CA2129626C

CA2129626C - Acrylic copolymer membranes for biosensors

Info

Publication number: CA2129626C
Application number: CA002129626A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Douglas J. Allen; Robert S. Nevin
Original assignee: Disetronic Licensing AG
Current assignee: Tecpharma Licensing AG
Priority date: 1992-02-11
Filing date: 1993-02-10
Publication date: 2003-09-09
Anticipated expiration: 2013-02-10
Also published as: DE69326545T2; HU9402332D0; RU94040717A; NO942942D0; SK94794A3; CA2129626A1; US5476094A; BG99034A; US5284140A; EP0625883A4; ES2137252T3; EP0625883B1; FI943700A0; CZ192894A3; RO111824B1; FI943700A; JPH07503989A; KR950700027A; NZ249663A; DE69326545D1

Abstract

Homogeneous membranes (20) are disclosed which are composed of acrylic copolymers and are capable of absorbing % to 50 % of their dry weight of water. The copolymers include a hydrophilic component which comprises acrylic esters having a poly(ethylene oxide) substituent as part of the alcohol moiety. The copolymers further comprise methacrylate and/or acrylate monomer units. The membranes (20) are useful in the fabrication of biosensors, e.g., a glucose sensor (10) intended for in vivo use. Variations in the ratios of the monomeric components make possible the fabrication of membranes which have varying permeabilities.

Description

ACRYLIC COPOLYMER MEMBRANES FOR BIOSENSORS
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention:
This invention relates to homogeneous membranes composec7 of acrylic copolymers that are useful in the fabrication of biosensors intended for in vivo use, particularly glucose sensors.
Background of the Invention:
Monitoring of many physiological parameters of medical significance is performed in clinical chemistry laboratories which are remote from the patient. Because of the time delay involved, the information obtained is historical and may not reflect the current state of the gatient. As a consequence, many researchers are attempting to develop biosensors to be used in vivo which would provide real time data for a number of analytes of clinical importance. An excellent summary of current research in this area has been published by Collison and Meyerhoff (8naly~w~,~~,~,1 Chem,~s_j-,.rv,, 62, 425-437, 1990) .
A primary requirement of such sensors is that they be compatible with the body. At a minimum, the materials used to fabricate the sensor must not exert any toxic or allergic effects on the body. In addition, sensors intended to be used in contact with Llood must not provoke a thrombotic reaction. Few polymer materials can meet the stringent requirements of medical applications. Vadgarna (Sens2r~ and ~;uators, 81, Nos. 1-6, 1-7, 1990) has summarized the problems involved with interfacing a biosensor with the biological environment.
A second requirement for biosensors intended for in vivo use is that the sensing element must exist in.a stable iV0 93/i565i PCflUS93l(li a9~d environment. If the environment that t1e sensing element is exposed to is constantly changing, the sensor will experience "drift", and the values returned by the sensor will be in error. Thus, the sensing element must be "protected" in some way from the harsh biological environment. This is generally accomplished by interfacing a membrane between the sensing element arid its environment. Such membranes must be biocarnpatible or the reaction of the body, e. g . . t.hrornbosis or an inflammatory reaction, will result in a continuing perturbation of the environment to which the sensing element is exposed. Thus, biocornpatibility of mernbranes used in the fabrication of biosensors is necessary not only for reasons of safety but also in order for the sensor to function at all. Wilkins and Radford (Bi~~n~~_rs & Bioglectr~~s, 5, No. 3, 167-X13, 199U) have examined these tissues for several biomaterials.
A final re9uirement, obviously, is that the sensor must accurately measure the analyte o~ interest. The sensing element is potentially exposed to body proteins, electrolytes) medication being administered to the patient:, etc., any or all of which may interfere with the measurement. Membranes, tlZen, must not only be biocompatible, but they must allow for accurate detection of the analyte of interest in tYie presence of a nurcrber ~of y chemical entities. Thus; permeability proper'cies must be matched to the deszgn of the sensor as well as the analyte being measured:
Considerable research is cuierently beang directed toward the development of an in vi.uo glucose sensor. Such a sensor would make it possible ~o continuously monitor a patient's blood glucose levels and allow the physician to develop therapy tailored to txie individual. Most r~esearcl~ in this area is de~roted to the development of electroeinzyrnatic sensors. Such sensors are sianpler and less expensive to fabricate than optical sensors. arie problem that must be . -.~.-;;> . . . '. " . ..;-;: :.. - . ; ,: .. :, ;. :. ,.;,; . :;~ ; ..:. ,;
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overcome with such sensors is the requirement that the sensing element have access to a sufficient; supply of oxygen. The operational principle of these sensors is based on a reaction between glucose and oxygen., Since 'the concentration of glucose in flue body is much greater than ttaat of oxygen, the local supply of oxygen can become depleted unless some provision is made to control the reaction. These issues leave been reviewed by Turner and Pickup (Bir~~~sor~, 3., 85--11.5, 1985) .
20 Tree most favored configuration to dale for an electrochemical glucose sensor involves tree use of.one or two enzymes to catalyze the reaction between glucose and another molecule in order to generate an electrical signal.
Typically, glucose oxidase is used To catalyze the reaction between glucose and oxygen to yielt: Jluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide, as follows:
Glucose GLUCOSE + o~ -- -~. c~.vcoNIC AczD + I~~oz Oxidase N202 ~ 2I-I+ + 02 -~ 2e-w 20 The hydrogen peroxide generated may be detected directly or it may be decomposed key a second enzyme, c~talase, in which .,:
case tree sensor will measure oxygen consumption by the reaction involving glucose oxidase.
A desirab~:e feature o:: a membrane that will be used for 2S glucose sensors i~ the rctiia of oxygen to glucose diffusion constants. It is not ena~gh to have a membrane wtzich has a high oxygen diffusion constant. Silicone has the highest permeability to oxygen of any'polymer, ?out it is useless as a Inenlbrane for glucose serf rs because it is completely .
30 impermeable to glucose: _hex membranes might have good permeability to o~cygen but too muclx permeability to glucose.
Thus, an ideal polym~:r system to be used for fabrication ref sn.l ' r _ ',.1'I. '..7 F
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There remains a need for polymers which can be fabricates into membranes which meet the above requirements and which can Yrave varying diffusion ratios so that the membrane care Le tailored to the specific requirements of the sensor.

