CA2110533A1 - Co2 sensor using a hydrophilic polyurethane matrix - Google Patents
Co2 sensor using a hydrophilic polyurethane matrixInfo
- Publication number
- CA2110533A1 CA2110533A1 CA002110533A CA2110533A CA2110533A1 CA 2110533 A1 CA2110533 A1 CA 2110533A1 CA 002110533 A CA002110533 A CA 002110533A CA 2110533 A CA2110533 A CA 2110533A CA 2110533 A1 CA2110533 A1 CA 2110533A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- matrix
- polymer
- cross
- dye
- hydrophilic
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
- G01N21/6428—Measuring fluorescence of fluorescent products of reactions or of fluorochrome labelled reactive substances, e.g. measuring quenching effects, using measuring "optrodes"
- G01N21/643—Measuring fluorescence of fluorescent products of reactions or of fluorochrome labelled reactive substances, e.g. measuring quenching effects, using measuring "optrodes" non-biological material
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue
- A61B5/1455—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/75—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated
- G01N21/77—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator
- G01N21/7703—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator using reagent-clad optical fibres or optical waveguides
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/75—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated
- G01N21/77—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator
- G01N21/7703—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator using reagent-clad optical fibres or optical waveguides
- G01N2021/7706—Reagent provision
- G01N2021/772—Tip coated light guide
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/75—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated
- G01N21/77—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator
- G01N2021/7769—Measurement method of reaction-produced change in sensor
- G01N2021/7786—Fluorescence
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
POLYURETHANE MATRIX
The carbon dioxide sensor includes a CO2 sensing matrix formed from a hydrophilic, gas permeable, cross-linked polyurethane. The polyurethane matrix is formed from a polyurethane pre-polymer mixture which cross links when mixed with an aqueous carbon dioxide buffer solution. The dye-buffer solution is physically entrapped as a homogeneous dispersion in the polymer matrix. The matrix is applied to the exposed glass core of an optical fiber, which may first be coated with a primer to allow the polyurethane matrix to bond firmly to the tip of the optical fiber. The hydrophilic polymeric matrix is preferably coated with a hydrophobic material to help avoid leaching of the dye from the matrix, and to prevent diffusion of hydronium ions into the sensing matrix. The hydrophobic polymer overcoat may thereafter be cured by heat treatment. The hydrophobic coating may also contain a light reflective material such as TiO2.
POLYURETHANE MATRIX
The carbon dioxide sensor includes a CO2 sensing matrix formed from a hydrophilic, gas permeable, cross-linked polyurethane. The polyurethane matrix is formed from a polyurethane pre-polymer mixture which cross links when mixed with an aqueous carbon dioxide buffer solution. The dye-buffer solution is physically entrapped as a homogeneous dispersion in the polymer matrix. The matrix is applied to the exposed glass core of an optical fiber, which may first be coated with a primer to allow the polyurethane matrix to bond firmly to the tip of the optical fiber. The hydrophilic polymeric matrix is preferably coated with a hydrophobic material to help avoid leaching of the dye from the matrix, and to prevent diffusion of hydronium ions into the sensing matrix. The hydrophobic polymer overcoat may thereafter be cured by heat treatment. The hydrophobic coating may also contain a light reflective material such as TiO2.
Description
~ 21 ~ 0~33 Docket No. 31956 _~ SENSOR USING A HYoROPHILIC POLYURETHANE MATRIX
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention:
The present invention relates to carbon dioxide gas sensors used in automated chemical analysis and immunological testing. More particularly, the present invention relates to fiber optic sensors in-corporatinq an improved carbon dioxide sensing element with a dye indicator in a polymer matrix suitable to be used in vivo in the body of a human or other animal.
Description of Related Art:
.
The development and use of fiber optic sensors is a fast growing and competitive field. The first references to fiber optic sensors for detecting and quantitatively measuring gas concentrations emerged in the mid 1970's. Recent advances in fiber optic tech-nology have increased the activity in the development and use of such sensors.
There is a strong interest in the medical field in developing in_~iYQ sensors. Early efforts wexe applied in developing in vitro sensors and sensors for industrial uses. Many design criteria are important to the development of in vivo fiber optic sensor elements, requiring consideration of factors such as those related 25 to the inability to control or prepare the sample, and ;-the need to minimize the impact of the sensor's presence on the host organism. Fiber optic sensors must be bio- ~
compatible; the sensor must not adversely affect the ~ -host organism and the host organism must not adversely ~ -affect the sensor. The sensor must be small enough to be compatible with standard arterial devices, such as . , 2~; ~a333 Docket No. 31956 catheters. Moreover, the sensor must be engineered to -be sterile, non-toxic, non-pyrogenic, and as blood compatible as possible.
Fiber optic sensors also must be economically integrable with conventional fiber optic apparatus. It is desirable that the fiber optic sensors be disposable and, therefore, economically inexpensive. Consequently, such sensors must be easy to manufacture, reproducible ;
and simple to calibrate. Although other fiber optic -10 sensors using polymers and indicating dyes have been -proposed, many such sensors are too expensive to be con-sidered disposable. Since the polymer chemistry of the sensor requires tedious and time-consuming manufacturing techniques, this also can make the sensors expensive and complex to manufacture, further limiting their use as a disposable.
Carbon dioxide fiber optic sensors are gen-erally based on pH sensor technology. Such carbon dioxide sensors utilize hydrophilic polymers combined with pH fiber optic gas sensors to immobilize a hydrogen ion sensitive dye which is responsive to the carbon dioxide-bicarbonate eguilibrium in an aqueous bicarbonate solution exposed to the dye. Semipermeable membranes are used to filter compromising artifacts and other analytes.
Conventional carbon dioxide sensors have ~ ;
incorporated reflectance, absorbance, and fluorescence dye indicators. Although reflectance indicators are well known, they are seldom used in pH or carbon dioxide sensors. A variety of polymeric materials have also ! ' been used to immobilize the carbon dioxide indicators for use in fiber optic sensors. When certain absorption ;
indicators, such as phenol red, are in solution with polymers undergoing polymerization, such as acrylamide, the indicator becomes chemically bonded to the polymeric product. Covalent bonding with a polymeric substrate :
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention:
The present invention relates to carbon dioxide gas sensors used in automated chemical analysis and immunological testing. More particularly, the present invention relates to fiber optic sensors in-corporatinq an improved carbon dioxide sensing element with a dye indicator in a polymer matrix suitable to be used in vivo in the body of a human or other animal.
Description of Related Art:
.
The development and use of fiber optic sensors is a fast growing and competitive field. The first references to fiber optic sensors for detecting and quantitatively measuring gas concentrations emerged in the mid 1970's. Recent advances in fiber optic tech-nology have increased the activity in the development and use of such sensors.
