 37 in the softer magnetic layer 12 32. These magnets 56,~8 are coupled to the second workpiece (not shown) This 13 configuration of magnets is particularly preferred, because it provides a very well defined 14 domain wall 37 in the softer magnetic layer 32. Skilled practitioners will recognize, however, that many configurations for inducing a domain wall are known. In selecting 16 a particular means for inducing a domain wall, skilled practitioners will consider 17 ~ g hysteresis and m~xi~ g domain wall definition, following known principles 18 of fe,lulnagnetism. It is ~,erel,t;d to minimi7e hysteresis in the domain wall to i~ luve 19 two-way precision in the sensor.
P,erer,ed materials for the harder magnetic layer 34 include hard ferromagnetic 21 materials (e.g., Co, Fe, and alloys thereof) and a,llirellomagnetically-pinned materials.
22 In a sense, all~irellolllagnetic materials are the hardest magnetic materials, because their 23 net magnetic fields are completely insensitive to external magnetic fields. Consequently, 24 use of an antiferromagnetic layer 81 to pin the hard magnetic layer 34 permits the use of a relatively hard magnetic material (e.g., Fe) for the softer magnetic layer. Suitable 26 antirellunlagnetic materials for pinning include FeMn and rare earth alloys (e.g., TbFe).
27 Many ~ellolllagnetic materials have poor scattering efficiency, which will result in 28 poor magnetic polarization. Preferably, as shown in FIG. 7, the interfacial regions this 29 layer 34 will include a thin coating 61 (1 to 5 atoms thickness is sufficient) of a strong scalLelillg element, such as Fe, to enhance magnetic polari7~tio~ Preferably, the harder SUBSTIME SHEET (RULE 26) WO 95/10020 2 ~ 7 3 ~ 2 ~ PCT/US9~/10915 magnetic layer 34 will be between about 50 A and about 1000 ~ thick. Other exemplary 2 hard magnetic materials are described in United States Patent No. 4,402,770 by Koon.
3 Plerelled materials for the softer magnetic layer 32 include Ni, Fe, permalloy, Co, 4 and combinations thereof (such as alloys and multilayer sandwiches). Generally speaking, in magnetically hostile e~ ilomnents it is pr._fellcd to use a relatively hard magnetic 6 material for this layer 32, to avoid interference problems. In environments that are not 7 magnetically hostile it is pl~relled to use a magnetic material in which it is easy to 8 establish a well-defined domain wall. Plefe-~,bly, the softer magnetic layer 32 will be 9 between about 50 A and about 1000 A thick. Other exemplary soft magnetic materials are described in United States Patent No. 4,409,043 by Koon.
11 FIG. 7 also shows another ]~min~r structure 60 accoldillg to the present invention.
12 In this multilayered embodiment, a plurality of softer magnetic layers 32 and a plurality 13 of harder magnetic layers 34 are interlaced, and the magnetic layers 32,34 are separated 14 by and in contact with nonmagnetic buffer layers 33. This multilayered configuration provides enhanced dynamic range for the sensor, up to the limit of the thickness T being 16 less than or equal to the spin relaxation distance.
17 Plerelled materials for the nonm~gnetic buffer layer 33 include Cu, Pt, Ag, Au, 18 and combinations thereof. Plerelably, the nonm~gnetic buffer layer 33 will be between 19 about 50 ~ and about 1000 A thick.
Skilled practitioners will recognize that it is ~l~f~lled to configure this sensor 40 21 so that the electrical resi~t~nce of the l~min~te structure 30 is several orders of æ magnitude lower (typically about nine orders of magnitude lower) than the resistance 23 through the voltmeter ~4, so that essentially all the ~ullell~ from the conslallt current 24 source 52 goes through the laminate structure 30. Skilled practitioners will also recognize that it is preferred to m~xi",i~e gain (~IVR) for the sensor.
