CA2136616C - Apparatus for arranging compressed video data for transmission over a noisy communication channel - Google Patents
Apparatus for arranging compressed video data for transmission over a noisy communication channel Download PDFInfo
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- CA2136616C CA2136616C CA002136616A CA2136616A CA2136616C CA 2136616 C CA2136616 C CA 2136616C CA 002136616 A CA002136616 A CA 002136616A CA 2136616 A CA2136616 A CA 2136616A CA 2136616 C CA2136616 C CA 2136616C
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
- H04N19/65—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using error resilience
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
- H04N19/60—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using transform coding
- H04N19/61—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using transform coding in combination with predictive coding
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
- H04N19/85—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using pre-processing or post-processing specially adapted for video compression
- H04N19/89—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using pre-processing or post-processing specially adapted for video compression involving methods or arrangements for detection of transmission errors at the decoder
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
- H04N21/20—Servers specifically adapted for the distribution of content, e.g. VOD servers; Operations thereof
- H04N21/23—Processing of content or additional data; Elementary server operations; Server middleware
- H04N21/236—Assembling of a multiplex stream, e.g. transport stream, by combining a video stream with other content or additional data, e.g. inserting a URL [Uniform Resource Locator] into a video stream, multiplexing software data into a video stream; Remultiplexing of multiplex streams; Insertion of stuffing bits into the multiplex stream, e.g. to obtain a constant bit-rate; Assembling of a packetised elementary stream
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
- H04N21/40—Client devices specifically adapted for the reception of or interaction with content, e.g. set-top-box [STB]; Operations thereof
- H04N21/43—Processing of content or additional data, e.g. demultiplexing additional data from a digital video stream; Elementary client operations, e.g. monitoring of home network or synchronising decoder's clock; Client middleware
- H04N21/434—Disassembling of a multiplex stream, e.g. demultiplexing audio and video streams, extraction of additional data from a video stream; Remultiplexing of multiplex streams; Extraction or processing of SI; Disassembling of packetised elementary stream
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
- H04N19/30—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using hierarchical techniques, e.g. scalability
- H04N19/39—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using hierarchical techniques, e.g. scalability involving multiple description coding [MDC], i.e. with separate layers being structured as independently decodable descriptions of input picture data
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
- H04N19/70—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals characterised by syntax aspects related to video coding, e.g. related to compression standards
Abstract
A digital compressed video signal transmission system includes a transport processor for segmenting (105, 115) com-pressed data into transport cells for transmission. Particular portions of the compressed data are formatted (110, 120, 125) into further transport cells, which further transport cells are interspersed with normally occurring transport cells. The further transport cells include redundant video signal data which may be utilized to resynchronize a compressed video signal decoder after loss or corruption of transmitted data.
Description
r::::::.: ~~~ss~s i~i :~ 94!409S2 ~CF/US93/44543 APPARATUS FOR ARRANG3NG COMPRESSED VIDEO IjATA FOR
TRANSMISSION OVER A NOISE COl~~MUIVICATION CHANNEL
The present invention relates to a method and ;.
apparatus for segmenting compressed video data into cells or '' packets for transrr~ission in a manner to allow a receiver to rapidly recover from occurrences of missing data or corrupted data:
, The Moving Picture Experts Group {MPEG) are , 1 0 establishing a standard for transmission and storage of video data primarily for use by computers. This proposed standard is detailed in the docuanent "Internati~nal Organization for Sta~tdardization", ISO-IEC JT{1/SC2/WG1), Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audia, MPG 90/I76 Rev.2, Dec. 18, 1990.
1 5 The signal protocol is hierarchical or layered. Frames of video data are compressed in groups of; for example, 15 frames.
Respective frames are either intraframe encoded (I frames), ,l forward predictive i~terframe encoded (P frames) or forward/backward predictive interframe encoded (I3 frames).
TRANSMISSION OVER A NOISE COl~~MUIVICATION CHANNEL
The present invention relates to a method and ;.
apparatus for segmenting compressed video data into cells or '' packets for transrr~ission in a manner to allow a receiver to rapidly recover from occurrences of missing data or corrupted data:
, The Moving Picture Experts Group {MPEG) are , 1 0 establishing a standard for transmission and storage of video data primarily for use by computers. This proposed standard is detailed in the docuanent "Internati~nal Organization for Sta~tdardization", ISO-IEC JT{1/SC2/WG1), Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audia, MPG 90/I76 Rev.2, Dec. 18, 1990.
1 5 The signal protocol is hierarchical or layered. Frames of video data are compressed in groups of; for example, 15 frames.
Respective frames are either intraframe encoded (I frames), ,l forward predictive i~terframe encoded (P frames) or forward/backward predictive interframe encoded (I3 frames).
2 0 Each frame is divided into slices corresponding to horizontal image bands (e.g:, 16 line stripes). T'he' slices are segmented into macroblocks consisting of matricds of 16 by 16 pixels. The y macroblocks are encodad in four 8 by 8 blocks of luminance values; and xwo 8 by $ blocks of chrominance values (J1 and V
'? 5 signal components): Each of tlae 8 by 8 chrominance blocks are derived by horizontally and. ~r~rtically stibsampling component '~' chr~minance values representing respective 16 by 16 macroblocks: The signal protocol calls for a sequence layer for identifying the overall signal type, which ' layer Includes a 3 0 sequence start rode and header information identifying, for example, picture size, pixel aspect ratio, picture rate, bit rate, duffer size, a number of flag bits, etc: Following the sequence layer is a group of pictures, GOP header which include a start code, a time code, a closed GOP flag, a broken link flag and extension 5 data. The next la er includes a icture start code and icture y p P
'; header. The picture {PICT') header includes a temporal r -~, t , '.:
,, i~~ 94/Q0952 PCI'/iJS93l(1460~ ---' ref~~nce, picture coding type (I, P, B), buffer fullness, vector and pixel precision flags, variables length code identifiers and extension data. A slice start code ~o'llows the picture layer and includes a start code and a header identifying the slice. Following the slice , j layer is the macroblock layer which includes a start code and header data. The macroblock header data includes identifying indicia, quantizing information; type of encoding etc. The macroblock layer also includes motion vectors which are common to the -six blocks of data in each macroblock, and encoded block l 0 data on a block by block basis. The compression algorithm involves predicting frames of video signal from prior frames of - video signal and transmitting in compressed form, the differences between actual and predicted frames. Successively encoded frames are dependent on the correctness of prior encoded frames.
1 j Only one or a small number of frames in a group of pictures is non pr~dictively encoded: It should be immediately recognized that, in a receiver, decoding errors dus to data loss or corruption during transmission will propagate through successive frames within a GOP. In order to preclude the propagation or such errors and 0 concomitant image ycorruption special precautions must be taken.
However such precautions are not included in the ~rIP~~ protocol because it was fashioned primarily for noiseless transmission Channels.
A~7TV is a fully digital simulcast system that delivers high definition tel~visfon (HDTV) in ~ single 6-MI3z broadcast channel. It is cuxr~ntly being developed by the Advanced Television, I~~search Cbnsortiuan (ATRe). One of the primary design goals of ADTV is to deliver high-qpality and robust digital I-IDT'V service' for 'terrestrial simulcast transmission. The ADTV
3 0 system uses MPEG co~npressibn to permit transmission of HDTV
.
signals within a 6-I~hz channel. However the ATI~C has augmented MPEG by adding n custom higher layer structure , (IvIPEG++Rev 1) to achieve sufficient signal robustness for transmission ~ver noisy terrestrial transmission media. This 3 5 augmentation includes the prioritization of lVrP~G data into a two ,, ~~~ss~, '~e~ 94/x0952 PC:T/U593/~603 tier high~priority (HP), low priority (LP) transmission scheme, and includes a transport protocol to support multiple data services, .
and to provide graceful degradation in receiver performance in the presence of transmission errors.
S DirecTV is a fully digital system that delivers standard definition NTSC television to the home over a satellite channel. It is currently being developed by Thomson Consumer Electronics (TCE). It is sianilar to AI~TV in that it uses MPEG data compression brat it is not HDTV: This is a one tier system;for transmitting NTSC
1 0 quality television signals The present invention involves a transport protocol for arranging hierarchically formatted compressed video data for robust transmission in noisy communication channels and apparatus for realizing the transport protocol. The transport l 5 protocol presented here defines cells (or packets) of data where each cell includes ~ Prefix and a Transport Block. In an exemplary embodiment, the Prefix consists of four bits of control information and twelve ' bits for service channel identification. The Transport Blocks, (typically 128 bytes) consists of either Auxiliary data, 2 0 Redundant MPECa ~Ieaders, or standard MPE~ data. Compressed video data is applied to a transport processor which is responsive to the header data to develop transport block headers, and to store particular header data. The transport processor segments the compressed data into data blocks of predetermined size and S append transport headers thereto td form cells for transmission.
;,~ The particular stored header data is fo~rnatted into a plurality of cells and these Gells are interspersed between regularly occurring successive cells of compressed data.
FIGURE 1 is ~ schematic representation of a transport 3 d cetl (or packet) ~f the transport layer utilized in the invention.
FIGURE 2 is a schematic representation of a Transport z :Y
Block for a video service included in a transport cell.
FIGURE 3 is a schematic representation of an example ,j of a format of Auxiliary Data cells .
. 1~:.~~.... ....: " ,.,~;~:.".,..,...:. ,......' .:; ., .' ., '. ;,..,...,., .,.,.. '" ..'.;..' . ;.:;~. :.~.~r.~..:.... ..
.
VvCI 94/00952 ~~ ~ ~ ' ~ . PC'TlUS93l((~46t33 'w_' FIGURE 4 i.s a schematic' representation illustrating an entry-point conceit utilized for', fast re-entry into the compressed data stream. ~
FIGURE 5 is a schematic representation of the entry-3 point data in two-tier 'transmission systems.
F1GURE, 6 is a system bevel block diagram identifying ' the transport encoder and decoder in the total system.
FIGURE 7 is a block diagram of a typical transport encoder.
I 0 FIGURE 8 is a flowchart representing operation of the transport ~ncader.
- FIGURE 9 is a block diagram of a typical transport decoder.
FIGURES 10A and lOB are a flowchart of operation of 1 ~ the transport decoder of a one-tier video system.
Detailed Description T'he transport protocol of the pxesent invention inclddes three data protocol layers; a link layer; a transport layer;
? 0 'and a service layer. The link layer is arrar,~ged to be service ' independent, while the service bayers are service specific: A
"service°' refers to the type of data being transmitted in a particular transport cell, e.g., audio data vide~ data, auxiliary data etc.
The link layer comprises a Prefix byte (actually two eight bit bytes} which contain several link layer control flags as well as channel identifiers for many different video; audio and data services. FIGURE l shows tie logical structure of a ransport cell indicating ~ the relationship between the Prefix and the 3 0 Transport Block: The designat~rs P; BB, CF; and CS are all one bit designators': The designator; P, is tied in a two tier system to identify whether the transport block includes high or I~w priority .
data ( I =HP; 0=L,P), and is used in a one tier system for cell framing by toggling in successive cells. The designator, BB defines 3 S a laundle boundary and is set to a "1" value only for the first cell ..
