CA2140431A1 - Method and means for generating synthetic spectra allowing quantitative measurement in near infrared measuring instruments - Google Patents

Method and means for generating synthetic spectra allowing quantitative measurement in near infrared measuring instruments

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Publication number
CA2140431A1
CA2140431A1 CA002140431A CA2140431A CA2140431A1 CA 2140431 A1 CA2140431 A1 CA 2140431A1 CA 002140431 A CA002140431 A CA 002140431A CA 2140431 A CA2140431 A CA 2140431A CA 2140431 A1 CA2140431 A1 CA 2140431A1
Authority
CA
Canada
Prior art keywords
infrared
analysis instrument
chips
body part
spectra
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
CA002140431A
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Robert D. Rosenthal
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Futrex Inc
Original Assignee
Robert D. Rosenthal
Futrex, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Robert D. Rosenthal, Futrex, Inc. filed Critical Robert D. Rosenthal
Publication of CA2140431A1 publication Critical patent/CA2140431A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/145Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue
    • A61B5/1455Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/145Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue
    • A61B5/14532Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue for measuring glucose, e.g. by tissue impedance measurement
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01JMEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J3/00Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
    • G01J3/02Details
    • G01J3/10Arrangements of light sources specially adapted for spectrometry or colorimetry
    • G01J3/108Arrangements of light sources specially adapted for spectrometry or colorimetry for measurement in the infrared range
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/25Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
    • G01N21/255Details, e.g. use of specially adapted sources, lighting or optical systems
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/25Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
    • G01N21/31Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
    • G01N21/35Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light
    • G01N21/359Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light using near infrared light
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2201/00Features of devices classified in G01N21/00
    • G01N2201/06Illumination; Optics
    • G01N2201/062LED's
    • G01N2201/0621Supply

Abstract

2140431 9402811 PCTABS00030 A method and means for generating synthetic spectra allowing quantitative measurement utilizes dual chip (12, 14) alternatively energized IREDs (10) with optical bandpass filter(s) (22, 24) passing two optical bands which has been combined with curvilinear interpolation to be utilized in a low cost small size quantitative measuring instrument.

Description

~ WO94/02811 ~llOl31 ;~ PCT/US93/~6890 METHOD AND MEANS FOR G~ENERATING SYNTHETIC SP CTRA
ALLOWING QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT IN NEAR INFRARED
.
~a~

- BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Cross-Reference to_Related AP~lications This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S.
Patent Application Serial No. 07/588,628 filed : September 26, l990 a~d which will issue as U.S. Patent No. 5,134,302, on July 28, l992.

Field of the Invention This invention relates to improvements in near-infrared quantitative measuring instruments and particularly, to a method and means for generating synthetic spectra for such instruments.

Backqround and_Prior Art ', Near-infrared quantitative measuring instruments : have been available for approximately 20 years. These instruménts have proven to be highly accurate and simple to use for the measurement of chem~cal constituents in many different types of materials, For example, near-infrared instruments are commonly used in the grain industry for determining the protein of wheat and barley, in the food industry for measuring various organic constituents within food, in the chemical WOg4/02811 ~ 2~ PCr/~S93/~890 process industry to determine the chemical constituents within a production producti and in the medical field for non-invasively determining such items as body fat percentage.
There are three general types of ne r-infrared measuring instrume~ts. Reflectance-type instruments normally measure between 1,100 and 2,500 nanometers to provide accurate measurement of materials that have a consistent surface and require access to only one side of the product being measured. Transmission-type - messurements are available that operate between 600 and 1,100 nanometers and are able to measure almost any type of product without sample preparation provided that access is available to both sides of the measured product. The third type of near-infrared instrument is the interactance type which normally operates between 600 and 1,100 nanometers. In this type of instrument, ~ light energy is directed into a body of a product and -~ on the same side of the body at some distance away, the internal reflected light is measured.
In any of the abo~e-described type of near-infrared measuring instrument5, the use of discrete `
- filters or the use of full scanning instruments are ;~ known. An example of the use of a filter~type approach is shown in U.S. Patent No. 4,286,327.
In many applications, either discrete filter or full scanning instruments will pr~Jvide similar accuracy. However, there are some applications where the typical discrete ~ilter-type instruments do not provide sufficient information. Examples of this are applications where advanced mathematical treatments such as Partial Least Square or Principle Component . ?
Analysis are applied. In such approaches, a large J
t~
~, ,.