26 FIG. 8 shows another l~min~r structure 70 accolding to the invention. In this 27 embodiment of the invention, the magnetically harder layer 34 is the top layer. This 28 layer 34 spin-polarizes the injected carriers. The magnetically softer layer 32 is the 29 bottom layer. A non-magnetic buffer layer 33 contacts with and separates the two magnetic layers 32,34. Since the interface with the magnetically softer layer 32 will be SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) W 0 95tlO020 217 ~ ~ 2 3 PCT~US9~/10915 ~
the scattering surface in this embodiment, a thin film 61 of a high efficiency scattering 2 element may be provided to increase scattering efficiency.
3 FIGS. 9 and 10 show an embodiment of the invention that operates as an angular 4 displacement sensor 80. In this embodiment of the invention, one of the workpieces 38 S will have an axis of rotation relative to the second workpiece 39. As shown in FIG. 9, 6 in this embodiment of the invention, the magnetoresistant strip 90 forms an essentially 7 arcuate member having a center essentially on this axis of rotation. The harder magnetic 8 layer is an open ring 34 having a fixed magnetic state. The softer magnetic layer is an 9 open ring 32 having a tlom~in wall 37 induced by one or more indexing magnets (not shown) separating regions 3~,36 of nonaligned, ~reLel~bly opposing, magnetic field. The 11 two magnetic layers again are in contact with and separated by a nnnm~gnetic metal 12 buffer layer 33.
13 As shown in FIG. 10, a pair of indexing magnets 56,58 preferably are positioned 14 for inclucing a domain wall 37 separating regions 35,36 of opposing magnetic polarity.
These indçYing magnets are coupled to the second workpiece 39, which is rotatably 16 mounted for moving, as in(lic~te~l by the arrows, about the axis of rotation, so that the 17 angular displacement of the domain wall 37 follows the angular displacement of the 18 second workpiece 39. The ends of the softer magnetic ring 33 are coupled, through a 19 standard four probe arrangement, to a voltmeter 54 and a conslant current source 52, connected in parallel.
21 As shown in FIG. 11, another ~le~lled embodiment of the invention has the 22 domain wall 37 induced parallel to the direction of current flow. In this embodiment of 23 the invention, the indexing magnets (not shown) are movably positioned for inducing a 24 domain wall parallel to the direction of current flow in the l~min~r structure. In this embodiment of the invention, the position of the domain wall will determine the effective 26 cross-sectional area of the conductor, thereby determining the resistance across the 27 l~min~r structure.
29 Any of the embodiments of the invention may also be operated as a variable resi~LoI. Operating the present invention as a variable resistor entails positioning the SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) ~ WO 95/10020 ~ 2 .~ ~ PCT/USg4llogl5 inrlP~ing magnet~s), thereby positioning the domain wall in the softer magnetic layer, 2 producing a desired resistance across the l~min~r structure.
4 Obviously, many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above te~ching.c. It is therefore to be understood that, within the scope 6 of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically 7 described.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26)
6 FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a preferred embodiment of the invention.
7 FIG. 5 is a top view of a plefelled embo~limeIlt of the invention.
8 FIG. 6 is a detailed view of a pair of indexing magnets positinned for inducing a 9 domain wall in a soft magnetic layer accolding to the invention.
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a multil~min~te structure accoldillg to the 11 invention.
12 FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of another l~min~te structure accordillg to the 13 invention, with the hard magnetic layer over the soft magnetic layer.
14 FIGS. 9 and 10 are an exploded view and a top view, respectively, of another lS embodiment of the invention.
16 FIG. 11 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the invention, with the 17 domain wall parallel to the direction of current flow in the l~min~r structure.
Giant magnelorç~ nce, or GMR, is a relatively newly-discovered phenomenon.
21 Brie~y stated, it has been discovered that there is a significant difference (on the order 22 of between about 8% and about 20%) in electrical resistance between the structure 23 shown in FIG. 1 and the structure shown in FIG. 2.
24 FIG. 1 shows a l~min~te structure 10 with ferromagnetic layers 12,14 having aligned magnetic fields, where these layers are separated by and in contact with a 26 nonmagnetic conductive layer 13. As carriers (generally electrons) are injected from a 27 contact 16 into the top ferromagnetic layer 12, the carriers are spin-polarized. These 28 spin-polarized carriers are free to travel through this fe-lolagnetic layer and the other 29 conductive layers 13,14 in this structure 10. Consequently, the electrical resistance SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RllLE 26) WO 9~/10020 PCT/US9 1/1091;~
~3~2~ --experienced by the current associated with the flow of these carriers will be related to 2 the thickness of this structure 10.