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WO 93/15651 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ PCTlLJ~931O1194 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The membranes of the present invention possess unzque attributes that satisfy the above objectives. Their , properties can be varied to tailor their diffusion y characteristics to match the requirements of a park.icular canf iguratian of a biasensor . T'he homogerreaus meriibranes of the invention are prepared from biologically acceptable copolymers whose hydraphobic/hydrophilic balance can be varied over a wide range. The membranes are particularly useful in the construction of electrochemical glucose sensors arrtexrded for in vi'vo use.
The membranes of the invention are fabricated from an acrylic copolymer composed of two or more acrylic esters. one of which contains a ;v~ly(ethylene oxide) substituent as part oP the alcohol moiety. The preferred acrylic copolymers so , produced hive ~ wader pickup of from about loo to ahotrt 50%
of their dry weight of water. By appropriate selection of the rneaction components membranes can be made from these copolymers that can be used to fabricate biosensors intended for in vivo use.
The permeability characteristiGS of these membranes carr be varied over a wide range, making possible their use with a variety of biasensors which depend on the ability of the sensing element to accurai='ely'detect a specific analyte. For example; ratios of the diffusion coefficients of oxygen to glucose of up to about X000; particularly witlr ratios of about 2500 to about 3500, are preferred for membranes used with ~n in vivo glucose sensor.
These copolymers ~~~ soluble in a variety of solvents and solvent combinations, and thus can be readily fabricated into rnernbran~s of various shapes: 'rlae mentbraraes of the invention sh~w good adhesion to substrates in an aqueous environment and possess excellent wet-strength. A further advantage of ~ the copolymers from which the membranes of the invention are W~ 93/15651 ~ c~ ~ ~' ~ ~ PCf/U~93/ol lea fabricated is that they exhibit reduced toxicity i.n biological systems, a key requirement for an implantable sensor of any type.
Further and related objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following description.

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WO 93/~S6S1 PCT/US93I01194 2~~~~~~
BRIEF DESCRIPTTON OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a glucose sensor having sensor elements with an acrylic copolymer membrane of the present invention secured thereover.
F'IG. 2 snows in schematic form an implantable portion of a glucose sensor, with the sensing elements coverer3 with an acrylic copolymer membrane of the present invention.