. - WO~/0~811 ~ 1 4 ~ . ' PCT/US93/06X90 number of wavelengths are`needed to provide the necessary calibration coefficients.
One major disadvantage of the full scanning instruments is that they are considerably more expensi~e than the discrete filter instruments. Thus, the desi.re has bee~ to develop techniques that allow discrete filter instruments to provide the same sensitivity and versatility as full scanning instruments. One such approach is described in U.S.
Patent No. 4,627,008 where the use of curv.il.inear - interpolation allows de~elopment of syntheti.c spectra from a discre~e filter instrument.
Howe~er, in the measurement of very subtle constituents, e.g., non-invasive measurement of the level of glucose in the blood stream with a low cost por~able instrument r accurate ~nowledge of spectra is required at many wavelengths. There is a need in the art to generate such spectra to provide a meaningful quantitative measuring instrument.
:~ 20 U~S. Patent No. 4,286,327 teaches that a group of IREDs, each with a separate narrow bandpass filter in front of it, can be consacutively illuminated, thèreby ~; generating meanin~ful optical information. In such patent, a separate narrow bandpass filter is required for each wa~elength to be measured. However, for a low :~ i cost portable instrument where broad spectrum information is required, it becomes essentially : impractical to provide the number of narrow bandpass filters that are required. A 5ize limitation, combined with the need for low cost, precludes such approach.
For example, research has shown that on some ~- individuals, accurate measurement of blood glucose can be obtained by using a combination of wavelengths between 640 nanometers and l,Q00 nanometers. These
2~ 431 ~ P~T/USg3/068gO ~:

studies have also shown that different com~inations of wavelengths axe re~uired for different individuals because of the body composition differences between people. For example, if cholesterol or glucose is D
S desired to be measured, those constituents are in such minute quantities compared to the presence of water, fat and protein in the body that they are difficult to measure without multiple wavelengths. Thus, the need in the art exists to provide a low cost, portable, simple instrument and yet have the instrument provide _ the equi~alent of wavelengths at every 1 nanometer between 640 to l,000 nanometers so as to be useful over a broad population.

SU~ARY OF THE INVENTION
This in~ention provides a method and means for : producing synthe~ic spectra for use in quantitative : near-infrared measuring instrumients which can be utilized in curvilinear interpolation instruments and which provide two wavelengths from a single IRED by using a dual chip I~ED, and provide multiple outputs by utilizing dual bandpass filters with a single IRED. ~
Thus, two wavelengths at a very narrow tolerance can be produced from a sin~le IRED.

BRIEF DESCRIPTTON OF THE INVENTION
Fig. l(A) shows a spectra of blood glucose values for a first individual.
Figs. l (B) and l(C) show an expanded view of the Fig. l(A) spectra. ' `
Fig. 2(A) shows a spectra of blood glucose values for a second individual.
Figs. 2(B) and 2(C) show an expanded view of the Fig. 2(A) spectra.

~ `WO 94/02811 ~ PCI/US93J06890 ' S

Fig. 3(A) shows a spectra of blood glucose values for a third individual.
Figs. 3(B) and 3(C) show an expanded view of the Fig. 3(A) spectra.
Fig. 4(A) shows a spectra of blood glucose values for a fourth individual.
Figs. 4(B) and 4(C) show an expanded view of the Fig. 4~A) spectra.
Figs. 5(A) and 5(B~ are schematics of a dual chip IRED showing di~ferent arrangements of such IREDs with - optical bandpass filters.
Figs. 6~A) and 6(B) are typical spectra for both light emitting diodes (LEDs) and infrared emitting diodes (~REDs).
Fig. 7(A) is spectra of a typical narrow bandpass filter and 7(B) illustrates a special narrow bandpass ~- filter for two different bandsO
~ ~ Figs. 8(A~ and 8(B) are schematics of an IRED
:~ ~ having three chips and illustrating different arrangements of such IREDs with optical bandpass filters.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBpDIMENT
: To study how many wavelengths are required for ~: .
- accurate quantitative measurement using IRED
techniqu~s, an interactive study of accuracy of generating a synthetic spectra using the curvilinear approach taught by U.S. Patent No. 4,637,008 versus actual spectra in different people was p~rformed. For ~: example, in wavelengths between 640 to 1,OOO
nanometers, it was found that 12 discrete wavelengths properly located in the spectra can generate a synthetic spectra that is equal in accuracy to when one `
"real spectra~' is compared to another ~real spectra.~ ~

W094/0~811 214~ PCT/US93/06890 ~-(''Real spectra" is defined as a spectra obtained from a high quality scanning spectrophotometer~) For typical people, it was discovered that the following l2 wavelengths would pro~ide the basis for generating synthetic spectra. (These wavelengtns allow some reasonable to~erance, approximately + 2 nanometers each.) These wa~elengths are set forth in the following table.