,rr:'r.:'~'~.:
'~ '~~ 94f04952 P~C,'Tf US93f 04643 of respective bundles. The designator, CF, is a control flag used to indicate a scrambling state. CS is a control sync bit which toggles with each scramble key change.
The designation SCID is a twelve bit word which is 5 used to identify service types. A SCID value of zero is reserved for null packets, and the value 4095 is reserved for future definition. The remaining 4094 SCID values are available for defining various service types.
FIGURE 2 illustrates the Video Transport Layer which 1 0 is an example of ono of many possible Transport Layer formats.
Every service type can have a specific Transport Block format.
This description pertains to MPEG encoded Video Transport services. FIGURE 2 shows the logical structure of a transport block. The first field of the video transport layer contains a 4-bit t 5 continuity counter (CC). This counter increments by one for each cell transmitted. It is service dependent and priority dependent, i.e.; separate counters are maiintained for each service identity and for each transmission priority tier. The value of the continuity count sequences from 0 through IS. The continuity count ? 0 provides a measure of error detection at respective receivers. A
drscontmnty in the received count indicates either errors in received data or a doss of contintaous data for a particular transport service.
The next field in the video transport layer contains a 5 4-bit Header Designator (I3D) which has two-bit subfields of Type and Idontity. The ; subfields idedtify the form of data transmitted in the respective data field. For the Video Transport Layer, HD
types 0, l , 2 and ~ are used to respectively identify Auxiliary Packets, Basic 'Service Packets, Basic Service Packets with n~IPE~
3 0 redundant data; and Baszc Service Packets mth N~NrNIPEG
redundant data. The latter two types are non standard forms of a transmitting MPEG data, and are included for completeness. The type 'Basic Service Packets" is the only type identified which includes MPEG data in standard form albeit segmented in 3 5 transport cells The type "Auxiliary Packets" in general is not an .. , : .~.. ' '',. , y ~ ., y,. . ; . , .
I
RCA 86,775 MPEG signal though in this application it is used to transmit redundant MPEG header data. Nominally the Auxiliary Packets are used to transmit auxiliary data such as closed captioning data, for example.
The HD identity values define subsets of the HD types. One s HD type/identity value combination (0/0) indicates an Auxiliary Data Group cell, and its contents are defined in FIGURE 3. The fields of auxiliary data cells are to be unscrambled, therefore PREFIX bit CF is set to one. Each Data Group is self defined, with a flag-bit indicating whether additional Data Groups exist in the same packet. Data Groups io contain such information as Time Code References, and Scramble Keys.
Basic Service packets are used to carry most of the MPEG
encoded data. Two-tier basic service packets include entry-point data to synchronize the two data streams. Entry-points allow data blocks to segment across cell boundaries. This concept is illustrated in 15 FIGURE 4. FIGURE 5 shows the entry-point components found in the entry-point data field for two-tier transmission schemes. The frame type, slice, and macroblock identities are supplied by the video processor, while the entry pointer and frame number are supplied by the transport processor. The entry pointer is the byte offset to the ao entry-point position in the transport block. Frame type indicates whether the data refers to an intraframe encoded frame or an interframe encoded frame, or the first cell of a GOP. The frame number is used as a frame continuity counter, incrementing once per frame. Both the frame type and the frame number assist decoder z5 synchronization of the two-tier data streams. The slice and macroblock identities are unique over the frame, and specify the entry-point position without decoding the MPEG data stream. While having one entry-point per cell is a design goal, there is a wide range of data per slice dependent upon the priority channel and frame type.
3o For further information on entry point processes, see U.S. Patent No.
5,168,356 issued December 1, 1992.
i i RCA 86,775 Two methods of carrying redundant MPEG data in the Transport Block may be utilized. One method uses a specific Auxiliary Packet to carry a copy of the MPEG sequence Header (which could span multiple packets). The second method uses a modification of the Basic s Service Transport Block to carry a copy of MPEG Group of Pictures (GOP) Header and Picture Header.
All information contained in the video service layer is supplied by the video encoder (and the priority processor in a two tier system). See U.S. Patent No. 5,168,356 for a detailed description of a io two tier system.
Specific formatting rules are required when encoding the Video Transport Block and are outlines below:
For HD Types 1, 2, 3 the HD ID bit 1 is toggled on the first sequence header of a GOP, the start of a B-Frame, and the start of 15 a P-Frame.
A new cell is started at the beginning of a GOP (assuming GOP
begins with an I-Frame), and the beginning of respective successive frames.
A "Basic Service" transport block format is used on the first cell a o of a GOP, and the first cell of respective successive frames.
A "Redundant Data" transport block format is used instead of the "Basic Service" format on the second packet of a frame if the frame spans multiple packets. The "Redundant Data" format is used again at an interval of about 4 to 8 times per frame.
z s . The redundant transmissions of the MPEG Sequence header are carried as "Auxiliary Packets" at an interval of 5 to 30 per second.
FIGURE 6 is a block diagram of MPEG encoding apparatus including a transport encoder according to the present invention. The transport encoder takes a MPEG data stream and 3o attaches a protocol which:
;: . .. ; ,: . , ; , . . . ., '~'O 94/0a952 . PCT/iJS93/04603fr'.
'? 5 signal components): Each of tlae 8 by 8 chrominance blocks are derived by horizontally and. ~r~rtically stibsampling component '~' chr~minance values representing respective 16 by 16 macroblocks: The signal protocol calls for a sequence layer for identifying the overall signal type, which ' layer Includes a 3 0 sequence start rode and header information identifying, for example, picture size, pixel aspect ratio, picture rate, bit rate, duffer size, a number of flag bits, etc: Following the sequence layer is a group of pictures, GOP header which include a start code, a time code, a closed GOP flag, a broken link flag and extension 5 data. The next la er includes a icture start code and icture y p P
'; header. The picture {PICT') header includes a temporal r -~, t , '.:
,, i~~ 94/Q0952 PCI'/iJS93l(1460~ ---' ref~~nce, picture coding type (I, P, B), buffer fullness, vector and pixel precision flags, variables length code identifiers and extension data. A slice start code ~o'llows the picture layer and includes a start code and a header identifying the slice. Following the slice , j layer is the macroblock layer which includes a start code and header data. The macroblock header data includes identifying indicia, quantizing information; type of encoding etc. The macroblock layer also includes motion vectors which are common to the -six blocks of data in each macroblock, and encoded block l 0 data on a block by block basis. The compression algorithm involves predicting frames of video signal from prior frames of - video signal and transmitting in compressed form, the differences between actual and predicted frames. Successively encoded frames are dependent on the correctness of prior encoded frames.
1 j Only one or a small number of frames in a group of pictures is non pr~dictively encoded: It should be immediately recognized that, in a receiver, decoding errors dus to data loss or corruption during transmission will propagate through successive frames within a GOP. In order to preclude the propagation or such errors and 0 concomitant image ycorruption special precautions must be taken.
However such precautions are not included in the ~rIP~~ protocol because it was fashioned primarily for noiseless transmission Channels.
A~7TV is a fully digital simulcast system that delivers high definition tel~visfon (HDTV) in ~ single 6-MI3z broadcast channel. It is cuxr~ntly being developed by the Advanced Television, I~~search Cbnsortiuan (ATRe). One of the primary design goals of ADTV is to deliver high-qpality and robust digital I-IDT'V service' for 'terrestrial simulcast transmission. The ADTV
3 0 system uses MPEG co~npressibn to permit transmission of HDTV
.
signals within a 6-I~hz channel. However the ATI~C has augmented MPEG by adding n custom higher layer structure , (IvIPEG++Rev 1) to achieve sufficient signal robustness for transmission ~ver noisy terrestrial transmission media. This 3 5 augmentation includes the prioritization of lVrP~G data into a two ,, ~~~ss~, '~e~ 94/x0952 PC:T/U593/~603 tier high~priority (HP), low priority (LP) transmission scheme, and includes a transport protocol to support multiple data services, .
and to provide graceful degradation in receiver performance in the presence of transmission errors.
S DirecTV is a fully digital system that delivers standard definition NTSC television to the home over a satellite channel. It is currently being developed by Thomson Consumer Electronics (TCE). It is sianilar to AI~TV in that it uses MPEG data compression brat it is not HDTV: This is a one tier system;for transmitting NTSC
1 0 quality television signals The present invention involves a transport protocol for arranging hierarchically formatted compressed video data for robust transmission in noisy communication channels and apparatus for realizing the transport protocol. The transport l 5 protocol presented here defines cells (or packets) of data where each cell includes ~ Prefix and a Transport Block. In an exemplary embodiment, the Prefix consists of four bits of control information and twelve ' bits for service channel identification. The Transport Blocks, (typically 128 bytes) consists of either Auxiliary data, 2 0 Redundant MPECa ~Ieaders, or standard MPE~ data. Compressed video data is applied to a transport processor which is responsive to the header data to develop transport block headers, and to store particular header data. The transport processor segments the compressed data into data blocks of predetermined size and S append transport headers thereto td form cells for transmission.
;,~ The particular stored header data is fo~rnatted into a plurality of cells and these Gells are interspersed between regularly occurring successive cells of compressed data.
FIGURE 1 is ~ schematic representation of a transport 3 d cetl (or packet) ~f the transport layer utilized in the invention.
FIGURE 2 is a schematic representation of a Transport z :Y
Block for a video service included in a transport cell.
FIGURE 3 is a schematic representation of an example ,j of a format of Auxiliary Data cells .
. 1~:.~~.... ....: " ,.,~;~:.".,..,...:. ,......' .:; ., .' ., '. ;,..,...,., .,.,.. '" ..'.;..' . ;.:;~. :.~.~r.~..:.... ..
.
VvCI 94/00952 ~~ ~ ~ ' ~ . PC'TlUS93l((~46t33 'w_' FIGURE 4 i.s a schematic' representation illustrating an entry-point conceit utilized for', fast re-entry into the compressed data stream. ~
FIGURE 5 is a schematic representation of the entry-3 point data in two-tier 'transmission systems.
F1GURE, 6 is a system bevel block diagram identifying ' the transport encoder and decoder in the total system.
FIGURE 7 is a block diagram of a typical transport encoder.
I 0 FIGURE 8 is a flowchart representing operation of the transport ~ncader.
- FIGURE 9 is a block diagram of a typical transport decoder.
FIGURES 10A and lOB are a flowchart of operation of 1 ~ the transport decoder of a one-tier video system.
Detailed Description T'he transport protocol of the pxesent invention inclddes three data protocol layers; a link layer; a transport layer;
? 0 'and a service layer. The link layer is arrar,~ged to be service ' independent, while the service bayers are service specific: A
"service°' refers to the type of data being transmitted in a particular transport cell, e.g., audio data vide~ data, auxiliary data etc.
The link layer comprises a Prefix byte (actually two eight bit bytes} which contain several link layer control flags as well as channel identifiers for many different video; audio and data services. FIGURE l shows tie logical structure of a ransport cell indicating ~ the relationship between the Prefix and the 3 0 Transport Block: The designat~rs P; BB, CF; and CS are all one bit designators': The designator; P, is tied in a two tier system to identify whether the transport block includes high or I~w priority .
data ( I =HP; 0=L,P), and is used in a one tier system for cell framing by toggling in successive cells. The designator, BB defines 3 S a laundle boundary and is set to a "1" value only for the first cell ..