3 In contrast, FIG. 2 shows a l~min~te structure 20 with ferromagnetic layers 22,24 4 having opposing magnetic fields, separated by and in contact with a nonmagnetic S conductive layer 23. As carriers are injected from a contact 16 into the top ferromagnet-6 ic layer 22, the carriers are spin-polarized. These spin-polarized carriers are free to 7 travel through this ielloll,agnetic layer 22 and the adjacent nonmagnetic layer 23.
8 However, when these spin-polarized carriers strike the interface with ferromagnetic layer 9 24 having a nonaligned magnetic field, the carriers are scattered back, away from this layer, according to the giant magnetoresistance (i.e., spin-valve) effect. Giant magneto-11 resistance is a function of the angle between the magnetic fields in the two layers.
12 Scattering is minimi7e~ when the fields are parallel, and m~rimi7P-l when the fields are 13 antiparallel (opposing). When the fields are opposing, the ~;ullcnt associated with the 14 flow of these carriers is impeded from traveling through the entire thickness of this 1~ structure 20, and the electrical resistance experienced by this current will be higher, 16 related to the thickness of only the top two layers 22,23 of this structure 20.
17 An intermediate case accoldil,g to the present invention is shown in FIG. 3. In 18 this case, the l~min~te structure 30 has a bottom layer 34 with a fixed magnetic state, and 19 a (relatively) soft magnetic top layer 32 with regions 35,36 of opposing magnetic fields.
These regions 35,36 are separated by a flom~in wall 37. Between and contacting these 21 two layers 32,34 is a nonmagnetic conductive metal layer 33 for prcvelllillg exchange 22 coupling between the two magnetic layers 32,34. As carriers are injected from a contact 23 16 into the top ferromagnetic layer 32, the carriers are spin-polarized. These spin-24 polarized carriers are free to travel through this ferromagnetic layer 32, the nonmagnetic layer 33, and the bottom ferromagnetic layer 34. Because the effective thickness of the 26 conductor is relatively large, electrical resistance will be relatively low on this side of the 27 domain wall 37.
28 As the spin-polarized carriers travel further down this structure 30, to the far side 29 of the domain wall 37, they will be confined to the bottom two layers 33,34 of the l~min~te structure 30, in accordance with the giant magnetoresistance effect. Electrical SUBSTIME SHEET (RIJLE 26~
WO 95/10020 PCT/US9~/109~5 ~ 1 7 ~
resistance will be relatively high on this side of the domain wall. Consequently, the 2 overall electrical resistance of the l~minzlr structure 30 will be a linear function of the 3 location of the domain wall 37. Positioning the domain wall 37 toward the left of the 4 l~min~r structure, away from the contact 16 iniecting the carriers, will result in a relatively low electrical resistance for the l~min~r structure 30. Positioning the domain wall 37 6 toward the right of the l~min~r structure 30, near the contact 16 injecting the carriers, 7 will result in a relatively high electrical resistance for the l~min~r structure 30.
8 Another embodiment of this ]~min~te structure acc~ldil.g to the invention is 9 shown in FIG. 3A, where the bottom magnetic layer is fixed in its magnetic state with an anlirell~ gnetic pinning layer 81.
11 Note that the spin-polarized carriers travel a non-reciprocal path. If the carriers 12 are injected from the left side of the domain wall 37, the spin-polarized carriers will be 13 conrilled to the top two layers 32,33 of the l~min~e structure 30 on the near side of the 14 dnm~in wall 37, but will be free to travel through the entire thickness of the l~min~te structure 30 on the far side of the ~lom~in wall 37. In this case, moving the r1nm~in wall 16 37 to the left will decrease electrical resistance, while moving it to the right will increase 17 electrical l esi~l~nce.