TABLE I
GROUP A GROUP 'B
Filter Filter Number _Wavelenqth __ Number Wa~elenqth 1 640 nm 7 878 nm
3 698 9 946
4 754 lO 964 804 ll 974 6 ~40 12 lOOO

Figs. l(A)-(C) through 4~A)-(C) contain spectra from four different indi~iduals, respectively, covering a broad range of race, body composition and gender.
Each of the figures pro~ide an overlay of "real data,~
i.e., dat~ which was actually measured by a scanning ~ spectxophotometer at every one nanometer interval, ~, : 25 represented in an expanded scale, with a synthetic spectra generated using a curvilinear technique utilizing ~he 12 wavelengths set forth above. On each of these curves in Figs. l(A)-(C) through 4(A)-(C), the correlation squared term (RxR) is given as well as the standard error between the "real data" versus the synthetic spectra~ As can be seen, the synthetic spectra is very accurate as compared to the real spectra.

~ W O 94/0~811 2 1 4 8 ~ ~ ~ jr~ PC~r/U593/06890 Also presented in Figs. l(A)-(C) through 4(A)-(C) are the R squared and the standard error of one real spectra overlaid with another real spectra of the same individual, xepresented as ~Real vs. Real", at approximately the same period in time (measured within a few minutes of each other). (Note the figures do not show the cur~es of the real spectra overlaying.) As illustrated in Figs. l(A)-(C) through 4tA)-(C), the synthetic spectra and the real spectra accuracy numbers are quite close to the accuracy number between two real spectra. Moreover, when regression analysis against known blood gluoose values was performed with the synthetic spectra analysis of the present invention, it pro~ided essentially identical accuracy as such analysis using real spectra.
A low cost method of implementing this invention is shown in Figs. 5(A) and 5(B). In each of these figures, there is shown a light emitting diode 10 using two light emitting chips 12 an~d 14 in the single diode.
The chips may be alternately energized through leads 16 as is known in the art. For example, a single diode may be obtained on the marXet that provides both rèd and green light, depending on the way it is powered.
In Figs. 5(A) and 5(B), tha single diode 10 comprises the two chips 12 and 14. Chip 14 would provide energy in the region of wavelengths Group A and chip 12 would provide energy in the region of wavelengths Group B
' from Table I above.
This can be further understood with reference to Figs. 6(A) and 6(B) which are taken from "Opto Electronic Components Data Book 1988" of Stanley Electric Co., Ltd. In these figures, typical spectra for both LEDs and IREDs are shown. For example, wavelength # 6 and wavelength # 12 from Table I above WOg4/02811 ~1~4~ ~ -` PCT/U593/Q68~0 '- I

can be generated using two chips 12 and 14 in a single IRED 10, namely chips AN and DN. Thus, the wavelength region for wavelength # 6 in Table I would be from the chip DN, i.e., chip 14, and wavelength # 12 would be a chip of the characteristics AN, i.e., chip 12.
Set forth below in Table II are th~ same wa~elengths as in Table I above, but with the corresponding chips selected from Figs. 6(A) and 6(B).
Stated differently, depending on how the IRED is powered, i.e., whether chip 12 or chip 14 is energized, either energy for wavelength 12 or wavelength 6 is illuminated.