,rr:'r.:'~'~.:
'~ '~~ 94f04952 P~C,'Tf US93f 04643 of respective bundles. The designator, CF, is a control flag used to indicate a scrambling state. CS is a control sync bit which toggles with each scramble key change.
The designation SCID is a twelve bit word which is 5 used to identify service types. A SCID value of zero is reserved for null packets, and the value 4095 is reserved for future definition. The remaining 4094 SCID values are available for defining various service types.
FIGURE 2 illustrates the Video Transport Layer which 1 0 is an example of ono of many possible Transport Layer formats.
Every service type can have a specific Transport Block format.
This description pertains to MPEG encoded Video Transport services. FIGURE 2 shows the logical structure of a transport block. The first field of the video transport layer contains a 4-bit t 5 continuity counter (CC). This counter increments by one for each cell transmitted. It is service dependent and priority dependent, i.e.; separate counters are maiintained for each service identity and for each transmission priority tier. The value of the continuity count sequences from 0 through IS. The continuity count ? 0 provides a measure of error detection at respective receivers. A
drscontmnty in the received count indicates either errors in received data or a doss of contintaous data for a particular transport service.
The next field in the video transport layer contains a 5 4-bit Header Designator (I3D) which has two-bit subfields of Type and Idontity. The ; subfields idedtify the form of data transmitted in the respective data field. For the Video Transport Layer, HD
types 0, l , 2 and ~ are used to respectively identify Auxiliary Packets, Basic 'Service Packets, Basic Service Packets with n~IPE~
3 0 redundant data; and Baszc Service Packets mth N~NrNIPEG
redundant data. The latter two types are non standard forms of a transmitting MPEG data, and are included for completeness. The type 'Basic Service Packets" is the only type identified which includes MPEG data in standard form albeit segmented in 3 5 transport cells The type "Auxiliary Packets" in general is not an .. , : .~.. ' '',. , y ~ ., y,. . ; . , .
I
RCA 86,775 MPEG signal though in this application it is used to transmit redundant MPEG header data. Nominally the Auxiliary Packets are used to transmit auxiliary data such as closed captioning data, for example.
The HD identity values define subsets of the HD types. One s HD type/identity value combination (0/0) indicates an Auxiliary Data Group cell, and its contents are defined in FIGURE 3. The fields of auxiliary data cells are to be unscrambled, therefore PREFIX bit CF is set to one. Each Data Group is self defined, with a flag-bit indicating whether additional Data Groups exist in the same packet. Data Groups io contain such information as Time Code References, and Scramble Keys.
Basic Service packets are used to carry most of the MPEG
encoded data. Two-tier basic service packets include entry-point data to synchronize the two data streams. Entry-points allow data blocks to segment across cell boundaries. This concept is illustrated in 15 FIGURE 4. FIGURE 5 shows the entry-point components found in the entry-point data field for two-tier transmission schemes. The frame type, slice, and macroblock identities are supplied by the video processor, while the entry pointer and frame number are supplied by the transport processor. The entry pointer is the byte offset to the ao entry-point position in the transport block. Frame type indicates whether the data refers to an intraframe encoded frame or an interframe encoded frame, or the first cell of a GOP. The frame number is used as a frame continuity counter, incrementing once per frame. Both the frame type and the frame number assist decoder z5 synchronization of the two-tier data streams. The slice and macroblock identities are unique over the frame, and specify the entry-point position without decoding the MPEG data stream. While having one entry-point per cell is a design goal, there is a wide range of data per slice dependent upon the priority channel and frame type.
3o For further information on entry point processes, see U.S. Patent No.
5,168,356 issued December 1, 1992.
i i RCA 86,775 Two methods of carrying redundant MPEG data in the Transport Block may be utilized. One method uses a specific Auxiliary Packet to carry a copy of the MPEG sequence Header (which could span multiple packets). The second method uses a modification of the Basic s Service Transport Block to carry a copy of MPEG Group of Pictures (GOP) Header and Picture Header.
All information contained in the video service layer is supplied by the video encoder (and the priority processor in a two tier system). See U.S. Patent No. 5,168,356 for a detailed description of a io two tier system.
Specific formatting rules are required when encoding the Video Transport Block and are outlines below:
For HD Types 1, 2, 3 the HD ID bit 1 is toggled on the first sequence header of a GOP, the start of a B-Frame, and the start of 15 a P-Frame.
A new cell is started at the beginning of a GOP (assuming GOP
begins with an I-Frame), and the beginning of respective successive frames.
A "Basic Service" transport block format is used on the first cell a o of a GOP, and the first cell of respective successive frames.
A "Redundant Data" transport block format is used instead of the "Basic Service" format on the second packet of a frame if the frame spans multiple packets. The "Redundant Data" format is used again at an interval of about 4 to 8 times per frame.
z s . The redundant transmissions of the MPEG Sequence header are carried as "Auxiliary Packets" at an interval of 5 to 30 per second.
FIGURE 6 is a block diagram of MPEG encoding apparatus including a transport encoder according to the present invention. The transport encoder takes a MPEG data stream and 3o attaches a protocol which:
;: . .. ; ,: . , ; , . . . ., '~'O 94/0a952 . PCT/iJS93/04603fr'.
Allows a transport decoder to detect missing or invalid data;
Offers redundant transmission of critical data; and Indicates data reentry points to restart MPEG
decoding.
Input to the transport encoder 12 is either directly I from an MPEG encoder I0 (for a one tier transmission system) or from a MPEG priority processor 11 (for a two tier transmission system). In two tier systems, two separate data paths are used, 1 0 one for high-priority {fiP) and one for low-priority (LP) data. The priority processor monitors rate buffer fullness, and generates priority-breakpoints which indicate yhere in the data stream data is split between the HP and LP data paths for each slice of Ie~IPEG
data. The breakpoint data, along with the MPEG encoded data is 1 ~ the input data to the transport encoder 12. MPEG codewords arrive at the input of the transport encoder tagged with data word i length indicia and data type indicia (e.g., header data, motion vectors, discrete cosine transform coefficients etc.). A further input to the transport encoder is provided by a system clock I3.
2 0 This cloak is incorporated to genlock the receiver and transmitter so decoder rate buffers do not overflow or underflow.
Output from the transp~rt encoder 12 is sent to a service mmltiplexer and rate buffer I5 via a data scrambling mechanism I4. 'The multiplexes 15 interleaves data from 2 ~ different service, sources. The output from the multiplexes YS is applied to the communications channel via a transmitter 16.
A transport decoder 20 receives cells from the communication channel receiver I7 via the service demultiplexer . ; and' .date buffer ~lf. The demultiplexer responsive to the data in 3 0 the service type field of the transport cell header, separates data of different service types; and applies the separated data types to the appropriate processing circuitry. Video output data from the .
demultiplexer 1 ~ is coupled to a descrambler 19 which performs a descrambling function which is inverse to the scrambling function 3 5 of element 14. Descrambled data is applied to a transport decoder ~;.r 94/~D0952 2 l ~ s G ~: 6 PS.'T/US93/04603 20, which separates header data from service data and applies the service data to a decoder 22.
i.
Output from the transport decoder 20 provides both a system clock (21) for synchronizing the receiver to the transmitting service, and a data path to the MPEG decoder 22.
Within the traps ort decoder, error checks are j P performed to determine whether a cell has been lost or includes errors. For example, the CC code is monitored to determine if respective transport cells occur in proper sequence. Only transport cells for I 0 which no errors are detected are delivered to the I~IPEG decoder.
The transport dec~der strips off the Entry-Point Data from the transport block, decodes this header, and presents data to the MPEG decoder in a suitable format. If there is a cell discontinuity, the vide~ transport decoder is programmed to initiate a sequence 1 5 of resynchronizing tasks; 'as discussed below.
FIGURE ? is a block diagram of a typical transport encoder. For one-tier transmission systems, components 145-1?0 are not included. For two-tier systems, all components in FIGURE
are used.
One-tier systems:
Encoded video codewords; and corresponding codeword identifying indicia related to codeword type, and codeword length arrive at the transport encoder from the video ? 5' encoder 100. Element 105, responsive to the identifying indicia .., captures andl storey cextwin ~f the header information in a memory element 110. Data stored in element l10 will be included in the transmitted data a plurality of times to provide a degree 'of information 'redundancy. The data selected for 3 0 redundant transmission generally includes sequence header data, (xpp header data, and Picture header (PICT) data. ~t a minimum the data selected as redundant data is that data necessary to :'3 ., condition an 1VIPEG decoder to begin decoding a data stream which has been entered at other than the beginning of a data sequence.
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\~VO 94/00952 PC:T/!US93/04603 Nominally a sequence may include a large number of GOP's. Decoding of transmitted MPEG data requires use of the sequence header data. If the user tunes into the data after the ! occurrence of the sequence header, he may not be able to decode the subsequent data. The transport protocol described herein repeatedly provides sequence and other needed header data for decoding shortly after entering the transmitted data stream no matter where it is entered.
Element 105 also extracts user data and applies this l 0 data to a memory 115. User data may be of many different types such as time stamps; whether the images are in color or not; the form of chraminance preprocessing; whether the original source material was film mode or video mode etc.. The 1'vIPEG protocol does not support inclusion of these types of information. However ';
1 5 inclusion of such information permits the receiver designer to incorporate special processing for particular signal types and thereby enhance the overall reproduction of images. The user data is included in auxiliary transport cells, when convenient.
Element 105 provides header identifying indicia to a 2 0 clock formatter 130. Clock formatter 130 includes a clock which is sampled - on the occurrence of certain header data to generate time stamps associated with the corresponding header data. These time stamps are used in receiver apparatus to provide a measure of signal synchronisation.
2 5 Data from elements 10.5, 1 I0, 1 IS and 130 are coupled to a cell . formatter 120: I\Tominally formatter 120 receives data from element 105, parses such data into cell length packages, ; develops the appropriate video service transport headers according to the ;protocol indicated in FIGURES I and 2, ' 3 0 concatenates the ransport headers and the cell data, and couples ,, the transport cells to a cell buffer 140. However, at the start of a :i sequence of data, and periodically during the transmission of data, the formatter is conditioned by the controller I2S to form and transmit other data. This other data includes auxiliary 3 5 information such as time stamps from the clock formatter 130 for ;: , ... , . . .: .. . ; ... ..
;~ , ...... .:.~. : . .. . '. . . . . : , . ,..' . .' l s 1~
l ~a~.~ 94!00952 PC.TlUS93/04603 signal synchronization, and redundant header data.stored in memory element 110.
Auxiliary data cells. are generated as needed and included in the data stream when space is available. That .is, auxiliary data cells may be interleaved with video data in any of the I, P or B field data. ~n the other hand redundant data is for ttie most part interleaved only with I field video data. This is because decoding of video data must start vsrith an I field.
All other fields of 1~IPEG data are predictive and depend from I
fields.