WO 93/15651 PCT/iJS93/Q1194 ~ ~. 4w ~ ~ ~
_g_ DESCRIPTION OF T1~E PREFERRED EMI30DIMEN1'S
For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the inventian, reference will now be made to the preferred embodiments and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended, such alterations and further modifications in the .
preferred embodiments, and such furtYzer applications of the principles of the invention as illustrated thereby being contemplated as would normally occur to orae skilled in the .art_to which the inventian relates.
~.'he present invention provides acrylic copolymer membranes for use in covering or encapsulating a biosensor, e.g.; a glucose sensor; particularly one intended' for in vivv use. It has been discovered that the use of such membranes pz:ovides many advantages including cozatrol of diffusion of the analytesfreactants to the sensor elements to permit accurate analysas, projection of the sensor from tyre hostile in. vivv environment; anc3 biocompatibility.
The membranes of the pxesent invention are prepared uy conventional methods by the copolymerization of two or more acrylic ester monomers: The copolymers are soluble in solvents such as acetone, and may be farmed as a membrane from solution by dip, .pray or spin coating.
One of the acrylic ester monomers ~f the copolymer contains a-poly~(ethylene oxide)-, having an average molecular weight of about 200 to about 2000, as tjze alcohol component of the acrylic ester. This monomer is referred to as the hydroplni.~ic component of the copolymer. Particularly preferred is a polyethylene oacide) having an average mo~.ecular weight of about 1000. Examples of such monomers are tYze methoxy poly(e~hylene oxide) morDOmethacrylates.
The other components) of the copolymer rna~~ be any o~ a number of acrylic or substituted acrylic esters, especially ~V~ 93/15651 PCT/US93/01194 2~~~~2~
the methacrylates and a,.rylates. Particularly preferred are methyl methacrylate alone or in combination with ethyl acrylate. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, variations in the choice of such monomers will influence the properties of the membrane, particularly with regard to hydropl-~ilacity arad permeability. Selection of the comonomer(s) used in the membranes may be readily determined by those skilled in the art, without undue experimentation, to achieve the desired physical characteristics of the 1D membranes. All other things being equal, monomers may be chosen on the basis of comcnerc:ial availability, cost, and °ease of purification.

central Polvrner~.z inn Procedure 7Methods for preparing the membranes of the present invention are known in the art. Z'he following procedure provides a typ~.cal methodology.
18.75 g of methyl methacrylate, 6.25 g of methoxy polyethylene oxide) monomethacrylate (also known as methoxy polyethylene glycol methacrylate) (MW 1DDD), 50 mg of 2,2'-azobisi5obutyronitrile; and 5D ml of ethoxy ethyl acetate were added to a 200 ml pressure bottle containing a magnetic stirring bar. Nitrogen was bubbled through the stirred so'lutaon for 15 minutes, The bottle was then sealed and placed in an oil lath maintained at 75°C. The solution viscosity increased wi h time so tgaat, after three hours, magnetic stirring stopped. Alter 24 hours, the bottle was removed from the oil bath and allowed to cool to room' ~t~tnperature. The viscous solution was diluted with 50 ml of 3~ acetone. The Polymer product Haas precipitated from 15DD ml of hexane, gedissolved ira- 100 ml of acetoaae and again precipitated from 1540 ml of hexane. The white lump of polymer was snaked for 1G hours in 5D4 ml of hexane.

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WO 93/15551 NCT/U~'93/UI194 Finally, the polymer was dried for 1G hours at 50°C in a vacuurn oven to yield 23.8 g of an off-white, brittle, solid mass. Additional representative polymers prepared by the above procedure are listed in Table 1.
TABbE 1_ , Metlioxy Methyl Polyethylene oxide) ethyl ~ M~a+-hacrvlat~(.1~ F22~~omet-,~hac_r'late (a) ~rylatQ tg.Z
1 10.65 3.75 10.65 -2 10.00 5.00 10.00 3 15.00 S.UU 5.00 -4 - 12.50 G.25 6.25 5 15.00 10.UU
6 20.00 5.00 7 18.75 6.25 8 17.50 7.5U