There is a strong interest in the medical field in developing in_~iYQ sensors. Early efforts wexe applied in developing in vitro sensors and sensors for industrial uses. Many design criteria are important to the development of in vivo fiber optic sensor elements, requiring consideration of factors such as those related 25 to the inability to control or prepare the sample, and ;-the need to minimize the impact of the sensor's presence on the host organism. Fiber optic sensors must be bio- ~
compatible; the sensor must not adversely affect the ~ -host organism and the host organism must not adversely ~ -affect the sensor. The sensor must be small enough to be compatible with standard arterial devices, such as . , 2~; ~a333 Docket No. 31956 catheters. Moreover, the sensor must be engineered to -be sterile, non-toxic, non-pyrogenic, and as blood compatible as possible.
Fiber optic sensors also must be economically integrable with conventional fiber optic apparatus. It is desirable that the fiber optic sensors be disposable and, therefore, economically inexpensive. Consequently, such sensors must be easy to manufacture, reproducible ;
and simple to calibrate. Although other fiber optic -10 sensors using polymers and indicating dyes have been -proposed, many such sensors are too expensive to be con-sidered disposable. Since the polymer chemistry of the sensor requires tedious and time-consuming manufacturing techniques, this also can make the sensors expensive and complex to manufacture, further limiting their use as a disposable.
Carbon dioxide fiber optic sensors are gen-erally based on pH sensor technology. Such carbon dioxide sensors utilize hydrophilic polymers combined with pH fiber optic gas sensors to immobilize a hydrogen ion sensitive dye which is responsive to the carbon dioxide-bicarbonate eguilibrium in an aqueous bicarbonate solution exposed to the dye. Semipermeable membranes are used to filter compromising artifacts and other analytes.
Conventional carbon dioxide sensors have ~ ;
incorporated reflectance, absorbance, and fluorescence dye indicators. Although reflectance indicators are well known, they are seldom used in pH or carbon dioxide sensors. A variety of polymeric materials have also ! ' been used to immobilize the carbon dioxide indicators for use in fiber optic sensors. When certain absorption ;
indicators, such as phenol red, are in solution with polymers undergoing polymerization, such as acrylamide, the indicator becomes chemically bonded to the polymeric product. Covalent bonding with a polymeric substrate :
Docket No. 31956 prevents the dye from being washed out of the polymer when exposed to an aqueous environment, such as blood.
Covalently bonding the dye or indicator in a hydrophilic polymer substrate is often difficult to achieve and s requires additional chemistries to obtain proper covalent bonds. Attempts to eliminate the chemical bonding requirement include creating micro-compartments within the polymer substrate. Covalently bonding a carbon dioxide dye indicator to a polymer and inclusion of a buffer system in the polymeric matrix have heretofore been a difficult, time consuming procedure.
It would therefore be desirable to provide an alternative, effective and easy method of making a carbon dioxide sensor incorporating an indicator dye which will not wash out or leach out of the sensor.
Polymeric materials have also been used as a matrix for simply immobilizing fluorescent indicators.
Such polymeric materials containing immobilized fluor-escent dyes (for example, siloxane-based precursors and 20 fluorescein derivatives) can be bonded to the distal end -of optic fibers to provide a gas sensor. since the indicators respond to any hydrogen ion artifact, such carbon dioxide sensors usua}ly contain a carbon dioxide permeable, hydrophobic membrane. However, curing such hydrophobic membranes often created problems, since heat treatments to cure the polymeric dye indicator matrix can compromise the integrity of the sensor dye indicator material. Production methods known in the art can also create holes and other imperfections which may adversely affect the sensor. Moreover, the polymerization process and subsequent curing methods can often be expensive, cumbersome and unduly time extensive. Conventional fiber optic sensors incorporating polymers in a sensing ~
matrix have used addition-type or condensation-type -polymerization techniques to form the basic matrix material. Condensation and addition-type reactions . . ~. .,. :
~ ) 3 3 Docket No. 31956 require multiple monomers, catalysts and/or precursors to create the final form of the polymer. Moreover, such reactions are often time consuming, difficult to execute with precision, and are more expensive due to their multicomponent nature. Consequently, a need exists for a fiber optic CO2 sensor that is easy to manufacture, has consistent geometry and chemistry, is easy to sterilize, is economically produced so that it can be disposable, and can reliably be used in vivo.
.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Briefly, and in general terms, the invention ; ;~-provides for an improved and useful sensor element for detecting carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide sensor element of the invention is of a size capable of be~ng attached to the distal end of a fiber optic filament.
The filament and sensor are of a size to be used for n v vo use in human and other animal hosts. The sensor element is easy to manufacture and economical, allowing the sensor to be disposable.
The sensor element preferably comprises a ~-hydrophilic, gas permeable, cross-linked polyurethane ;~
polymer which is formed from a liquid polyurethane pre- ~ -polymer compound having a plurality of terminal isocya~
nate functional groups and which cross-links when mixed with an aqueous carbon dioxide dye-buffer solution to form a CO2 sensing matrix. The dye-buffer solution is physically entrapped in the polymer matrix, and the hydrophilic polymeric matrix is preferably coated with a hydrophobi`c polymer to help avoid leaching of the dye from the matrix, and to prevent diffusion of hydronium ions to the sensing matrix.
The cross-linking of the polyurethane matrix -is preferably initiated at room temperature by the addition of the aqueous dye-buffer solution to the , ::
2 ~ 3 3 Docket No. 31956 liquid polyurethane prepolymer mixture, rather than by application of heat, which helps to preserve the integrity of the dye indicator material. Thus, the reaction can be carried out in a short time span at room -temperature. The use of a hydrophilic polymer which cross-links to entrap a dye-buffer solution in the present invention eliminates the need for multiple precursors or other monomers in the reaction. This method produces a dye-polymer matrix having excellent 10 mechanical strength characteristics. The optical fiber ~ ~ ~
may also be advantageously coated with a primer to allow ~-the polyurethane matrix to bond firmly to the tip of the optical fiber.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, ~ ~
15 the polymeric material is formed from polyurethane, and -the dye is a fluorescent pH indicator, such as 8-hydroxy-1,3,6-pyrenetrisulfonic acid (HPTS). The ~ -aqueous buffer is preferably a physiological pH range ;~
bicarbonate buffer solution. When the uncured pre-polyurethane is mixed with the aqueous dye-buffer solution, the dye-buffer solution forms a dispersion in the matrix. As the polyurethane cross-links, the dye-buffer solution dispersion is thus physically entrapped within the polymeric matrix. The carbon dioxide sensing element can thus be formed by dipping the distal end of a fiber optic core into the matrix before the matrix is completely cured, and the matrix is then allowed to cure -on the fiber at room temperature. -~
The cured sensing matrix is then preferably coated with a hydrophobic, gas permeable polymeric ! , material such as silicone. The hydrophobic coating also preferably contains a light reflective material such as TiO2. The fiber optic filament containing the polymeric matrix can be coated by simply dipping the distal end of 35 the fiber into the hydrophobic polymeric material. The -hydrophobic polymer overcoat may thereafter be cured by .., ., . . - .~..