1 t 0 The redundant data cells may be included. at regularly spaced 3 intervals ~r as data space is available but with at least a certain minimum inclusion of data to provide enough information to indicate decoding.
The cell' formatter includes a continuity count in each l 5 transport cell regardless of type. The continuity count, CC, is incremented by one unit in successive cells and repeats modulo N, where N may be a convenient binary number such as 16.
Two-tier~",sys_tems:
2 0 Operation of the transport encoder in a two-tier . s stem includes all functions described for a one-tier s stem with y y , the one-tier functioa~s applied to the high priority or HP channel.
In addition- to the encoded video data provided at block 100, the priority processor (FIGURE 6), pr~vities priority breakpoint data 2 5 which is stored in element 145. The breakpoint data is constant over a slice of 11~IPEtJ data arid indicates a thresh~Id 'of what data (cod~words) are placed on the HP channel and what data are placed on the LP channel: The priority breakpoint data is applied to aswitch 165 ~ which' compares the breakpoint inf~rmation 3 0 stored in element 145 with the current codeword identity ' provided by element 100, and supplies data codewords to either '~ cell formatter 120 or cell formatter 160 for generation of either HP or LP transport cells respectively.
E
~'he element 105 provides header data to a functional ~ 5 element 150 which develops entry-point definitions for both ~ HP
;.
~i,_ ... ;y;. ...... , ,.';:. -,~.~.. '.;-'.:~_ ' . .~ "...,;... ,' ,... . .. ..~, . .. ~~.,', ,~,.'.,..;~. ..;.,.,;.~, .,..... ., ~.;;.~. .:.: ~~ ; ~ '... ':; :
::~....,. .~..~:'...,';:.. . ._ ,.. . ...
.y, :;, ,, ~ .. .. ~ , ...:.;~_.,. .._ ~. ~ .. .,: r..,,.. ,. ::. '.,~,.. .
~~~ ... .. . . . . y . . . .: ~. .r . .. , ~'y 'Va'~ 94/flfl9S2 ~ , PCT/US93/04~5~D3 i ~ .
v 12 i and LP data, These entry point definitions are stored in entry-point data memory 155. Cell formatters 120 and 160 create entry-point data for each cell.geneTated. The entry-point is used by the decoder to resume decoding of the variable length data after a packet loss due to transmission errors. Completely formatted packets are sent from the LP cell formatter 160 to a cell :.
buffer 170 for output.
:
, ~a Referring to th e flowchart of FIGURE 8, the controller r~
., 125 initializes the system 850) by resetting the continuity I 0 counters (CC) and a cell c ount. It then checks (852) for an ,., auxiliary data interrupt. These interrupts allow the user to i _ interpose special information (if desired) for transmission. If an i auxiliary interrupt has occurred, an auxiliary cell is created (854) a and coupled to the rate buffer, and the auxiliary CC is ''~ 1 5 incremented. If there is currently no channel space available, the system is directed to access IdIPEG data (856).
The 1VIPEG data is checked for the occurrence of a sequence header (858): If a sequence header is available, a basic cell type is created (860) using the sequence header data. The ? 0 basic' cell continuity counter is incremented (862) and the cell is output (864) to the rate buffer. Following~creation of the basic cell type with the sequence header data, N auxiliary type cells are created using the sequence header data. Here N is a small integer such as four. Each of the N auxiliary type cells are output, and the 2 5 auxiliary continuity count is incremented with the production of each cell:
Alternatively, if sequence header data is not available, a test is perf~rmed to determine the occurrence of group of , ~
Ptctdre (G~P) or picture (PICT) header data (870)e If GOP/PICT
3 0 header data is available the cell count is reset (872) and a redundant type cell is created with the GOP/PICT header data (873). If space is available within the cell further MPEG data is included. The cell is output and the redundant cell continuity count and the cell count are incremented. Note at tests 858 and 3 5 870 if sequence headers or GOP or PICT headers are available, i;
r'~'~:.
f :y:
~%~u 9410095 ° PCT/US93/04603 i 1. 3 i they are stored in memory element 110 for use forming in redundant cells of the same data.
j If at test 870 the current MPEG data not GOP/PICT
is _ If the cell header data, the cell count is tested.count is not, for ~ example, 2, 4 or 8 there a basic cell is createdwith the type current MPEG data. Alternatively, the cell is 2, 4 or 8 if count then a redundant type 'cell is created occurring with the last GOP/PICT header data.
l 0 Table I shows arl exemplary sequence of translaort cells.
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W, . .~~. _~.:~. .. . ~. . . ..
... ,.. , ,. , ..... ,. :.' .. . .
..
~. .. . . :v. ~ : : . : . . ; . :. . : . . . : . . . .-. ., .. . . , ; ~... .:
..: . . . , .. _ ., , ,; .... . , .. , , . . .
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'!~'O 94/00952 ~ _ PCi'/US~3f04603 '"
TABLE I
R~ ~ Packet Contents class ' BaslC Se uence Fleader or GOP Header with MPEG
dot Aax Redundant Se uence Header Transmission #1 Aux Redundant Se uence Header Transmission #2 A a x Redundant Se uence Header Transmission #N
R a d a n d a Redundant GOP/PICT Header + MPEG Data n t Redundant Redundant GOP/PICT' Header + MPEG Data Basic MpEG Data Redundant Redundant GOP/PICT Header + MPEG Data B asic MPEG Data B asic MPEG Data B asic ~pEG Data R a d a n d a Redundant GO1'JPICT Header + MPEG Data n t B aSlC MPEG Data Basic (...a number of MPEG data ackets)...) . _-___ Basic Pictua-e Header within MPEG Bata R a d a n d a Redundant G~P/PICT Header + MPEG Data n t R a d a n d ~n Redundant GOP/PICT Header + MPEG Data t Basic .MPEG Data Redundant Redundant CxOP/PICT Header + MFEG Data Basic MPEG Data i B asic MPEG Data B asic MPEG Data R a d a n d a Redundant GOP/PICT Header + MPEG Data n t BASIC MPEG Data Basic (...a number of MPEG data ackets...) ,.
Basic MPEG Data 7.
W~ ~;.n 94/00952 PC,'TIt.JS93%04603 Information (except video data) necessary to generate the sequence of transport cells shown in Table I is programmed into the cell formatter 124 and the controller 125. Responsive to respective start codes, the formatter and controller are 5 conditioned to produce frame specific sequences of transport cells, and responsive to the type of transport cell to be generated appropriate . transport header information is accessed from e.
, g., internal memory or continuity counters. t~lso responsive to the programrrled sequence, the controller and cell formatter are 1 d conditioned tc process nearly occurring compressed video data or stored header data. I'~iote, once the transport cell sequence is established, forming the requisite' transport cells involves simply time division multiplexing the relevant data.
FIGURE 9 is a block diagram of a typical transport 1 5 decoder: Fbr one-tier transmission systems, components 235-275 are not included. For two-tier system ; all components in FIGURE
9 are used. In both one and tvvo-tier systems, a cell Continuity Counter (~C) provides a minimal indication of whether a cell has been lost or eorru~ted during transmission. Additional loss O indications may be provided by error detecting CRC or FEC
encoding/der.odiug surrounding respective transport cells. Only errorless transport cells are delivered to the video decoder. The video transport decoder removes entry-point data and transport header data from respective' transport cells; decodes the entry and 5 transport header data, and responsive thereto pr~vides data to the MPEG decoder in a suitable format. If there is a cell discontinuity, he video transport decoder is conditioned to initiate a sequence of resynchronizing tasks, as discussed beloy.
3 0 One-tier systems~
Transport cells are provided to the transport decoder r : via a transport cell buffer 200. Programmed to respond to the y encoded protoc~I, a cell parser 21Q decodes the cell headers and separates respective service types of data. Auxiliary user data is 3 5 directed to 'and stored in a memory 215. Redundant ~iPEG
;y ., , . - ,_.
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.
. ...!.:. . .: , .,: .. _.,.
: : . ~..r..,,.
;. - , r .;: ~ ., ': ;:-. . ; ;,., '. .; , .,;
. . . , . .. . , , , , . . . . .. ;. . .. .. . . , .. . , W~ 94100952 ~~~ , ~C'T/~JS93/046U3 w-.
Sequence headers, GOP headers, and Picture headers are directed to and stored in a further memory . 220. Normally occurring lYIPEG
data (from basic service cel.ls). ~:is passed to an output register 230 from which it is supplied- o. the MPEG decoder. Based on an indication of cell loss in function 205, and the redundant data stored in memory 220, the redundant data controller 225 will supply error tokens followed by the appropriate redundant data from memories 215 and 220, to condition the 1~,~IPEG decoder to continue decoding or resynchronize.
Two- tier s,~ms:
- Operation of the transport decoder . in a two-tier system includes all functions described for a one-tier system, with the one-tier functions applied to the I-IP channel. With a two-tier 1 5 system, a second stream of low priority transport cells is .a available from the descrambler I9. 'These low priority transport cells are applied to - a cell pazser 245 via a cell buffer 235. NiPEG
data from the LP yell parser 24.5 is coupled to the MPEG decoder from the parser 245 via an output register 275. Both HP and LP
2 0 cell parsers (2I0 and 245 respectively); extract entry point and transport header data from occurring transport cells. 'the HP and LP entry data are stored in rra~mories 2~5 and 270 respectively if no cell loss is indicated by the continuity count the entry data is subsequently discarded. If cell loss is indicated the entry point 2 j data is utilized to re-enter the respective data streams at the next decod~ble piece of data. Re-entry is gerforrned by elements 255 (LP)~ 260 (HP) and the r~synchroniz~tion logic 250. The resynchronization logic, during a resync cycle, in effect conditions ~' ~ ' the '~ Tespective: cell ' parsers to skipjdiscard data to an entry point, 3 0 and thereafter apply the next successive data to the registers 275 , or 230 as appropriate. F~r example, a HP cell loss would require resync logic 250 to condition the cell parser 210 to skip. over bits in the next good packet urxtil positioned at the entry-point of that cell designated by the ' transport deader. Then data at that HP
3 5 entry-point is provided to output register 230. An LP cell loss f.: ~.:v ~w 94/Op9S2 would require the resync logic 250 to request cell parser 245 to jump to the next entry-point that is ahead of or equal to the HP
entry-point. Data subsequent this entry point is then coupled to ,;,p, the register 275.
FIGURE 10 shows a typical transport decoder algorithm for a one-tier video system. This algorithm includes an yr,~
initialization sequence (300}, and functions to process each packet (beginning at 400): This example assumes a particular retransmission policy for redundant Sequence Layer, and ,I O redundant GOP+PICT headers: Redundant GOP+PIC'I' headers are transmitted ~n any frame; redundant Sequence Layer, and y redundant GOP+PICT headers are transmitted only in I frames, and when redundant GOP+PICT headers are transmitted during an I frame, they have second priority ,to Redundant Sequence l 5 Headers.
The initialisation sequence 300, sets (301, 302) two flags, which control waiting for redundant IVIPEG data in the transport protocol; o a "false state:". Initialization also produces (303) an error code to the MPEG decoder, so that the MPEG
° 2 0 decoder is coriditianed to wait for the next start-code when decoding resumes.