9 16.25 8.75 10 12.50 lU.UO 2.50 11 13.75 8.75 2.50 I2 15.0U 7.50 2.50 I3 16.25 6.25 2.50 14 17.50 5. U0 2.50 15 12.50 7.50 S.Of 16 I3.75 6.25 5.00 25v 1? 15:0 5.00 5.00 18 16.25 3.75 5.00 19 13.75 3.75 7.50 2~ 12:50 5. U0 7.50 Molecular weac3ht and water pickup were evaluated for selected polymers prepared in Example 1. Water pickup was determined on films 9.5 cm in diameter dried at 50°C in vacuc>; weighed, irntnersec3 in deionized water for 24 hours, removed and blotted with filter paper, and weighed. Percexit Water pickup was determined fropy the formula:
a o Pickup = ' [ (WW - Wd) fWd7 x 100 where Ww is the we~.g~rt of the swollen film arad W~ is the weight c~f the dry f~.lrin. The ~cesults are set forth ixa Table 2 Molecular weights were determined by Gel Permeation PC T/'11593/O 1194 Chromatography using a Waters GPC I liquid chromatograph equipped with two Waters Ultrastyragel* Linear columns, Waters Model R~O1 differential refractometer detector, and Waters Model 730 Data Module. DeterwinaLions were ru~i at 25°C in toluene. Sample size was 250 microliters at a concentration of 0.25% (w/v). Molecular weights were detea~mined by comparing retention tiic~es to a standard plat constructed by running a series of nine polystyrene standards under the same conditions. Thus; reported molecular weights, set forth in Table 2, are "peak" molecular weights.
_ TABLE 2 ., NUMBER MOLECULAR WEIG_H_T_ %a _.WATER PICKUP

5 115.000 63.2 6 1U5,000 7.1 7 100,000 16.2 8 105.000 27.2 g 100:000 37.2 10 110,000 78.8 11 7.1.5, OOQ 56. 5 12 105;000 35.9 13 86;000 22.3 1g ~ 105.000 12.9 15 105.000 58.8 1H 130', 0()0 35. 5 17 I25~OUO 19.8 18 110.p00 12.3 19 1:35,000 20.2 20 1.80.000 32.8 21 270;000 5H.8 22 1.25, OUO 8 . 8 23 140,000 ZJ.U.4 ~~ 170r000 15.5 25 23J;000 37e3 26 125,000 59.2 ~~~ 3 Membranes were prepared by casting films from a suitable s~lvent onto glass using a Gardner knife (Gardner Labs). The of ...
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WC~ 93/15651 PCT/U~93/0119Ps t~ .y 6~~~4~~~ ~ J

solvent chosen depends an floe particular checnica:l structure .
of the polymer. Acetone has been the preferred solvent in work completed to date, since it is readily volatile. Uther suitable solvents include chloroform, dichloromethane and S toluene. After removal of the solvent, the mernbranes were Yaydrated with deionized water for 30-60 minutes. They were then rernvved and transferred to a Mylar'~ support sheet . Wet film thicknesses were measured with a rnicrometer before removal from the support.
Diffusion constants were measured in a standard ~ permeability cell (Crown Glass Ca., lnc.) maintained at '37.0°C, plus yr minus 0.1°C, using Fick's relationship:
J -- -D dC/dx , where J is total flux, D is the diffusion constant, and dC/dx is the concentration gradient across the membrane.
Oxygen diffusion cvrastants were determined by securing the membrane with two rubber gaskelrs between the two halves of a diffusion cell maintairmd at 37.0°C, plus or minus 0.1°C, and clamping the two halves together. Each side of the cell was filled w~.th phosphate buffered saline. Une side was saturated with nitrogen while tYae other side was saturated with air. ~ calibrated oxygen sensor (Microelectrodes, Inc.) was placed in the nitrogen side of the cell, and measurements were taken at 5 minute intervals until the system reached equilibrium. Glucose diffusion constants were deterrnined as above, except that one half of the cell was filled with phosphate buffered saline containing 300 mg/dl of glucose. The COrICedItration of glucose in each half of the cell was ineasured at appropriate intervals usin~~
~ Cooper Assist Clinical Analyzer. The diffusion constants and ratios for sample polynoers of Example 1 are set fortra in Table 3:

pCT/ US93/d~ 1194 '.LABL~~
PO~.~YM~R_ L7 (_C._M_z / sE~ X_1 ~_ ~ IRAT,LQ

QX_~E_~l CiL32~(7~E D~xyg~a~~,Ugl__u~c?~-e_ 2 4. U9 1.19 3.49 3 S.lU 0.04 121.14 6 7. U6 U.63 11.15 7 3 . 55 U. U1 3a~yU

3.94 U.U9 4f).4'7 .

1U 9 . 51 U :22 2f>. 69 l a. 5 . 7 4 :l . U 9 5 . 2 '1 12 5.51 U.75 7.35 13 4.42 U.17 26.UU