18 Accordingly, a magnetoreiai~liv~ displacement sensor will measure the relative 19 position of two workpieces by fixing the first workpiece to a magnetoresi~ivt; l~min~r structure and fixing the second workpiece to means for inducing a domain wall in a 21 relatively soft ferromagnetic layer in this l~min~r structure, and measuring the electrical 22 rc~ allce of the l~min~r structure as a function of the relative positions of the two 23 wolkyicces. As used herein, workpieces are elements having a relative displacement 24 measured by the sensor of the invention. Examples of workpieces, as the term is used herein, are m~chine parts having positions that need to be known with great accuracy and 26 precision.
27 FIGS. 4 and 5 show, respectively, a cross-sectional view and a top view of a 28 ~ieîelled embodiment 40 of the invention. ~- ~his embodiment of the invention, the 29 l~min~r structure 30 is coupled to the first workpiece 38, shown in FIG. 4 as a substrate.
The layer 34 with the fixed magnetic state (i.e., the magnetically harder layer) is disposed SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) wo 95/l0020 ~3 PCT/US~/10915 over the substrate, with the magnetic field lines oriented "into" the drawing sheet. Over, 2 and contacted to, this layer 34 is the non-magnetic metal buffer layer 33. Over and 3 contacted to this buffer layer 33 is the magnetically softer layer 32, preferably with the 4 magnetic field lines on one side 35 of the domain wall 37 oriented "into'' the drawing sheet, and with the magnetic field lines on the other side 36 of the domain wall 37 6 oriented "out of" the drawing sheet. A standard four-probe configuration connects the 7 l~min~r structure 30 to an ohmmeter ~0 (comprising a constant current source 52 and 8 a volt meter 54, connected in parallel), which provides the operating ~;Ullellt and 9 measures the electrical resistance of the structure 30.
As shown in FIG. 6, a pair of indexing magnets 56,58 with preferably opposing 11 magnetic fields are positioned to induce the domain wall 37 in the softer magnetic layer 12 32. These magnets 56,~8 are coupled to the second workpiece (not shown) This 13 configuration of magnets is particularly preferred, because it provides a very well defined 14 domain wall 37 in the softer magnetic layer 32. Skilled practitioners will recognize, however, that many configurations for inducing a domain wall are known. In selecting 16 a particular means for inducing a domain wall, skilled practitioners will consider 17 ~ g hysteresis and m~xi~ g domain wall definition, following known principles 18 of fe,lulnagnetism. It is ~,erel,t;d to minimi7e hysteresis in the domain wall to i~ luve 19 two-way precision in the sensor.
P,erer,ed materials for the harder magnetic layer 34 include hard ferromagnetic 21 materials (e.g., Co, Fe, and alloys thereof) and a,llirellomagnetically-pinned materials.
22 In a sense, all~irellolllagnetic materials are the hardest magnetic materials, because their 23 net magnetic fields are completely insensitive to external magnetic fields. Consequently, 24 use of an antiferromagnetic layer 81 to pin the hard magnetic layer 34 permits the use of a relatively hard magnetic material (e.g., Fe) for the softer magnetic layer. Suitable 26 antirellunlagnetic materials for pinning include FeMn and rare earth alloys (e.g., TbFe).
27 Many ~ellolllagnetic materials have poor scattering efficiency, which will result in 28 poor magnetic polarization. Preferably, as shown in FIG. 7, the interfacial regions this 29 layer 34 will include a thin coating 61 (1 to 5 atoms thickness is sufficient) of a strong scalLelillg element, such as Fe, to enhance magnetic polari7~tio~ Preferably, the harder SUBSTIME SHEET (RULE 26) WO 95/10020 2 ~ 7 3 ~ 2 ~ PCT/US9~/10915 magnetic layer 34 will be between about 50 A and about 1000 ~ thick. Other exemplary 2 hard magnetic materials are described in United States Patent No. 4,402,770 by Koon.
3 Plerelled materials for the softer magnetic layer 32 include Ni, Fe, permalloy, Co, 4 and combinations thereof (such as alloys and multilayer sandwiches). Generally speaking, in magnetically hostile e~ ilomnents it is pr._fellcd to use a relatively hard magnetic 6 material for this layer 32, to avoid interference problems. In environments that are not 7 magnetically hostile it is pl~relled to use a magnetic material in which it is easy to 8 establish a well-defined domain wall. Plefe-~,bly, the softer magnetic layer 32 will be 9 between about 50 A and about 1000 A thick. Other exemplary soft magnetic materials are described in United States Patent No. 4,409,043 by Koon.