On completion of initialization; the system begins (400}
the processing respective transport cells. In this example, there are three possibl6 processing paths dependent up~n the state of 2 S the y-Ibadex Designat~r (HD) in the respective cell. For HL~ type 0 (Aux cells), processing begins at dedision stage (S00), for HD type 1 (Basic cells); processing begins at decision stage (700), and for HIS ~ T a 2 Re.du , YP ( ndant Cells); processing begins at detiisio~ stage (800). There is a check fox lost cell continuity at decision stage 3 0 (600) before proves inb of the IdLPEG data cells begins at oints P
(700) and (g~0).
Auxiliary cell processing begins at decision stage (500}. Here ~ test is done on the ALJX Header designator Identity.
1f the identity is 0 (test 5I0), then this cell contains an auxiliary . ,~
~'~ '~~/tl~~~~ PC.'T/US93/(~4603'.--,~ data group, and the cell is processed at function (51S). If at test (510}, the Identity is not 0, then a test (520) is employed to ~, determine if the decoder is ..,~iaiting to recover redundant a Sequence Header information. If not, the algorithm proceeds to the next packet at (400). If a Sequence Header is needed, and this ,,, r cell marks the start of a Sequence Header (test 530), then the f~
q ~i decoder initializes the processing of this header (535), checks to s~
see if processing is completed at test (560), {for the case where all Sequence Header data was contained in orie packet), and if so, sets 1 0 the waiting-flag to false, outputs the header (570), and then provides adother error token (575). This error token conditions the MPEG decoder to be prepared to start processing at a new entry-point. During the capture of a multiple cell AUX Sequence Header, a check on the cell continuity is performed (540). If there 1 5 has been a boss, the Se uence Header q processing is reset {545}, else data is extracted from the A'U~ cell to continue processing of the Sequence Header (550). Thereafter the sequence header is again checked for completeness (560):
Before MFEG data packets are used, a check is made 2 0 (600} for lost continuity. If there is a loss, ,fin error code is provided (605) to the -1VIPEG decoder and a check is made (610) for enterin a new frame. If a ne~.v fro Q
g me has been started durance the loss, control flags are set true (615, 620) waiting for redundant MPEG headers.
If the packet is a Basic cell type (test 700), a check is made (710) to deterrrtirte if the deeoder is in a state waiting for redundant GOP+PICT headers (710). If it is not waiting for redundant' headers, the 'M(PEG data cell is forwarded {7'15) to the IVLPEG decoder. If the decoder is waiting for redundant headers, a 3 0 'check is performed (720) to determine if the current cell has the needed header embedded in the MPEG stream. The start of all frames is cell alzgnedy so if he first 32 bits of the cell is a MPEG
start code, the needed headers will be available to the MPEG
decoder within the MPEG stream: If the decoder is~ waiting for a t~v 94/00952 ~ ~~ ~ P~'1US93/04603 ''' 1 9 redundant header, and it is not embedded, then the good packet is a° skipped (72S). if the decoder is waiting for a redundant header, and it is embedded, the control flags waiting for redundant headers are set false, and the packet is forwarded (730) to the Mfl'EG decoder.
If the cell is a Redundant cell type (test 800), and the transport decoder is not waiting for redundant information ( 810), the redundant data is skipped (815), and the remaining data in this cell is forwarded to' the 1VIPECa decoder. If the cell is a 1 0 Redundant cell type (test 800), and the transport decoder is waiting for redundant information (test 810), the control flags waiting for redund~.nt headers are set false, the redundant header informati~n from this cell is forwarded (820} to the MPEG
decoder, followed by an error token (~2.5), so that the Ir~IPEG
1 5 decider will look for the next start-code when decoding resumes.
~.nd finally the MPEG data of this packet is extracted and forwarded (830) to the MPEC~ decoder.
,; ,... . ,.. .~- .. ". ; . , ,.:,. . ,... ".;.. , , . .. . . ", . : ;: ; . .
. .
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.: w:. . . ~ ... ~ .. ~. ;.. . ,. -.-. .. i~ . : . -_ .. . : ' : '. '. , .
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-..,.....~ ~:.~~.w.~:,, ..'..:.: ..;!....%.' i...,.
.,...,~~.~...~:.'.;,.!.......~.~.~. ~::.~.:..,.,. .,;....m:.~.,.::.._ ....
.:..~.. ~,.:.,... ..
~.~:.i>..:.~ . I . J
,..,,..;%'..:.w ~ ..... ,..,._,..,.,..~.,.,.,:... ..;..~' ~...... ~..-' ~ ~:..
.J~a d.::: ~.o., -.,.. ..,.. .. , .,:. .:. .:: ~' :.... 'r . ~.'~ :: ~:.' ;. .
. .... . .. .... . _ . . ~. ... . .:" ~~. ~ :. .~ ~ ~ ~:. ..~. . . ~ ~. ~..
....,.. .: ~:~.: ., . :.
Offers redundant transmission of critical data; and Indicates data reentry points to restart MPEG
decoding.
Input to the transport encoder 12 is either directly I from an MPEG encoder I0 (for a one tier transmission system) or from a MPEG priority processor 11 (for a two tier transmission system). In two tier systems, two separate data paths are used, 1 0 one for high-priority {fiP) and one for low-priority (LP) data. The priority processor monitors rate buffer fullness, and generates priority-breakpoints which indicate yhere in the data stream data is split between the HP and LP data paths for each slice of Ie~IPEG
data. The breakpoint data, along with the MPEG encoded data is 1 ~ the input data to the transport encoder 12. MPEG codewords arrive at the input of the transport encoder tagged with data word i length indicia and data type indicia (e.g., header data, motion vectors, discrete cosine transform coefficients etc.). A further input to the transport encoder is provided by a system clock I3.
2 0 This cloak is incorporated to genlock the receiver and transmitter so decoder rate buffers do not overflow or underflow.
Output from the transp~rt encoder 12 is sent to a service mmltiplexer and rate buffer I5 via a data scrambling mechanism I4. 'The multiplexes 15 interleaves data from 2 ~ different service, sources. The output from the multiplexes YS is applied to the communications channel via a transmitter 16.
A transport decoder 20 receives cells from the communication channel receiver I7 via the service demultiplexer . ; and' .date buffer ~lf. The demultiplexer responsive to the data in 3 0 the service type field of the transport cell header, separates data of different service types; and applies the separated data types to the appropriate processing circuitry. Video output data from the .
demultiplexer 1 ~ is coupled to a descrambler 19 which performs a descrambling function which is inverse to the scrambling function 3 5 of element 14. Descrambled data is applied to a transport decoder ~;.r 94/~D0952 2 l ~ s G ~: 6 PS.'T/US93/04603 20, which separates header data from service data and applies the service data to a decoder 22.
i.
Output from the transport decoder 20 provides both a system clock (21) for synchronizing the receiver to the transmitting service, and a data path to the MPEG decoder 22.
Within the traps ort decoder, error checks are j P performed to determine whether a cell has been lost or includes errors. For example, the CC code is monitored to determine if respective transport cells occur in proper sequence. Only transport cells for I 0 which no errors are detected are delivered to the I~IPEG decoder.
The transport dec~der strips off the Entry-Point Data from the transport block, decodes this header, and presents data to the MPEG decoder in a suitable format. If there is a cell discontinuity, the vide~ transport decoder is programmed to initiate a sequence 1 5 of resynchronizing tasks; 'as discussed below.
FIGURE ? is a block diagram of a typical transport encoder. For one-tier transmission systems, components 145-1?0 are not included. For two-tier systems, all components in FIGURE
are used.
One-tier systems:
Encoded video codewords; and corresponding codeword identifying indicia related to codeword type, and codeword length arrive at the transport encoder from the video ? 5' encoder 100. Element 105, responsive to the identifying indicia .., captures andl storey cextwin ~f the header information in a memory element 110. Data stored in element l10 will be included in the transmitted data a plurality of times to provide a degree 'of information 'redundancy. The data selected for 3 0 redundant transmission generally includes sequence header data, (xpp header data, and Picture header (PICT) data. ~t a minimum the data selected as redundant data is that data necessary to :'3 ., condition an 1VIPEG decoder to begin decoding a data stream which has been entered at other than the beginning of a data sequence.
;,a ;E~
~n~,r . ..;.... .. ..,.. . ~~..:..... ;.. ~, ; . ., :..~-. : ,:~, , ..,..; y :.:,: ,~ :..~. . ~ ' ,;..;;.,' . ':': .::,, .,' , . ~..,:., . :... . . .;..., . . .. ,;
rrr ." ". . . . . : , . ; : ..
.',... .. .";. _ ,:. , . ' . ...': ,:;:. ,.. . ~ ' ,,: .:':'. :: ..: . ;.
Lh , , ..
\~VO 94/00952 PC:T/!US93/04603 Nominally a sequence may include a large number of GOP's. Decoding of transmitted MPEG data requires use of the sequence header data. If the user tunes into the data after the ! occurrence of the sequence header, he may not be able to decode the subsequent data. The transport protocol described herein repeatedly provides sequence and other needed header data for decoding shortly after entering the transmitted data stream no matter where it is entered.
Element 105 also extracts user data and applies this l 0 data to a memory 115. User data may be of many different types such as time stamps; whether the images are in color or not; the form of chraminance preprocessing; whether the original source material was film mode or video mode etc.. The 1'vIPEG protocol does not support inclusion of these types of information. However ';
1 5 inclusion of such information permits the receiver designer to incorporate special processing for particular signal types and thereby enhance the overall reproduction of images. The user data is included in auxiliary transport cells, when convenient.
Element 105 provides header identifying indicia to a 2 0 clock formatter 130. Clock formatter 130 includes a clock which is sampled - on the occurrence of certain header data to generate time stamps associated with the corresponding header data. These time stamps are used in receiver apparatus to provide a measure of signal synchronisation.
2 5 Data from elements 10.5, 1 I0, 1 IS and 130 are coupled to a cell . formatter 120: I\Tominally formatter 120 receives data from element 105, parses such data into cell length packages, ; develops the appropriate video service transport headers according to the ;protocol indicated in FIGURES I and 2, ' 3 0 concatenates the ransport headers and the cell data, and couples ,, the transport cells to a cell buffer 140. However, at the start of a :i sequence of data, and periodically during the transmission of data, the formatter is conditioned by the controller I2S to form and transmit other data. This other data includes auxiliary 3 5 information such as time stamps from the clock formatter 130 for ;: , ... , . . .: .. . ; ... ..
;~ , ...... .:.~. : . .. . '. . . . . : , . ,..' . .' l s 1~
l ~a~.~ 94!00952 PC.TlUS93/04603 signal synchronization, and redundant header data.stored in memory element 110.
Auxiliary data cells. are generated as needed and included in the data stream when space is available. That .is, auxiliary data cells may be interleaved with video data in any of the I, P or B field data. ~n the other hand redundant data is for ttie most part interleaved only with I field video data. This is because decoding of video data must start vsrith an I field.
All other fields of 1~IPEG data are predictive and depend from I
fields.