14 5.73 U.U8 69.U4 '" 16- 6 . 23 0 . 77 8 . U~3 17 6.85 U.61 11.23 21 5.56 U.?.6 21.38 22 5.51 1.1U 5.l)1 2q 5.99 36U U.02 26 5. 65 8. 9U U . f~3 2? 7.1U 28U U.U3 The acrylic copolymers are effective, for example, in corztxolling the diffusion of analytes/reactants to a covered biosensor. Hy way of example, the polymer #7 was coated as an outer membrane on an electroenzymati c glucose sensor. The sensor responded linearly to glucose in the concentration ranc3e of U to 40U mg/dl. The sensor di d not show an oxygen effect even at oxygen levels as low as 20. Similar results are actrieved with the other copolymers of Example 1, as set fortlu irz 7.'able 3: ..

~s demonstrated in he fUregoing, t tae acrylic copolymers and resulting membranes niay be read~.ly prepared havincl a wide range of diffusiotl const~rzts and water pickup. Trzese f.oruulations c3ez~zozistrak:e the abilityvary tizese parameters to over the desire3 ranges pgeviously r~esc ribed. 'I'W s r;.~zvtrol enables one are trze art to tailor the membranes to paa~4iczx~:ar bi~sensors.

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ENO 93f 15651 PCT/US93/01194 '~
.. -14--Cytotoxicity testing was carried out on tire acrylic copolymers of Example 1 as follows. Tire test article size used was 64.3 crn2 (1.0 grams). A rnonolayer of L-929 mouse fibroblast cells was grown to confluency and exposed to an extract of the test article prepared by placing the test article in 11 ml of Minimum Essential Medium (Eagle) and Bovine Serum (5%) and extracting at 37°C for 24 hours. An MEM aliquot was used as a negative control. After exposure I0 to the extract for 72 hours, the Cells were examined microscopically for cytotoxic effect. presence or absence of a confluent monolayer, intracellular granulation, cellular swelling, and crenation and tire percentage of cellular lysis were recorded.
I5 IM implantation testing was carried out as follows. The test article size used way 1 rnrn wide and 10 mrrt long. Two healthy, adult New Zealand White rabbits weighing not less than 2.5 kg were used as test animals. Four strips of test material were introduced into the right paravertebral muscle 20 of each rabbit. Two strips of negative control plastic were implanted in the left paravertebral muscle of each rabbit. ', The animals were humanely killed 7 rays after implantation and the entire paravertelural trruscle on eactr side of the spinal cord removed. Crops sections of the muscles were made 25 to locate, the iorrglarrts. The tissue surrounding each irnplarrt was exaruined macroscopically:
liemolysis testing was also carried out on the acrylic copolyrners of Example 1. 7.'11e test article size used was 1.0 grams. cut into ,srnall quips. Tlre sample was placed into each 30 of two extracting tubes containing lU ml of Sodium Chloride Infection: To eaclu tube was added 0.2 ml of human blood previously collected in a vacuum tube corrtainirrg E.v.7.'.A.
Tulaes were inverted gently to mix tire contents, then placed in a constant temperature bath at 37°C for one hour. Ttre V6r0 93/15651 ~ Z ~ ~ ~ ~ PCT/US93/01194 b.tood-saline rnixture was then centrifuged for 10 minul.es at 2200 RPM. The absorbance of each sample solution was determined spectrophotometrically at 545 nm and compared i~o tiaat of a positive control ( 10 ml water and 0. 2 rul blood) arW
5. a negative control (I0 and Sodiuan Chloride In~ectiora and U.2 m1 blood) in order t.o deterrrrine the amount of hemoglobin released frown ruptured reQ blood cells.
Results of the foreguing tests are set forth in Taule 4.
TAf3Ll4 ~~MER CYTUTO~ I C HEM LY1' I I_M I M~LANT~T ~N
Np NOT SIGNIFICAN'.C