_5_ 21 ~ 3533 Docket No. 31956 heat treatment.
A fiber optic carbon dioxide sensor may thus be manufactured easily and economically using the method of the invention, which provides a CO2 sensor within a -hydrophilic, ion impermeable, gas and light permeable polymer which cross-links upon mixture with an aqueous ~-dye-buffer. While the CO2 chemistry is polymerized, the -~
aqueous dye-buffer is physically entrapped into the polymer matrix. To prevent depletion of the physically entrapped dye upon hydration of the sensor, the chemistry part is overcoated with a gas permeable hydrophobic polymer such as silicone.
Other features and advantages of the present ~ -invention will become apparent from the following -~
detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by way of ~-example, the principles of the invention.
. ~, - .
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. l is a schematic representation illustrating the operation of the carbon dioxide sensor of the invention;
FIG. 2 illustrates the cross-linking reaction of the pre-polymer material which occurs which occurs in the presence of the aqueous dye-buffer solution, and the bonding of the cross-linked polymeric matrix to the gla~s surface of an optical fiber; ~ ~
" :~ :
~ iFIG. 3 is a longitudinal cross-section of the ;
carbon dioxide gas sensor of the present invention; and FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the carbon dioxide sensor taken along line 4-4 of FIG. 3.
-6- ~ ~
,. ~-, ,. . .. .. .. ... .
a 3 3 Docket No. 31956 DESCRIPTION OF T~E PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Heretofore, sensors for carbon dioxide detec-tion were often unsuitable for in vivo use.
Conventional blood gas sensors exhibited a tendency to leach out the dye indicator materials incorporated in the sensor. In order to overcome this problem, various -~
complex methods of covalently bonding the dye indicator materials and compartmentalizing the sensor element have been devised. However, such carbon dioxide sensing elements were often cost prohibitive for use with disposable fiber optic sensors, and were often difficult to manufacture.
As shown in the drawings, which are provide to illustrate by way of example, the present invention is 15 embodied in a fiber optic carbon dioxide gas sensor -which is easy and inexpensive to manufacture, and which -~
entraps the dye indicator material to prevent leaching --of the dye indicator material from the sensor during in -~
vivo use. ~`
Referring to the drawings, and more particu- -Iarly to FIG. 1, in a preferred embodiment of the carbon dioxide (CO2) sensor element of the invention, an end portion of the sensor is shown in exemplary conf~guration to illustrate the basic principles of operation of the sensor. The CO2 sensing element of the ~ensor includes a matrix 1 formed from a hydrophilic, ;~
ga~ permeable polymer, containing a homogeneous ~-disper~ion of an aqueous CO2 dye-buffer solution 3. The polymeric matrix is preferably a cross-linked ~;
polyurethane formed from a liquid polyurethane pre-polymer compound having a plurality of terminal isocyanate functional groups, in which a cross-linking reaction is initiated upon mixture with the aqueous dye-buffer solution. Polyurethane is particularly -~
advantageous for this usé because of its gas permeable -7- ~-~. -h 1 1 Q ~ 3 3 Docket No. 31956 nature, which allows for a rapid diffusion of carbondioxide to the dye indicator material in the sensing matrix. By mixing and curing the mixture at room temperature, the dye-buffer solution 3 is physically entrapped within the hydrophilic C2 sensing matrix 1.
The buffer solution preferably includes bicar-bonate, and the dye included in the dye-buffer solution --is preferably one which is sensitive to changes in pH, such as HPTS and the liXe, so that isolation of the sensing element from direct exposure to pH changes, and diffusion of C2 into the sensing element from the sample to be monitored to affect the pH within the dye-buffer solution in the sensor make the dye responsive to C02 -levels in the sample.
To prevent depletion of the dye-buffer solution 3 by leaching into the sample, the C02 sensing matrix is preferably also coated with a hydrophobic, gas permeable material 5, such as silicone, which also preferably contains a reflective material such as TiO2.
Both the hydrophilic polymer matrix 1, and hydrophobic coating 5 surround the exposed distal end of the fiber ~;
optic core 7.
As is illustrated in Fig. 1, the exterior semipermeable hydrophobic coating of the sensor prevents water, hydronium ions and other ions and various blood constituent~ which might otherwise interfere with the sensor from entering the hydrophilic sensing matrix, -~
while allowing C2 to diffuse into the sensing matrix.
Carbon dioxide diffuses through the hydrophobic membrane and the hydrophilic sensing matrix into t~e aqueous solution, affecting the following well known ~ ;
equilibrium:
C02 + H20 ~ H2C03 Z H+ + HC03~
C02 will pass through the polymeric membrane, ~5 as it is gas permeable. However, hydrogen ions from the environment will not pass through the polyurethane poly-~ 2 i 1 ~ ~ 3 3 Docket No. 31956 meric matrix, as it is covered with the layer of hydro-phobic material, which is substantially ion impermeable.
Since both the hydrophobic coating and the polymer matrix are gas permeable, diffusion of carbon dioxide to the dye indicator material is rapid, which allows for fast response times of the gas sensor. ;
The fluorescent dye indicator in the dye-buffer solution dispersed throughout the sensing matrix -emits a characteristic wavelength of light (Aem) when irradiated by an excitation wavelength of light (Aex).
The intensity of the emission wavelength of such dye indicators is used to indicate hydrogen ion concentration, since the emission wavelength intensity is a function of chemical changes of the fluorescent 15 indicator due to hydrogen ion effects. Many fluorescent ~ ~
indicators suitable for carbon dioxide concentration ~ -detection are known. Such indicators include beta-methylumbelliferone, fluorescein, and HPTS. HPTS is preferred due to its relative photostability, ability to be ratioed, and low toxicity in mammals. As can be seen in FIG. 2, the gas permeable, hydrophilic polymeric matrix i8 preferably formed from a polyurethane pre-polymer, preferably having a plurality of terminal i~ocyanate functional groups, such as polyether polyisocyanate, available from W. R. Grace under the trade name HYPOL 2002. The polyurethane pre-polymer will cross-link in the presence of water, and polymerizes when mixed with the aqueous dye-buffer solution, forming a homogeneous dispersion of the dye-buffer solution in the matrix. The cross-linking polyurethane polymer also bonds to the exposed glass~
surface of the fiber core. The resulting polyurethane matrix physically entraps the aqueous dye-buffer within the matrix. A simple mixing procedure of the polyurethane precursor and the dye-buffer solution insures substantially uniform dispersion of the dye-_9_ ' ' ' . , .