1 t 0 The redundant data cells may be included. at regularly spaced 3 intervals ~r as data space is available but with at least a certain minimum inclusion of data to provide enough information to indicate decoding.
The cell' formatter includes a continuity count in each l 5 transport cell regardless of type. The continuity count, CC, is incremented by one unit in successive cells and repeats modulo N, where N may be a convenient binary number such as 16.
Two-tier~",sys_tems:
2 0 Operation of the transport encoder in a two-tier . s stem includes all functions described for a one-tier s stem with y y , the one-tier functioa~s applied to the high priority or HP channel.
In addition- to the encoded video data provided at block 100, the priority processor (FIGURE 6), pr~vities priority breakpoint data 2 5 which is stored in element 145. The breakpoint data is constant over a slice of 11~IPEtJ data arid indicates a thresh~Id 'of what data (cod~words) are placed on the HP channel and what data are placed on the LP channel: The priority breakpoint data is applied to aswitch 165 ~ which' compares the breakpoint inf~rmation 3 0 stored in element 145 with the current codeword identity ' provided by element 100, and supplies data codewords to either '~ cell formatter 120 or cell formatter 160 for generation of either HP or LP transport cells respectively.
E
~'he element 105 provides header data to a functional ~ 5 element 150 which develops entry-point definitions for both ~ HP
;.
~i,_ ... ;y;. ...... , ,.';:. -,~.~.. '.;-'.:~_ ' . .~ "...,;... ,' ,... . .. ..~, . .. ~~.,', ,~,.'.,..;~. ..;.,.,;.~, .,..... ., ~.;;.~. .:.: ~~ ; ~ '... ':; :
::~....,. .~..~:'...,';:.. . ._ ,.. . ...
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~~~ ... .. . . . . y . . . .: ~. .r . .. , ~'y 'Va'~ 94/flfl9S2 ~ , PCT/US93/04~5~D3 i ~ .
v 12 i and LP data, These entry point definitions are stored in entry-point data memory 155. Cell formatters 120 and 160 create entry-point data for each cell.geneTated. The entry-point is used by the decoder to resume decoding of the variable length data after a packet loss due to transmission errors. Completely formatted packets are sent from the LP cell formatter 160 to a cell :.
buffer 170 for output.
:
, ~a Referring to th e flowchart of FIGURE 8, the controller r~
., 125 initializes the system 850) by resetting the continuity I 0 counters (CC) and a cell c ount. It then checks (852) for an ,., auxiliary data interrupt. These interrupts allow the user to i _ interpose special information (if desired) for transmission. If an i auxiliary interrupt has occurred, an auxiliary cell is created (854) a and coupled to the rate buffer, and the auxiliary CC is ''~ 1 5 incremented. If there is currently no channel space available, the system is directed to access IdIPEG data (856).
The 1VIPEG data is checked for the occurrence of a sequence header (858): If a sequence header is available, a basic cell type is created (860) using the sequence header data. The ? 0 basic' cell continuity counter is incremented (862) and the cell is output (864) to the rate buffer. Following~creation of the basic cell type with the sequence header data, N auxiliary type cells are created using the sequence header data. Here N is a small integer such as four. Each of the N auxiliary type cells are output, and the 2 5 auxiliary continuity count is incremented with the production of each cell:
Alternatively, if sequence header data is not available, a test is perf~rmed to determine the occurrence of group of , ~
Ptctdre (G~P) or picture (PICT) header data (870)e If GOP/PICT
3 0 header data is available the cell count is reset (872) and a redundant type cell is created with the GOP/PICT header data (873). If space is available within the cell further MPEG data is included. The cell is output and the redundant cell continuity count and the cell count are incremented. Note at tests 858 and 3 5 870 if sequence headers or GOP or PICT headers are available, i;
r'~'~:.
f :y:
~%~u 9410095 ° PCT/US93/04603 i 1. 3 i they are stored in memory element 110 for use forming in redundant cells of the same data.
j If at test 870 the current MPEG data not GOP/PICT
is _ If the cell header data, the cell count is tested.count is not, for ~ example, 2, 4 or 8 there a basic cell is createdwith the type current MPEG data. Alternatively, the cell is 2, 4 or 8 if count then a redundant type 'cell is created occurring with the last GOP/PICT header data.
l 0 Table I shows arl exemplary sequence of translaort cells.
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'!~'O 94/00952 ~ _ PCi'/US~3f04603 '"
TABLE I
R~ ~ Packet Contents class ' BaslC Se uence Fleader or GOP Header with MPEG
dot Aax Redundant Se uence Header Transmission #1 Aux Redundant Se uence Header Transmission #2 A a x Redundant Se uence Header Transmission #N
R a d a n d a Redundant GOP/PICT Header + MPEG Data n t Redundant Redundant GOP/PICT' Header + MPEG Data Basic MpEG Data Redundant Redundant GOP/PICT Header + MPEG Data B asic MPEG Data B asic MPEG Data B asic ~pEG Data R a d a n d a Redundant GO1'JPICT Header + MPEG Data n t B aSlC MPEG Data Basic (...a number of MPEG data ackets)...) . _-___ Basic Pictua-e Header within MPEG Bata R a d a n d a Redundant G~P/PICT Header + MPEG Data n t R a d a n d ~n Redundant GOP/PICT Header + MPEG Data t Basic .MPEG Data Redundant Redundant CxOP/PICT Header + MFEG Data Basic MPEG Data i B asic MPEG Data B asic MPEG Data R a d a n d a Redundant GOP/PICT Header + MPEG Data n t BASIC MPEG Data Basic (...a number of MPEG data ackets...) ,.
Basic MPEG Data 7.
W~ ~;.n 94/00952 PC,'TIt.JS93%04603 Information (except video data) necessary to generate the sequence of transport cells shown in Table I is programmed into the cell formatter 124 and the controller 125. Responsive to respective start codes, the formatter and controller are 5 conditioned to produce frame specific sequences of transport cells, and responsive to the type of transport cell to be generated appropriate . transport header information is accessed from e.
, g., internal memory or continuity counters. t~lso responsive to the programrrled sequence, the controller and cell formatter are 1 d conditioned tc process nearly occurring compressed video data or stored header data. I'~iote, once the transport cell sequence is established, forming the requisite' transport cells involves simply time division multiplexing the relevant data.
FIGURE 9 is a block diagram of a typical transport 1 5 decoder: Fbr one-tier transmission systems, components 235-275 are not included. For two-tier system ; all components in FIGURE
9 are used. In both one and tvvo-tier systems, a cell Continuity Counter (~C) provides a minimal indication of whether a cell has been lost or eorru~ted during transmission. Additional loss O indications may be provided by error detecting CRC or FEC
encoding/der.odiug surrounding respective transport cells. Only errorless transport cells are delivered to the video decoder. The video transport decoder removes entry-point data and transport header data from respective' transport cells; decodes the entry and 5 transport header data, and responsive thereto pr~vides data to the MPEG decoder in a suitable format. If there is a cell discontinuity, he video transport decoder is conditioned to initiate a sequence of resynchronizing tasks, as discussed beloy.
3 0 One-tier systems~
Transport cells are provided to the transport decoder r : via a transport cell buffer 200. Programmed to respond to the y encoded protoc~I, a cell parser 21Q decodes the cell headers and separates respective service types of data. Auxiliary user data is 3 5 directed to 'and stored in a memory 215. Redundant ~iPEG
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Sequence headers, GOP headers, and Picture headers are directed to and stored in a further memory . 220. Normally occurring lYIPEG
data (from basic service cel.ls). ~:is passed to an output register 230 from which it is supplied- o. the MPEG decoder. Based on an indication of cell loss in function 205, and the redundant data stored in memory 220, the redundant data controller 225 will supply error tokens followed by the appropriate redundant data from memories 215 and 220, to condition the 1~,~IPEG decoder to continue decoding or resynchronize.
Two- tier s,~ms:
- Operation of the transport decoder . in a two-tier system includes all functions described for a one-tier system, with the one-tier functions applied to the I-IP channel. With a two-tier 1 5 system, a second stream of low priority transport cells is .a available from the descrambler I9. 'These low priority transport cells are applied to - a cell pazser 245 via a cell buffer 235. NiPEG
data from the LP yell parser 24.5 is coupled to the MPEG decoder from the parser 245 via an output register 275. Both HP and LP
2 0 cell parsers (2I0 and 245 respectively); extract entry point and transport header data from occurring transport cells. 'the HP and LP entry data are stored in rra~mories 2~5 and 270 respectively if no cell loss is indicated by the continuity count the entry data is subsequently discarded. If cell loss is indicated the entry point 2 j data is utilized to re-enter the respective data streams at the next decod~ble piece of data. Re-entry is gerforrned by elements 255 (LP)~ 260 (HP) and the r~synchroniz~tion logic 250. The resynchronization logic, during a resync cycle, in effect conditions ~' ~ ' the '~ Tespective: cell ' parsers to skipjdiscard data to an entry point, 3 0 and thereafter apply the next successive data to the registers 275 , or 230 as appropriate. F~r example, a HP cell loss would require resync logic 250 to condition the cell parser 210 to skip. over bits in the next good packet urxtil positioned at the entry-point of that cell designated by the ' transport deader. Then data at that HP
3 5 entry-point is provided to output register 230. An LP cell loss f.: ~.:v ~w 94/Op9S2 would require the resync logic 250 to request cell parser 245 to jump to the next entry-point that is ahead of or equal to the HP
entry-point. Data subsequent this entry point is then coupled to ,;,p, the register 275.
FIGURE 10 shows a typical transport decoder algorithm for a one-tier video system. This algorithm includes an yr,~
initialization sequence (300}, and functions to process each packet (beginning at 400): This example assumes a particular retransmission policy for redundant Sequence Layer, and ,I O redundant GOP+PICT headers: Redundant GOP+PIC'I' headers are transmitted ~n any frame; redundant Sequence Layer, and y redundant GOP+PICT headers are transmitted only in I frames, and when redundant GOP+PICT headers are transmitted during an I frame, they have second priority ,to Redundant Sequence l 5 Headers.
The initialisation sequence 300, sets (301, 302) two flags, which control waiting for redundant IVIPEG data in the transport protocol; o a "false state:". Initialization also produces (303) an error code to the MPEG decoder, so that the MPEG
° 2 0 decoder is coriditianed to wait for the next start-code when decoding resumes.
On completion of initialization; the system begins (400}
the processing respective transport cells. In this example, there are three possibl6 processing paths dependent up~n the state of 2 S the y-Ibadex Designat~r (HD) in the respective cell. For HL~ type 0 (Aux cells), processing begins at dedision stage (S00), for HD type 1 (Basic cells); processing begins at decision stage (700), and for HIS ~ T a 2 Re.du , YP ( ndant Cells); processing begins at detiisio~ stage (800). There is a check fox lost cell continuity at decision stage 3 0 (600) before proves inb of the IdLPEG data cells begins at oints P
(700) and (g~0).
Auxiliary cell processing begins at decision stage (500}. Here ~ test is done on the ALJX Header designator Identity.