~U NOT SIGNIFICANT
4 Nn 5 NU NO NO'P SIGNIFICANT
6 NO NOT SIGN1F'ICANT

7.0 NO NO

I~ NO
Z F3 Np NU

'.Cle copolymers listed in Table 1 e~~acompass a range of monomer coanpasitians of varying molecular weights and water pickups ('I'able 2), all of which show excellent biocornpatibality. Tlie polymers used to fabricate these meanbrarles must 'not exlyhit aray toxic o~ other taarmful ef. fects when placed iaa ttae Lodye fable 4 lists the results of assays fur oytotoxicity, lie~nolysi s; and t rri t:atiora due to 1M
im~larya ion of represenk.at.~ve copolyrners of the iaavean tioaa.
As can be seen from these resultao the copolymers exhibit excellent Liocompatihility. Tree capability to vary the y.
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,~,o g3/1~~~1 PCT/US93/01194 'df d -composition of the copolymer to achieve certain specific properties, while maintaining t~iocompat.ibility, is also a key feature of this invention.
Particularly useful is tree capability to moderate tlxe permeability of the a mernbr.anes toward particular arralytes/reactants, e:g.. oxygen and glucose. As can be seer from Table 3, representative capalymers of this invention show widely varying ratios of the diffusion constants of oxygen to glucose, defending upon the monomer composition axed hp the water pickup. A rnajor irnpediment to the development of an i.ra t~ivo glucose sensor is the "oxygen deficit" problem.
Tliis~arises from he fact that the concentration of oxygen in the body is much less txian hat of glucose. As a consequence, a glucose sensor which depends, directly or indirectly, on measuring the change in oxygen concentration as a measure of ttie glucose concentration can become au oxygen sensor if the local supply of oxygen is depleted.
'thus the sensing elemerrt mz~st exist in an environment in which it operates as a true glucose sensor. The membranes of ~p this invention can provide suclo an environment, since they can be tailored to provide optimum permeabilities of glucose and oxygen.
Referring to the drawings. there is shown in sclaernatic form a biosensor 10 of typical construction cavered or encapsulated with a membrane fal~xa.Gated in accordance with the present inverrtioa. Ttae speoific cpnstructi.on and operation of the sensor 10 do not form a part of the present invention. For purposes of example but not to be limiting, the inbentive membraxaes are described as used witlu a glucose sensor. C;lucose sensors which utilize glucose oxidase to effect a reaction of glucose and o~ygeai are known ira the arL, arad are within the skull in the ari: to fabricate. Ttae present invention depends not on the configuration of the biosensor, but rather on the use of the inventive ~ernbranes to cover or encapsulate he sensor dements-. Therefore, orrly VVO 93115651 1'CT/dJS93/01194 2.~.~~~~~

a brief description of an exemplary sensor is given lrerein.
~.'he acryl:ic copolymer rnen~hranes of the present invention are useful with a variety of biasensors for which it is advantageous to control diffusion of the analyteslreactarrts to the sensing elements. Various suclu biosensors are weal known in the art. For example, other sensors for monitoring glucose concentration of diabetics are described in Shichiri, M., Yamasaki, Y., Nao, K., Sekiya, M., Ueda, N.: °'In Viva Characteristics of Needle-Type Glucose Sensor - Measurements of Subcutaneous Glucose Concerytrations in human Volunteers'° -Harm. Metab. Res., Suppl. Ser. 20:17-20,'1988 Hruckel, J., Rerrier, W., Z:ier, H., Steinbach, G.. Pfeiffer, E.: "In Vivo Measurement of Subcutaneous Glucose Concentrations with an Enzynatic Glucose Sensor and a Wick Method," Klan.
1S Wochenschr. 67:491-X95, 1989; arid Pickup, J., Shaw, G., Claremont, D:: °'Ia~ Viva Molecular Sensing in viabetes Mellitus: An Implantable Glucose Sensor with Direct Electron Transfer," Diabetologxa. 32:213-2:L7, 1989.
Sensor 10 includes a distal poxtion 11 in which are located sensor dements 12-19 which are connected through leads 15 to contacts 16. Typical sensing elements would be a counter electrode 12; working electrode 13 and reference electrode 19. Contacts 16 are connected with a suitable monitoring device (not shown), which receives signals and tr~nsla es this information into a determination of tire glucose level detected:
liy this type of sensor; glucose oxidase is also provided in the area adjacent the sensor elennents, and catalyzes the reaction of glucose arid oarygen. 'This, or a subsequent reaction; is monitored by the serasirrg el~merrts, and a determiination of glucose present in tYie surromadinc, subcutaneous tissue may theret~y be obtained.
In one d~sigii: the sbnsor 10 includes a substrate .
ma~eraal 17 comprihing aru electrical insulator. '.Chis substrate is preferably flexible to facilitai.e patient VVO 93/ 1 S~b~ 1 Pf_'T/ 1U x93/011 p4 CUarlfC7rt. Tlte counter, working anQ reference electrodes 12-19 are positioned on the substrate and isolated from one another by .an i.nsulatiorr layer 18 patterned la selectively expose the active regions of the three electrodes. Glucose oxidase 19 is deposited on the working electrode and all three sensor/electror3es are t.lten covered witty a membrane 2U of the present :invention.
The c7istal portion of the sensor is implanted .
subcutaneously into floe body, and tine proximal par tic~n including contacts 1G rernains external of the body. In accordance with the present invention, the implanted sensor elements 12-14 are covered with a mernbrane 20 of the present 7.r1VetltlOn, which for the case of a glucose sensor is used to control tine rate of diffusion of glucose and oxygen from the surrounding body tissue to the area of the sensor elements.
Memurane 20 rnay fully encapsulate the entire distal portion of the sensor or may simply be layered over the sensor elements . 'fhe latter approacYt may be preferable f rorn the stanrlpoirtt of ease of fabrication.
The rnernbranes of the present invention are readily formulated to optimise the diffusion and water pickup characteristics for use wiLtt various biosensors. By way of exauple, rnembranes of the present invention having water pickups of about lUo, 30% and 500 have been evaluated for use with aro in vivoglucose sensor. In ad~la Lion; the invective rnembranes laaviug oxxgen l:o glucose diffusion ratios of about lUUO, 20UU and 3UU0 perform acceptably irz the foregoing circumstances. The foregoing test results de~rtonstrate drat the membranes of the present invention satisfy Clue reguirernents for use with a variety of Liosensor: , atamely biocompata.bility. providing protection for tire sensor eler~tents from the h~.ological ertvironrnent, and being modifiable to provide dtraracteristics of water pickup arid permeability for various analytes/reactants to match a given applicatioYt.