TABLE_II
GROUP A GROUP B
Filter Filter Number Wavelenath__ Num~er Wavelenqth 1 640 nm AR or BR 7 878 CN or DN
2 688 BR or PR 8 916 CN or BN
3 698 PR ~9 946 AN or BN
4 754 PR 10 964 AN or CN
804 PR or DN 11 974 AN
6 840 DN Type 12 1000 AN Type Also as shown in Fig. S(A), there is a bandpass :~ filter 20 with two bandpasses. While in Fig. 2(B), there are separate optical bandpass filters 22 and 24, - filter 22, for example, with a bandpass for # 6 s - wavelength in the table above, and optical filter 24 : with a bandpass for # 12 wavelength in the table above.
The bandpass filter 20 of Fig. 5(A) could pass two bands, for example, as shown in Fig. 7(B). In other words, Fig. 7(A) illustrates a spectra of a typical narrow bandpass filter which would be filter 24 in Fig.
5(B). Fig. 7(B) illustrates the transmission from a special narrow dual bandpass filter that allows light ` WO94J02811 ~ PCT/US93/06890 to pass at two different bands, e.g., 840 and l,000 nanometers.
When the dual chip IRED in Fig. 5(A) is utilized in a single filter with two bandpasses as shown in Fig.
7(B), and when the first chip of the IRED is illuminated, wavelength # 6 is available. When that chip is de-energized and the second chip is powered, then wavalength ~ 12 of the above table is illuminated.
- Utilizing this invention, only 6 IREDs and 6 filters are required to generate the identical data - that would normally take 12 optical filters in combination with l2 individual IREDs. Thus, the number of parts is reduced by a factor of 2 which means~a ~ significant increase in reliabîlity as well as the cost : l5 being reduced by a factor of 2. Moreover, this invention reduces the space requirements and such is :: essential for a portable pocket-size instrument.
: ;~ In accordance with another embodiment of the : present invention, a low cost a~paratus for implementing the present invention is shown in Figs.
8(Aj and 8(B). In each of these figures, there is shown a light emitting diode 30 using three light emitting chips 33, 34 and 35 in the single diode. The ~ ~ ~ chips may be alternately energized through leads 31 as -: ~ 2S is known in the art, emitting the wavelengths, for ~: example, as shown above in Table I.
Also as shown in Fig. 8(A), there is a bandpass i: / filter 32 with three bandpasses which can pass three ; bands, or wavelengths of interest, substantially similar to spectra illustrated in Fig. 7(B). In Fig.
8(B), three separate optical bandpass filters 36, 37 and 38 are utilized to pass wavelengths of interest similar to the spectra illustrated in Fig. 7(A~.

WO94/02811 ~ 3~ PCT/US93/06890 Utilizing this invention, only 4 IREDs and 4 filters are required to generate the identical data that would normally take l2 optical filters in combina~ion with 12 individual IREDs. Thus, the number of parts is significantly reduced which means a significant increase in reliability as well as the cost reductions.
In another embodiment of present invention, a synthetic spectra can be generated equal in accuracy to a "real spectra" using wavelengths between _ appxoximately 600 to approximately l,lO0 nanometers, f rom discrete wavelengths located within the spectra.
In addition to the wa~elengths disclosed above, utilizing wavelengths at approximately 1023 and approximately lO80 nanometers can be used to create an accurate synthetic spectra in accordance with the present in~ention.
In still another aspect of the present invention, a synthetic spectra can be generated e~ual in accuracy to a ~real spectra" in wavelengths between approximately 600 to approximately llO0 nanometers, from 14 discrete wavelengths properly located within the spectra. The following 14 wavelengths provide a basis for genera~ing a synthetic spectra. (These wavelengths allow some reasonable tolerance, ; approximately ~ 2 nanometPrs each.) These wavelengths are set forth in the following table.
, r,~, ~ .r.

,,.~............................................ . 1:
;`:'WO94/02~11 2140~g~ ; t ~r PCr/VSg3/06890 1' ' i '~. ' TABLE I I I
GROUP A GROUP B
Yilter Filter Number ~ Wavelenqth Number _ Wavelen~th 1604 nm 8 833 nm 4 723 ll 910 5 746 ~2 93~
6 786 13 953
7 . 810 14 990 A low cost method and apparatus for implementing the present invention is essentially the same as disclosed above in connection with Figures 5(A) and 5(B). In this em~odiment, seven dual chip IREDs are - utilized to create the desired wavelengths as described abo~e. Also, a single bandpass filter having two ;~ bandpasses or two bandpass filters can be utilized as disclos~d in Figures 5(A) and 5(B~.
Set forth b~low in Table IV are examples of types of IREDs which can be used to ~eate the desired : wavelengths as set forth in Table III above.

TABLE IV
~: : LED # Manufacturer Part # Wavelenqth , 1 Stanley MAA33685 604 nm 2 Gilway E-169 658 3 Quantum TI-746 702 4 Quantum TI-746 723 , Quantum TI-746 746 6 Stanley DN 306 786 7 Stanley DN 306 810
8 Stanley DN 306 833 t~
9 Stanley DN 306 860 Stanley DN 306 877 : 35 11 Stanley CN 306 910 t~
12 Stanley AN 306 932 13 Stanley AN 306 953 14 Stanley AN 306 990 ~?