1f the identity is 0 (test 5I0), then this cell contains an auxiliary . ,~
~'~ '~~/tl~~~~ PC.'T/US93/(~4603'.--,~ data group, and the cell is processed at function (51S). If at test (510}, the Identity is not 0, then a test (520) is employed to ~, determine if the decoder is ..,~iaiting to recover redundant a Sequence Header information. If not, the algorithm proceeds to the next packet at (400). If a Sequence Header is needed, and this ,,, r cell marks the start of a Sequence Header (test 530), then the f~
q ~i decoder initializes the processing of this header (535), checks to s~
see if processing is completed at test (560), {for the case where all Sequence Header data was contained in orie packet), and if so, sets 1 0 the waiting-flag to false, outputs the header (570), and then provides adother error token (575). This error token conditions the MPEG decoder to be prepared to start processing at a new entry-point. During the capture of a multiple cell AUX Sequence Header, a check on the cell continuity is performed (540). If there 1 5 has been a boss, the Se uence Header q processing is reset {545}, else data is extracted from the A'U~ cell to continue processing of the Sequence Header (550). Thereafter the sequence header is again checked for completeness (560):
Before MFEG data packets are used, a check is made 2 0 (600} for lost continuity. If there is a loss, ,fin error code is provided (605) to the -1VIPEG decoder and a check is made (610) for enterin a new frame. If a ne~.v fro Q
g me has been started durance the loss, control flags are set true (615, 620) waiting for redundant MPEG headers.
If the packet is a Basic cell type (test 700), a check is made (710) to deterrrtirte if the deeoder is in a state waiting for redundant GOP+PICT headers (710). If it is not waiting for redundant' headers, the 'M(PEG data cell is forwarded {7'15) to the IVLPEG decoder. If the decoder is waiting for redundant headers, a 3 0 'check is performed (720) to determine if the current cell has the needed header embedded in the MPEG stream. The start of all frames is cell alzgnedy so if he first 32 bits of the cell is a MPEG
start code, the needed headers will be available to the MPEG
decoder within the MPEG stream: If the decoder is~ waiting for a t~v 94/00952 ~ ~~ ~ P~'1US93/04603 ''' 1 9 redundant header, and it is not embedded, then the good packet is a° skipped (72S). if the decoder is waiting for a redundant header, and it is embedded, the control flags waiting for redundant headers are set false, and the packet is forwarded (730) to the Mfl'EG decoder.
If the cell is a Redundant cell type (test 800), and the transport decoder is not waiting for redundant information ( 810), the redundant data is skipped (815), and the remaining data in this cell is forwarded to' the 1VIPECa decoder. If the cell is a 1 0 Redundant cell type (test 800), and the transport decoder is waiting for redundant information (test 810), the control flags waiting for redund~.nt headers are set false, the redundant header informati~n from this cell is forwarded (820} to the MPEG
decoder, followed by an error token (~2.5), so that the Ir~IPEG
1 5 decider will look for the next start-code when decoding resumes.
~.nd finally the MPEG data of this packet is extracted and forwarded (830) to the MPEC~ decoder.
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Claims (15)
1. In a digital video transmission system for transmitting a hierarchically layered compressed video signal wherein respective layers of compressed signal include headers containing data descriptive of said respective layers, apparatus for segmenting said hierarchically layered compressed video signal into transport cells, respective transport cells containing a first predetermined number, N, of data bits divided between a transport cell header including a second predetermined number, K, of data bits and an information packet of N-K data bits, said transport cell headers data bits containing information for identifying data bits of corresponding information packets, said apparatus comprising:
a source of hierarchically layered compressed video signal (HLCVS);
means responsive to header data of said HLCVS for generating, at least in part, said transport cell headers;
means responsive to said HLCVS for dividing said HLCVS, including headers, into information packets of no greater than N-K data bits;
means responsive to header data of said HLCVS for generating redundant information packets of no greater than N-K data bits including only predetermined types of header data of said HLCVS;
means for concatenating transport cell headers and corresponding information packets to form transport cells; and means for interspersing transport cells including information packets of HLCVS data with transport cells including redundant information packets to form a sequence wherein a first number of redundant information packets included in first video frames is greater than a second number (including zero) of redundant information packets in second video frames.
a source of hierarchically layered compressed video signal (HLCVS);
means responsive to header data of said HLCVS for generating, at least in part, said transport cell headers;
means responsive to said HLCVS for dividing said HLCVS, including headers, into information packets of no greater than N-K data bits;
means responsive to header data of said HLCVS for generating redundant information packets of no greater than N-K data bits including only predetermined types of header data of said HLCVS;
means for concatenating transport cell headers and corresponding information packets to form transport cells; and means for interspersing transport cells including information packets of HLCVS data with transport cells including redundant information packets to form a sequence wherein a first number of redundant information packets included in first video frames is greater than a second number (including zero) of redundant information packets in second video frames.
2. In a digital video transmission system for transmitting a hierarchically layered compressed video signal wherein respective layers of compressed signal include headers containing data descriptive of said respective layers, apparatus for segmenting said hierarchically layered compressed video signal into transport cells, respective transport cells containing a first predetermined number, N, of data bits divided between a transport cell header including a second predetermined number, K, of data bits and an information packet of N-K data bits, said transport cell headers data bits containing information for identifying data bits of corresponding information packets, said apparatus comprising:
a source of hierarchically layered compressed video signal (HLCVS);
means responsive to header data of said HLCVS for generating, at least in part, said transport cell headers;
means responsive to said HLCVS for dividing said HLCVS, including headers, into information packets of no greater than N-K data bits;
means responsive to header data of said HLCVS for generating redundant information packets of no greater than N-K data bits including only predetermined types of header data of said HLCVS;
means for concatenating transport cell headers and corresponding information packets to form transport cells and redundant transport cells;
and means for interspersing transport cells with redundant transport cells, and for cyclically reducing the frequency of occurrence of redundant transport cells interspersed between transport cells.
a source of hierarchically layered compressed video signal (HLCVS);
means responsive to header data of said HLCVS for generating, at least in part, said transport cell headers;
means responsive to said HLCVS for dividing said HLCVS, including headers, into information packets of no greater than N-K data bits;
means responsive to header data of said HLCVS for generating redundant information packets of no greater than N-K data bits including only predetermined types of header data of said HLCVS;
means for concatenating transport cell headers and corresponding information packets to form transport cells and redundant transport cells;
and means for interspersing transport cells with redundant transport cells, and for cyclically reducing the frequency of occurrence of redundant transport cells interspersed between transport cells.
3. In a digital video transmission system for transmitting a hierarchically layered compressed video signal wherein respective layers of compressed signal include headers containing data descriptive of said respective layers, apparatus for segmenting said hierarchically layered compressed video signal into transport cells, respective transport cells containing a first predetermined number, N, of data bits divided between a transport cell header including a second predetermined number, K, of data bits and an information packet of N-K data bits, said transport cell headers data bits containing information for identifying data bits of corresponding information packets, said apparatus comprising:
a source of hierarchically layered compressed video signal (HLCVS) which conforms to MPEG standards;
means responsive to header data of said HLCVS for generating, at least in part, said transport cell headers;
means responsive to said HLCVS for dividing said HLCVS, including headers, into information packets of no greater than N-K data bits;
means responsive to header data of said HLCVS for generating redundant information packets of no greater than N-K data bits including only redundant information packets of sequence header data, and redundant information packets of group of pictures (GOP) header and redundant information packets of picture (PICT) header data;
means for concatenating transport cell headers and corresponding information packets to form transport cells and redundant transport cells;
and means for interspersing transport cells with redundant transport cells.
a source of hierarchically layered compressed video signal (HLCVS) which conforms to MPEG standards;
means responsive to header data of said HLCVS for generating, at least in part, said transport cell headers;
means responsive to said HLCVS for dividing said HLCVS, including headers, into information packets of no greater than N-K data bits;
means responsive to header data of said HLCVS for generating redundant information packets of no greater than N-K data bits including only redundant information packets of sequence header data, and redundant information packets of group of pictures (GOP) header and redundant information packets of picture (PICT) header data;
means for concatenating transport cell headers and corresponding information packets to form transport cells and redundant transport cells;
and means for interspersing transport cells with redundant transport cells.
4. The apparatus set forth in claim 3 wherein said means for interspersing repeats in succession, a predetermined number of transport cells including redundant information packets of sequence header data.
5. The apparatus set forth in claim 4 wherein said means for interspersing includes means for cyclically reducing the frequency of transport cells (including redundant information packets) interspersed between transport cells including information packets of HLCVS data.
6. The apparatus set forth in claim 3 wherein said HLCVS
includes frames, I, of video data compressed according to intraframe compression techniques, and frames (P, B) of video data compressed according to interframe compression techniques, and said means for interspersing transport cells intersperses transport cells including redundant information packets of sequence header data and redundant information packets of GOP and PICT header data with transport cells having information packets of MPEG (I) frame data; and intersperses transport cells including redundant information packets of only GOP/PICT header data with transport cells having information packets of MPEG (B, P) frame data.
includes frames, I, of video data compressed according to intraframe compression techniques, and frames (P, B) of video data compressed according to interframe compression techniques, and said means for interspersing transport cells intersperses transport cells including redundant information packets of sequence header data and redundant information packets of GOP and PICT header data with transport cells having information packets of MPEG (I) frame data; and intersperses transport cells including redundant information packets of only GOP/PICT header data with transport cells having information packets of MPEG (B, P) frame data.
7. The apparatus set forth in claim 3 wherein said means for generating redundant information packets includes:
memory means for storing header data occurring in said HLCVS; and said means for generating, generates redundant information packets from header data stored in said memory means, and appends thereto, if said header data occupiers less than N-K data bits, currently occurring HLCVS
data to a total of N-K: data bits.
memory means for storing header data occurring in said HLCVS; and said means for generating, generates redundant information packets from header data stored in said memory means, and appends thereto, if said header data occupiers less than N-K data bits, currently occurring HLCVS
data to a total of N-K: data bits.
8. In a digital video transmission system for transmitting a hierarchically layered compressed video signal wherein respective layers of compressed signal include headers containing data descriptive of said respective layers, apparatus for segmenting said hierarchically layered compressed video signal into transport cells, respective transport cells containing a first predetermined number, N, of data bits divided between a transport cell header including a second predetermined number, K, of data bits and an information packet of N-K data bits, said transport cell headers data bits containing information for identifying data bits of corresponding information packets, said apparatus comprising:
means for segmenting said compressed video signal into fixed length packets and forming respective packets into transport cells; and generating redundant packets with predetermined portions of only headers of said compressed video signal and forming respective redundant packets into further transport cells, and interspersing said further transport cells with said transport cells such that said further cells occur with declining frequency according to a predetermined pattern.
means for segmenting said compressed video signal into fixed length packets and forming respective packets into transport cells; and generating redundant packets with predetermined portions of only headers of said compressed video signal and forming respective redundant packets into further transport cells, and interspersing said further transport cells with said transport cells such that said further cells occur with declining frequency according to a predetermined pattern.