'i~VO 93/15651 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ PCf/US93/01194 --1~-While the invention has beeiu described in the foregoing description, tlue sane is to Iue considered as illustrative and nat restrictive in character, il being understood that only tlue preferred ecnbodirnernts Have kreen described and that all.
changes and modifications that come within the spirit of the invention are desired to k~e protected.

Claims

CLAIMS:

1. In an implatable device far determining the level of an anlyte in a body, said device comprising a biosensor having sensor elements for evaluating the presence of the analyte and including a membrane enclosing the sensor elements, said membrane providing biocompatibility, protection of the sensor elements from the surrounding biological environment, and control of diffusion of materials to the sensor elements, the improvement comprising forming said membrane from an acrylic copolymer comprising first monomer units consisting of an acrylic ester having methoxy poly(ethylene oxide) methacrylate as part of the alcohol moiety, and second monomer units selected from methacrylates, acrylates and combinations thereof, said membrane absorbing water in an amount of about 10% to about 50% of the dry weight of said membrane.

2. The improvement of claim 1 in which said second monomer units comprise methyl methacrylate.

3. The improvement of claim 1 in which said second monomer units comprise ethyl acrylate.

4. The improvement of claim 3 in which said second monomer units further comprise methyl methacrylate.

5. The improvement of claim 1 in which said membrane absorbs water in an amount of about 15%

to about 25% of its dry weight.

6. The improvement of claim 1 in which the methoxy poly(ethylene oxide) methacrylate has an average molecular weight of from about 200 to about 2000.

7. The improvement of claim 6 in which the methoxy poly(ethylene oxide) methacrylate has an average molecular weight of about 1000.

8. The improvement of claim 1 in which said membrane has a ratio of its diffusion coefficient for oxygen to its diffusion coefficient for glucose of up to about 4000.

9. The improvement of claim 8 in which the diffusion ratio for the membrane is about 2500 to about 3500.

10. The improvement of claim 8 in which said composition absorbs about 15% to about 25% of its dry weight.

11. The improvement of claim 8 in which the methoxy poly(ethylene oxide) methacrylate has an average molecular weight of from about 200 to about 2000.

12. The improvement of claim 11 in which the methoxy poly(ethylene oxide) methacrylate has an average molecular weight of about 1000.

13. The improvement of claim 8 in which said second monomer units comprise methyl methacrylate.

14. The improvement of claim 8 in which said second monomer units comprise ethyl acrylate.

15. The improvement of claim 14 in which said second monomer units comprise methyl methacrylate.