.:
. .
," 2110'j33 Docket No. 31956 buffer within the polymer matrix.
In the method of manufacturing the sensor ofthe invention, the hydrophilic polymer matrix and the physically entrapped, C02 indicator dye-buffer solution S are currently typically prepared by a simple mixing process. An agueous buffer solution is prepared by mixing sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride in water.
The concentration of bicarbonate is preferably determined so as to yield optimum sensitivity in a -10 physiologically useful range of carbon dioxide blood ~ -levels. The concentration of sodium chloride is preferably determined so as to be generally isotonic -~
with blood for intravascular use.
The sensing matrix 1 may be easily fixed to the light conductive core of the fiber optic filament 7.
Upon mixing, the hydrophilic pre-polymer and aqueous dye-buffer solution form a viscous matrix. The carbon dioxide sensor can be manufactured by first stripping a - - -~
small section of the cladding from the distal end of the -fiber. Commercially available fiber optic cores and cladding material may be used. The exposed glass ~urface of the distal end 9 of the optical fiber 7 may --advantageously coated with a priming compound, such as 3-isocyanatopropyltr1ethoxysilane or the like, to enhance firm bonding between chemistry parts and fiber and for improved mechanical strength of the sensor. The ;
priming compound is preferably applied just before the distal end 9 is coated with the hydrophilic polymer matrix 1. The stripped portion of the filament's distal 30 end 9 is preferably coated with the hydrophilic polymer ~i-matrix 1 by a dipping process before the matrix cur~s.
Since the polyurethane pre-polymer cross-links and poly-merizes at room temperature rapidly upon addition to the dye-buffer, the distal end 9 of the fiber optic filament is preferably dipped immediately into the resulting polymeric matrix, and the homogeneous dispersion of the 2~1Q~j33 ~ -' Docket No. 31956 dye-buffer solution 3 is-physically entrappe* in the matrix as the matrix cures. The resulting CO2 sensor may then be protected from depletion of the aqueous dye buffer by dipping the polymeric matrix and distal end of the filament into a solution of a hydrophobic, gas permeable polymeric substrate such as silicone. The coating is typically cured at about 100C for a period of about one-half hour. -~
This room temperature cross-linking reaction 10 of the polymeric matrix which occurs upon mixing with -the aqueous dye-buffer solution alleviates the need for thermal curing or complex chemistry bonding methods. A
typical cure time for the polyurethane mixture is about -five minutes at room temperature, thus protecting the sensor from potentially damaging temperatures often required in the curing of other polymers.
As is shown in Fig. 1, which illustrates the distal portion of a preferred embodiment of the sensor -of the invention, the hydrophobic polymer coating 25 is also preferably applied to the outer surface of the hydrophilic matrix so as to overlap with the fiber optic cladding 31. This outer coating of hydrophobic material 25 al~o preferably contains a light reflective material ~uch as titanium dioxide, so as to retain the excitation and emission wavelengths of light and to protect the sensing element from comprising light artifacts. Other light reflective materials, such as ferrous oxide, may al~o be suitable for use in the hydrophobic, gas permeable, reflective polymer coating.
The hydrophilic polymer matrix 21 may be :~-formed from a hydrophilic polyurethane pre-polymer such as polyether polyisocyanate, which may be obtained under - the trade name of HYPOL 2002 from W.R. Grace. The dye component of the aqueous dye-buffer solution 23 is preferably HPTS (l-hydroxy-3,6,8-pyrenetrisulfonate), in a sodium bicarbonate buffer. A standard optic filament ., -11- .`. ~
, ::'~ . .
: ' ' . ~-. ~
~iOa33 , ~-Docket No- 31956 27, having a typical dia~eter of about 125 microns, may also have a cladding 31 formed from a protective -material such as Teflon. The distal end 29 is preferably dipped in the active viscous material which results from cross-linking of the polyurethane pre-polymer with the aqueous dye-buffer solution 23. The matrix 21 is typically cured in situ on the distal end 29 at room temperature, after about five minutes.
Further referring to FIG. 3, the fiber and -sensing matrix is coated with a light reflective hydro-phobic polymer 25. The hydrophobic polymer coating 25 prevents depletion of the physically entrapped dye-buffer solution 23 upon hydration of the sensor. The hydrophobic coating 25 prevents ions from passing into the sensing element, and prevents the aqueous dye-buffer solution from leaching out of the sensor. The coating 25 is preferably formed of silicone mixed with titanium oxide. The hydrophilic polymer matrix 21 and hydro- -phobic polymer coating 25 generally completely surround the fiber core's distal end 29, as is shown in Fig. 4.
The aqueous dye-buffer solution 23 should be substan-tially uniformly dispersed along the outside perimeter of the distal end 29. The thickness of the matrix 21 ~ ;
and coating 23 should not unduly increase the overall diameter of the sensor.
Example 1 -To prepare the hydrophilic sensor matrix, prepare a 40% mixture of a hydrophilic polyurethane pre-polymer (polyether polyisocyanate, HYPOL 2002 -- W.R.
Grace) and dimethylformamide (DMF). Five parts of the 40% HYPOLi2002 and DMF mixture is mixed manually with one part of aqueous dye-buffer solution, which is a mixture of 7mM of HPTS, 3SmM of sodium carbonate and lOmM sodium chloride. The mixture starts thickening and cross-linking as the pre-polymer is mixed with the aqueous solution. The dye-buffer solution and 2 ~ 3 3 Docket No. 31956 polymerizing polyurethan~ should be mixed to a substantially uniform matrix to form a homogeneous ~-dispersion of the dye-buffer solution in the matrix.
The distal end of a fiber optic element is primed by --treatment with 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane. The fiber optic core's distal end is then dipped into the ~
viscous material or applied to the distal end. The -fiber and matrix sensor is then allowed to cure for five minutes at room temperature.
Example 2 The hydrophilic sensor matrix is prepared as in Example 1, and a hydrophobic silicone overcoat is prepared by mixing two grams of polysiloxane PSP051 -~
(Petrarch, Inc.), 50% Tio2~ 0.2 grams of polysiloxane PS ~
122.5 (Petrarch, Inc.), and two drops of 100% Pco 72 in - -~ -hexane. The fiber optic core with cured hydrophilic matrix is dipped into the silicone mixture. This over-coating is cured in an oven at 100C for 20 minutes.
After curing, the sensors are stored in saline.