11 FIG. 7 also shows another ]~min~r structure 60 accoldillg to the present invention.
12 In this multilayered embodiment, a plurality of softer magnetic layers 32 and a plurality 13 of harder magnetic layers 34 are interlaced, and the magnetic layers 32,34 are separated 14 by and in contact with nonmagnetic buffer layers 33. This multilayered configuration provides enhanced dynamic range for the sensor, up to the limit of the thickness T being 16 less than or equal to the spin relaxation distance.
17 Plerelled materials for the nonm~gnetic buffer layer 33 include Cu, Pt, Ag, Au, 18 and combinations thereof. Plerelably, the nonm~gnetic buffer layer 33 will be between 19 about 50 ~ and about 1000 A thick.
Skilled practitioners will recognize that it is ~l~f~lled to configure this sensor 40 21 so that the electrical resi~t~nce of the l~min~te structure 30 is several orders of æ magnitude lower (typically about nine orders of magnitude lower) than the resistance 23 through the voltmeter ~4, so that essentially all the ~ullell~ from the conslallt current 24 source 52 goes through the laminate structure 30. Skilled practitioners will also recognize that it is preferred to m~xi",i~e gain (~IVR) for the sensor.
26 FIG. 8 shows another l~min~r structure 70 accolding to the invention. In this 27 embodiment of the invention, the magnetically harder layer 34 is the top layer. This 28 layer 34 spin-polarizes the injected carriers. The magnetically softer layer 32 is the 29 bottom layer. A non-magnetic buffer layer 33 contacts with and separates the two magnetic layers 32,34. Since the interface with the magnetically softer layer 32 will be SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) W 0 95tlO020 217 ~ ~ 2 3 PCT~US9~/10915 ~
the scattering surface in this embodiment, a thin film 61 of a high efficiency scattering 2 element may be provided to increase scattering efficiency.
3 FIGS. 9 and 10 show an embodiment of the invention that operates as an angular 4 displacement sensor 80. In this embodiment of the invention, one of the workpieces 38 S will have an axis of rotation relative to the second workpiece 39. As shown in FIG. 9, 6 in this embodiment of the invention, the magnetoresistant strip 90 forms an essentially 7 arcuate member having a center essentially on this axis of rotation. The harder magnetic 8 layer is an open ring 34 having a fixed magnetic state. The softer magnetic layer is an 9 open ring 32 having a tlom~in wall 37 induced by one or more indexing magnets (not shown) separating regions 3~,36 of nonaligned, ~reLel~bly opposing, magnetic field. The 11 two magnetic layers again are in contact with and separated by a nnnm~gnetic metal 12 buffer layer 33.
13 As shown in FIG. 10, a pair of indexing magnets 56,58 preferably are positioned 14 for inclucing a domain wall 37 separating regions 35,36 of opposing magnetic polarity.
These indçYing magnets are coupled to the second workpiece 39, which is rotatably 16 mounted for moving, as in(lic~te~l by the arrows, about the axis of rotation, so that the 17 angular displacement of the domain wall 37 follows the angular displacement of the 18 second workpiece 39. The ends of the softer magnetic ring 33 are coupled, through a 19 standard four probe arrangement, to a voltmeter 54 and a conslant current source 52, connected in parallel.
21 As shown in FIG. 11, another ~le~lled embodiment of the invention has the 22 domain wall 37 induced parallel to the direction of current flow. In this embodiment of 23 the invention, the indexing magnets (not shown) are movably positioned for inducing a 24 domain wall parallel to the direction of current flow in the l~min~r structure. In this embodiment of the invention, the position of the domain wall will determine the effective 26 cross-sectional area of the conductor, thereby determining the resistance across the 27 l~min~r structure.