WO94/02811 ~. PCT/US93/06890 `~

21 4~ 12 Utilizing this invention, only 7 IREDs and 7 filters are required to generate the identical data that would normally take l2 optical filters in S combination with l2 individual IREDs. Thus, the number of parts is significantly reduced which means a significant increase in reliability as well as the cost reductions.
It is the intention not to be limited by this specific embodiment but only by the scope of the appended claims. For example, the present invention is .
not intended to be limited to the use of twelve or fourteen wavelengths (and, correspondingly, six or seven dual chip IREDs) to create the synthetic spectra.
The present invention is intended to encompass, inter alia, the use of dual or other multiple chip IRED~ in an instrument for generating a synthetic allowing ~uantitative measurements.

Claims (12)

I claim:
1. A quantitative near-infrared analysis instrument for non-invasive measurement of a blood analyte present in a body part of a subject, said analysis instrument comprising:
(a) an introducing means comprising a near-infrared energy source for introducing near-infrared energy into blood present in a body part of a patient, said near infrared energy source comprising at least one infrared emitting diode having at least two chips and producing at least two separate wavelengths;
(b) detecting means for detecting near-infrared energy emerging from the body part; and (c) processing means for calculating a synthetic spectra for curvilinear interpolation based upon signals from said detection means.
2. The near-infrared analysis instrument of claim 1, wherein said, at least one, infrared emitting diode having at least two chips is used in combination with a filter means for passing two separate wavelengths.
3. The near-infrared analysis instrument of claim 2, wherein said filter means is a single filter having two bandpasses.
4. The near-infrared analysis instrument of claim 2, wherein said filter means comprises separate filters, each with a single bandpass.
5. The near-infrared analysis instrument of claim 1, wherein said at least one infrared emitting diode having at least two chips comprises six infrared emitting diodes.
6. A quantitative near-infrared analysis instrument for non-invasive measurement of a blood analyte present in a body part of a subject, said instrument comprising:
(a) an introducing means comprising a near-infrared energy source for introducing near-infrared energy into blood present in a body part of a patient, said near infrared energy source comprising six infrared emitting diodes each having at least two chips and wherein each of said two chips produces a separate wavelength;
(b) detecting means for detecting near-infrared energy emerging from the body part and generating a signal based upon said separate wavelength from each of two chips from said six infrared emitting diodes; and (c) processing means for calculating a synthetic spectra for curvilinear interpolation based upon the signals generated from said detection means.
7. A quantitative near-infrared analysis instrument for non-invasive measurement of a blood analyte present in a body part of a subject, said analysis instrument comprising:
(a) an introducing means comprising a near-infrared energy source for introducing near-infrared energy into blood present in a body part of a patient, said near infrared energy source comprising seven infrared emitting diodes each having at least two chips and wherein each of said two chips produces a separate wavelength;
(b) detecting means for detecting near-infrared energy emerging from the body part and generating a signal based upon said separate wavelength from each of two chips from said seven infrared emitting diodes; and (c) processing means for calculating a synthetic spectra for curvilinear interpolation based upon the signals generated from said detection means.
8. The near-infrared analysis instrument of claim 7, wherein each of said seven infrared emitting diodes having at least two chips is used in combination with a filter means for passing two separate wavelengths.
9. The near-infrared analysis instrument of claim 8, wherein said filter means is a single filter having two bandpasses.
10. The near-infrared analysis instrument of claim 8, wherein said filter means comprises separate filters, each with a single bandpass.
11. The near-infrared analysis instrument of claim 7, wherein said seven infrared emitting diodes emit energy at selected wavelengths from approximately 600 nanometers to approximately 1100 nanometers.
12. A quantitative near-infrared analysis instrument for non-invasive measurement of a blood analyte present in a body part of a subject, said analysis instrument comprising:
(a) an introducing means comprising a near-infrared energy source for introducing near-infrared energy into blood present in a body part of a patient, said near infrared energy source comprising at least one infrared emitting diode having three chips and producing at least three separate wavelengths;
(b) detecting means for detecting near-infrared energy emerging from the body part; and (c) processing means for calculating a synthetic spectra for curvilinear interpolation based upon signals from said detection means.
CA002140431A 1992-07-24 1993-07-22 Method and means for generating synthetic spectra allowing quantitative measurement in near infrared measuring instruments Abandoned CA2140431A1 (en)

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US07/917,998 US5324979A (en) 1990-09-26 1992-07-24 Method and means for generating synthetic spectra allowing quantitative measurement in near infrared measuring instruments
US07/917,998 1992-07-24

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EP (1) EP0651877A4 (en)
JP (1) JPH07509317A (en)
AU (1) AU4780593A (en)
CA (1) CA2140431A1 (en)
WO (1) WO1994002811A1 (en)

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