It should be recognized that while the cross- ~-~
linking of the polymer matrix is preferably carried out at room temperature, avoiding damage to the chemistry ~ ~ `
from heating, it may be possible to accelerate the curing process with the application of mild heat without substantially degrading the dye indicator material.
It can thus be seen that the invention -provides for a new, improved sensor element and protective coating which may be used with conventional fiber optic systems. The sensor is compatible with the fiber optics to allow in vivo use with standard gauge eatheters.j Likewise, the sensor has in vitro uses for analytical measurements. The simple mixing process is - ~
advantageous over previously used addition and ~ ~ -condensation polymerization reactions. The sensing ~;
element is reliable and economical, and therefore suitable for use in disposable fiber optic sensors.
:, ` ~' , . ~ .
Docket No. 31956 While a particular form of the invention has been illustrated and described, it will be apparent that various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that the invention be limited, except as by the appended claims. -~
,
Covalently bonding the dye or indicator in a hydrophilic polymer substrate is often difficult to achieve and s requires additional chemistries to obtain proper covalent bonds. Attempts to eliminate the chemical bonding requirement include creating micro-compartments within the polymer substrate. Covalently bonding a carbon dioxide dye indicator to a polymer and inclusion of a buffer system in the polymeric matrix have heretofore been a difficult, time consuming procedure.
It would therefore be desirable to provide an alternative, effective and easy method of making a carbon dioxide sensor incorporating an indicator dye which will not wash out or leach out of the sensor.
Polymeric materials have also been used as a matrix for simply immobilizing fluorescent indicators.
Such polymeric materials containing immobilized fluor-escent dyes (for example, siloxane-based precursors and 20 fluorescein derivatives) can be bonded to the distal end -of optic fibers to provide a gas sensor. since the indicators respond to any hydrogen ion artifact, such carbon dioxide sensors usua}ly contain a carbon dioxide permeable, hydrophobic membrane. However, curing such hydrophobic membranes often created problems, since heat treatments to cure the polymeric dye indicator matrix can compromise the integrity of the sensor dye indicator material. Production methods known in the art can also create holes and other imperfections which may adversely affect the sensor. Moreover, the polymerization process and subsequent curing methods can often be expensive, cumbersome and unduly time extensive. Conventional fiber optic sensors incorporating polymers in a sensing ~
matrix have used addition-type or condensation-type -polymerization techniques to form the basic matrix material. Condensation and addition-type reactions . . ~. .,. :
~ ) 3 3 Docket No. 31956 require multiple monomers, catalysts and/or precursors to create the final form of the polymer. Moreover, such reactions are often time consuming, difficult to execute with precision, and are more expensive due to their multicomponent nature. Consequently, a need exists for a fiber optic CO2 sensor that is easy to manufacture, has consistent geometry and chemistry, is easy to sterilize, is economically produced so that it can be disposable, and can reliably be used in vivo.
.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Briefly, and in general terms, the invention ; ;~-provides for an improved and useful sensor element for detecting carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide sensor element of the invention is of a size capable of be~ng attached to the distal end of a fiber optic filament.
The filament and sensor are of a size to be used for n v vo use in human and other animal hosts. The sensor element is easy to manufacture and economical, allowing the sensor to be disposable.
The sensor element preferably comprises a ~-hydrophilic, gas permeable, cross-linked polyurethane ;~
polymer which is formed from a liquid polyurethane pre- ~ -polymer compound having a plurality of terminal isocya~
nate functional groups and which cross-links when mixed with an aqueous carbon dioxide dye-buffer solution to form a CO2 sensing matrix. The dye-buffer solution is physically entrapped in the polymer matrix, and the hydrophilic polymeric matrix is preferably coated with a hydrophobi`c polymer to help avoid leaching of the dye from the matrix, and to prevent diffusion of hydronium ions to the sensing matrix.
The cross-linking of the polyurethane matrix -is preferably initiated at room temperature by the addition of the aqueous dye-buffer solution to the , ::
2 ~ 3 3 Docket No. 31956 liquid polyurethane prepolymer mixture, rather than by application of heat, which helps to preserve the integrity of the dye indicator material. Thus, the reaction can be carried out in a short time span at room -temperature. The use of a hydrophilic polymer which cross-links to entrap a dye-buffer solution in the present invention eliminates the need for multiple precursors or other monomers in the reaction. This method produces a dye-polymer matrix having excellent 10 mechanical strength characteristics. The optical fiber ~ ~ ~
may also be advantageously coated with a primer to allow ~-the polyurethane matrix to bond firmly to the tip of the optical fiber.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, ~ ~
15 the polymeric material is formed from polyurethane, and -the dye is a fluorescent pH indicator, such as 8-hydroxy-1,3,6-pyrenetrisulfonic acid (HPTS). The ~ -aqueous buffer is preferably a physiological pH range ;~
bicarbonate buffer solution. When the uncured pre-polyurethane is mixed with the aqueous dye-buffer solution, the dye-buffer solution forms a dispersion in the matrix. As the polyurethane cross-links, the dye-buffer solution dispersion is thus physically entrapped within the polymeric matrix. The carbon dioxide sensing element can thus be formed by dipping the distal end of a fiber optic core into the matrix before the matrix is completely cured, and the matrix is then allowed to cure -on the fiber at room temperature. -~
The cured sensing matrix is then preferably coated with a hydrophobic, gas permeable polymeric ! , material such as silicone. The hydrophobic coating also preferably contains a light reflective material such as TiO2. The fiber optic filament containing the polymeric matrix can be coated by simply dipping the distal end of 35 the fiber into the hydrophobic polymeric material. The -hydrophobic polymer overcoat may thereafter be cured by .., ., . . - .~..
_5_ 21 ~ 3533 Docket No. 31956 heat treatment.
A fiber optic carbon dioxide sensor may thus be manufactured easily and economically using the method of the invention, which provides a CO2 sensor within a -hydrophilic, ion impermeable, gas and light permeable polymer which cross-links upon mixture with an aqueous ~-dye-buffer. While the CO2 chemistry is polymerized, the -~
aqueous dye-buffer is physically entrapped into the polymer matrix. To prevent depletion of the physically entrapped dye upon hydration of the sensor, the chemistry part is overcoated with a gas permeable hydrophobic polymer such as silicone.
Other features and advantages of the present ~ -invention will become apparent from the following -~
detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by way of ~-example, the principles of the invention.
. ~, - .
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. l is a schematic representation illustrating the operation of the carbon dioxide sensor of the invention;
FIG. 2 illustrates the cross-linking reaction of the pre-polymer material which occurs which occurs in the presence of the aqueous dye-buffer solution, and the bonding of the cross-linked polymeric matrix to the gla~s surface of an optical fiber; ~ ~
" :~ :
~ iFIG. 3 is a longitudinal cross-section of the ;
carbon dioxide gas sensor of the present invention; and FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the carbon dioxide sensor taken along line 4-4 of FIG. 3.