29 Any of the embodiments of the invention may also be operated as a variable resi~LoI. Operating the present invention as a variable resistor entails positioning the SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) ~ WO 95/10020 ~ 2 .~ ~ PCT/USg4llogl5 inrlP~ing magnet~s), thereby positioning the domain wall in the softer magnetic layer, 2 producing a desired resistance across the l~min~r structure.
4 Obviously, many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above te~ching.c. It is therefore to be understood that, within the scope 6 of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically 7 described.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26)
Claims (12)
1. A sensor for measuring the displacement between a first workpiece and a second workpiece, comprising:
a giant magnetoresistant strip fixed to said first workpiece, wherein said magnetoresistant strip further comprises at least one laminate structure, wherein said laminate structure comprises a first hard ferromagnetic or antiferromag-netically-pinned layer, a second magnetic layer over said first hard ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic layer, wherein said second magnetic layer comprises a softer magnetic material than said first layer, and a conductive layer interposed between and contacting said first and second layers, for preventing essentially all exchange coupling between said first and second layers;
inducing means for inducing a domain wall, at a measurand position, between regions of magnetic fields in said second magnetic layer, wherein said magnetic fields are not aligned with each other, wherein said inducing means is fixed to said second workpiece; and measuring means for measuring electrical resistance between points on said magnetoresistant strip, thereby measuring said position of said domain wall, thereby measuring the position of said second workpiece relative to said first workpiece.
a giant magnetoresistant strip fixed to said first workpiece, wherein said magnetoresistant strip further comprises at least one laminate structure, wherein said laminate structure comprises a first hard ferromagnetic or antiferromag-netically-pinned layer, a second magnetic layer over said first hard ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic layer, wherein said second magnetic layer comprises a softer magnetic material than said first layer, and a conductive layer interposed between and contacting said first and second layers, for preventing essentially all exchange coupling between said first and second layers;
inducing means for inducing a domain wall, at a measurand position, between regions of magnetic fields in said second magnetic layer, wherein said magnetic fields are not aligned with each other, wherein said inducing means is fixed to said second workpiece; and measuring means for measuring electrical resistance between points on said magnetoresistant strip, thereby measuring said position of said domain wall, thereby measuring the position of said second workpiece relative to said first workpiece.
2. The sensor of claim 1, wherein said inducing means comprises one or more indexing magnets.
3. The sensor of claim 2, wherein said one or more indexing magnets comprise at least two indexing magnets having essentially opposing magnetic moments, disposed on opposing sides of said magnetoresistant strip, wherein said essentially opposing magnetic moments in said opposing indexing magnets are essentially perpendicular to said domain wall.
4. The sensor of claim 1, wherein said measuring means comprises means for directing current through said magnetoresistant strip and means for measuring the voltage across said magnetoresistant strip.
5. The sensor of claim 1, wherein said ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic layer having a fixed magnetic state comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of Cr, Co, Fe, Ni, Mn, and alloys thereof.
6. The sensor of claim 1, wherein said ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic layer having a fixed magnetic state comprises an antiferromagnetic metal coated with a thin film of a ferromagnetic metal.
7. The sensor of claim 1, wherein said layer comprising a softer magnetic material comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Mn, Ni, and alloys thereof.
8. The sensor of claim 1, wherein said sensor is a linear displacement sensor, and wherein said magnetoresistant strip forms an essentially straight member perpendicular to said domain wall.
9. The sensor of claim 1, wherein said sensor is a linear displacement sensor, and wherein said magnetoresistant strip forms an essentially straight member parallel to said domain wall.
10. The sensor of claim 1, wherein said sensor is an angular displacement sensor for measuring the rotation of said second workpiece relative to said first workpiece, wherein said second workpiece is mounted to rotate about an axis of rotation relative to said first workpiece, wherein said magnetoresistant strip forms an essentially arcuate member having a center essentially on said axis of rotation, wherein said means for inducing said domain wall comprises means for inducing a domain wall essentially radial to said arcuate member.