9. In a digital video transmission system for transmitting a hierarchically layered compressed video signal said compressed video signal being compressed on a field/frame basis according to at least two types of compression coding intraframe and interframe and wherein respective layers of compressed signal include headers containing data descriptive of said respective layers, apparatus for segmenting said hierarchically layered compressed video signal into transport cells, respective transport cells containing a first predetermined number, N, of data bits divided between a transport cell header including a second predetermined number, K, of data bits and an information packet of N-K data bits, said transport cell headers data bits containing information for identifying data bits of corresponding information packets, said apparatus comprising:
means for segmenting said compressed video signal into fixed length packets and forming respective packets into transport cells; and generating redundant packets with predetermined portions of headers of said compressed video signal and forming respective redundant packets into further transport cells, and interspersing said further transport cells with said transport cells with declining frequency and such that said further transport cells are interspersed with said transport cells of intraframe compressed video signal differently than said further transport cells are interspersed with said transport cells of interframe compressed video signal.
means for segmenting said compressed video signal into fixed length packets and forming respective packets into transport cells; and generating redundant packets with predetermined portions of headers of said compressed video signal and forming respective redundant packets into further transport cells, and interspersing said further transport cells with said transport cells with declining frequency and such that said further transport cells are interspersed with said transport cells of intraframe compressed video signal differently than said further transport cells are interspersed with said transport cells of interframe compressed video signal.
10. In a digital video transmission system for transmitting in transport cells, hierarchically layered compressed video signal including video header data related to video frames, said transport cells being interspersed with further transport cells including redundant data corresponding to predetermined portions of said video header data, said transport and further transport cells including transport cell headers and information packets, receiver apparatus comprising:
means for receiving transmitted said transport cells and said further transport cells, and separating said transport cell headers and information packets;
means responsive to transport cell header data for determining the occurrence of transport cells which include said video header data being lost or corrupted during transmission, and responsive to determining such occurrence, discarding subsequently occurring non-corrupted transport cells until the occurrence of one of said further transport cells, and decompression means responsive to said information packets for generating decompressed video signal.
means for receiving transmitted said transport cells and said further transport cells, and separating said transport cell headers and information packets;
means responsive to transport cell header data for determining the occurrence of transport cells which include said video header data being lost or corrupted during transmission, and responsive to determining such occurrence, discarding subsequently occurring non-corrupted transport cells until the occurrence of one of said further transport cells, and decompression means responsive to said information packets for generating decompressed video signal.
11. The receiver set forth in claim 10 further including means for substituting data from said further transport cells for data in said transport cells on the occurrence of lost or corrupted transport cells.
12. The receiver set forth in claim 10 further including means for discarding said redundant data in said further transport cells if no determination is made that transport cells preceding said further transport cells have been lost or corrupted.
13. The receiver set forth in claim 10 wherein said transport cell headers include indicia indicating whether corresponding transmitted transport cells include compressed video signal or said redundant data, and said receiver includes means responsive to said indicia for determining whether respective transport cells include compressed video signal or redundant data.
14. In a digital video transmission system for transmitting a hierarchically layered compressed video signal, said compressed video signal including frames of compressed video data compressed by intraframe processing and frames of compressed video data compressed by interframe processing, and wherein respective layers of compressed signal include video headers descriptive of said respective layers, apparatus for segmenting said compressed video signal into transport cells, respective transport cells containing a transport cell header and a payload packet containing a portion of said compressed video signal, said apparatus comprising:
a source of hierarchically layered compressed video signal (HLCVS);
means responsive to said HLCVS for dividing said HLCVS, into payload packets;
means responsive to said HLCVS for generating redundant payload packets including predetermined types of said hierarchically layered compressed video signal;
means, responsive to header data of said HLCVS, for generating, at least in part, said transport cell headers, respective cell headers including a data field which indicates whether a transport payload is compressed video signal or a redundant payload packet;
means for concatenating transport cell headers and corresponding payload or redundant payload packets to form transport cells; and means for interspersing transport cells including payload packets with transport cells including redundant payload packets, said means interspersing a greater number of transport cells containing redundant payload packets with frames of compressed video data compressed by intraframe processing than frames of compressed video data compressed by interframe processing.
a source of hierarchically layered compressed video signal (HLCVS);
means responsive to said HLCVS for dividing said HLCVS, into payload packets;
means responsive to said HLCVS for generating redundant payload packets including predetermined types of said hierarchically layered compressed video signal;
means, responsive to header data of said HLCVS, for generating, at least in part, said transport cell headers, respective cell headers including a data field which indicates whether a transport payload is compressed video signal or a redundant payload packet;
means for concatenating transport cell headers and corresponding payload or redundant payload packets to form transport cells; and means for interspersing transport cells including payload packets with transport cells including redundant payload packets, said means interspersing a greater number of transport cells containing redundant payload packets with frames of compressed video data compressed by intraframe processing than frames of compressed video data compressed by interframe processing.
15. In a digital video transmission system for transmitting a hierarchically layered compressed video signal, said compressed video signal occurring in groups of frames, and wherein respective layers of compressed signal include video headers descriptive of said respective layers, apparatus for segmenting said compressed video signal into transport cells, respective transport cells containing a transport cell header and a payload packet containing a portion of said compressed video signal, said apparatus comprising:
a source of hierarchically layered compressed video signal (HLCVS);
means responsive to said HLCVS for dividing said HLCVS, into payload packets;
means responsive to said HLCVS for generating redundant payload packets including predetermined types of said hierarchically layered compressed video signal;
means, responsive to header data of said HLCVS, for generating, at least in part, said transport cell headers, respective cell headers including a data field which indicates whether a transport payload is compressed video signal or a redundant payload packet;
means for concatenating transport cell headers and corresponding payload or redundant payload packets to form transport cells; and means for interspersing transport cells including payload packets with transport cells including redundant payload packets, said means interspersing a greater number of transport cells containing redundant payload packets with transport cells containing payload packets near the beginning of a group of frames than near the end of a group of frames.
a source of hierarchically layered compressed video signal (HLCVS);
means responsive to said HLCVS for dividing said HLCVS, into payload packets;
means responsive to said HLCVS for generating redundant payload packets including predetermined types of said hierarchically layered compressed video signal;
means, responsive to header data of said HLCVS, for generating, at least in part, said transport cell headers, respective cell headers including a data field which indicates whether a transport payload is compressed video signal or a redundant payload packet;
means for concatenating transport cell headers and corresponding payload or redundant payload packets to form transport cells; and means for interspersing transport cells including payload packets with transport cells including redundant payload packets, said means interspersing a greater number of transport cells containing redundant payload packets with transport cells containing payload packets near the beginning of a group of frames than near the end of a group of frames.
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002306971A CA2306971C (en) | 1992-06-19 | 1993-05-20 | Apparatus for arranging compressed video data for transmission over a noisy communication channel |
| CA002387254A CA2387254C (en) | 1992-06-19 | 1993-05-20 | Apparatus for arranging compressed video data for transmission over a noisy communication channel |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US901,045 | 1992-06-19 | ||
| US07/901,045 US5289276A (en) | 1992-06-19 | 1992-06-19 | Method and apparatus for conveying compressed video data over a noisy communication channel |
| PCT/US1993/004603 WO1994000952A1 (en) | 1992-06-19 | 1993-05-20 | Apparatus for arranging compressed video data for transmission over a noisy communication channel |
Related Child Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002306971A Division CA2306971C (en) | 1992-06-19 | 1993-05-20 | Apparatus for arranging compressed video data for transmission over a noisy communication channel |
| CA002387254A Division CA2387254C (en) | 1992-06-19 | 1993-05-20 | Apparatus for arranging compressed video data for transmission over a noisy communication channel |
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| CA2136616A1 CA2136616A1 (en) | 1994-01-06 |
| CA2136616C true CA2136616C (en) | 2003-07-22 |
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| CA002136616A Expired - Lifetime CA2136616C (en) | 1992-06-19 | 1993-05-20 | Apparatus for arranging compressed video data for transmission over a noisy communication channel |
| CA002387254A Expired - Lifetime CA2387254C (en) | 1992-06-19 | 1993-05-20 | Apparatus for arranging compressed video data for transmission over a noisy communication channel |
| CA002306971A Expired - Lifetime CA2306971C (en) | 1992-06-19 | 1993-05-20 | Apparatus for arranging compressed video data for transmission over a noisy communication channel |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| CA002387254A Expired - Lifetime CA2387254C (en) | 1992-06-19 | 1993-05-20 | Apparatus for arranging compressed video data for transmission over a noisy communication channel |
| CA002306971A Expired - Lifetime CA2306971C (en) | 1992-06-19 | 1993-05-20 | Apparatus for arranging compressed video data for transmission over a noisy communication channel |
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| US (4) | US5289276A (en) |
| EP (3) | EP1263234B1 (en) |
| JP (3) | JP3267620B2 (en) |
| KR (1) | KR100289559B1 (en) |
| CN (2) | CN1051429C (en) |
| CA (3) | CA2136616C (en) |
| DE (3) | DE69332916T2 (en) |
| ES (3) | ES2193427T3 (en) |
| FI (3) | FI112147B (en) |
| MX (1) | MX9303696A (en) |
| PT (2) | PT1263234E (en) |
| SG (3) | SG133401A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1994000952A1 (en) |
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1992
- 1992-06-19 US US07/901,045 patent/US5289276A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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1993
- 1993-05-20 DE DE69332916T patent/DE69332916T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-05-20 ES ES98102501T patent/ES2193427T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-05-20 US US08/065,233 patent/US5371547A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-05-20 JP JP50234194A patent/JP3267620B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-05-20 SG SG200206585-2A patent/SG133401A1/en unknown
- 1993-05-20 ES ES02012773T patent/ES2257487T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-05-20 EP EP02012773A patent/EP1263234B1/en not_active Revoked
- 1993-05-20 CA CA002136616A patent/CA2136616C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-05-20 CA CA002387254A patent/CA2387254C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-05-20 PT PT02012773T patent/PT1263234E/en unknown
- 1993-05-20 KR KR1019940704637A patent/KR100289559B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1993-05-20 DE DE69320812T patent/DE69320812T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-05-20 EP EP93911321A patent/EP0646306B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-05-20 PT PT98102501T patent/PT844792E/en unknown
- 1993-05-20 SG SG200206568-8A patent/SG134972A1/en unknown
- 1993-05-20 SG SG9602433A patent/SG93764A1/en unknown
- 1993-05-20 DE DE69333982T patent/DE69333982T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-05-20 EP EP98102501A patent/EP0844792B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-05-20 ES ES93911321T patent/ES2123648T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-05-20 WO PCT/US1993/004603 patent/WO1994000952A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1993-05-20 CA CA002306971A patent/CA2306971C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-06-18 CN CN93107347A patent/CN1051429C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-06-18 CN CN95100601A patent/CN1055594C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-06-18 MX MX9303696A patent/MX9303696A/en unknown
- 1993-07-02 US US08/085,364 patent/US5365272A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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1994
- 1994-08-03 US US08/285,361 patent/US5483287A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-12-16 FI FI945941A patent/FI112147B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
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2000
- 2000-05-22 JP JP2000150420A patent/JP3507766B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2002
- 2002-10-17 FI FI20021855A patent/FI117266B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
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2003
- 2003-02-18 FI FI20030249A patent/FI117844B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-03-27 JP JP2003089239A patent/JP3572067B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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