-6- ~ ~
,. ~-, ,. . .. .. .. ... .
a 3 3 Docket No. 31956 DESCRIPTION OF T~E PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Heretofore, sensors for carbon dioxide detec-tion were often unsuitable for in vivo use.
Conventional blood gas sensors exhibited a tendency to leach out the dye indicator materials incorporated in the sensor. In order to overcome this problem, various -~
complex methods of covalently bonding the dye indicator materials and compartmentalizing the sensor element have been devised. However, such carbon dioxide sensing elements were often cost prohibitive for use with disposable fiber optic sensors, and were often difficult to manufacture.
As shown in the drawings, which are provide to illustrate by way of example, the present invention is 15 embodied in a fiber optic carbon dioxide gas sensor -which is easy and inexpensive to manufacture, and which -~
entraps the dye indicator material to prevent leaching --of the dye indicator material from the sensor during in -~
vivo use. ~`
Referring to the drawings, and more particu- -Iarly to FIG. 1, in a preferred embodiment of the carbon dioxide (CO2) sensor element of the invention, an end portion of the sensor is shown in exemplary conf~guration to illustrate the basic principles of operation of the sensor. The CO2 sensing element of the ~ensor includes a matrix 1 formed from a hydrophilic, ;~
ga~ permeable polymer, containing a homogeneous ~-disper~ion of an aqueous CO2 dye-buffer solution 3. The polymeric matrix is preferably a cross-linked ~;
polyurethane formed from a liquid polyurethane pre-polymer compound having a plurality of terminal isocyanate functional groups, in which a cross-linking reaction is initiated upon mixture with the aqueous dye-buffer solution. Polyurethane is particularly -~
advantageous for this usé because of its gas permeable -7- ~-~. -h 1 1 Q ~ 3 3 Docket No. 31956 nature, which allows for a rapid diffusion of carbondioxide to the dye indicator material in the sensing matrix. By mixing and curing the mixture at room temperature, the dye-buffer solution 3 is physically entrapped within the hydrophilic C2 sensing matrix 1.
The buffer solution preferably includes bicar-bonate, and the dye included in the dye-buffer solution --is preferably one which is sensitive to changes in pH, such as HPTS and the liXe, so that isolation of the sensing element from direct exposure to pH changes, and diffusion of C2 into the sensing element from the sample to be monitored to affect the pH within the dye-buffer solution in the sensor make the dye responsive to C02 -levels in the sample.
To prevent depletion of the dye-buffer solution 3 by leaching into the sample, the C02 sensing matrix is preferably also coated with a hydrophobic, gas permeable material 5, such as silicone, which also preferably contains a reflective material such as TiO2.
Both the hydrophilic polymer matrix 1, and hydrophobic coating 5 surround the exposed distal end of the fiber ~;
optic core 7.
As is illustrated in Fig. 1, the exterior semipermeable hydrophobic coating of the sensor prevents water, hydronium ions and other ions and various blood constituent~ which might otherwise interfere with the sensor from entering the hydrophilic sensing matrix, -~
while allowing C2 to diffuse into the sensing matrix.
Carbon dioxide diffuses through the hydrophobic membrane and the hydrophilic sensing matrix into t~e aqueous solution, affecting the following well known ~ ;
equilibrium:
C02 + H20 ~ H2C03 Z H+ + HC03~
C02 will pass through the polymeric membrane, ~5 as it is gas permeable. However, hydrogen ions from the environment will not pass through the polyurethane poly-~ 2 i 1 ~ ~ 3 3 Docket No. 31956 meric matrix, as it is covered with the layer of hydro-phobic material, which is substantially ion impermeable.
Since both the hydrophobic coating and the polymer matrix are gas permeable, diffusion of carbon dioxide to the dye indicator material is rapid, which allows for fast response times of the gas sensor. ;
The fluorescent dye indicator in the dye-buffer solution dispersed throughout the sensing matrix -emits a characteristic wavelength of light (Aem) when irradiated by an excitation wavelength of light (Aex).
The intensity of the emission wavelength of such dye indicators is used to indicate hydrogen ion concentration, since the emission wavelength intensity is a function of chemical changes of the fluorescent 15 indicator due to hydrogen ion effects. Many fluorescent ~ ~
indicators suitable for carbon dioxide concentration ~ -detection are known. Such indicators include beta-methylumbelliferone, fluorescein, and HPTS. HPTS is preferred due to its relative photostability, ability to be ratioed, and low toxicity in mammals. As can be seen in FIG. 2, the gas permeable, hydrophilic polymeric matrix i8 preferably formed from a polyurethane pre-polymer, preferably having a plurality of terminal i~ocyanate functional groups, such as polyether polyisocyanate, available from W. R. Grace under the trade name HYPOL 2002. The polyurethane pre-polymer will cross-link in the presence of water, and polymerizes when mixed with the aqueous dye-buffer solution, forming a homogeneous dispersion of the dye-buffer solution in the matrix. The cross-linking polyurethane polymer also bonds to the exposed glass~
surface of the fiber core. The resulting polyurethane matrix physically entraps the aqueous dye-buffer within the matrix. A simple mixing procedure of the polyurethane precursor and the dye-buffer solution insures substantially uniform dispersion of the dye-_9_ ' ' ' . , .
.:
. .
," 2110'j33 Docket No. 31956 buffer within the polymer matrix.
In the method of manufacturing the sensor ofthe invention, the hydrophilic polymer matrix and the physically entrapped, C02 indicator dye-buffer solution S are currently typically prepared by a simple mixing process. An agueous buffer solution is prepared by mixing sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride in water.
The concentration of bicarbonate is preferably determined so as to yield optimum sensitivity in a -10 physiologically useful range of carbon dioxide blood ~ -levels. The concentration of sodium chloride is preferably determined so as to be generally isotonic -~
with blood for intravascular use.
The sensing matrix 1 may be easily fixed to the light conductive core of the fiber optic filament 7.
Upon mixing, the hydrophilic pre-polymer and aqueous dye-buffer solution form a viscous matrix. The carbon dioxide sensor can be manufactured by first stripping a - - -~
small section of the cladding from the distal end of the -fiber. Commercially available fiber optic cores and cladding material may be used. The exposed glass ~urface of the distal end 9 of the optical fiber 7 may --advantageously coated with a priming compound, such as 3-isocyanatopropyltr1ethoxysilane or the like, to enhance firm bonding between chemistry parts and fiber and for improved mechanical strength of the sensor. The ;
priming compound is preferably applied just before the distal end 9 is coated with the hydrophilic polymer matrix 1. The stripped portion of the filament's distal 30 end 9 is preferably coated with the hydrophilic polymer ~i-matrix 1 by a dipping process before the matrix cur~s.