11. A sensor for measuring the displacement between a first workpiece and a second workpiece, comprising:
a magnetorestistant strip fixed to said first workpiece, comprising a plurality of hard ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic layers alternating with a plurality of magnetic layers comprising a softer magnetic material, wherein each of said ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic layers and said layers comprising said softermagentic material contact with and are separated by nonmagnetic conductive layers interposed between said magnetic layers, for preventing essentially all exchange coupling between said magnetic layers, means for inducing domain walls, at measurand positions, between regions of magnetic fields in said softer magnetic layers, wherein said magnetic fields are not aligned with each other, wherein said inducing means is fixed to said secondworkpiece; and means for measuring electrical resistance between points on said magneto-resistant strip, thereby measuring said positions of said domain walls, thereby measuring the position of said second workpiece relative to said first workpiece.
a magnetorestistant strip fixed to said first workpiece, comprising a plurality of hard ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic layers alternating with a plurality of magnetic layers comprising a softer magnetic material, wherein each of said ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic layers and said layers comprising said softermagentic material contact with and are separated by nonmagnetic conductive layers interposed between said magnetic layers, for preventing essentially all exchange coupling between said magnetic layers, means for inducing domain walls, at measurand positions, between regions of magnetic fields in said softer magnetic layers, wherein said magnetic fields are not aligned with each other, wherein said inducing means is fixed to said secondworkpiece; and means for measuring electrical resistance between points on said magneto-resistant strip, thereby measuring said positions of said domain walls, thereby measuring the position of said second workpiece relative to said first workpiece.
12. A variable resistor, comprising:
a magnetoresistant strip, further comprising at least one laminate structure, wherein said laminate structure comprises a first hard ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetically-pinned layer having a fixed magnetic state, a second magnetic layer over said first magnetic layer, and a nonmagnetic conductive layer interposed between and contacting said magnetic layers, wherein said second magnetic layer comprises a softer magnetic material than said first magnetic layer;
and means for inducing a domain wall, at a selected point, between regions of nonaligned magnetic field in said second magnetic layer, thereby setting the resistance across said magnetoresistant strip to a selected value.
a magnetoresistant strip, further comprising at least one laminate structure, wherein said laminate structure comprises a first hard ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetically-pinned layer having a fixed magnetic state, a second magnetic layer over said first magnetic layer, and a nonmagnetic conductive layer interposed between and contacting said magnetic layers, wherein said second magnetic layer comprises a softer magnetic material than said first magnetic layer;
and means for inducing a domain wall, at a selected point, between regions of nonaligned magnetic field in said second magnetic layer, thereby setting the resistance across said magnetoresistant strip to a selected value.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US08/130,480 | 1993-10-01 | ||
| US08/130,480 US5475304A (en) | 1993-10-01 | 1993-10-01 | Magnetoresistive linear displacement sensor, angular displacement sensor, and variable resistor using a moving domain wall |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2173223A1 true CA2173223A1 (en) | 1995-04-13 |
Family
ID=22444885
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002173223A Abandoned CA2173223A1 (en) | 1993-10-01 | 1994-09-30 | Magnetoresistive linear displacement sensor, angular displacement sensor, and variable resistor |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5475304A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0721563B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH09505393A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR100308460B1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2173223A1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69425063T2 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1995010020A1 (en) |
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-
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- 1993-10-01 US US08/130,480 patent/US5475304A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
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- 1994-09-30 EP EP94930485A patent/EP0721563B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-09-30 DE DE69425063T patent/DE69425063T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-09-30 CA CA002173223A patent/CA2173223A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1994-09-30 KR KR1019960701697A patent/KR100308460B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-09-30 JP JP7510872A patent/JPH09505393A/en not_active Ceased
- 1994-09-30 WO PCT/US1994/010915 patent/WO1995010020A1/en active IP Right Grant
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0721563A4 (en) | 1998-01-28 |
| EP0721563A1 (en) | 1996-07-17 |
| US5475304A (en) | 1995-12-12 |
| WO1995010020A1 (en) | 1995-04-13 |
| JPH09505393A (en) | 1997-05-27 |
| EP0721563B1 (en) | 2000-06-28 |
| DE69425063D1 (en) | 2000-08-03 |
| DE69425063T2 (en) | 2000-11-02 |
| KR100308460B1 (en) | 2002-07-02 |
| KR960705187A (en) | 1996-10-09 |
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