Since the polyurethane pre-polymer cross-links and poly-merizes at room temperature rapidly upon addition to the dye-buffer, the distal end 9 of the fiber optic filament is preferably dipped immediately into the resulting polymeric matrix, and the homogeneous dispersion of the 2~1Q~j33 ~ -' Docket No. 31956 dye-buffer solution 3 is-physically entrappe* in the matrix as the matrix cures. The resulting CO2 sensor may then be protected from depletion of the aqueous dye buffer by dipping the polymeric matrix and distal end of the filament into a solution of a hydrophobic, gas permeable polymeric substrate such as silicone. The coating is typically cured at about 100C for a period of about one-half hour. -~
This room temperature cross-linking reaction 10 of the polymeric matrix which occurs upon mixing with -the aqueous dye-buffer solution alleviates the need for thermal curing or complex chemistry bonding methods. A
typical cure time for the polyurethane mixture is about -five minutes at room temperature, thus protecting the sensor from potentially damaging temperatures often required in the curing of other polymers.
As is shown in Fig. 1, which illustrates the distal portion of a preferred embodiment of the sensor -of the invention, the hydrophobic polymer coating 25 is also preferably applied to the outer surface of the hydrophilic matrix so as to overlap with the fiber optic cladding 31. This outer coating of hydrophobic material 25 al~o preferably contains a light reflective material ~uch as titanium dioxide, so as to retain the excitation and emission wavelengths of light and to protect the sensing element from comprising light artifacts. Other light reflective materials, such as ferrous oxide, may al~o be suitable for use in the hydrophobic, gas permeable, reflective polymer coating.
The hydrophilic polymer matrix 21 may be :~-formed from a hydrophilic polyurethane pre-polymer such as polyether polyisocyanate, which may be obtained under - the trade name of HYPOL 2002 from W.R. Grace. The dye component of the aqueous dye-buffer solution 23 is preferably HPTS (l-hydroxy-3,6,8-pyrenetrisulfonate), in a sodium bicarbonate buffer. A standard optic filament ., -11- .`. ~
, ::'~ . .
: ' ' . ~-. ~
~iOa33 , ~-Docket No- 31956 27, having a typical dia~eter of about 125 microns, may also have a cladding 31 formed from a protective -material such as Teflon. The distal end 29 is preferably dipped in the active viscous material which results from cross-linking of the polyurethane pre-polymer with the aqueous dye-buffer solution 23. The matrix 21 is typically cured in situ on the distal end 29 at room temperature, after about five minutes.
Further referring to FIG. 3, the fiber and -sensing matrix is coated with a light reflective hydro-phobic polymer 25. The hydrophobic polymer coating 25 prevents depletion of the physically entrapped dye-buffer solution 23 upon hydration of the sensor. The hydrophobic coating 25 prevents ions from passing into the sensing element, and prevents the aqueous dye-buffer solution from leaching out of the sensor. The coating 25 is preferably formed of silicone mixed with titanium oxide. The hydrophilic polymer matrix 21 and hydro- -phobic polymer coating 25 generally completely surround the fiber core's distal end 29, as is shown in Fig. 4.
The aqueous dye-buffer solution 23 should be substan-tially uniformly dispersed along the outside perimeter of the distal end 29. The thickness of the matrix 21 ~ ;
and coating 23 should not unduly increase the overall diameter of the sensor.
Example 1 -To prepare the hydrophilic sensor matrix, prepare a 40% mixture of a hydrophilic polyurethane pre-polymer (polyether polyisocyanate, HYPOL 2002 -- W.R.
Grace) and dimethylformamide (DMF). Five parts of the 40% HYPOLi2002 and DMF mixture is mixed manually with one part of aqueous dye-buffer solution, which is a mixture of 7mM of HPTS, 3SmM of sodium carbonate and lOmM sodium chloride. The mixture starts thickening and cross-linking as the pre-polymer is mixed with the aqueous solution. The dye-buffer solution and 2 ~ 3 3 Docket No. 31956 polymerizing polyurethan~ should be mixed to a substantially uniform matrix to form a homogeneous ~-dispersion of the dye-buffer solution in the matrix.
The distal end of a fiber optic element is primed by --treatment with 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane. The fiber optic core's distal end is then dipped into the ~
viscous material or applied to the distal end. The -fiber and matrix sensor is then allowed to cure for five minutes at room temperature.
Example 2 The hydrophilic sensor matrix is prepared as in Example 1, and a hydrophobic silicone overcoat is prepared by mixing two grams of polysiloxane PSP051 -~
(Petrarch, Inc.), 50% Tio2~ 0.2 grams of polysiloxane PS ~
122.5 (Petrarch, Inc.), and two drops of 100% Pco 72 in - -~ -hexane. The fiber optic core with cured hydrophilic matrix is dipped into the silicone mixture. This over-coating is cured in an oven at 100C for 20 minutes.
After curing, the sensors are stored in saline.
It should be recognized that while the cross- ~-~
linking of the polymer matrix is preferably carried out at room temperature, avoiding damage to the chemistry ~ ~ `
from heating, it may be possible to accelerate the curing process with the application of mild heat without substantially degrading the dye indicator material.
It can thus be seen that the invention -provides for a new, improved sensor element and protective coating which may be used with conventional fiber optic systems. The sensor is compatible with the fiber optics to allow in vivo use with standard gauge eatheters.j Likewise, the sensor has in vitro uses for analytical measurements. The simple mixing process is - ~
advantageous over previously used addition and ~ ~ -condensation polymerization reactions. The sensing ~;
element is reliable and economical, and therefore suitable for use in disposable fiber optic sensors.
:, ` ~' , . ~ .
Docket No. 31956 While a particular form of the invention has been illustrated and described, it will be apparent that various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that the invention be limited, except as by the appended claims. -~
,
Claims (18)
1. A carbon dioxide sensor comprising:
an optical fiber having a surface portion covered with a hydrophilic, gas permeable, cross-linked polymeric matrix containing an aqueous dye-buffer solu-tion physically entrapped in said hydrophilic polymeric matrix, said hydrophilic polymeric matrix formed from a polyurethane pre-polymer compound having a plurality of terminal isocyanate functional groups, said polyurethane pre-polymer compound being cross-linked by addition of said aqueous dye-buffer solution at room temperature;
and a layer of a gas permeable, hydrophobic material disposed over said hydrophilic matrix.
an optical fiber having a surface portion covered with a hydrophilic, gas permeable, cross-linked polymeric matrix containing an aqueous dye-buffer solu-tion physically entrapped in said hydrophilic polymeric matrix, said hydrophilic polymeric matrix formed from a polyurethane pre-polymer compound having a plurality of terminal isocyanate functional groups, said polyurethane pre-polymer compound being cross-linked by addition of said aqueous dye-buffer solution at room temperature;
and a layer of a gas permeable, hydrophobic material disposed over said hydrophilic matrix.
2. The carbon dioxide sensor element of Claim 1, wherein the aqueous dye-buffer solution includes a fluorescent dye in a bicarbonate buffer.
3. The carbon dioxide sensor element of Claim 2, wherein said fluorescent dye is hydroxypyrenetri-sulfonic acid or a derivative thereof.
4. The carbon dioxide sensor element of Claim 1, wherein said hydrophobic layer of material includes a reflective material.
5. The carbon dioxide sensing element of Claim 4, wherein said reflective material comprises titanium dioxide.
6. The carbon dioxide sensing element of Claim 1, wherein said hydrophobic material is silicone.
7. A method of manufacturing a carbon dioxide sensor element including an optical fiber having a surface portion covered with a hydrophilic, gas permeable, cross-linked polymeric matrix containing a homogeneous dispersion of an aqueous dye-buffer solution physically entrapped in said matrix, and a layer of a gas permeable, hydrophobic material disposed over said hydrophilic matrix, comprising the steps of:
mixing a hydrophilic, semipermeable, pre-polymer which cross-links in the presence of water with an aqueous dye-buffer solution to form a homogeneous dispersion of said dye-buffer solution in said pre-polymer material and initiate cross-linking of said pre-polymer material;
applying said pre-polymer material in which cross-linking has been initiated to said surface portion of said optical fiber;
curing pre-polymer material in which cross-linking has been initiated at room temperature, to form said hydrophilic, semipermeable matrix on said optical fiber; and coating said matrix with a layer of hydro-phobic, gas permeable material.
mixing a hydrophilic, semipermeable, pre-polymer which cross-links in the presence of water with an aqueous dye-buffer solution to form a homogeneous dispersion of said dye-buffer solution in said pre-polymer material and initiate cross-linking of said pre-polymer material;
applying said pre-polymer material in which cross-linking has been initiated to said surface portion of said optical fiber;
curing pre-polymer material in which cross-linking has been initiated at room temperature, to form said hydrophilic, semipermeable matrix on said optical fiber; and coating said matrix with a layer of hydro-phobic, gas permeable material.
8. The method of Claim 7, wherein said pre-polymer comprises polyether polyisocyanate.
9. The method of Claim 7, wherein said optical fiber has distal and proximal ends, and a glass core covered with a cladding material, and further comprising the step of:
removing said cladding material from said core at said distal end of the optical fiber prior to said step of applying said pre-polymer material in which cross-linking has been initiated.
removing said cladding material from said core at said distal end of the optical fiber prior to said step of applying said pre-polymer material in which cross-linking has been initiated.
10. The method of Claim 9, further comprising the step of coating the distal end of said optical fiber from which said cladding has been removed with a priming compound before applying said pre-polymer material in which cross-linking has been initiated.
11. The method of Claim 10, wherein said priming compound comprises 3-isocyanatopropyltri-ethoxysilane.
12. The method of Claim 7, wherein said hydrophobic material is heat cured.
13. A method of manufacturing a carbon dioxide sensor element including an optical fiber having a surface portion covered with a hydrophilic, gas permeable, cross-linked polymeric matrix containing a homogeneous dispersion of an aqueous dye-buffer solution physically entrapped in said matrix, and a layer of a gas permeable, hydrophobic material disposed over said hydrophilic matrix, comprising the steps of:
mixing an aqueous dye-buffer solution with a hydrophilic, semipermeable, polyurethane pre-polymer compound having a plurality of terminal isocyanate functional groups, to form a homogeneous dispersion of said dye-buffer solution in said polyurethane pre-polymer and to initiate cross-linking of said polyurethane pre-polymer to entrap said dye-buffer solution in said pre-polymer material;
applying said polyurethane pre-polymer material in which cross-linking has been initiated to said portion of said optical fiber;
curing polyurethane pre-polymer material in which cross-linking has been initiated at room temperature, to form said hydrophilic, semipermeable matrix on said optical fiber; and coating said matrix with a layer of hydrophobic, gas permeable material.
mixing an aqueous dye-buffer solution with a hydrophilic, semipermeable, polyurethane pre-polymer compound having a plurality of terminal isocyanate functional groups, to form a homogeneous dispersion of said dye-buffer solution in said polyurethane pre-polymer and to initiate cross-linking of said polyurethane pre-polymer to entrap said dye-buffer solution in said pre-polymer material;
applying said polyurethane pre-polymer material in which cross-linking has been initiated to said portion of said optical fiber;
curing polyurethane pre-polymer material in which cross-linking has been initiated at room temperature, to form said hydrophilic, semipermeable matrix on said optical fiber; and coating said matrix with a layer of hydrophobic, gas permeable material.
14. The method of Claim 13, wherein said polyurethane pre-polymer comprises polyether polyisocyanate.
15. The method of Claim 13, wherein said optical fiber has distal and proximal ends, and a glass core covered with a cladding material, and further comprising the step of:
removing said cladding material from said core at said distal end of the optical fiber prior to said step of applying said polyurethane pre-polymer material in which cross-linking has been initiated.
removing said cladding material from said core at said distal end of the optical fiber prior to said step of applying said polyurethane pre-polymer material in which cross-linking has been initiated.
16. The method of Claim 15 further comprising the step of coating the distal end of said optical fiber from which said cladding has been removed with a priming compound before applying said polyurethane pre-polymer material in which cross-linking has been initiated.
17. The method of Claim 16, wherein said priming compound comprises 3-isocyanatopropyltri-ethoxysilane.
18. The method of Claim 13, wherein said hydrophobic material is heat cured.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/989,102 | 1992-12-11 | ||
| US07/989,102 US5326531A (en) | 1992-12-11 | 1992-12-11 | CO2 sensor using a hydrophilic polyurethane matrix and process for manufacturing |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2110533A1 true CA2110533A1 (en) | 1994-06-12 |
Family
ID=25534755
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002110533A Abandoned CA2110533A1 (en) | 1992-12-11 | 1993-12-02 | Co2 sensor using a hydrophilic polyurethane matrix |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5326531A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0601816A3 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2110533A1 (en) |
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-
1992
- 1992-12-11 US US07/989,102 patent/US5326531A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1993
- 1993-12-02 CA CA002110533A patent/CA2110533A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1993-12-06 EP EP93309748A patent/EP0601816A3/en not_active Withdrawn
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0601816A3 (en) | 1996-02-07 |
| EP0601816A2 (en) | 1994-06-15 |
| US5326531A (en) | 1994-07-05 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FZDE | Discontinued |